122
Chapter IntroductionSection 1: The French
Revolution Begins
Section 2: Radical Revolution and Reaction
Section 3: The Age of Napoleon
Visual Summary
What makes a nation?The Arc de Triomphe is one of the national symbols of France. It was commissioned by Napoleon in 1806 to commemorate his Grand Army. Can you name some other national symbols of France? In this chapter you will learn how France became a nation.• What are some national
symbols of the United States?
• What are the characteristics of a nation?
• What is nationalism?
The French Revolution BeginsWhat was the French system of government before the French Revolution?
Radical Revolution and ReactionWhat internal conflicts in France affected the progress of the French Revolution?
The Age of NapoleonWhy was Napoleon able to take control of France and become its emperor?
The BIG IdeaStruggle for Rights Social inequality and economic problems contributed to the French Revolution.
Content Vocabulary• estate• taille
• bourgeoisie • sans-culottes
Academic Vocabulary• consumer • exclusion
People and Events• Louis XVI• Tennis Court Oath• Declaration of the Rights of Man
and the Citizen• Olympe de Gouges
A. AB. B
Should all people pay taxes regardless of their income level? A. Yes
B. No
A B
0%0%
Background to the RevolutionThe Third Estate, that vast majority of the French people, was heavily taxed and discontented.
The Three Estates in Pre-Revolutionary France
• French society was divided legally into three status groups or estates.
– First Estate: clergy– Second Estate: nobility– Third Estate: everyone else, from
peasants to wealthy merchants
Background to the Revolution (cont.)
• The Third Estate had to pay taxes to the government. In addition, peasants owed duties to the nobles, such as harvesting their crops.
The Three Estates in Pre-Revolutionary France
• The First and Second Estates controlled most of the wealth but were exempt from paying the taille, or tax.
Background to the Revolution (cont.)
• The bourgeoisie, or middle class, was unhappy not to have the same privileges granted to the nobility.
• The immediate cause of the revolution was a near collapse of the French economy.
Background to the Revolution (cont.)
• Causes of the financial crisis:
– bad harvests
– slowdown in manufacturing
– food shortages
– rising prices of food
– unemployment
Background to the Revolution (cont.)
• Louis XVI and his ministers continued to spend enormous sums of money on wars and court luxuries.
• When the government invested large sums of money to support the American colonists against the British, the budget went into total crisis.
• France needed to increase taxes. Louis XVI called a meeting of the Estates-General to discuss the tax increase.
Background to the Revolution (cont.)
A. AB. BC. CD. D A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Who was included in the First Estate?A. Peasants and merchants
B. Nobility
C. Clergy
D. Royalty
From Estates-General to National Assembly
The Third Estate claimed the right to have its votes count as much as those of the First and Second Estates.
• The Estates-General met to discuss the needed tax increase on May 5, 1789.
• The Third Estate wanted the clergy and nobility to pay taxes too.
• Under the current system, each estate had one vote, so the Third Estate could easily be outvoted by the First and Second Estates.
From Estates-General to National Assembly (cont.)
• The Third Estate wanted each deputy to have a vote to give themselves more power, but the king favored the current system.
• Challenging the king’s authority, the Third Estate declared that it was the National Assembly and would draft a new constitution.
From Estates-General to National Assembly (cont.)
• When the National Assembly was locked out of Versailles and had to meet in an indoor tennis court, they swore that they would continue meeting until they had a constitution. This oath is known as the Tennis Court Oath.
• Louis XVI prepared to use force against the Third Estate, but on July 14, 1798, Parisians stormed the Bastille.
From Estates-General to National Assembly (cont.)
France
• Fearing that foreign armies would stop the work of the National Assembly, peasant rebellions sprang up around the country.
From Estates-General to National Assembly (cont.)
A. AB. BC. CD. D A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Why did peasants attack the Bastille?A. To get ammunitions
B. To release the prisoners
C. To kidnap the king
D. To get food
End of the Old RegimeThe National Assembly affirmed the “rights of man” and set up a limited monarchy in the Constitution of 1791.
• The National Assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.
End of the Old Regime (cont.)
– All men were free and equal before the law.
– Appointment to public office should be based on talent.
– No group should be exempt from taxation.
– Freedom of speech and press were affirmed.
• Olympe de Gouges refused to accept the exclusion of women from the declaration and wrote about it.
End of the Old Regime (cont.)
• The king did not support the National Assembly’s decrees but was forced by a mob of Parisian women to accept the decrees and return to Paris.
• The National Assembly tried to reform the Catholic Church.
End of the Old Regime (cont.)
– Church lands were sold off.
– The Church was brought under the control of the state.
– Church officials would be elected by the people, not appointed by the pope.
