Spongospora diseases of Solanum tuberosum ; South American origins and worldwide problems, requiring...

8/10/2019 Spongospora diseases of Solanum tuberosum ; South American origins and worldwide problems, requiring integrated management solutions

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The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

Spongosporadiseases of Solanum tuberosum;

South American origins, and worldwide problemsrequiring integrated management solutions

Richard Falloon1,2 and Ueli Merz3

XXVI CONGRESO DE LA ASOCIACIN LATINOAMERICANA DE LA PAPA

Bogot, Colombia. 28 Sept - 2 Oct, 2014

1New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited2Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, New Zealand

3Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland


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Acknowledgements

Comit Organizador ALAP 2014

Collaborating researchers:Dr Rebecca Gau, Dr Denis Curtin, Ros Lister, Dr Ruth Butler,

Dr Farhat Shah, Dr Patrick Brunner, Russell Genet,

Dr Mark Paget, Sarah Sinton, Dr Steve Thomas,

Dr Loreto Hernndez

Plant pathology, Soil science, Molecular biology,

Biometrics, Agronomy, Plant breeding


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The pathogen (life cycle)

South American origins (genetics)

Effects on plant productivity

Disease management (host resistance)

The challenges posed by the pathogen

Spongospora subterranea

and powdery scab


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10 m

4 m

Spongospora subterranea

Ueli Merz

Ueli Merz


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Spongosporaon Solanum


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Global population genetics ofSpongospora subterranea

Rebecca Gau

PhD research in Switzerland and New Zealand

Gau RD, Merz U, Falloon RE, Brunner PC (2013). Global genetics and

invasion history of the potato powdery scab pathogen, Spongospora

subterranea f.sp. subterranea. PLoS ONE8(6): e67944.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067944


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Worldwide collection: 711 samples

19 countries, 22 locations, all continents, mostly field populations


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Distribution of seven ITS haplotypes

Five from

South America

Two worldwide


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Distribution of 12 actin haplotypes

12 from South

America

Two worldwide


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Migration historyGene flow, inferred from microsatellite analyses

Historic gene flow(Conquistadores)

Recent gene flow(colonialism, seed trade)

Bridgehead

Gau, et al. (2013) PLoS ONE8(6): e67944


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Worldwide recorded occurrence of

Spongospora /powdery scab


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Optimal conditions for zoospore release Infectivity of different inoculum sources

Resistance assessment, and heretability,in Solanum spp. genotypes

Alternative hosts

Yield reduction

Disease control (biological, chemical)

Powdery scab etiologyElena Paola Gonzles-Jaimes, Jos Miguel Cotes Torres, et al.

Francisco Bittara et al.

Elisabeth Gilchrist et al.

Recent South AmericanSpongospora research


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Spongospora effects on plant

productivity


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Effects on total crop yield

+28%(increased weight/tuber)

Field trial (1994): powdery scab controlled

with soil treatments

% diseased

no chemical 19

fluazinam 6

total yield

(tonnes ha-1)

44.7

57.3


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Glasshouse experiments

Uninoculated

Inoculated with

S. subterranea

Water uptake,

plant parameters


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Water use

Time (days) from planting

0 10 20 30 40 50

Wateruse(g/day)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Inoculation

Uninoculated

Inoculated

Shoot dry weight

reduced by 27%

Root dry weightreduced by 6%

Cv. Iwa


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Change in shoot nutrients due to

Spongospora inoculation

Nutrient Change Nutrient Change

Na + 64 % K - 11 %

Mg + 11 % S - 11 %Ca + 6 % Fe - 12 %

N + 4 % P - 15 %

B + 2 %

Mn - 25 %Zn - 48 %

P>0.05 Cu - 59 %


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Glasshouse experiment

Plant parameters

Water use

Spongospora severity

Eight cultivars uninoculated or

inoculated with S. subterranea

Very resistantGladiator, Moonlight Red Rascal

Moderately resistantRusset Burbank, Ranger Russet,

Umatilla Russet

Very susceptibleIwa, Asterix


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Shoot dry weight (g)

Gladiator

Moo

nlight

RedRa

scal

Rang

erRus

set

Russet

Burba

nk

UmatillaRu

sset Iw

a

Asterix

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.2

2.4

2.6

2.8V. Resistant Mod. Resistant V. Susceptible

Uninoculated

Inoculated

Bar is LSD 5%

Plant growth


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Root function(water use)

Iwa

Days after planting

0 10 20 30 40 50

Wateruse(g)

0

5

10

15

20

25

Inoculation

Ranger Russet

Days after planting

0 10 20 30 40 50

Wateruse(g)

