spirochaetosisspirochaetosis

SPIROCHAETESSPIROCHAETES► order:spirochaetales order:spirochaetales

Leptospiracea: Leptospiracea: leptospira,leptonema leptospira,leptonema Brachyspiracea:BrachispiBrachyspiracea:Brachispira ra Spirochaetacea:borrelia Spirochaetacea:borrelia treponema brevinema treponema brevinema cristispira spirochaeta cristispira spirochaeta spironemaspironema

SEPTICEMIC BORRELIOSISSEPTICEMIC BORRELIOSIS

► DefinitionDefinition: : tick borntick born non relapsing acute septicemic non relapsing acute septicemic disease of poultry turkeys geese ducks etc..characterized disease of poultry turkeys geese ducks etc..characterized by by depression, cyanosis, diorrhea, leg weakness depression, cyanosis, diorrhea, leg weakness progressing to paralysis &deathprogressing to paralysis &death

► SusceptibilitySusceptibility : all age group birds if not previously : all age group birds if not previously exposedexposed

► HistoryHistory:1981 in south western US later in California in & :1981 in south western US later in California in & ArizoniaArizonia

► Argas persicus Argas persicus tick population high in tick population high in south-western south-western statesstates

► EtiologyEtiology: : Borrelia anserina Borrelia anserina & soft tick& soft tick

►Source: Source: A.persicusA.persicus& carrier birds & faecal matter& carrier birds & faecal matter►Transmission:through biting of ticks&culexTransmission:through biting of ticks&culex►Through permanent vectorsThrough permanent vectors►Harizontally:cannabolism,transfer of infected Harizontally:cannabolism,transfer of infected

blood,ingestion of infected ticksblood,ingestion of infected ticks

Clinical signsClinical signs

►I.P.3-12 daysI.P.3-12 days►DepressionDepression►CyanosisCyanosis►ThirstThirst►Often diarrhea with excessive uratesOften diarrhea with excessive urates►Weakness & progressive paralysisWeakness & progressive paralysis►Mortality up to 100%Mortality up to 100%

PM LesionsPM Lesions

►Marked spleenomegalyMarked spleenomegaly►Spleen mottled with ecchymotic Spleen mottled with ecchymotic

hemorrhageshemorrhages►Liver enlarges with small hemorrhages & Liver enlarges with small hemorrhages &

necrotic focinecrotic foci►bile stained Mucoid enteritisbile stained Mucoid enteritis

DIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS

►By finding ticks with naked eyeBy finding ticks with naked eye►HematologyHematology►Isolate in chicken eggsIsolate in chicken eggs►Treatment: various antibiotics including Treatment: various antibiotics including

penicillinpenicillin►Prevention: control vectors, vaccines in some Prevention: control vectors, vaccines in some

countriescountries

Differential diagnosisDifferential diagnosis

►Septicemic diseasesSepticemic diseases►marek’s & L.luekosismarek’s & L.luekosis►Type-II adenovirusType-II adenovirus►Borrelia burgodorfiBorrelia burgodorfi►Economic importance: in tropical subtropical Economic importance: in tropical subtropical

arid & semiarid regions tick population is higharid & semiarid regions tick population is high

Avian Intestinal spirochaetosis Avian Intestinal spirochaetosis (AIS)(AIS)

►Def: it is a Def: it is a sub acute to chronic non septicemic sub acute to chronic non septicemic disease caused by hetero genous group of disease caused by hetero genous group of BrachispiraBrachispira sps charactarized by colonization of sps charactarized by colonization of spirochaetes in caecum&rectum in association spirochaetes in caecum&rectum in association with intestinal flora resulting in with intestinal flora resulting in necrotic necrotic typhlitis, chronic diarrhea &reduced egg typhlitis, chronic diarrhea &reduced egg productionproduction

Economic importanceEconomic importance

►Due to decreased egg production up to 25%Due to decreased egg production up to 25%

►due Stained eggs ,down grading of eggsdue Stained eggs ,down grading of eggs

►Public health significance: B.pilosicoli reportedPublic health significance: B.pilosicoli reported

in aboriginal peoples of new guineain aboriginal peoples of new guinea

ETIOLOGYETIOLOGY

characterscharacters B.hyodesenteB.hyodesenteriaeriae

B.intermediaB.intermedia B.pilosicoliB.pilosicoli B.alvinipulliB.alvinipulli B.innocensB.innocens B.murdochiiB.murdochii

hosthost rhearhea chickenschickens Chickens Chickens wild duckswild ducks

chickenschickens chickenschickens chickenschickens

continentcontinent n.american.america Australia Australia europeeurope

Austrlia Austrlia n.american.america

n.american.america ausraliaausralia Europe n.americaEurope n.america

patogenisistypatogenisisty severesevere moderatemoderate Mild to Mild to apathogenicapathogenic