– The state would pay the salaries of bishops and priests.
• The new Constitution of 1791 set up a limited monarchy. There would still be a king, but a Legislative Assembly would make laws.
• Europeans feared that revolution would spread to other countries, and the rulers of Austria and Prussia wanted to restore Louis XVI to full power.
• The Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria in 1792.
End of the Old Regime (cont.)
• With food shortages and the war going badly, angry citizens wanted more radical changes. They formed the Paris Commune and organized a mob attack to take the king captive.
• Members of the Paris Commune began calling themselves sans-culottes and wore long trousers to identify themselves as ordinary patriots.
End of the Old Regime (cont.)
A. AB. BC. CD. D A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Why did the Catholic Church not support the French Revolution?A. The Church liked the tradition
of the monarchy. B. King Louis XVI was related
to the pope.C. The French army provided
soldiers to protect the Church.D. The French government took
control of the Catholic Church in France.
The BIG IdeaStruggle for Rights Radical groups controlled the revolution, which many people in France and abroad opposed.
Content Vocabulary• faction• elector
• coup d’état
Academic Vocabulary• domestic • external
People and Events• Georges Danton• Jean-Paul Marat• Jacobins• Committee of Public Safety• Maximilien Robespierre • Reign of Terror• Directory
A. AB. B
A revolution in one country will lead to revolutions in other countries. A. Agree
B. Disagree
A B
0%0%
The Move to RadicalismWhen the new government was faced with many internal crises and external threats, it broke into factions.
• In 1792, Georges Danton rallied the sans-culottes to attack the palace. The royal family sought protection from the Legislative Assembly.
• Violence in the streets increased and an uprising in September left thousands dead. Jean-Paul Marat published a radical journal defending the massacres.
The Move to Radicalism (cont.)
• In September of 1792, the newly elected National Convention met and decided to end the monarchy and establish the French Republic.
• Political factions, such as the Girondins and the Jacobins, had different opinions about the fate of Louis XVI.
• In 1793, the Jacobins convinced the National Convention to execute King Louis XVI.
The Move to Radicalism (cont.)
• On January 21, 1793, the king was beheaded on the guillotine.
• Neither the Girondins nor Jacobins could agree on a new constitution.
• A coalition of European powers attacked French armies, and the revolution was in jeopardy.
The Move to Radicalism (cont.)
• In 1793, the National Convention gave the Committee of Public Safety broad powers, and the radical Jacobin Maximilien Robespierre came to power.
The Move to Radicalism (cont.)
A. AB. BC. CD. D A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Which group feared the radicals and wanted to keep the king alive?A. Girondins
B. Jacobins
C. the Mountain
D. Sans-culottes
The Reign of TerrorWhile the Committee of Public Safety was in power, thousands were executed.
• To defend France from domestic threats, the Committee of Public Safety adopted policies known as the Reign of Terror.
• During the Reign of Terror, almost 40,000 people of all classes were executed.
• Revolutionary courts prosecuted people accused of being counter revolutionaries and traitors.
The Reign of Terror (cont.)
The Reign of Terror
• The Committee of Public Safety also attempted to reform French society by:
– mandating education,
– abolishing slavery,
– controlling prices.
The Reign of Terror (cont.)
The Reign of Terror
• The Committee also attempted to de-Christianize France.
– The word “saint” was removed from street signs.
– In Paris, the cathedral of Notre Dame, the center of the Catholic religion in France, was designated a “temple of reason.”
The Reign of Terror (cont.)
The Reign of Terror
– A new calendar renumbered years from the first day of the French Republic, not from the birth of Christ.
– Sundays, Sunday worship services, and church holidays were eliminated.
The Reign of Terror (cont.)
• Most people did not accept these regulations, and France remained overwhelmingly Catholic.
The Reign of Terror
A. AB. BC. CD. D A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Which was not an effect of the Republic of Virtue?A. The title “citizen”
replaced “mister.”
B. Slavery was abolished in French colonies.
C. Women wore long dresses.
D. Women were allowed to participate in the military.
• To save the republic from foreign troops, the Committee of Public Safety raised an army of over 1 million soldiers.
• By 1794, the French had defeated their foreign enemies, and there was less need for the Reign of Terror. However, Robespierre continued to arrest and execute enemies of the revolution.
A Nation in Arms (cont.)
• In July of 1794, the National Convention voted to have Robespierre executed.
• Robespierre’s death weakened the Jacobins, and the Reign of Terror ended.
A Nation in Arms (cont.)
Percentages of Victims of the Terror by Class
A. AB. BC. CD. D A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Why was the French army called the “people’s army”?A. The army drafted citizens.
