Spirits & Family Relations Rev

8/19/2019 Spirits & Family Relations Rev

1/31

PIRIT &

FAMILY RELATION

Dr. Frank Waabu O’Brien

109


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Aquidneck Indian Council

PIRIT &

FAMILY RELATION

Massachusett-Narragansett Revival Program

A Proect !or the reconstruction o! the e"tinct American #n$ian %anguages o!

&outheastern Ne' (nglan$

August) *++,

Dr. Frank Waabu O’Brien

istorical onsultant

Former Presi$ent) A/ui$neck #n$ian ouncil) #nc.

0* urr1 Avenue

Ne'2ort) R# +*34+-040*

e-mail : moondancer_nuc!"o#mail$com

htt2566'''.roots'eb.com67rigen'eb6#n$ianPlaceNames.html

%unno"#eaonk

MAY PEACE 'E IN YO(R )EARTS

Re2rinte$ an$ revise$ !rom 8 A Massachusett Language Book, Vol. I, 90::3) A/ui$neck #n$ian

ouncil) #nc. ;PM0


3/31

transmitte$) in an1 !orm or b1 an1 means) electronic) mechanical) 2hotoco21ing) recor$ing) or other'ise)

'ithout the 'ritten 2ermission o! the author. Printe$ in the Cnite$ &tates o! America.

109


4/31

NOTES

@he main te"t sho's translations !or about =++ terms !or &2irits) !amil1 relations) an$ kinshi2)

taken !rom the e"tinct languages o! southeastern Ne' (nglan$) Narragansett an$ Massachusett.A summar1 o! use!ul grammatical conce2ts !or dependent nouns !amil1 relativesE is liste$

belo'. A @able o! ontents is also 2rovi$e$ belo'.

(ach section contains three columns. On the le!t is the term being $e!ine$) as $e!ine$ in the

mi$$le column) an$ an1 use!ul comments on the right si$e. Reconstructe$ re!ers to m1 o'nguess as to meaning Gc. @he abbreviation Narr. re!ers to Narragansett %anguage Roger

Williams) 04=E. @he citation Ma1he' re!ers to (. Ma1he'Hs 0


5/31

*RAMMAR NOTES

P(R&ONA% NOCN&

@he rules !or !orming relations m1 ) 1our ) his6her) etc. are5

• n inclusiveE , !or “m1) ourL 'here is the stem6su!!i") as in Km1

mother)L nkace Narr.E• k !or K1ourL

• ' orE oo orE I !or Khis6herL

• n !or Kour e"clusive )L

• k !or Kour inclusiveEL

AB&(N@A@#>( NOCN&

@his conce2t re!ers to nouns relating to $ecease$ 2ersons. @he !ollo'ing rules govern theconstructions 5

1. For Km1 late $ecease$E L) a$$ -i to noun ist 2ersonE e.g.) !or nkasi) a$$ Qi to

nkas Km1 motherLE

2. &ame rule as 0 !or K1our late $ecease$E L) a$$ -i to noun *n$ 2ersonE3. For Khis6her late $ecease$E L) a$$ -uk orE -oh to noun =r$ 2ersonE

4. &ame rule as = !or K1our late $ecease$E L) a$$ -uk orE -oh to noun *n$ 2erson) 2luralE

5. For Kour late $ecease$E L) a$$ -uk ) -on orE -an to noun 0st 2erson) 2luralE)

!or inclusive or e"clusive KourL sho's some con!usion !or inclusive6e"clusive an$ Rules = G 4 as

in$icate$ in Jo$$ar$ G Brag$on) 22. 4:4-,.

OB>#A@#ON Relations en$ing in -ah) -oh) -uh) -ukoh are obviative !orm nouns an$ translate the

o! e.g.) kasoh S the mother o! him or herE it is not the same as his or her mother.>erbs also !ollo' obviation rules.

&ome ambiguit1 e"ists relative to Absentative Nouns) Rules = G 4 the Qoh su!!i"E.

&ee Jo$$ar$ an$ Brag$on 0:33E.

O@(R NOCN&

• Plural. @o 2luraliTe a relation) a$$ Qog to noun an$ sometimes Kre$uce$ vo'elsL or

Kgli$esL are re/uire$ be!ore inserting QogE. @he su!!i" Qunk 2luraliTes a class or

grou2 e.g.) all !athersE

• Abstract nouns a$$ su!!i" Qonk to noun

• Diminutive !orm small) smallerE a$$s Qs to noun

•

@hir$ 2erson) 2lural !orm subor$inate8or subunctive8mo$eE) a$$ Qick ) Qchick Narr.E or Qcheg) Qeg in Massachusett to noun !orm translates as K@he1

'ho L e)g) nag 2a2eississitcheg S Kthe1 'ho are small in!antsEL.

• Csing the above !our sets o! rules one can reconstruct certain kinshi2 terms not given in

the available sources. We have occasionall1 suggeste$ reconstructe$ !orms.

