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SPI’s
• Determine the effects of the Supreme Court's decisions on Civil Rights
• Identify significant events in the struggle for Civil Rights
• Match leading figures of the Civil Rights era with their respective groups and goals
The Civil Rights Movement
There were two phases to the Civil Rights movement: one phase between 1945-1965 and the other after 1965.
I. Why Did the Civil Rights Movement Take Off After 1945?• Black equality became a significant political issue
for the Democratic Party• WWII had been fought against racism abroad—
hard to keep harboring it at home• Black veterans came home dedicated to change• Increasing number of White Americans
condemned segregation• Discrimination in the United States hurt our
propaganda battle against the Communists
II. The Truman Years
• Truman’s 1948 election year agenda
• No significant Civil Rights congressional legislation
• Truman moves on his own to do what he can for Civil Rights--Desegregation of the military (1948)
• Jackie Robinson’s breakthrough (1947)
Determine the effects of the Supreme Court's decisions on Civil Rights
III. The Battle in the Courts• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
– “separate but equal” facilities = legal
• Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)– school segregation a violation of Equal protection Clause
• Miranda v. Arizona– All citizens have certain rights once arrested
• Right to a lawyer• Right to remain silent
• Gideon v. Wainwright- – Courts must provide a lawyer if you cannot afford one
III. Battle in the Courts (cont.)
• Eisenhower disapproves of Brown decision
• Desegregation “with all deliberate speed”
• Popular opposition to the Brown decision
• No real progress on desegregation at first
Identify significant events in the struggle for Civil Rights
IV. Tennessee Schools and Desegregation
• Clinton School System– Clinton High School
• 1st TN school forced to integrate– Clinton 12
• 12 black students who attended Clinton High School
– Governor Clement’s actions• order state troopers and National Guard
members to uphold Brown V. B of Ed ruling
National Desegregation
• Little Rock Central High– Denied entrance to 9 black students in defiance
of Brown v. B of Ed– National Guard sent in to enforce Brown vs
Board of education
Jackson Schools
• Schools desegregated in 1962
• Jackson High (White) + Merry High (Black)= Jackson Central Merry
V. Out of the Schools and Into the Buses
• The arrest of Rosa Parks (December, 1955)– For refusing to sit on the back of the bus
• The Montgomery, Ala. Bus Boycott– Designed to force equality on the busing system– Bus company forced to integrate by federal court– The leadership of Martin Luther King, Jr.
• The “Montgomery” model for Civil Rights activism: boycott, publicity, courts
• SCLC formed (1957)
VI. A Mass Movement Takes Shape
• Nashville lunch counters
– nonviolent campaign to end segregation at lunch counters- mostly African American college students from TSU and Fisk
VI. A Mass Movement Takes Shape (cont.)
• Demonstrations in Birmingham, Alabama (April, 1963)
--Eugene “Bull” Connor
• “Letter from Birmingham City Jail”
• Governor George Wallace tries to block integration of the University of Alabama (Fall, 1963)
VI. A Mass Movement Takes Shape (cont.)
• JFK finally begins to campaign for Civil Rights legislation
• Martin Luther King, Jr. and the March on Washington (August, 1963)
-- “I Have a Dream”
Southern Resistance
• Birmingham bombings
– KKK bombed the 16th Street Baptist Church killing 4 little girls to intimidate African Americans to stop protesting
VII. The Kennedy and Johnson Years
• JFK’s initial reluctance to push for Civil Rights laws
• The integration of Ole’ Miss (1962)
--James Meredith
• JFK finally decides to push past better enforcement to new congressional Civil Rights legislation
VII. The Johnson Years (cont.)
• Civil Rights Act of 1964
– Forced Integration of Schools and other government agencies
• Anti-poll tax Amendment (24th—1964)
• Voting Rights Act (1965)
Civil Rights Act of 1968
• Civil Rights Act 1968– Prohibited discrimination concerning the sale,
rental or financing of housing based on race, religion and national origin
The Great Society
• The Great Society– social reforms created by Johnson to end
poverty and racial injustice • Welfare
• Medicare
• Medicaid
A. New Problems
• Residential Discrimination
-- “Red Lining”• The Challenges of School integration in the
North• The historical, traditional segregation of
northern cities• The resurrection of the KKK once again• More effective White opponents in the North
B. Race Riots
• Watts Riots in Los Angeles (Summer, 1965)
• Riots each summer from 1965-1969--Chicago and Cleveland (1966)--Newark and Detroit (1967)--Washington, D.C. (1968)--Lane College
(1969)
B. Race Riots (cont.)
• Riots as an expression of grievance against the White American consumer society
• Riots shocked the White American public
• Frustration and self-destruction expressed in these riots
• Unlike earlier race riots, these riots were not started by White mobs
Match leading figures of the Civil Rights era with their
respective groups and goals
Notable Figures in Civil Rights Movement
• Martin Luther King Jr– Leader who emphasized equally through
nonviolent protest – Focus on Christianity
• Malcolm X– Leader who believed that violence/resistance
was the answer to African American oppression– Nation of Islam
• Difference in Malcolm X and MLK
Notable Figures in Civil Rights Movement
• Stokely Carmichael– Leader of the Black Panthers– Often violent group of African Americans
pushing for Civil Rights
Notable Figures in Civil Rights Movement
• Strom Thurmond– spoke for 24 hours in attempt to stop the
passage of Civil Rights Act of 1957, against segregation
• Eugene “Bull” Connor– Police Commissioner of Birmingham;
authorized use of fire hoses and attack dogs on peaceful protestors
Notable Figures in Civil Rights Movement
• George Wallace– Alabama governor, stood in front of door of
building on University of Alabama to prevent African American students from entering; wanted to stop integration
Notable Figures in Civil Rights Movement
• Diana Nash– leader of students in the Nashville Lunch
counter sit-ins
• Betty Friedan– writer, activist, feminist, founder of the
National Organization of Women (NOW)
Notable Figures in Civil Rights Movement
• Albert Gore Sr– Tennessee Senator
who supported Civil Rights movement