SPORT INJURIES

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Sports Injuries


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For more detailed instructions, see the Getting Started presentation.


Learning objectives

What we will learn in this presentation:

Lea

rnin

g o

bje

ctiv

es How to classify injuries as chronic or acute

How to classify injuries as soft tissue or hard tissue

Different types of skin damage – cuts, grazes, blisters and chafing

The causes and treatment of strains, sprains, dislocations and torn cartilage

How to identify and treat fractures

The treatment of injuries – R.I.C.E.

The causes and treatment of unconsciousness –D.R.A.B.C., resuscitation and the recovery position

The causes and treatment of concussion, dehydration and hypothermia.



Injuries


Chronic injuries

Chronic injuries are caused by continuous stress on a body part over a long time.

Here are some common chronic injuries:

Injuries can be classed as chronic or acute. First, we will consider chronic injuries.

Chronic injuries can be caused by training too hard, not allowing time for recovery, poor footwear and bad technique.

tennis elbow

golfers elbow

shin splints.


Chronic injuries: tennis and golf elbow

Overuse injuries can occur due to repeated powerful muscle movements.

These injuries should be treated by applying an icepack and resting for several weeks.

Physiotherapy treatment may be needed and possibly cortisone (steroid) injections to relieve the pain.

Golf and tennis put a lot of strain on the elbow.

In golf and tennis elbow, the tendons that attach muscles to the elbow joint become inflamed, sore and painful.


Chronic injuries: shin splints

Shin splints are pains in the lower leg, caused by continuous stress over a long period of time.

Either the tendons around the tibia become inflamed, or ‘stress fractures’ develop – these are cracks along the length of the bone.

Shin splints should be treated with ice and plenty of rest. Cushioned footwear and special insoles can help to prevent the injury returning.


Acute injuries

Acute injuries occur when there is sudden stress on the body.

There are three main causes:

1. Collisions with opponents or obstacles.

3. Falling from a height or at speed.

2. Being struck by an object.

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Acute injuries


Hard and soft tissue injuries

Injuries can also be classified as soft tissue or hard tissue injuries.

Hard tissue injuries are bone injuries.

Soft tissue injuries involve damage to skin, muscles, tendons, ligaments or cartilage.


Soft tissue injuries

Soft tissue injuries can be open or closed.

An open injury means that the skin has been broken – blood usually escapes.

Open injuries include cuts, grazes, blisters and chafing.

A closed injury occurs beneath the skin – there is no external bleeding.

Closed injuries include bruising, pulls, strains and sprains.

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Open injuries: cuts and grazes

Cuts require immediate attention to stop bleeding and allow the blood to clot.

After the cut is cleaned, plasters and dressings can be used to control bleeding and protect the wound.

Grazes or abrasions where skin is scraped off the body, need to be cleaned carefully. Grazes that result from falls can often contain dirt and grit.

Deep cuts may need stitches to hold the skin together.

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Open skin damage – blisters and chafing

Blisters are caused by the skin rubbing on other surfaces.

They most commonly occur on the feet, due to ill-fitting shoes, and on the hands, due to excessive wear and tear (e.g. from rowing and archery).

Chafing is caused by ill-fitting clothing or material. Long-distance runners are particularly prone to chafing in areas like the armpits, where clothing may rub.

A bubble of liquid forms just under the skin to protect the area while new skin is grown underneath. Never burst the bubble, as the blister may then become infected.


Closed injuries

Bruises occur when small blood vessels are damaged by an impact or sudden wrenching movement.

This causes bleeding beneath the skin, leading to swelling and discolouration.

Strained (pulled) muscles result from muscles being suddenly and forcefully overstretched.

This tears the muscle fibres, usually where they attach to the tendon. The muscle is painful and its strength is reduced.

Bruises and strains should be treated with ice to reduce the swelling.


Sprained/ twisted ankle

Sprains are different to strains – they involve ligaments rather than muscles and tendons.

Sprains occur when ligaments at joints get stretched and torn. A sharp twist of the foot can give you a sprained or twisted ankle. Severe sprains result in torn ligaments.

Sprains are more serious than strains, and result in considerable pain and loss of function at the joint. The symptoms are similar to a fracture or dislocation.

Sprains should be treated with ice and rest.


Dislocation

A dislocation occurs when a bone is pulled or twisted out of place at a joint.

When the shoulder is dislocated, the humerus is pulled out of the socket on the scapula.

The injured person is usually unable to move their arm, and the shoulder loses its rounded shape.

Dislocations are very painful. They require hospital treatment to move the bone back into position. The ligaments and tissue around the joint can take a long time to recover.


Cartilage tear of the knee

Cartilage aids friction free movement at the knee joint and provides some shock absorption.

Cartilage can tear if the knee is twisted excessively. This is a common football injury, caused when players change direction quickly.