109


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6

For more technical in!ormation) see Jo$$ar$ an$ Brag$on 0:33E) or the author’s Grammatical

Studies in the Narragansett Language *++,) A/ui$neck #n$ian ouncil) un2ub.ETA'LEOF CONTENTS

NO@(&) =JRAMMAR NO@(&) 4

&P#R#@&)

Reconstructe$ Wor$s) 3MO@(R) :

FA@(R) 0+

C&BAND) 00W#F() 0*

&ON) 0=

DACJ@(R) 0=BRO@(R) 04

&@(R) 0BOU) 0<

J#R%) 0<JRANDMO@(R) 03

JRANDFA@(R) 03

(%D(R&) 03&ON-#N-%AW) 03

DACJ@(R-#N-%AW) 0:

ACN@) 0:CN%() 0:

OCN or R(%A@#>() 0:

FR#(ND or #N&MAN6#N&WOMANE) *0#NFAN@) **#%D) **

MAN) WARR#OR) *4

rossing Over) *WOMAN) *<

P(OP%( G FAM#%U G @R#B() *3

ommon @ribal Names) =+


7/31

7

SPIRITSmost names are lostEJreat &2irit Narr.E • autVnto'it Narr.E

• eihtVnit Wam2anoagE

• eihtVn

K aut!nto""it the great South#$est ) to 'ho

ouse all souls goe) an$ !rom 'hom came th

orne) Beanes) as the1 sa1L. Roger William

04=E

• eihtVnit 'unni1euS @he Jreat &2irit

smiles

• eihtVn ana'at S @he Jreat &2irit

omman$s

• eihtVn auntau S @he Jreat &2irit s2ea

&2irit ManitI &2irit in general

• 'unni1eu manit S @he &2irit is ha221

• Mannitoo ooS Jo$ e"ists @he !irst t'

s1llabils stan$ !or Jo$) the %atter asserts e"istence) Ma1he') 0


8/31

8

ountr1 \ though this burning o! the Woo

them the1 count a Bene!it) both !or $estro1in

vermin) an$ kee2ing $o'n the Wee$s

thicketsEL. Roger Williams) 04=E

@he &2irit o! the reator Nashauanit

@he &2irit o! Joo$ness • Woonan$• Wunnan$

• Woonanit

'unni) 'oon S goo$

@he &2irit o! (vil • Mattan$

• Mattanit

matta S evil) ba$

• (vil s2irit S Matche ManitI)

Matche Mun$oo

@he &2irit o! Merc1 Nis/uanem

is &2irit) her &2irit Wunnashauonk

M1 &2irit • Nammanittoom

• Nummanittoom

NOTE5 @he #n$ians gave other s2ecial names to great things o! nature such as &no' &2irit)%ightning &2irit) Water &2irit) Deer &2irit) Bear &2irit) orn &2irits) an$ others. We $on’t kno'

their names at this time) but 'e’re looking 'ith the hel2 o! scholars. @he !ollo'ing list isconectural) reconstructe$ names. @he1 come !rom m1 $reams an$ visions. @he authorHs 2a2er)

KProlegomena to Nukkne Manitt'ock in that Part o! America alle$ Ne'-(nglan$)L

contains a longer list.


9/31

9

CON+ECT(RE,Recon-#ruc#ed %ord-

Ma. /ei"#an *uide Me

Bear &2irit Mos/uan$Deer &2irit Ahtu/uVn$

@urtle &2irit @unn]22a/uan$

Wol! &2irit Muck/uan$

&tone &2irit uss]nna$

Foo$ &2irit Meechanit

orn &2irit ('eatchimVnit

Black orn &2irit &ucka'eatchimVnit

Re$ orn &2irit Mus/ue'eatchimVnit

Uello' orn &2irit Wesaue'eatchimVnit

Blue orn &2irit Peshaue'eatchimVnit

&2otte$ orn &2irit hogan'aetchimVnit&no' &2irit oonVn$

Water &2irit Ni22e-anit

Win$ &2iritWabanYn$

(arth &2irit AukeYn$

@ree &2irit Mehtu/uVn$

Rain &2irit &okennVn$

Bir$ &2irit Ps]kan$

(agle &2irit Wom2issVcukanit

O'l &2irit Ohomousanita'k &2irit Wusho'unaneanit

War &2irit Mat'aX/uan$

Peace &2irit Wunnh/uan$

eart &2irit MetVhnan$

Man’s &2irit &keetom2anit


10/31

10

MOT)ER

m1 mother ^ nkas

^ nIkas

• nkace Narr.E

• n_tch'ha' Narr.E

literall1) K# come !rom herL. @he $i!!erents2ellings sho' $i!!erent 'a1s it 'as sai$ in

$i!!erent 2laces K$ialectL $i!!erenceE.

M1 late $ecease$E mother nkasi • absentative !orm

• reconstructe$

1our mother singularE ^ kkas^ kIkas

$i!!erent s2ellings sho' $i!!erent 'a1s it

'as sai$ in $i!!erent 2laces K$ialectL$i!!erenceE

the mother o! him or her kasoh obviative !orm

her mother \ • ']tchZh'au

• '_tch'ha' Narr.E

his late $ecease$E mother oohkassuk • absentative !orm

• Native s2elling

our mother nokasun reconstructe$

mother kas Kgiver o! li!e on earthL. @he 'or$ ohkemeaning Kearth) homelan$) Mother (arthLcomes !rom the root !or KmotherL.


