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Sport as a factor of national identity formation in a mass society
Janez Štebe, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Social Sciences
E-mail:[email protected] presentation at
Research Question
What is a role of national pride in sport on national identity?
What follows is exploratory analysis of quantitative survey data comparing European countries with a special emphasis on East / West divide.
Data:
ISSP (International Social Survey Programm)1995 and 2003 National Identity I and II
High quality surveys on national random samples of adult population
Special emphasis on procedural equivalence of measurements (careful translation of questionnaire, pre-tests)
Data and documentation available form national data archives, e.g. Slovene Social Sciences Data Archives
http://www.adp.fdv.uni-lj.si/
Concepts definitions
National identity Civic Ethnic
Pride
Xenophobia
National citizens identity construct:
A measure of legitimacy of institutional and political order: in a long run at list some degree of identification and share of positive orientation to political system is needed for its democratic functioning
Identity through feeling of attachment, trust to others, political regime support as forms of social capital that members of society share with one another.
In a mass society social capital is often based on impersonal ties (mechanical solidarity), a contested terrain of symbolic construction, “imagined communities”
Identity is a relational concept:
How do we see ourselves through others by setting boundaries – rejecting and accepting others as members of social entities
Related problems: national identity and globalisation And patriotism vs. Nationalism And xenophobia
Operationalised thru indicator in ISSP95 and ISSP2003 Questionnaire:
Two dimensions of national identity (see Hjerm, Schulman, etc.) Ascribed Ethnic or cultural identity
Shared ethnicity, language, religion
Exploratory factor separate country analysis shows that item a) “to have been born in a [COUNTRY]” consistently loads on that dimension
Achieved Civic identity:
Equal political rights and obligations
Factor analysis shows that item f= “respect [COUNTRY] political institutions and laws” consistently loads that dimension
• Both items partialy represents separate dimensions in
a comparative setting, besides a common general national identity
• Possess fixed meaning granting face validity• Unknown reliability
National pride
“is the positive affect that the public feels towards their country, resulting from their national identity” (Smith&Kim 2006)
Related but not identical to national identity Multidimensional
Can be used as mean for comparative analysis of content of national identity components
Operationalised thru indicator in ISSP95 and ISSP2003 Questionnaire:
Exploratory factor separate country analysis shows two dimensions of pride consistently represented by the following sets of items:
Cultural G) Arts and literature I) History
Reliability coefficient Cronbach α ranges from 0.3 (Germany – East and Austria in 2003) to 0.7 (Russia and Slovakia in 1995) with an average in 0.5
Civic A) the way democracy
works C) [COUNTRY’s]
economic achievements D) its social security
system More stable Cronbach α -
ranges from 0.7 to 0.8
Where is pride in sports?
Pride in sport Complex of modern medialised sport – glorification of
human body and short attention spans – offer good material for national feelings based on mechanical solidarity (Evans&Kelley 2002)
Measured by additive index of pride in sport item (“achievements in sports”) and the following “makes me proud item”
Reliability coefficient Cronbach α ranges from 0.3 (Poland 2003) to 0.7 with an average in 0.6
Pride in sports (index [2:8]) by Country by Year (Source: ISSP)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
DE-W
DE-E
PL GB ES SE CZ SK AT NO RU LV HU SI IE
Country
Mea
n 1995
2003
Correlations between pride in sports with cultural and civic components of national pride
SK03
SK95
LV03
LV95
ES03
ES95
IE03
IE95AT03
AT95
GB03
GB95
DE-E03
DE-E95
DE-W03
DE-W95
NO95
NO03SE95
SE03
CZ95
SI95
SI03
PL95
PL03
RU95RU03
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
0,55
0,60
0,10 0,20 0,30 0,40 0,50 0,60
National cultural pride
Na
tio
na
l civ
ic p
rid
e
E1995W
E2000W
E1995E
E2000E
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
0,55
0,60
0,10 0,20 0,30 0,40 0,50 0,60
National cultural pride
Na
tio
na
l civ
ic p
rid
e
Xenophobia
How are various aspects of national identity and pride related to xenophobia
Establishment of democratic regimes may lag behind by extreme nationalist and xenophobic feelings kin Eastern post communist Europe (Wallace 1999)
Sport and xenophobia, are they reinforcing one another and interplay in national identity formation
Measure of additive index with reliability α = 0.6 to 0.8 with an average in 0.7
Items:
Correlation of Pride in sports with Xenophobia by Country by Year (Source: ISSP)
-0,05
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
0,3
0,35
0,4
HU CZ IE SK RU ES LV PL SI NO GB AT SE DE-W
DE-E
EW EE
Country
r (P
ears
on
co
rrel
atio
n)
1995
2003
Results: Correlation of Pride in sports with Ethic and Civic identity by Country by Year (Source: ISSP)
RU03
RU95
PL03PL95
SI03
SI95
CZ03
CZ95SE03
SE95 NO03NO95
DE-W95
DE-W03
DE-E95
DE-E03
GB95GB03
AT95
AT03
HU95
HU03
IE95
IE03
ES95
ES03
LV95
LV03SK95
SK03
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
-0,05 0,05 0,15 0,25 0,35 0,45
Ethnic national identity: Born
Civ
ic n
at.
iden
tity
: R
esp
ect
Eastern Europe
Western Europe
Correlation of Pride in sports with other variables by East/West Europe by Year (Source: ISSP)
XE95E
ci95E
cu95E
sp95E
XE03W
ci03W
cu03Wsp03W
XE95W
ci95W
cu95W
sp95W
sp03E
cu03Eci03E
XE03E
-0,05
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
0,3
0,35
0,4
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4
Ethnic national identity: Born
Civ
ic n
at.
id
en
tity
: R
es
pe
ct
West Europe
East Europe
Ethnic(Born)/Civic(Respect) national identity by Year by East/West Europe
-0,05
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
0,3
0,35
BO95W RE95W BO03W RE03W BO95E RE95E BO03E RE03E
tota
l e
ffe
ct
of
sp
ort
on
...
xenofoby
civic pride
culture pride
net sport
Legend: BO (Ethnic id – Born); RE (Civic id – Respect); W (Western Europe); E (Eastern Europe)
Conclusions
Pride in sports remains an important correlate of national identity
It is closer to cultural component of pride Important differences between East/ West
Europe on sport and Xenophobia related Ethnic identity
Further inquiry into contextual factors that shape national identity formation (changes in government, economic situation, globalisation etc.)