A cartilage tear is a serious injury. The knee will be painful, may ‘lock’ and will swell.

cartilage

An icepack can reduce swelling, but surgery is sometimes needed to repair the damaged cartilage.


Soft tissue injuries


Hard tissue injuries

Hard tissue injuries are bone fractures – the bone either cracks or breaks.

Fractures lead to:

Shin splints are a form of fracture caused by repeated stress.

bruising and swelling

pain due to nerve damage

the limb or area of the body where the break is becomes immobile

if it is a bad fracture, the area will look obviously deformed.


Fractures

A simple or closed fracture means that the bone is cracked but the skin is not broken.

A compound or open fracture means that the skin is broken and the bone is sticking out.

Fractures can be open (simple) or closed (compound).

Open fractures are more serious. They usually involve blood loss.


Fractures

Fractures are usually caused by violent impacts. They are most common in contact sports like rugby, and sports where there is a risk of falling from height or at speed, for example, horse riding, skiing and climbing.

Fractures are difficult to prevent as they are caused by sudden and unexpected events or accidents. Using correct technique and playing by the rules can reduce the risks to some extent.

Fractures should be treated by immobilizing the injured area with a splint or sling and controlling any bleeding with a dressing. The casualty should not be moved until the ambulance arrives, unless absolutely necessary.


R.I.C.E.

Whenever there is any injury to bones, joints, ligaments muscles or tendons, blood vessels will be damaged.

Broken blood vessels mean that blood leaks into tissues around the injury. This will lead to swelling, bruising and pain.

To combat the effects of this, you should follow the R.I.C.E method of treatment:

R – Rest

E – Elevation

C – Compression

I – Ice


R.I.C.E.


Unconsciousness

Unconsciousness can be caused by a number of things.

1. Fainting – common fainting is a temporary abnormality in blood flow to the brain. It can be caused by stress, heat or physical exertion.

2. Head injury – any blow to the head can cause unconsciousness, whether it damages the skull or not.

3. Heart attack or stroke – this can interrupt blood flow to the brain.

4. Asphyxia – breathing is obstructed, for example if the person has inhaled water.

5. Shock – caused by blood loss, infection or heart problems.

Unconsciousness can also be a sign of a wide range of illnesses, for example, diabetes.


Resuscitation

If an unconscious casualty is not breathing, rescue breaths (or mouth-to-mouth resuscitation) can be used.

If a casualty has no pulse, chest compressions can be used.

This involves the rescuer repeatedly blowing air into the mouth of the casualty to inflate and deflate their lungs. This allows some oxygen into the body.

The rescuer pushes down firmly and repeatedly on the casualty’s chest, mimicking the action of the heart and circulating some blood around the body.

Used together, these two techniques are known as cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or CPR.


The recovery position

An unconscious casualty who is breathing and has no life-threatening conditions should be placed in the recovery position.

This keeps the airway open and prevents them swallowing their own tongue or choking on vomit.


Concussion

Concussion is a common cause of unconsciousness while playing sport.

Concussion occurs when an individual has received a blow to the head, causing an injury to the brain. This could be caused by falling or being hit by something or someone.

A person may be concussed without losing consciousness. The signs can include disorientation, loss of vision, vomiting, paleness, a racing pulse and shallow breathing.

Concussion should be treated at hospital.

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Dehydration

When we exercise, especially in hot conditions, the body loses water as a result of sweating.

If the performer does not re-hydrate by drinking lots of water, they may suffer from dehydration.

The body also loses important electrolytes – salts which conduct nerve impulses and maintain cell metabolism.

This results in the performer feeling very tired, nauseous and faint.

The performer should stop exercising and re-hydrate somewhere cool.


Hypothermia

Normal body temperature is 37°C.

If a performer’s body temperature falls below 35°C, they begin to suffer from hypothermia.

People who take part in activities in mountainous areas or on water are particularly at risk.

Common symptoms of hypothermia are shivering, paleness, loss of dexterity and erratic behaviour.

A hypothermic person should be warmed-up gradually.

They need warm, dry clothing, warm drinks and high energy foods.


Quiz


Exam-style questions

1. Explain what is meant by:

a) a soft tissue injury

b) a chronic injury.

2. Fran turns her ankle over during her ballet lesson. Her ankle is painful and her teacher says she may have damaged some ligaments.

a) What injury does Fran’s teacher suspect?

b) Describe how the injury should be treated.

3. A hockey player is hit on the head by the ball. They appear to be unconscious. Describe how you would treat the casualty.


Can you remember all these keywords?

Chronic injury

Acute injury

Continuous stress

Overuse injury

Soft tissue injury

Hard tissue injury

Open injury

Closed injury

Cuts

Grazes and abrasions

Blisters and chafing

Bruising

Strains / pulled muscle

Sprain

Dislocation

Fracture – simple / closed

Fracture – compound / open

R.I.C.E.

Concussion

Dehydration

Hypothermia

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