11/31

11

a mother kasu

all mothers) motherhoo$ kasinneunk -unk 2lural !orm

an1 mother) a mother ^ 'utokasin

^ 'uttook asin

@he $i!!erent s2ellings sho' $i!!erent 'a1s

it 'as sai$ in $i!!erent 2laces K$ialectL

$i!!erenceE

FAT)ER

m1 !ather • nIsh

• n`sh Narr.E

• 'utch negone nIshik S K# have

come !rom m1 !ore!athersL

• nookoosh # have a !ather

Ma1he'E

m1 late $ecease$E !ather nIshi absentative !orm

• nooksha S M1 !ather that 'as

but no' is notE) Ma1he'1our !ather singularE kIsh cutt`so S ave 1ou a !ather\

Ma1he'E

1our late $ecease$E !ather kIshi absentative !orm

1our !ather 2luralE kIshI Biblical--Jo$ is Father to all

his !ather • oohskok Ma1he'E

• osh Narr.E

Roger Williams gives a !ather !orosh

the !ather o! him or her Ishoh obviative !orm

our !ather 2luralE nIshun a22ears in %or$s Pra1er

our !athers 2luralE nooshunnanog Native s2elling

our late $ecease$E !ather nIshinnon absentative !orm1our late $ecease$E !ather

singularE

kIshinnan • absentative !orm

• Native s2elling author’s

translationE

1our late $ecease$E !athers

2luralE

kooshinnanuk • absentative !orm

• Native s2elling author’s

translationE

1our !ore!athers 2luralE negone kooshoo'og

our !ore!athers 2luralE negone nooshunnnuk

a !ather osh Narr.E see his !ather

all !athers) !atherhoo$ 'utIshinneunk -unk 2lural !orm

he 'ho is a !ather 'utIshimau


12/31

12

)(S'AN,

K# am a marrie$ manL nummittum'ussissu • N2aktam Narr.E S K# am$ivorce$L

• #n mo$. Amer. (nglish) a

Ksannu2L is Ka marrie$ Native

American manL.

&2elle$ sanom2 in

historic times

m1 husban$ nasuk obviousl1 a 'oman s2eaking

1our husban$ singularE kasuk

1our husban$s 2luralE kahsuko'oog re!ers to husban$s o! 'omen $oesnot mean 'omen 'ith man1

husban$s

her husban$ 'asukeh 'ussentam S Khe marriesL

a husban$

'askkion 'asdkkien 'Vsick Narr.E

@he $i!!erent s2ellings sho'$i!!erent 'a1s it 'as sai$ in $i!!erent

2laces K$ialectL $i!!erenceE

a 'i$o'er segaXo Narr.E see Ka 'i$o'L un$er W#F(12ol1gam1 n/uittca' Narr.E

neesca' Narr.E

sshca'a' Narr.E

1ca'a' Narr.E

# have one 'i!e

# have * 'ives# have = 'ives

# have 4 'ives

1 Meaning: @he con$ition or 2ractice o! having more than one s2ouse at one time. Also calle$ plural marriage.


13/31

13

%IFE

K# am a marrie$ 'omanL nI'etauattam

m1 'i!e nummittam'us

no'e'o Narr.E

nullgana Narr.E

obviousl1 a man s2eaking

'aumaXsu S she6he is loving

m1 'ives \ nummittam'ussuog \ not sure o!

1our 'i!e singularE • kummittam'us

• cumm_ttamus Narr.E

• co'e'o Narr.E

1our 'ives 2luralE kummittam'ussog some men ha$ more that one 'i!e) but the 'or$ seems to mean Kthe

'ives o! all 1ou menL

the 'i!e o! him ummittam'ussohne/ut Ikauau S Khe has one 'i!eL

a 'i!e mittam'us orE

mittum'ussis

'e'o Narr.E

'ullgana Narr.E

ummittam'ussu orE

ummittam'ussuissu S Khe takes a

'i!eL Khe takes as a 'i!eL

an1 'i!e ummittam'ussin

a 'i$o' sekous/ K'oman le!t behin$L

'i$o's 2luralE sekous/uaog

Pregnant 'oman neecha' Narr.E &he is 2regnant.

• 2augctche nechaX'a' S Kshe

is alrea$1 $elivere$.L

• itumm1i mes necha' S K&hehas ust no' $elivere$.L


14/31

14

SON

m1 son nunnaumon

m1 sons 2luralE nunnaumonog

'ame nunnaumonunk S Kall m1

sonsL

1our son singularE ^kenaumon

^ kenmon



1our sons 2luralE\ kenaumononog not sure o!

the son o! him6her 'unnaumonuh obviative

his6her sons 2luralE 'unnaumonuhog

m1 gran$son Km1 son’ssonL--the son o! m1 sonE

nunnaumon 'unnaumonoh • t'o 'or$s here

• obviative

1ounger) 1oungest son muttVsons -s im2lies $iminutive

our sons 2luralE nunnaumonnanonog Native s2elling

a son) son o! an1one 'unnaumoniin

a son o! someone mukkatchouks #n Narragansett)numm]ck/uVchucks S Km1 sonL

sons o! someone 2luralE mukkatchouksog

,A(*)TER

m1 $aughter nuttaun

m1 $aughter nuttaunes -es seems to be $iminutive !orm

m1 $aughters 2luralE nuttaunesogm1 mother’s $aughter 'uttnoh nIkas • t'o 'or$s here

• obviative !orm

m1 !ather’s $aughter \ 'uttnoh nIsh • not sure

• obviative !orm

1our $aughter singularE kuttaunes -es seems to be $iminutive !orm

the $aughter o! him or her 'uttaunoh • obviative !orm

Khe begets or has a $aughter)

