SPORTS INJURY:MANAGEMENT AND

PREVENTION

Republic of the PhilippinesDepartment of Education

Region VI – Western VisayasDIVISION OF ANTIQUE

San Jose, Antique

ANGELMAR F. CORDOVA, RN

JOFRED M. MARTINEZ, MAN, RN

SPORTS INJURY:injuries that most commonly occur during sports or exercise

COMMON CAUSES:accidents, poor training practices, improper equipment, lack of conditioning, insufficient warm-up and stretching

COMMON INJURIESDISLOCATIO

NBRUISE

SPRAIN

FRACTURECONCUSSIO

N

injury to the brain

joint displaced

soft tissue injuryoverstretched

ligamentcracked or broken

bone

INJURY DIAGNOSISTALK

OBSERVETOUCH

ACTIVE MOVEMENTS

PASSIVE MOVEMENTS

SKILLS TEST

ACUTE INJURIES

Acute injuries occur when there is sudden stress on the body.Three main causes:1. Collisions with

opponents or obstacles.

2. Being struck by an object.

3. Falling from a height or at speed.

CHRONIC INJURIES

Chronic injuries are caused by continuous stress on a body part over a long time.

Caused by training too hard, not allowing time for recovery, poor footwear and bad technique.

Overuse injuries occur due to repeated powerful muscle movements.

P.R.I.C.E. MANAGEMENT

RESTICE

COMPRESSION

ELEVATION

PROTECTION

NO H.A.R.M.

HEATALCOHOLRUNNINGMASSAGE

HARD & SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

Hard tissue injuries

are bone injuries.

Soft tissue injuries involve damage to

skin, muscles, tendons, ligaments

or cartilage.

Tendons Vs Ligament

SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

• An open injury means that the skin has been broken – blood usually escapes. • Open injuries include cuts, grazes, blisters and chafing.• A closed injury occurs beneath the skin – there is no external bleeding. • Closed injuries include bruising, pulls, strains and sprains.

OPEN INJURIES

Cuts require immediate attention to stop bleeding and

allow the blood to clot.

Grazes or abrasions where skin is

scraped off the body, need to be

cleaned carefully.

OPEN INJURIES

Blisters are caused by the

skin rubbing on other surfaces.

Chafing is caused by ill-fitting clothing or material.

CLOSED INJURIES

Bruises occur when small blood vessels are damaged by an

impact or sudden wrenching movement.

CLOSED INJURIES

Sprains occur when ligaments at joints get stretched and

torn.

Strained muscles result from muscles being suddenly and

forcefully overstretched.

CLOSED INJURIES

A dislocation occurs when a bone is pulled or twisted out

of place at a joint.

SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

BLISTERSPRAIN WITH TORN

LIGAMENTSSPRAIN WITH STRECHED

LIGAMENTSSTRAINED MUSCLE

BRUISING

BAD CUT

DISLOCATION

1234567

MOST SEVERE

LEAST SEVERE

HARD TISSUE INJURIES

Hard tissue injuries are bone fractures – the bone either cracks or breaks. Fractures lead to: bruising and swelling pain due to nerve

damage the limb or area of the

body where the break is becomes immobile

if it is a bad fracture, the area will look obviously deformed.

UNCONSCIOUSNESSConcussion is a common cause of unconsciousness while playing sport.Common causes:1.Fainting 2.Head injury 3.Heart attack or

stroke4.Asphyxia 5.Shock

D.R.A.B.C. MANAGEMENT

RESPONSEAIRWAY

BREATHINGCIRCULATION

DANGER

CAUSES AND TREATMENTS

BLISTER

FRACTURE

CONCUSSION

SPRAIN

Impact breaks bone

Wrenching force tears ligaments

Rubbing on the skin

Brain injured by blow to the head

P.R.I.C.E.

D.R.A.B.C. and go to the hospital

immobilize limb and go to hospital

keep clean and do not burst

INJURY PREVENTION• Training,

competing at appropriate venues & surfaces, with adequate clothing, footwear and protective equipment.

• Correcting poor technique or biomechanical alignment abnormalities

COMPLETE EXERCISE PROGRAM

STAGE ACTIVITY TIME

WARM-UPslow walk,

calisthenics, jog in place

5-10 minutes

STRETCHING up to down 20-60 minutes

ACTIVE EXERCISE

cycling, running, dancing, etc. 5-10 minutes

WARM DOWN

slow walk, calisthenics, jog in place

5-10 minutes

STRETCHING down to up 5-10 minutes

ADDITIONAL TIPS• Drink enough water

based on activity and temperature levels

• Educate athletes on proper nutrition for performance

• Supervise equipment maintenance

• Encourage athletes to speak with an athletic trainer, coach or physician if they are having any pain.

ADDITIONAL TIPS

• Enforcing warm-up and cool down routines• Encouraging proper

strength training routines• Mandating pre-

competition physical exams

PREVENTION AND

TREATMENT OFHEAT-RELATED

ILLNESSES

Republic of the PhilippinesDepartment of Education

Region VI – Western VisayasDIVISION OF ANTIQUE

San Jose, Antique

ANGELMAR F. CORDOVA, RN

Increased activity • Increased Metabolic Rate & Increased Heat Production

 Heat-related illnesses •More heat is created than the body can dissipate.

