– While one group of soldiers attacked San Juan Hill, the Rough Riders, led by Theodore Roosevelt and accompanied by the all-black 9th and 10th Cavalry Regiments, attacked Kettle Hill.

– The plan worked, and the United States took control of Santiago and Puerto Rico.

A War on Two Fronts (cont.)

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D A B C D

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Which percentage of the American troops fighting in Cuba were African American?

A. 15%

B. 25%

C. 45%

D. 50%

An American Empire

In defeating Spain, the United States acquired an overseas empire.

• When deciding whether or not to annex the Philippines, the United States faced a difficult choice—remain true to its republican ideals or become an imperial power that ruled a foreign country without the consent of its people.

• President McKinley ultimately decided to annex the islands.

• On December 10, 1898, the U.S. and Spain signed the Treaty of Paris.

An American Empire (cont.)

• Although the United States had promised to grant Cuba its independence, President McKinley added the Platt Amendment to their Constitution.

– This amendment made Cuba an American protectorate, and remained in effect until 1934.

An American Empire (cont.)

• In 1900, Congress passed the Foraker Act, establishing a civil government in Puerto Rico.

– The debate over Puerto Rico’s status continues today.

An American Empire (cont.)

• The Philippine-American War, or Philippine Insurrection, lasted for more than three years.

– To fight the guerrillas, the U.S. military adopted many of the same policies that America had condemned Spain for using in Cuba.

– The first U.S. civilian governor of the islands, William Howard Taft, slowly reduced Filipino hostility through his reforms.

An American Empire (cont.)

– On July 4, 1902, the United States declared the war over.

– By the mid-1930s, Filipinos were permitted to elect their own congress and president.

– Finally, in 1946, the United States granted independence to the Philippines.

An American Empire (cont.)

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D A B C D

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The following happened under the Treaty of Paris EXCEPT

A. Cuba became an independent nation.

B. The United States acquired Puerto Rico and Guam.

C. The United States paid Spain $20 million for the Philippines.

D. The United States decided a senator would govern the Philippines.