she bears a $aughterL S

'uttneu orE 'uttauni1eu

his $aughter

her $aughter \

'uttaun not sure o! Kher $aughterL

his6her $aughters 2luralE 'uttaunog

our $aughters 2luralE nuttaunnnog

a $aughter) an1 $aughter 'uttaunin

a secon$ $aughter noh a$tekit Kshe 'ho is ne"t in ageL

$aughters 2luralE 'uttanog

1ounger) 1oungest $aughter muttVsons


15/31

15

all $aughters) $aughterhoo$ 'uttaununk -unk 2lural !orm

'ROT)ER ver1 com2licate$fE

m1 brother b1 birthE

male s2eaking

neemat use$ onl1 b1 a man or male a malesa1s this o! his brotherE

m1 brother b1 birthE

!emale s2eaking

neetom2as use$ onl1 b1 a 'oman or !emale a!emale sa1s this o! her brotherE

m1 brothers b1 birthE

2luralE

male s2eaking

neematog use$ onl1 b1 a man or male a malesa1s this o! his brothers E. Wor$ use$

also b1 (liot to mean KbrethrenL

m1 brothers b1 birthE2luralE

!emale s2eaking

neetom2asog use$ onl1 b1 a 'oman or !emale a!emale sa1s this o! her brothersE

m1 ol$er brother nunnohtnuk/us

1our brother b1 birthE

singularEmale s2eaking

keemat a male is s2eakingabout K1our brotherL b1 birth) but

use$ also as

KbrethrenL b1 (liotE

1our brother b1 birthEsingularE

!emale s2eaking

keetom2as a !emale is s2eaking about K1our brotherL

b1 birthE

1our brothers b1 birthE

2luralE

male s2eaking

keematog a male is s2eaking about K1our brothersL b1

birth ) but use$ as

KbrethrenL b1 (liotE

1our brothers b1 birthE

2luralE!emale s2eaking

keetom2asog a !emale is s2eaking about K1our brothersL

b1 birthE

1our brothers talking to morethan one 2erson about K1our

brothersLE

kemattI'og K1our brethrenL in (liot

1our ol$er brother\ kenohtnuk/us not sure o!

his or her brother 'eetom2as use$ b1 either se" !or either se") an$ma1 re!er to a non-bloo$ relation oro! same 'etu) longhouse or clan


16/31

16

his6her brothers b1 birthE

2luralE

'eematog 'eemat_ttuog S Kthe1 are brothersL

'e are brothers nomattimen • e"clusive !orm

• reconstructe$

the brother o! him b1 birth

or born in same househol$

'eematoh obviative !orm

the brother o! her b1 birth or born in same househol$

male s2eaking

'eetVhtuoh • obviative !orm

• a male is s2eaking about Kher

brotherL use$ !or one o! same biological !amil1 or o! same

'etu) longhouse or clan

the 1ounger brother o! himor her

'essummussoh • obviative !orm

• male or !emale s2eaking

the ol$er brother o! her\ 'unnohtnuk/usoh

his6her ol$est brother ^ mohtomgitche

^ mohtomgit

@he $i!!erent s2ellings sho'

$i!!erent 'a1s it 'as sai$ in $i!!erent

2laces K$ialectL $i!!erenceEa brother) an1 ones brother ^ 'ematin

^ I'em attin



all brothers) brotherhoo$ 'eemattinneunk -unk 2lural !orm


17/31

17

SISTER ver1 com2licate$fE

m1 sister b1 birthE) !ather or

mother’s $aughter male s2eaking

neetom2as a male is s2eaking about Km1 sisterL

m1 sister!ather’s $aughter \

male s2eaking

nummissus a male is s2eaking about Km1 sisterL

m1 sister b1 birth or notE!emale s2eaking

netukkus/ a !emale is s2eaking about Km1sisterL. Cse$ !or a hal! sister or oneo! same 'etu) longhouse or clan

m1 sisters b1 birthE!ather or mother’s $aughters

male s2eaking

neetom2asoga male is s2eaking aboutKm1 sistersL

1our sister singularE) !ather’s

$aughter

male s2eaking

kummissis a male is s2eaking aboutK1our sisterL

1our sisters b1 birthE)

2luralE!ather or mother’s $aughters

male s2eaking

keetom2as a male is s2eaking about K1oursistersL

1our sisters b1 birth or notE2luralE

!ather’s $aughters \

!emale s2eaking

ketukkus//uog \ a !emale is s2eaking about K1oursistersL. Cse$ !or hal! sisters or oneo! same 'etu) longhouse or clan

1our sisters 2luralE

!ather’s $aughters \

male s2eaking

kummissisog a male is s2eaking aboutK1our sistersL

the 1ounger sister o! him or

her

'essummussoh • obviative !orm

• male or !emale s2eaking o! hisor her sister

his or her sister b1 birth ornotE

!ather or mother’s $aughter

'eetom2assu orE'eetom2as

use$ b1 either se" !or either se") an$

ma1 re!er to a non-bloo$ relation oro! same 'etu) longhouse or clan


18/31

18

his or her sister

!ather’s $aughter

ummisss -es $iminutive !orm

the sister o! him or her ummisssoh obviative !orm

the sister o! him 'eetVhtuoh • obviative !orm

• a male s2eaking o! Khis sisterLor Kkins'omanL

his6her ol$est sister ^ mohtomgitche

^ mohtomgit



the sister o! him or her 'eetuks/uoh • obviative !orm

• ma1 re!er to ones’ non bloo$

sister in the same 'etu)longhouse or clan

our sister ummissiesin

a sister) hal! sister) same!amil1 or househol$

'eetahtu ma1 re!er to ones’ non bloo$ sister inthe same 'etu) longhouse or clan

a sister) an1 sister ^ ummissiesin

^ neetat orE 'etom2asin

!emale s2eaking

'OY

a son) a male chil$ mukkatchouks • #n Narragansett)numm]ck/uVchucks S Km1

sonL) Km1 bo1L

• M1 2u2il or 'ar$ S null/uaso

Narr.E

o 2ee'au/un S look 'ellto him

sons) male chil$ren 2luralE mukkatchouksog

1oung man a 1outh)

teenagerE singularE

nunkom2

1oung men 1ouths)

