This paper is intended to provide scientific and educational information only. It is not intended for use to promote or sell any product. The statements herein have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. Consumption of RPM Factors™ is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. The research discussed is generally preliminary in nature. Further research is warranted.
A Sports nutrition ingredient opens an opportunity for growth
Recover faster Perform better Mobilize strength
Training the body to be faster, better and stronger can be beneficial. With over 20 million participants and gaining serious mainstream traction, the rise of high-intensity interval training from fitness pros, elite coaches to beach-body boot camps are upping intensity and shortening workouts to get consumers better health and fitness results.
Athletic activity and exercise is typically associated with muscle stress and immune depletion. Such exercise related fatigue can be reduced by nutritional factors such as whey proteins. However, immune related fatigue cannot be adequately addressed by dietary factors alone. RPM Factors™ is a colostrum based whey protein concentrate which is not only rich in whey proteins but it is also rich in immune bioactives such as Immunoglobulin, Lactoferrin and Proline Rich Peptides.
The related stress of high-intensity exercise, along with competitive training can produce inflammatory immune cascade which may result in respiratory symptoms such as sore throat, fatigue and longer recovery times after strenuous workouts.(1) This is mainly due to inadequate anti-inflammatory response by the host immune system against the inflammatory cascade initiated by stressor events (including intense exercise sessions). High intensity training regimens can set-off upper respiratory tract infections. Research has reported that 17.8% of athletes miss a practice and 5.1% miss a competition due
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to illness associated with increased bouts of intense strength and endurance training.(2)
In addition to immune health being a concern, gastrointestinal problems are more likely to occur with the increase of exercise intensity.(3) It is estimated that incidence rates of gastrointestinal issues can range from 20-50% among endurance athletes.
RPM Factors™ is a unique whey protein that has been
micro-filtered to be specifically rich in concentrated
peptides and growth factors researched for their health
and fitness benefits.
Bioactive Purpose RPM
Factors™ Whey Protein Concentrate
Immunoglobulin G Immune and gastrointestinal support
40% 5%
Immunoglobulin A 1.1 % 0.2 %
TGF-β2 Cell growth, proliferation and differentiation
140μg/ 100g 8μg/100g
IGF-1 Anabolic effects 120μg/ 100g 5 μg/100g
Proline Rich Peptides Main regulator of cell systems
3 % 1 %
Lactoferrin Binding and transport of iron ions, antibacterial
Bioactives such as Immunoglobulin G, Immunoglobulin A,
Lactoferrin, IGF-1 and TGF-B2 have functionality, as shown
in a multitude of other studies, to tilt the immune balance
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in favor of anti-inflammatory from inflammatory immune
stress environment.
Conclusion
RPM Factors™ is a promising bioactive for intended
sports performance applications. The fact that athletes
experienced marked improvement in alertness, focus and
energy level across all the genders and across all the
sports groups is remarkable. Improvement in lean body
and body fat reduction even among professional athletes
is also quite noteworthy. RPM Factors™ is an efficacious
bioactive and its application in sports nutrition, athletic
performance would be beneficial.
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15. Differentiation of T cells into helper cells from immature precursors: identification of a target cell for a Proline-rich plypeptide (PRP). Wieczorek, Z, et al. 1989, Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis (Warszava), pp. 37 (3-4); 313-322.
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18. The effect of a proline-rich polypeptide (PRP) on the humoral immune response II PRP induces differentiation of helper cells from glass-nonadherent thymocytes (NAT) and suppressor cells from glass-adherent thymocytes (GAT). Zimecki, M, et al. 1984, Ach Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), pp. 32(2) 197-201.
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35. Effects of oral bovine colostrum supplementation on serum insulin-lik growth factor-1 levels. Kuipers, Harm, et al. 2002, Nutrition, pp. 566-567.
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37. Effect of bovine colostrum on anaerobic exercise performance and plasma insulin-lik growth factor 1. Buckley, JD, Brinkworth, GD, Abbott, MJ. 2003, Journal of SPorts Seinces, pp. 577-588.
38. Dose effects of oral bovine colostrum on physical work capacity in cyclists. Coombes, JS, et al. 2002, Medicine and Science in Sports & Exercise, pp. 1184-1188.
39. Assessment of anaerobic performance in healthy males after an eight week concentrated bovine colostrum supplementation. O'Leary, L., et al. Dicson : Australia, 2003. Australian Conference of Scienc and Medicine in Sport and Third national Sports Injury Prevention Conference. p. 38.
40. The influence of bovine colostrum supplementation on exercise performance in highly trained cyclists. Shing, CM, et al. 2006, British Journal Sports Medicine, pp. 797-801.
