FROND
ADVENTITOUS ROOTSNODE
SPOROPHYLL
MATURE
SPOROPHYTE
RHIZOME
ALTERNATE
PHYLLOTAXY
IMMATURE FROND
“FIDDLEHEAD”
C
“FIDDLEHEAD”
CROZIER
CV
“FIDDLEHEAD”
CROZIER
CIRCINATE VERNATION
^
MORPHOLOGY
^
FROND
MORPHOLOGY
TYPES
L
FROND MORPHOLOGY
TYPES
COMPOUND FROND
FROND MORPHOLOGY
TYPES
FROND MORPHOLOGY
TYPES
COMPOUND FROND
SIMPLE FROND
FROND MORPHOLOGY
TYPES
^
COMPOUND
FROND
C
COMPOUND
FROND
FROND MORPHOLOGY
COMPOUND FROND
PINNAE PRESENT
FROND MORPHOLOGY
COMPOUND FROND
COMPOUND
FERN FROND
MORPHOLOGY
P
COMPOUND
FERN FROND
MORPHOLOGY
^
PINNAE
PRESENT
COMPOUND
FROND
MORPHOLOGY
?
STIPE
COMPOUND
FERN FROND
MORPHOLOGY
?
S
STIPE
COMPOUND
FERN FROND
MORPHOLOGY
?
STIPE
LAMINA
COMPOUND
FERN FROND
MORPHOLOGY
?
L
STIPE
LAMINA
COMPOUND
FERN FROND
MORPHOLOGY
?
STIPE
LAMINA
RACHIS
COMPOUND
FERN FROND
MORPHOLOGY
?
R
STIPE
LAMINA
RACHIS
COMPOUND
FERN FROND
MORPHOLOGY
?
STIPE
LAMINA
RACHIS
PINNAE?
P
STIPE
LAMINA
RACHIS
PINNAE
+
PINNA ?
SUBRACHIS?
PINNA S
SUBRACHIS
PINNA ?
SUBRACHIS
PINNULES?
PINNA P
SUBRACHIS
PINNULES
PINNA S
COMPOUND
FERN FROND
MORPHOLOGY
^
COMPOUND
FROND
TYPES
L
COMPOUND FROND
TYPES
ONCE PINNATE
COMPOUND FROND
TYPES
COMPOUND FROND
TYPES
ONCE PINNATE
TWICE PINNATE
COMPOUND FROND
TYPES
O
ONCE PINNATE
COMPOUND
FROND
COMPOUND FROND
ONCE PINNATE
BEARS
PINNAE ONLY
COMPOUND FROND
ONCE PINNATE
TWICE PINNATE
COMPOUND
FROND
COMPOUND FROND
TWICE PINNATE
BEARS
PINNAE & PINNULES
COMPOUND FROND
TWICE PINNATE
OSMUNDAPINNA
TWICE PINNATE
COMPOUND
FROND
P
OSMUNDA PINNULESPINNAE
TWICE PINNATE
COMPOUND
FROND
^
SIMPLE FROND
S
SIMPLE FROND
FROND MORPHOLOGY
SIMPLE FROND
PINNAE ASBSENT
FROND MORPHOLOGY
SIMPLE FROND
SIMPLE
FERN FROND
MORPHOLOGY
A
SIMPLE
FERN FROND
MORPHOLOGY
PINNAE
ABSENT
^
SIMPLE FROND
MORPHOLOGY
?
STIPE
SIMPLE
FERN FROND
MORPHOLOGY
?
S
STIPE
SIMPLE
FERN FROND
MORPHOLOGY
?
STIPE
LAMINA
SIMPLE
FERN FROND
MORPHOLOGY
?
L
STIPE
LAMINA
SIMPLE
FERN FROND
MORPHOLOGY
^
SORUS
S
SORUS
PTERALES
SORUS
SPORANGIA
CLUSTER
PTERALES
SORUS
SORUS
FROND / SPOROPHYLL
SPORANGIUM SPORANGIUM
SORUS
L.S.
?
INDUSIUM
SPORANGIUM SPORANGIUM
SORUS
L.S.