B. There were no officers, only soldiers.
C. It was an army of the French people, not the French king.
D. The soldiers had to take commands from the people.
The DirectoryThe Constitution of 1795 set up a new government, but it was unable to inspire trust or solve economic problems.
• After the Reign of Terror, the Committee of Public Safety was weakened and churches were allowed to reopen.
• The new government had two legislative houses.
The Directory (cont.)
− A lower house, the Council of 500, drafted laws.
− An upper house of 250, the Council of Elders, accepted or rejected proposed laws.
• Members of both houses were chosen by electors, men who owned or rented property of a certain amount.
• The executive branch was made up of a five-man committee known as the Directory.
• The new government proved ineffective. In 1799, the popular and successful military commander Napoleon Bonaparte toppled the government in a coup d’état.
The Directory (cont.)
A. AB. BC. CD. D A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Who was eligible to be an elector?A. Any male citizen B. Any French citizenC. A male citizen who
owned or rented property of a certain amount
D. A military or government official
The BIG IdeaSelf-Determination As Napoleon built his empire across Europe, he also spread the revolutionary idea of nationalism.
Content Vocabulary• consulate • nationalism
Academic Vocabulary• capable • liberal
People and Events• Napoleon Bonaparte• Civil Code• Anne-Louise-Germaine de Staël• Duke of Wellington
A. AB. B
A dictator can be a good leader for the people of a republic.A. Agree
B. Disagree
A B
0%0%
The Rise of NapoleonNapoleon, a popular general, overthrew the Directory, set up a new government, and eventually took complete power.
• Napoleon Bonaparte was born in Corsica and came from minor nobility. He went to military school, read philosophy, and studied military campaigns.
• In 1796, Napoleon led the French army to victories in Italy.
• His tactics of speed, surprise, and decisiveness earned him the devotion of his troops, and he returned to France as a hero.
The Rise of Napoleon (cont.)
• In 1799, Napoleon took part in the coup d´état that overthrew the Directory and set up a new government, the consulate.
• The consulate was called a republic, but Napoleon had absolute power to appoint officials, control the army, and conduct foreign affairs.
• In 1802, Napoleon was made consul for life, and in 1804, he crowned himself Emperor Napoleon I.
The Rise of Napoleon (cont.)
A. AB. BC. CD. D A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
What did Napoleon do when the British defeated the French naval forces in Egypt?A. He took command of the French
naval forces.
B. He abandoned his army and returned to Paris.
C. He surrendered to the British.
D. He defeated the British and conquered Egypt.
Napoleon’s Domestic PoliciesNapoleon brought stability to France and established a single law code that recognized the equality of all citizens before the law.
• Peace with the Church
Napoleon’s Domestic Policies (cont.)
− Napoleon made peace with the Catholic Church by recognizing Catholicism as the religion of a majority of the French people in exchange for not returning confiscated Church lands.
• Codification of the Laws
Napoleon’s Domestic Policies (cont.)
− Napoleon created a single law code for the entire nation.
− The Civil Code preserved many of the principles the revolutionaries had fought for.
− The Civil Code was a step back for women, who were now “less equal than men.”
• A New Bureaucracy
Napoleon’s Domestic Policies (cont.)
− Government officials and military officers were promoted on the basis of merit and ability, not birth.
− A new nobility was created based on civil and military service.
• Napoleon remained true to the revolutionary ideals by emphasizing equality in his legal and government reforms.
• Napoleon also destroyed some revolutionary ideals by replacing liberty with despotism.
• Despite protests by citizens, such as the prominent writer Anne-Louise-Germaine de Staël, Napoleon banned books, shut down newspapers, insisted all manuscripts be subject to government scrutiny, and had mail opened by police.
Napoleon’s Domestic Policies (cont.)
A. AB. BC. CD. D A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Which principle was not included in the Civil Code?A. All citizens were equal
before the law. B. Individuals could choose
a profession.C. Married women could
inherit property.D. Serfdom and feudal
obligations were abolished.
Napoleon’s EmpireAs Napoleon conquered Europe, he spread nationalist ideas. Inspired by those ideas, conquered peoples resisted Napoleon’s armies and helped bring about the collapse of his empire.
• Napoleon was the military master of Europe. He defeated Austria, Prussia, and Russia in battles from 1805 to 1807.
• By 1812, his empire included the French Empire, Spain, Holland, Italy, the Swiss Republic, the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, and a confederation of German states.
Napoleon’s Empire (cont.)
Napoleonic Europe, 1799–1812
• In the conquered regions of Europe, Napoleon attempted to spread the liberal ideals of the French Revolution, such as religious toleration and social equality.
Napoleon’s Empire (cont.)