teenagersE 2luralE

nunkom2aog

ver1 1oung man) bo1 nunkom2aes 1ounger than nunkom2

ver1 1oung men) bo1s2luralE

nunkom2aesog

or2han see #%DE

*IRL

girl ) teenager nunks/ua

girls) teenagers 2luralE nunks/uaog 1oung 'omen

little girl nunks/uaes

s/uVese Narr.E

Klittle 1oung 'omanL


19/31

19

or2han see #%DE

*RAN,MOT)ER

m1 gran$mother) mother’smother

nokummus

1our gran$mother singularE kokummus

his6her gran$mother okummus use$ as sim2l1 Kgran$motherL

a gran$mother) an1

gran$mother 'uttIkumm issin a$$ressing one res2ect!ull1 as

Kgran$motherL

*RAN,FAT)ER

m1 gran$!ather)!ather’s !ather

nummissoomis Native s2elling

m1 late $ecease$E

gran$!ather

numissoomissi • absentative !orm

• Native s2elling

1our gran$!ather singularE kummissoomis reconstruction

his6her gran$!ather ummissoomis Native s2elling

the gran$!ather o! him6her ummissImissoh • Native s2elling

• obviative !orm

a gran$!ather) an1 gran$!ather !ather’s !ather\E

'utt ∞ tchkknneasin a$$ressing one res2ect!ull1 asKgran$!atherL

EL,ERS

male el$er kehchis Khe is ol$’

male el$ers 2luralE kehchisog kehchisog 'aVntam'og S Kthe ol$

are 'iseL

!emale el$er kehchiss/ua Kshe is ol$’

!emale el$ers 2luralE kehchiss/uaog

SON0IN0LA%m1 son-in-la' nosnemuck Narr.E Khe is m1 son-in-la'L

a son-in-la' 'asnnumk/utche

the son-in-la' $aughter’s

husban$E

'ussnum Khe is the son-in-la'L


20/31

20

,A(*)TER0IN0LA%

m1 $aughter-in-la' son’s'i!eE

nushin reconstructe$

1our $aughter-in-la'

singularE

kushin

$aughter-in-la' o! him6her 'ushimoh obviative !orm

an1 $aughter-in-la' 'ushimin

A(NT

m1 aunt nokummes Klittle gran$motherL \ because o!-es $iminutive !ormE

1our aunt singularE kokummes

his6her aunt okummesreconstructe$

aunt) in general 'uttIkkummssin

(NCLE

m1 uncle nIsusses Km1 uncle b1 mother’s si$eL

1our uncle singularE kIsusses

his6her uncle ^ 'ussisses^ 'ussusses

@he $i!!erent s2ellings sho'

$i!!erent 'a1s it 'as sai$ in$i!!erent 2laces K$ialectL

$i!!erenceE

'i!e o! his uncle ummittam'ussoh Ishesoh • t'o 'or$s here

• obviative !orm

an uncle) in general Ishesin

CO(SIN or RELATI1E

a cousin b1 bloo$)

marriage\E) m1 kinsman) m1

kins'oman

a$tonk/s bloo$ cousins are not unhear$ o!

m1 !emale cousin nutnk/s also use$ !or Kkins'omanL

m1 !emale cousins2luralE

nutonk/sog also use$ !or Kkins'omenL

m1 kins'omen 2luralE Km1

sistersLE

nettahueog Native s2elling

m1 relative singularE nuttau'am Native s2elling

m1 relatives 2luralE nuttau'amoog Native s2elling

1our !emale cousin singularEka$tonk/s also use$ !or Kkins'omanL

1our !emale cousins 2luralE ka$tonk/sog also use$ !or Kkins'omenL


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21

the cousins o! her 2luralE 'a$tunk/usoh

his cousin) a cousin 'at`ncks Narr.E

m1 kinsman) kins'oman) m1relatives) in general

nuttau'atueonk • Km1 2eo2leL

• abstract noun !orm

general res2ect!ul greeting o!

ones o'n 2eo2le or alliesmalesE

nuttonk/sog KsirsL

the1 are cousins 'attonks_ttuog Narr.E


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22

FRIEN, 2or3 /INSMAN4/INS%OMAN3

m1 !rien$) m1 kinsman

neetom2 neeto2 Narr.E

also use$ as a !rien$l1 KbrotherL) Km1

brotherL.

m1 !rien$s) kinsmen 2luralE neetom2aog

1our !rien$) kinsmansingularE

keetom2 reconstructe$

1our !rien$s) kinsmen 2luralEkeetom2aog reconstructe$

his6 her !rien$) kin 'eetom2

his6 her !rien$s) kin!olk

2luralE

'eetom2aog

out !rien$) kinsman neetom2un reconstructe$

our !rien$s 2luralE neta2aunnanog Native s2ellingcom2anion o! same 'etu)

longhouse) clan singularE

'utuom2

a !rien$) kinsman) in generalsingularE

'eetom2ain

!rien$s) comra$es 'etom2chick Narr.E -chick im2lies the =r$ 2erson 2lural)subor$inate mo$e) meaning the1

'ho are !rien$s) comra$es

m1 com2anions or associates

in 'ar

no'e2innchick Narr.E • -chick im2lies the =r$ 2erson 2lural) subor$inate mo$e

o No'e2innVtimin S K'e oin

together in 'arL.

o No'echusett_mmin S K'e are

con!e$eratesL.

o WechussittXock S Kthe1 oin

together in 'arL.

o Nechus e'` S Kthis is m1

associate) com2anion in 'arL.

a 'oman’s kinsman)kins'oman singularE

'uttinnunkkXmoin Kher kinsman) kins'oman) relativeL \

kinshi2) kin$re$) in general ou'atonk abstract noun !orm

Juar$ian 'a]chaXnat NarrE Juar$ians S 'a]chaXmchick S the1'ho 'atch over) 2rotect us


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23

INFANT

in!ant 2eisses • K he) she is ver1 small) an in!antL

• nonnese orE nonnnis Narr.E S

Ka suckling chil$.