Mild to Mild to apathogenicapathogenic

-- --

►Gram neg ,helical bacteria .stain with brown Gram neg ,helical bacteria .stain with brown with silver impregnation & identified readily by with silver impregnation & identified readily by wet mounts &by dark field microscopywet mounts &by dark field microscopy

HostsHosts

►Mainly laying hens(30%)&broiler Mainly laying hens(30%)&broiler breeders(70%)breeders(70%)

►Spread: feral birds ,rodents &dogs may carry Spread: feral birds ,rodents &dogs may carry intestinal spirochetes intestinal spirochetes

►Fecal contamination of Feeders, drinking water Fecal contamination of Feeders, drinking water &staff&staff

PathogenisisPathogenisis

►B.pilosicoliB.pilosicoli is its ability to attach by one cell end is its ability to attach by one cell end to enterocytes in L.I.to enterocytes in L.I.

►Forming Forming CARPET-PILE-LIKECARPET-PILE-LIKE form of form of colonization thought L.I. (or) be localized & colonization thought L.I. (or) be localized & focal or not be observed at all focal or not be observed at all

►B.intermediaB.intermedia found in large no’s in the mucus found in large no’s in the mucus layer in an apparently loose association with the layer in an apparently loose association with the underlying enterocytesunderlying enterocytes

Clinical signs Clinical signs ►Intermittent chronic diarrhea may be seen in 5-Intermittent chronic diarrhea may be seen in 5-

20% of flock20% of flock►Faces may be yellowish to brown mucoid & foamy Faces may be yellowish to brown mucoid & foamy

with increased in lipid &water content(15%)with increased in lipid &water content(15%)►Eggs stained with fecesEggs stained with feces►Pasty vents.Pasty vents.►Wet litter may be reportedWet litter may be reported

►Egg production may be delay/reduced with eggs Egg production may be delay/reduced with eggs being smaller & lighter and having poorer shell being smaller & lighter and having poorer shell qualityquality

►Broiler chicks may be weak with slow wt. gainBroiler chicks may be weak with slow wt. gain

Gross lesionsGross lesions

► no specificno specific►Affected caeca may be dilated with yellow to Affected caeca may be dilated with yellow to

brown foamy/watery fluidbrown foamy/watery fluid►Histological examination may reveal a mild Histological examination may reveal a mild

typhlitis & some times obvious presence of typhlitis & some times obvious presence of spirochetesspirochetes

DiagnosisDiagnosis

►Specific microbiological investigationsSpecific microbiological investigations►Selective medium: trypticase soyagar .plates are Selective medium: trypticase soyagar .plates are

incubated in anaerobic condition at 37-41C @3-10 incubated in anaerobic condition at 37-41C @3-10 days &observe under dark field microscopydays &observe under dark field microscopy

►PCR PCR

Differential diagnosisDifferential diagnosis

► Other helical bacteriaOther helical bacteria► Excessive dietary salts/fats/raw soya bean mealExcessive dietary salts/fats/raw soya bean meal► Group B salmonella & clostridiumGroup B salmonella & clostridium► EEEVEEEVPREVENTION:PREVENTION:► Avoid feces contact with birdsAvoid feces contact with birds► Changing of litter/manure removableChanging of litter/manure removable► Minimizing dietary& molting stressMinimizing dietary& molting stress► Provision of high quality feed ingredients Provision of high quality feed ingredients ► Bio security measuresBio security measures

►No vaccinesNo vaccines

TreatmentTreatment::►5-nitroimidazole in water at a con. Of 120 ppm 5-nitroimidazole in water at a con. Of 120 ppm

for 6 daysfor 6 days►For rheas dimetridazole@25-50mg/kg(1/2), For rheas dimetridazole@25-50mg/kg(1/2),

linomycine@25mg(2)&linomycine@25mg(2)&

THANK YOUTHANK YOU

ReferencesReferences

►Disease of poultry Y.M.Saif et.al (11edi)Disease of poultry Y.M.Saif et.al (11edi)►Poultry diseases by T.W.Jordan&David Poultry diseases by T.W.Jordan&David

J.HampsonJ.Hampson►A lab. Manual for the isolation & identifion of A lab. Manual for the isolation & identifion of

poultry pathogens by David E.Swayne et.alpoultry pathogens by David E.Swayne et.al►Avian disease manual by B.R.CharltoAvian disease manual by B.R.Charlto