Napoleonic Europe, 1799–1812
• Napoleon’s empire collapsed for two reasons:
– British Resistance
Napoleon’s Empire (cont.)
• Napoleon was never able to defeat Britain due to their superior naval power.
• Napoleon tried to weaken the British economically with the Continental System, but allied states resented being told by Napoleon that they could not trade with the British.
– Nationalism• Conquered peoples recognized the power and
strength of national feeling exemplified by the Grand Army of France.
• Conquered peoples became united in their hatred of the invaders.
Napoleon’s Empire (cont.)
A. AB. BC. CD. D A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Why was Napoleon unable to conquer the British?A. Britain had a strong army.
B. Britain had a strong navy.
C. The French were fighting too many wars in Europe.
D. Britain had stronger allies.
The Fall of NapoleonAfter major losses in Russia and Austria, Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo.
• Russia refused to comply with the Continental System, and Napoleon was forced to invade.
• The Russians avoided fighting the French army. As they retreated, they burned their own villages to keep Napoleon’s army from finding food.
• When the French reached the capital of Moscow, they found it ablaze. Lacking food and supplies, Napoleon retreated to France.
The Fall of Napoleon (cont.)
Disaster in Russia
• Thousands of soldiers starved and froze during the “Great Retreat” and fewer than 40,000 of the original 600,000 men returned.
• Other European countries took advantage of the opportunity and attacked France.
• Paris was captured in 1814, and Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba; off the coast of Italy. King Louis XVIII was put in power by the European states.
The Fall of Napoleon (cont.)
• The new king had little support, and Napoleon regained power in 1815. Napoleon raised a new army of devoted veterans.
• In 1815, Napoleon’s French army was defeated by an Allied force under the command of the Duke of Wellington at Waterloo in Belgium.
• Napoleon was exiled to St. Helena and died in 1821.
The Fall of Napoleon (cont.)
A. AB. BC. CD. D A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Where was Napoleon’s last battle and final defeat?A. Elba
B. Moscow
C. St. Helena
D. Waterloo
CAUSES of the French Revolution• France was ruled by absolute
monarchy.• A rigid social class system
existed.• The government was
bankrupt.• The Third Estate had no
voice in government.• Bad harvests, rising food prices, and unfair taxation
caused civil unrest.• The political goals of the nobility and middle class
challenged the monarchy.
SHORT-TERM EFFECTS of the French Revolution
• The end of the monarchy caused initial chaos.
• France was attacked by foreign countries.
• The beheading of royals and the Reign of Terror led to internal disorder.
• Napoleon seized power and became emperor of France.
LONG-TERM EFFECTS of the French Revolution• Napoleon’s army
conquered other countries and changed many traditional political and class systems.
• French armies spread nationalism and Enlightenment ideals to other countries.
Chapter Transparencies Menu
Chapter Transparency
Unit Time Line Transparency
Cause-and-Effect Transparency
Select a transparency to view.
estateone of the three classes into which French society was divided before the revolution: the clergy (First Estate), the nobles (Second Estate), and the towns people (Third Estate); a landed property usually with a large house on it
taillean annual direct tax, usually on land or property, that provided a regular source of income for the French monarchy
bourgeoisiethe middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people
sans-culottes“without breeches,” members of the Paris Commune who considered themselves ordinary patriots (in other words, they wore long trousers instead of fine knee-length breeches of the nobles)
consumerrelating to one who consumes or uses economic goods
exclusionbarred from inclusion or participation in
factiona dissenting group
electoran individual qualified to vote in an election
coup d’étata sudden overthrow of the government
domesticrelating to or originating within one’s country
externalrelating to dealings or relationships with foreign countries
consulategovernment established in France after the overthrow of the Directory in 1799, with Napoleon as first consul in control of the entire government
nationalismthe unique cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbols
capablehaving or showing ability
liberalbroad-minded; associated with ideals of the individual, especially economic freedom and greater participation in government
Click the Forward button to go to the next slide.
Click the Previous button to return to the previous slide.
Click the Home button to return to the Chapter Menu.
Click the Transparency button from the Chapter Menu, Chapter Introduction slides, or Visual Summary slides to access the transparencies that are relevant to this chapter. From within a section, click on this button to access the relevant Daily Focus Skills Transparency.
Click the Return button in a feature to return to the main presentation.
Click the History Online button to access online textbook features.
Click the Reference Atlas button to access the Interactive Reference Atlas.
Click the Exit button or press the Escape key [Esc] to end the slide show.
Click the Help button to access this screen.
Links to Presentation Plus! features such as Maps in Motion, Graphs in Motion, Charts in Motion, Concepts in Motion, and figures from your textbook are located at the bottom of relevant screens.
To use this Presentation Plus! product:
This slide is intentionally blank.