o Noonsu S Khe6she is a

suckling chil$ a sucklingEL.

bab1) ne'born 2a2o`s Narr.E

2a2eissu

K2a2ooseL an American #n$ian

in!ant

Ke) she is e"tremel1 smallL\

1our in!ant sister 2eississit keetom2as t'o 'or$s here

1our in!ant brother \not sure o!E

2eississit keemat t'o 'or$s here

'hen he) she is small 2eississit a22ears to be subunctive mo$e) -it

in!ants) in general nag 2a2eississitcheg • Kthose 'ho are small) in!antsL

• -cheg is a 2lural !orm similar to

-chick in Narr.) =r$ 2erson 2lural)@he1 'ho

C)IL,

m1 chil$ nunnechn \ Km1 gro'ing oneL

m1 chil$ren nunnechnog

1our chil$ singularE kenechn

1our chil$ren 2luralE kenechnog

his6her chil$ 'unneechan Kare born) come !rom himL

his6her chil$ren 2luralE 'unneechauog Kare born) come !rom himL

his late $ecease$E chil$ren

2luralE

'unnechannussukoh • absentative !orm

• Native s2elling

our chil$ren 2luralE nunnechononog Native s2elling

their chil$ren 2luralE 'unnechannooah Native s2elling

a little chil$ bo1E mukki Kbare bottomL--no clothes !or a bo1 till about 0+ 1ears ol$.

a ver1 little chil$ mukkies seems to be !or bo1s onl1 \

little chil$ren 2luralE ^ mukkiog^ neechanog

^ more !or bo1s

^ bo1 or girl

a suckling) in general nInuk a suckling chil$ nInukVe mukkies chil$ren suckle$ man1 1ears tokee2 $o'n 2o2ulation nursing

mothers can’t get 2regnant\E

terms o! en$earment ^ 2a2eissesu

^ 2a2eissisit^ 2a2asek

Klittle thingL

chil$ren) o!!s2ring 'ithout

regar$ to se") age 2luralE

neechanog Kthe1 are bornL


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24

m1 o!!s2ring nutontseonk • abstract noun !orm

• Km1 $escen$antsL

m1 gran$chil$ren 2luralE nIssesog Native s2elling

!atherless chil$ren 2luralE to'i]'ock Narr.E

t'ins tack/_u'ock Narr.E

the chil$ren) in general 'unneechneunk • -unk 2lural !orm

• K!rom us are bornL

guar$ian &ee FR#(NDE

or2han see !atherless

chil$en aboveE


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25

MAN5 %ARRIOR

a tribesman enin orE nnin literall1 Khe is like us) one o! usLninnu S Khe is a tribesman) one o!

usLa male nom2aas

a man see C&BANDE sanom2

sunnu2

not certain o! meaning)

Kman in generalL\

a man 'osketom2 use$ once !or 1oung brave'arriorE

a man skeetom2 common Algon/uian 'or$ !orman in general 2lural a$$s-

oag

'arrior) 'ar ca2tain keenom2 use$ once !or 'arrior 'arca2tainE) KvaliantL

'arrior) high 'ar ca2tain mug'om2

m]ck/uom2 Narr.E

use$ once !or 'arrior 'ar

ca2tainE) Kgreat manL) 2robabl1

higher than keenom2

'ar lea$ers in battleE negonshchick Narr.E subunctive !orm) Kthe1 'hoareL

hea$ Pinese Warrior KWar hie!LE

missinnege hea$ Pinese Warrior o!Wam2anoag Anna'an 'asmissinnege in ing Phili2’s WarE

men 2luralE 'osketom2aog use$ once !or 1oung braves'arriorsE

'arriors) 'ar ca2tains 2luralEkeenom2aog use$ once !or 'arriors 'arca2tainsE) Kvaliant

'arriors) high 'ar ca2tains

2luralE

mug'om2oag use$ once !or 'arriors 'arca2tainsE) Kgreat menL) 2robabl1

higher than keenom2aog

a 1oung man 'uskenin

an unmarrie$ man mat mittum'ussssiuenin mat S not

mi$$le age$ man kutch_nnu Narr.E Kgetting) becoming ol$

mi$$le age$ men PluralE kutch_nnu'ock Narr.E

a ver1 large man in siTe magoshketom2 Khuge manL) KgiantL

a great man) KnobleL ahtuskou A ouncilman 2lural Sahtusko'aXg

m1 great men) im2ortantlea$ers) KnoblesL

nuttahtoskau'omog Native s2elling

a 'arrior) sol$ier) !ighter on

1our si$eE

a1euteanin a1euhteVu S Khe makes 'ar) !ightsL

'arriors) sol$iers) !ighters

on 1our si$eE 2luralE

a1euteanog

enem1 'arriors) sol$iers)!ighters 2luralE

mat'aXog Narr.E • KenemiesL.