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APPENDIX:
RPM Factor Components
Immunoglobulins (Igs) Bovine serum and lacteal secretions contain three major classes of Igs: IgG, IgM and IgA. The basic structure of all Igs is similar, and is composed of two identical light chains (23 kDa) and two identical heavy chains (53 kDa). These four chains are joined together with disulphide bonds. The complete Ig or `antibody' molecule has a molecular weight of about 180 kDa. Monomeric IgM and IgA have a similar basic structure to IgG except for the addition of a C-terminal octapeptide to the heavy chains. IgA occurs as a monomer or dimer, the latter comprising two IgA molecules joined together by a J-chain and a secretory component. This complex is called secretory IgA (SIgA) and has a molecular weight of about 380 kDa. Except for ruminant lacteal secretions, IgA is the dominating Ig in all external secretions of the body. IgM consists of five subunits, similar to monomeric IgA, which are linked together in a circular mode by disulphide bonds and a J chain; the molecular weight of pentameric IgM is approximately 900 kDa. The concentration of the various bovine Igs in serum and in lacteal secretions varies according to the breed, age, health status, and stage of lactation of the animal. In colostrum, Igs make up 70±80 % of the total protein content, whereas in mature milk, immunoglobulins account for only 1±2 % of the protein. The Igs are produced by β-lymphocytes. All Igs exhibit one or more effector function in addition to antigen binding. Whereas one part of an antibody (Fab) binds to antigen, other parts (mostly the Fc region) interact with other elements. In effect, antibodies function as flexible adaptors linking various parts of the immune system. The immunological function mediated by the Igs depends on the Ig class. Sero conversion of IgG to IgA is
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possible in humans. Secretory IgA is associated with beneficial effects on mucosal tissues (gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract) after immune fatigue induced by exercise. IgG antibodies have other functions such as complement-mediated immunity and bacterial/viral phagocytosis. Lactoferrin Lactoferrin is an iron binding, globular protein found in abundance in human milk. Its molecular weight is 77 kD. Lactoferrin is found in leukocytes and various other body fluids. The principal role of lactoferrin is defense against bacterial pathogens and viruses. Recently, the role of lactoferrin is recognized in immune modulation. Lactoferrin causes significant induction of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4 and Il-10 and significant reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1b and TNF-α. This along with intracellular antioxidant activity is associated with beneficial effect in exercise induced immune fatigue. Sialic acid Sialic acid is a generic term for the N- or O-substituted derivatives of neuraminic acid, a monosaccharide with a nine-carbon backbone. Sialic acids are found widely distributed in animal tissues and to a lesser extent in other species ranging from plants and fungi to yeasts and bacteria, mostly in glycoproteins and gangliosides. The amino group generally has either an acetyl or glycolyl group but other modifications have been described. The hydroxyl substituents may vary considerably: acetyl, lactyl, methyl, sulfate, and phosphate groups have been found. The role of sialic acid is important in viral inactivation, cognitive function and immune activation.
Proline Rich Polypeptides Proline rich peptides are found in colostrum in abundance. They are a group of peptides with a molecular weight in the range 16,000 to 26,000 Daltons. They are called proline rich because the amount of proline is greater than the amount of any other single amino acid. These peptides are associated with immune balancing effect through their effect thymus gland (T lymphocytes). Research has demonstrated that beyond cognitive function by this neuropeptide family, they have a role in balancing the immune system. When the immune system is depressed, proline peptides upregulate the immune cascade. The inflammatory immune cascade (as in exercise induced immune imbalance) is reversed to bring back proper immune balance. Insulin like Growth Factor (IGF-1) Insulin like growth factor1 protein is a 7649 dalton protein containing 70 amino acids in a single chain with three intramolecular disulfide bridges. IGF-1 is produced primarily by the liver as an endocrine hormone as well as in target tissues in a paracrine/autocrine fashion. Production is stimulated by growth hormones and can be retarded by poor nutrition, growth hormone insensitivity, lack of growth hormone receptors, or failures of the downstream signaling pathway post GH receptor. IGF-1 is beneficially associated with growth and muscle building. Beyond body building and metabolic growth, IGF is also associated with immune modulation. IGF activates weak immune system to more active state. Role of IGF may be important in immunonutrition where exercise or other stress events tend to depress immune system.
Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF- β) The TGF-β family is part of a family of proteins known as the transforming growth factor beta superfamily, which
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includes inhibins, activin and bone morphogenetic protein. The peptide structures of the three members of the TGF-β family are highly similar. They are all encoded as large protein precursors; TGF-β1 contains 390 amino acids and TGF-β2 and TGF-β3 each contain 412 amino acids. They each have an N-terminal signal peptide of 20-30 amino acids that they require for secretion from a cell, a pro-region (called latency associated peptide or LAP), and a 112-114 amino acid C-terminal region that becomes the mature TGF-β molecule following its release from the pro-region by proteolytic cleavage. The mature TGF-β protein dimerizes to produce a 25 KDa active molecule with many conserved structural motifs. TGF-β has nine cysteine residues that are conserved among its family; eight form disulfide bonds within the molecule to create a cysteine knot structure characteristic of the TGF-β superfamily while the ninth cysteine forms a bond with the ninth cysteine of another TGF-β molecule to produce the dimer. Many other conserved residues in TGF-β are thought to form secondary structures through hydrophobic interactions. The region between the fifth and sixth conserved cysteines houses the most divergent area of TGF-β molecules that is exposed at the surface of the molecule and is implicated in receptor binding and specificity of TGF-β. The role of TGF- β is apparent in immune modulation. TGF- β upregulates mucosal secretion of immunoglobulin from blood plasma in what is known as mucosal immunity generation. TGF-B regulates both arms of immunity and its role is most pronounced in B cell activation and reversing inflammatory cascade (leading to anti-inflammatory outcomes) to provide health benefits. Athletic stress or disease related stress usually results into inflammatory reaction cascade and TGF- β could be useful in mitigating such stress.