0

5

10

15

20

25

Inoculation

Russet Burbank

Days after planting

0 10 20 30 40 50

Wateruse(g)

0

5

10

15

20

25

Inoculation

Asterix

Days after planting

0 10 20 30 40 50

Wateruse(g)

0

5

10

15

20

25

Inoculation

un-inoculated

inoculated

Umatilla Russet

Days after planting

0 10 20 30 40 50

Wateruse(g)

0

5

10

15

20

25

Inoculation

Gladiator

Days after planting

0 10 20 30 40 50

Wateruse(g)

0

5

10

15

20

25

Inoculation

Moonlight

Days after planting

0 10 20 30 40 50

Wateruse(g)

0

5

10

15

20

25

Inoculation

Red Rascal

Days after planting

0 10 20 30 40 50

Wateruse(g)

0

5

10

15

20

25

Inoculation


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Final water use (g day-1

)

Gladiator

Moo

nlight

RedRa

scal

Rang

erRusset

Russet

Burba

nk

UmatillaRu

sset Iw

a

Asterix

g

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22V. Resistant Mod. Resistant V. Susceptible

Uninoculated

Inoculated

Bar is LSD 5%

Root function

(water use)


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Root galls

Galls/g Root Dry Weight

Gladiator

Moo

nlight

RedRa

scal

Rang

erRus

set

Russet

Burba

nk

UmatillaRu

sset Iw

a

Asterix

Galls/g

50

100

150

200

250300

350

400

450 V. Resistant Mod. Resistant V. Susceptible


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Plant parameters at harvest

Mean wgt

(kg) tubers

per plant

Mean no.

tubers per

plant

Mean wgt

(g) per

tuber

Uninocd

2.93 12.1 242Inocd 1.70 9.0 188

change -42% -26% -22%


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Soil moisture measurementsTime domain reflectometry


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Sample Date

7-Nov 21-Nov 5-Dec 19-Dec 2-Jan 16-Jan 30-Jan 13-Feb 27-Feb

Meanwateru

sedifferencefrom

average

(%)

-2.0

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Uninoculated

Inoculated

Irrigation

Rain

Water use


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Host susceptibility toSpongospora root infection

Loreto Hernndez Maldonado

PhD research in New Zealand

Hernandez Maldando M.L., R.E. Falloon, R.C. Butler, A.J. Conner and S.R.

Bulman (2013). Spongospora subterranea root infection assessed in

two potato cultivars differing in susceptibility to tuber powdery scab.

Plant Pathology 62, 1089-1096.


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Zoosporangium severity

scores

Inoculated


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Amount of Spongospora DNA

(ng l-1)

Uninoculated


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Numbers of galls

(g-1 root dry weight)

Gladiator

Iwa

Inoculated


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Spongospora effects on crop

productivity


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Field observations in Tasmania

19 fields surveyed at tuber filling

mainly Russet Burbank

18 fields had plants with Spongospora root galls

90% sampled plants had root galls

59% sampled plants had tuber lesions

40% yield reductions (estd)

February 2008

Simplot, Tasmania


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Yields of russet varieties of field-grown potatoes in

Washington State, reduced by 5-12 t ha-1 due to root

infection by Spongospora

Nitzanet al. (2008) Plant Disease92: 1643-1649

USA reports


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E Gilchrist

La enfermedad en las raices redujo la produccin a la mitadThis root infection reduces my yields by half

Antioquia, Colombia (2010)


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Field survey in New Zealand 2012/13

11 crops, examined every 2 weeks after planting

(Russet Burbank, Innovator)

Six crops with severe galls

Five without galls


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Integrated powdery scab

management Crop rotation

Field management (soil-applied pesticides)

Disease resistance Disease-free seed tubers (pesticide treatments)

Crop management

Hygiene methods

Management sequence


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Integrated powdery scab

management Crop rotation

Field management

Disease resistance Disease-free seed tubers

Crop management

Hygiene methods

Management sequence


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Gladiator

Iwa

Russet Burbank

Potato cultivar susceptibility

to powdery scab


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Cultivar susceptibilityPowdery scab resistance score (tubers)

resistant susceptible

Gladiator 8.8 Atlantic 6.5

Moonlight 8.3 Shepody 6.4

Russet Burbank 7.9 Frontier Russet 6.3Umatilla Russet 7.8 Kennebec 5.9

Sebago 7.2 Iwa 5.4

Desiree 7.4 Bondi 5.1

See Genet et al. (2014)


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The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited

Conclusions


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Th di f S l b


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The diseases of Solanum tuberosum

caused by Spongospora subterranea

disrupted root function

root hyperplasia

tuber powdery scab

These diseases pose severe

problems for growing high

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