• mecautea S Kan enem1

!ighterL


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26

elite 'arrior) councilor)

2rotector o! @he Massasoit o!Wam2anoag

2neise orE 2inese s2eciall1 traine$ elite 'arrior notcertain o! 'or$ meaning) but it

ma1 be something like Klittle s2irit

or bir$E that moves all aboutL.#t has been sai$ that one Pinese

Warrior coul$ chase a'a1 0++

men. obomock) #n MassasoitHstime) is one !amous e"am2le o! a 2neise 2lural S 2niesesok

a man o! $i!!erent tribe)

nation) race

missinnin use$ !or ca2tives) tribes 2a1ingtribute) Ka ca2tiveL

men o! $i!!erent tribe)

nation) race 2luralE

missinninn]og use$ !or ca2tives) tribes 2a1ingtribute) Kca2tivesL

sachim village lea$er)chie!E

schem orE schimsontim Native s2ellingE

Kthe strong oneL. (uro2eans use$

K&agamoreL to mean a lesser lea$er

2erha2s corru2te$ !rom Dela'arelang) sakimaj S e is sachem

sachims sachimajog Narr.E sontimoonk S sachemshi2)sachim$om

$ea$ sachim che2astam @he $e2arte$ sachem

Our late $ecease$E sachems

2luralE

nussontimmominnanuk • absentative !orm

• Native s2elling

2riest) 2h1sician) ol1man • 2au'au

• 2o''' Narr.E

• 2o''' ni22tea S the 2riest

is curing him

• 2lural a$$s -aog

healer) conurer mauntu Narr.E One 'ho chants) signs) $rums) to$rive a'a1 evil s2irits o! the sickan$ $1ing

chie! 2riest keht2o''au 2lural S keht2o''auog

2ro2hetm) 'iseman) 2riest) 2hilos2her) 'iseman

tau2a' Narr.E • 2lural is tau2o'ajog

2overseer o! 'orshi2 nanou'tea Narr.E burial overseer S mockuttVsuit

ing Jreat &achemE ketasIt • king$om S ketassItamIonk)Abst. NounE

Prince 2u22asItam 2rinces S 2u22asItammog

ruler) governor nana'unnuaen !rom nana'unnum S he rules over 2rimarl1 !or sa!et1E. anotchet

'as calle$

nana'tunu S he is 2rotector

2 See below for quotes from Roger William’s A Key on Narr. Lang. of dying and death; notice distinction betweenphysical and spiritual deaths


27/31

27

Jran$ &achem o!

Wam2anoag

Massasoit a title) Kgreat lea$erL or Kgreatcomman$erL. @he Massasoit 'as

the Jran$ &achem o! all the

Wam2anoag 2eo2le. #n historictimes the Massasoits 'ere Ousa

Me/uin KUello' FeatherE

Wamsutta Khe has a kin$ heartLEan$ Pometacomet K o! theMasssoit’s houseLE) also kno'n as

ing Phili2.

uotes !rom Introduction to the Narragansett Language) *++*

rossing Over

3As 2umm_ssin e is not 1et $e2arte$

Neene e is $ra'ing on no' he is about to

cross overE

Pa]sa'ut kitonck/u'a e cannot live longhach'unnea e is near $eath

Ni2'm' e has crosse$ over 4itonck/ui e is $ea$5atitonck/uban @he1 are $ea$ an$ gone6&e/utti e) she is in Black 'ears black !ace-

soot !or mourningE

&/ut Black !ace-soot !or mourning

Michemesh'i e) she is gone !orever

Mat '`nck kunna'm`ne Uou shall never see him) her again

3 %iterall1) Ke ourne1s 1etL) Pa--i6e 1oice$4 Ph1sical $eath.5 Pa--i6e 1oice$

6 A con$ition maintaine$ !or 'eeks) month) u2 to a 1ear i! a great 2erson) like &achimE.


28/31

28

%OMAN

a 'oman ^s/ua orE s/ua'

^ mittam'ossis

^ !emale in general historical

meaningE

^ marrie$'omen ^ s/uaog

^ mittam'ossisog

^ !emales in general^ marrie$

a 1oung 'oman 'uskittam'us

'usskennin

marrie$\

in general

marriageable virgin k_htuck/ua' Narr.E

a virgin 2enom2

keegs/ua' Narr.E

Kstranger to menL

virgin or mai$en

an ol$ 'oman 'nise Narr.E Ka little bent overL

ol$ 'omen 2luralE 'ensuck Narr.E

little 'oman uss/ua Cs- 7 KlittleL

!emale tribal lea$er) K&/ua'

&achemL

sonks/ orE suncks/ua orE

sonkus/ orE sunkis/

K'oman 'ho rulesL o! 'hom 'ecan note sonkus/ Wettamoe o! the

Pocassets an$ sonkus/ A'ashonks

o! the &akonetts.

Jreat Ol$ Woman &achem kechissunkis/ great-she-rules-ol$-'oman

Me$icine Woman 2au'aus/ • 2lural is 2au'aus/uaog

• counter2art o! male 2o''au.

hie!) Jreat Me$icine

Woman

keht2au'aus/ • 2lural !orm a$$s -uaog


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29

PEOPLE & FAMILY & TRI'E

• 789 2eo2le o! our tribe

• #n$ian 2eo2le) not o! our

tribe

• #n$ians in general

• Nn_nnuock

• NinnimissinnX'ock

• (niskeetom2aX'og

general terms) A e%, 04=

2eo2le 2luralE au'aog all m1 2eo2le) m1 relations S 'amenutta]'aog

m1 2eo2le nutta]'aog Native s2elling

his 2eo2le ummissinumoh • Native s2elling

• obviative !orm

our common 2eo2le nummussannummunnonnog Native s2elling

m1 !amil1 nutteashinninnenk Abstract noun !orm

1our !amil1 kutteashnnnnenk Abstract noun !orm

a !amil1 teashiyeuonk (or)chasiyeūonk

• Abstract noun !orm

• bloo$ relations

a !amil1 or ban$ \E or clan\E

'eechinnineummoncheg Kthe1 go 'ith himL) =r$ 2erson 2luralsubunctiveE !orm) -cheg

m1 $escen$ants) m1 2osterit1

use$ on Martha’s >ine1ar$G NantucketE

nu22ometuonk • Native s2elling

• obviative !orm

Peo2le o! First %ight Wam2anoag !rom 'or$ nnnnuog) contracte$ to-noag

a tribe or ban$E chi22issuog Kthe1 are se2arateL

a tribe or ban$E ) collectivel1 chi22anIonk abstract noun !orm

a nation 'utohtimion Kthose that live on this lan$L

nations 'utohtimoneog ongtag magke 'utohtimoneog Sother great nations

7 Original te"t rea$s N&nnuock . @he en$ing -ock or -ag or -uck 'ith a connective gli$e 2ronounce$ as 1 or'E makes 'or$s 2lural more than oneE !or the t12e o! noun re!erre$ to as animate creatures that are alive an$

moveE 2lus others 'e canHt un$erstan$ the rule !or at this time. @he en$ing -ash is the 2lural !or inanimate nouns.