 

HEAT RELATED ILLNESSES

HEAT RELATED ILLNESSES

HEAT STRESSCharacterised as:• Increased heart rate• Increased blood pressure• Dizziness• Restlessness• Fatigue• Emotional lability•Mild changes in mentation

 

HEAT RELATED ILLNESSES

HEAT CRAMPSThe most common type of heat-related illnessesManifested by:• Muscle spasms• Weakness• Fatigue• Nausea and vomiting• Tachycardic but with a frequently normal blood pressure• Euthermic

MODERATE FORMS OF HEAT RELATED

ILLNESSES

MODERATE FORMS OF HEAT RELATED

ILLNESSES

• Dehydration (water loss)• Diarrhea & antidiarrhea

medications• Exposure to high

temperatures at night • Fatigue (it takes work to

lose heat)• Improper work procedures• Lack of acclimatization• Loss of sleep• Obesity• Age (over 40 years of age)

• Medications that inhibit sweating, such as antihistamines, cold remedies, diuretics, tranquilizers, etc.

• Previous occurrence of heat stroke

• Poor physical conditioning• Recent immunization (they can

give you a fever)• Recent drug or alcohol use

(within 24 Hours)• Skin trauma (heat rash or

sunburn)• Wrong type of clothing – tight

clothes restrict circulation and keep air from flowing over the skin

FACTORS AFFECTING HEAT RELATED

ILLNESSES

General Measures - rest, cooling, and hydrationThe treatment of minor heat-related illnesses involves:• fluid replacement with any commercially available sport

beverages or a solution of 0.1% saline solution prepared by adding two 10-grain salt tablets to 1 L of water

• ice massage and continued static stretching for heat cramps 

The treatment of heat exhaustion and heat stroke include:• Discontinuation of activity• Immediately place the athlete in a cool shaded area• Maximise external cooling• Rehydration using intravenous fluids (dextrose and saline)• Vital signs and clinical status monitoring including

consciousness and urinary output• Aim therapeutic intervention at specific pathologic sequelae

TREATMENT GUIDELINES

EDUCATION• Understand that the heat produced during exercise

cannot be readily dissipated from the body in a hot and/or humid environment.• Exercise intensity should be moderated in a hot and/or

humid environment.• Warm up in the shade to avoid raising body temperature

too high and too soon • Rest in the shade in between competition events.• Practice sessions under such conditions should be

limited to very moderate workouts or be cancelled altogether. 

CLOTHING.• Wear minimal and loose-fitting clothing in order to

promote heat loss.

PREVENTION GUIDELINES

HYDRATION• Maintain proper hydration during practice and competition:• Weigh in without clothes before and after exercise. The athlete must

drink 2 cups of fluids for every pound of body weight lost during exercise.

• Athlete must drink a rehydration beverage containing sodium to quickly replenish lost body fluids. 6 to 8 percent glucose or sucrose should be present in the beverage.

• 2 ½ cups of fluid should be taken two hours before practice or competition.

• 1-½ cups of fluid should be taken 15 minutes before the event.• The general goal during any physical activity is to drink 20-40 ounces

per hour of a cool, palatable, non-carbonated beverage. Athlete should drink at least 1 cup of fluid every 15-20 minutes during training and competition.

• Fluids should not be restricted before or during an event.• Beverages containing caffeine and alcohol should be avoided because

they increase urine production and add to dehydration.• Drink at least 2 cups (16 ounces) per 1 pound of body weight lost during

activity. An additional 8 ounces (24 ounces total per pound) may be necessary in order to compensate for urine losses as the athlete is rehydrating.

PREVENTION GUIDELINES

FITNESS• Physical training and heat acclimation provide a

more sensitive heat dissipation response to increased core body temperature by expanding blood volume.• The pre-season regimen for competitive events

held under hot and/or humid conditions should be preceded by one-to-two weeks of conditioning.• People at risk should avoid extremes of heat or

activitySPECIAL CONSIDERATION: • CHILDREN’S RESPONSES TO EXERCISE IN THE HEAT.

PREVENTION GUIDELINES

Characteristic:• Metabolic heat of locomotion• Sweating rate per m2 skin• Sweating rate per gland• Sweating threshold• Population density of HASG

(heat-activated sweat glands)• Cardiac output/L O2 uptake• Blood flow to skin• Sweat NaCl content• Sweat lactate and H+• Exercise tolerance time• Acclimatisation to heat• Core temperature rise with

dehydration

Typical for children vs. adults:

• Higher• Lower• Much lower• Higher• Higher

• Lower• Higher• Lower• Higher• Shorter• Slower• Faster

PREVENTION GUIDELINES

• When compared with adolescents and adults, children produce more heat relative to body mass during activities such as walking and running, they have a low sweating capacity, and their core body temperature rises at a higher rate during dehydration.• The above-mentioned differences do not

interfere with the children’s ability to sustain exercise unless climatic heat stress is extreme.• Certain childhood diseases may enhance

the risk for a heat-related illness.

PREVENTION GUIDELINES

• Children do not drink enough when offered fluids during exercise in the heat. In order to prevent or reduce “voluntary dehydration” in children, they should be encouraged to drink above and beyond thirst at frequent intervals, e.g., every 20 minutes as recommended by Dr. Bar-Or and associates. • A child 10 years old or younger should drink

until he or she does not feel thirsty and should then drink an additional half a glass (100-125 mL).• Older children and adolescents should drink a

full glass extra.• Allow children to leave the playing field

periodically in order to drink as the rules may permit.

PREVENTION GUIDELINES

Thank You"Remember this. Hold on to

this. This is the only perfection there is, the perfection of helping others. This is the only thing we can do that has any lasting meaning. This is why we're here."

Andre Agassi, award-winning professional

tennis player (1986-2006)