?
I
INDUSIUM
SPORANGIUM SPORANGIUM
SORUS
L.S.
I
INDUSIUM
PTERALES
INDUSIUM
MODIFIED PLT HAIR
PTERALES
INDUSIUM
+
PTERALES
INDUSIUM
MODIFIED PLT HAIR
---
PROTECTS SPORANGIA
PTERALES
INDUSIUM
+
PTERALES
INDUSIUM
MODIFIED PLT HAIR
---
PROTECT SPORANGIA
---
PRESENT OR ABSENT
PTERALES
INDUSIUM
INDUSIUM
PRESENT
FROND / SPOROPHYLL
INDUSIUM
SPORANGIUM SPORANGIUM
SORUS
L.S.
^
INDUSIUM
ABSENT
FROND / SPOROPHYLL
POLYPODIUM
SPORANGIUM
SORUS
L.S.INDUSIUM ABSENT
^
SPORANGIUM
“A
“ADVANCED FERNS”
T“T
“TRUE FERNS”
CELL INITIAL
SPORANGIUM
WALL
SPORANGIUM
STALK
SPOROCYTES
STOMIUM
TAPETUM
STALK
ANNULUS
FEW SPORES
L.S.
SMALL SIZE
THIN WALL
L
CELL INITIAL
SPORANGIUM
WALL
SPORANGIUM
STALK
SPOROCYTES
STOMIUM
TAPETUM
STALK
ANNULUS
FEW SPORES
L.S.LEPTOSPORANGIUM
SMALL SIZE
THIN WALL
^
SPORANGIUM
POSITION
SORUS
?
SPOROPHYLL
L.S.
LEPTOSPORANGIUM
?SORUS
S
SPOROPHYLL
L.S.
LEPTOSPORANGIUM
SORUS
F
FOLIAR
L.S.
LEPTOSPORANGIUM
SORUS
A
SPOROPHYLL
L.S.
LEPTOSPORANGIUM
ABAXIAL
SURFACE
SORUS
^
LEPTOSPORANGIUM
STRUCTURE
L.S.
LEPTOSPORANGIUM
?
L.S.
LEPTOSPORANGIUM
??
S
L.S.
STALK
LEPTOSPORANGIUM
S
STALK
LEPTOSPORANGIUM
STALK
BEARS
SPORANGIUM
LEPTOSPORANGIUM
STALK
L.S.
STALK
SPORANGIUM
LEPTOSPORANGIUM
?
L.S.
STALK
ANNULUS
LEPTOSPORANGIUM
?
A
L.S.
STALK
ANNULUS
LEPTOSPORANGIUM
A
ANNULUS
LEPTOSPORANGIUM
ANNULUS
SPORANGIUM
WALL
LEPTOSPORANGIUM
ANNULUS
L.S.
STALK
ANNULUS
LEPTOSPORANGIUM
?
ANNULUS
STALK
L.S.
STOMIUM
LEPTOSPORANGIUM?
S
ANNULUS
STALK
L.S.
STOMIUM
LEPTOSPORANGIUM
S
STOMIUM
LEPTOSPORANGIUM
STOMIUM
MODIFIED
ANNULUS CELLS
LEPTOSPORANGIUM
STOMIUM
+
LEPTOSPORANGIUM
STOMIUM
MODIFIED
ANNULUS CELLS
---
DEHISCENCE POINT
LEPTOSPORANGIUM
STOMIUM
ANNULUS
STALK
L.S.
STOMIUM
LEPTOSPORANGIUM
+
ANNULUS
STALK
L.S.
STOMIUM
MODIFIED
ANNULUS CELLSLEPTOSPORANGIUM
S
ANNULUS
STALK
L.S.
LEPTOSPORANGIUMSTOMIUM
DEHISCENCE
POINT
^
SPORE
DISPERSAL
S
SPORE
DISPERSAL
CATAPULT-LIKE
START
POSITION
ANNULUS STOMIUM
LEPTOSPORANGIUM D
STOMIUM
LEPTOSPORANGIUM
DRY
CONDITIONS
ANNULUS
W