&ee !ootnote) h. #>) 22. *,-* !or more in!ormation on Algon/uian gen$er animate6inanimateE8 Missin S other nnin ca2tive 2eo2le) in!erior menE. Double consonants in the mi$$le o! a 'or$ like nn in

Nn_nnuock) or hh) gg) ss) in other 'or$s) etc.E are 2ronounce$ like one letter8ust as 'e $o in (nglish !or e"am2lethe 'or$ su22er is sai$ 'ith one 2 soun$. Also) note that in Narragansett) the stress or em2hasis in a 'or$ !alls

'here 'e see an1 o! the three stress marks use$ b1 Roger Williams8

•

V• Y

• an$ so on !or the other vo'els8e) i o) uE

&o) !or Nn&nnuock ) 'e might sa1 Nuh-N#N-nuh-'ahck 'ith the i as in hit the stress is on the secon$ s1llable

N#N because that’s 'here 'e see the stress markE. O!ten the cluster uock seems to insert a ' !or s2eech 'ahckE

calle$ a gli$eE.9 Ske'tomp &((-$ahbE Sa man) a common Algon/uian 'or$ use$ among surviving languages like Maliseet.

&ome believe the 'or$) (niskeetompa"og ) means original sur!ace-$'elling 2eo2le #ron @hun$erhorse) *+++E.

$osketomp is a similar 'or$ suggesting a 1oung 'arriorE "oskehteau S harms or $estro1s 'ith 2erha2s root

-"ask# S 1oung. @he ke1 root is #omp S !ree) unboun$.


30/31

30


31/31

31

Common Re7ional Tri8al Name-

10 Nanhigganuck Narragansett 2eo2le

Massachusuck Peo2le o! the Jreat ills11a'asumsuck a'sumsett Neck #n$ians

o''esuck Peo2le O! the &mall Pine Placeunni2iuck • Peo2le o! the long-'ater 2lace /uinni-

auke-2eE) or

• Peo2le o! the 2lace 'here the route

changes12Pe/utog Pe/uot #n$ians13Muhhekanuck Mohegan #n$ians

✜

!inis

eihtan) Taûbotne anawáyean

✜

10 Original te"t has 7 over the e as $o a number o! other 'or$sE. We use the circum!le" throughout the book.

@he 2lural en$ing -*uck ee-1uhckE is translate$ incorrectl1E the 2eo2le o!. @he en$ings #ock ) -og !or sim2le

2luraliTaton have the same meaning as -*uck. &o) Nanhiggan*uck Nah-hih-gah-N((-1uhckE has been translate$)

@he Peo2le O! @he &mall Point O! %an$. Massachus*uck is translate$ Peo2le o! the Jreat ills. +a"asums*uck means Peo2le o! the &har2 Rock. +o""es*uck means Peo2le O! the &mall Pine Place. unnipi*uck S Peo2le

o! the long-'ater 2lace /uinni-auke-2eE or Peo2le o! the 2lace 'here the route changes. Pe/utog is translate$

usuall1 Destro1ers. Muhhekan*uck means either @he Wol! Peo2le or) in Prince G &2eck) 0:+=) Peo2le o! the

ti$e river.@his anal1sis o! a 'or$ into its elementar1 units o! root6stems is gui$e$ b1 the 2rinci2al o! pol%s%nthesis see

the e$itorHs book) -nderstanding Algonuian Indian $ords /Ne" (ngland)). (nglish-language 'or$s can be

un$erstoo$ in a similar manner e.g.) the 'or$s ptelesco2e) tele2hone) television) telegra2h) telegram) tele2ath1)

telemetr1q all have in common the Jreek root tele !ar o!!) at a $istanceE 'hich goes into these 'or$s. @he otherroots -sco2e) -2hone GcE all have their in$ivi$ual meanings 'hich 'hen combine$ 'ith other roots give us ne'

'or$s such as pmicrosco2e) 2erisco2e) Dicta2hone) micro2hone) G cE. Our manner o! teaching Algon/uian is /uite

similar to the 'or$-anal1sis 'e ust 2resente$ !or (nglish-language 'or$s.

11 Probabl1 Pokanoket6 Wam2anoag o! &o'ams 'ho occu2ie$ lan$s !rom &o'ansett River to Pa'tucket River'ithin a'sumsett Neck in Bristol G Warren) R#

12 @hese are ancestors o! the Mo$ern Pe/uots) inclu$ing grou2s kno'n as Mashantucket) Paucatuck) (asternPe/uot #n$ians , inter alia) in an$ aroun$ %e$1ar$) onneticut.

13 A$o2te$ an$ mo$i!ie$ !rom an e$itorial !ootnote in A e% into the Language o0 America. Provi$ence) R#5 Narragansett lub) 03 ($ition) . R. @rumbull) ($itor. @he @rumbull e$ition has man1 use!ul comments !rom

historical sources. We are in$ebte$ to Dr. @rumbull !or some historical e$itorial remarks use$ in the 2resent book.

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