Portland Community College, Sylvania Campus
BI 231 Lab
Supplemental Package
PCC-Sylvania BI 231 Laboratory Supplement
1. Upon entering the laboratory, please locate the exits, fire extinguisher, eyewash station, and clean up materials for chemical spills. Your instructor will demonstrate the location of fire blanket, safety kit, and showers.2. Read the general laboratory directions and any objectives before coming to lab.3. Food and drink, including water, are prohibited in laboratory. This is per Federal laboratory guidelines and per College Safety Policy. Do not chew gum, use tobacco products of any kind, store food or apply cosmetics in the laboratory. No drink containers of any kind may be on the benches.4. Please keep all personal materials off the working area. Store backpacks and purses at the rear of the laboratory, not beside or under benches. Some laboratory spaces have shelving in rear for this purpose.5. For your safety, please restrain long hair, loose fitting clothing and dangling jewelry. Hair ties are available, ask your instructor. Hats and bare midriffs are not acceptable in the laboratory. Shoes, not sandals, must be worn at all times in laboratory. You may wear a laboratory apron or lab coat if you desire, but it is not required.6. We do not wish to invade your privacy, but for your safety if you are pregnant, takingimmunosuppressive drugs or who have any other medical conditions (e.g. diabetes, immunological defect) that might necessitate special precautions in the laboratory must inform the instructor immediately. If you know you have an allergy to latex or chemicals, please inform instructor.7. Decontaminate work surfaces at the beginning of every lab period using Amphyl solution.Decontaminate bench following any practical quiz, when given, and after labs involving the dissection of preserved material.8. Use safety goggles in all experiments in which solutions or chemicals are heated or when instructed to do so. Never leave heat sources unattended: hot plates or Bunsen burners.9. Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids or when touching items or surfaces soiled with blood or other body fluids such as saliva and urine. (NOTE: cover open cuts or scrapes with a sterile bandage before donning gloves.) Wash your hands immediately after removing gloves.10. Keep all liquids away from the edge of the lab bench to avoid spills. Immediately notify your instructor of any spills. Keep test tubes in racks provided, except when necessary to transfer to water baths or hot plate. You will be advised of the proper clean-up procedures for any spill.11. Report all chemical or liquid spills and all accidents, such as cuts or burns, no matter how minor, to the instructor immediately.12. Use mechanical pipetting devices only. Mouth pipetting is prohibited.
Students who do not comply with these safety guidelineswill be excluded from the Laboratory
Safe Disposal of Contaminated Materials
Place disposable materials such as gloves, mouth pieces, swabs, toothpicks and paper towels that have come into contact with blood or other body fluids into a disposable Autoclave bag for decontamination by autoclaving. This bucket is not for general trash.
Place glassware contaminated with blood and other body fluids directly into a labeled bucket of 10% bleach solution. ONLY glass or plastic-ware is to be placed in this bucket, not trash.
Sharp’s container is for used lancets only. It is bright red. When using disposable lancets do not replace their covers.
1. Properly label glassware and slides, using china markers provided.2. Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids or when touching items or surfaces soiled with blood or other body fluids such as saliva and urine. (NOTE: cover open cuts or scrapes with a sterile bandage before donning gloves.) Wash your hands immediately after removing gloves.3. Wear disposable gloves when handling or dissecting specimens fixed with formaldehyde or stored in Carosafe/Wardsafe.4. Wear disposable gloves when handling chemicals denoted as hazardous or carcinogenic by your instructor. Read labels on dropper bottles provided for an experiment, they will indicate the need for gloves or goggles, etc. Upon request, detailed written information is available on every chemical used (MSDS). Ask your instructor.5. No pen or pencil is to be used at any time on any model or bone. The bones are fragile, hard to replace and used by hundreds of students every year. To protect them and keep them in the best condition, please use pipe cleaners and probes provided instead of a writing instrument.a. Probes may be used on models as well. The bones are very difficult and costly to replace, as are the models and may take a long time to replace.6. At the end of an experiment:a. Clean glassware and place where designated. Remove china marker labels at this time.b. Return solutions & chemicals to designated area. Do not put solutions or chemicals in cupboards!7. You cannot work alone or unsupervised in the laboratory.8. Microscopes should be cleaned before returning to numbered cabinet. Be sure objectives are clean, use lens paper. Place objectives into storage position, and return to the storage cabinet. Be sure cord has been coiled and restrained. Your instructor may require microscope be checked before you put it away. Be sure it is in assigned cupboard.9. Please replace your prepared slides into the box from which they came (slides and boxes are numbered), so students using them after you will be able to find the same slide. Before placing slides in box, clean it with Kimwipes if it is dirty or covered with oil. If you break a slide, please, inform you instructor so the slide can be replaced. Please be aware that there is hundreds of dollars worth of slides in each box and handle the boxes with care when carrying to and from your workbench.10. Be sure all paper towels used in cleaning lab benches and washing hands are disposed of in trash container provided.
Students who do not comply with these safety guidelinesand directions will be excluded from the Laboratory
Please Read
You are beginning a very intense laboratory course. Before you come to class you will want to review what the study focus is for that day’s lab. This is important because you will be liable (tested) for the information listed in your study guide and manual. There are lists of terms that you are required to know, as well as tables and diagrams. These are testable as well. If there are slides listed in the study guide then you are also liable to identify these structures under the microscope on quizzes or on practicals. There will also be various models that are available in the classroom which will be used in the tests. It is up to the student to identify the structures on these models. Remember, majority of your practicals will be on these models. Please do not think that you will be able to look at the pictures in the book and do well on quizzes and practicals. YOU NEED TO SPEND TIME WITH THE MODELS!
Some labs will have exercises that are required. Please make sure that you understand what was learned in these exercises because these are also fair game to be used for questions in the tests.
Each lab will start with a 10 point quiz. You are required to be in attendance at the beginning of each lab. You will receive a zero on the quiz if you miss it. There will not be quizzes on the weeks we have a practical or the week after a practical. If you stay in lab only long enough to take the quiz and then leave soon after the lab will be counted as a missed lab.
Spelling can account for up to 10% off of your grade so please be careful. Also be aware of singular and plural usage because these mistakes will count as spelling errors.
Absences: You cannot miss more than two labs and still pass the course. Also you can only attend another instructor’s class once during the quarter. This must be approved by both instructors. If you attend another instructor’s lab without permission your quiz will be automatically thrown out.
There are review sheets at the end of each exercise that we recommend that you do. You will not receive credit for these pages but they will help you study the material and prepare for the tests.
Any material found in the lab manual can be used for the extra credit questions.
If you have any questions please contact Marilyn Thomas, Lab Coordinator ([email protected]) Thank you!
BI 231
Anatomy and Physiology I
Lab 1: Organs, Systems and Organization of the Body: Today’s Lab Objectives:
1. Be able to identify the organ systems and organs listed on any of the models found in lab2. Know the functions of the organ systems3. Know the basic organs found in the organ systems4. Be able to use directional terms to identify body structures5. Be able to determine from illustration or written description planes of the body6. Be able to identify major regions of the body7. Identify abdominal quadrants and 9 abdominal regions and major organs found in each8. Be able to identify the superficial muscles on the muscle men
The Organ Systems
Reproductive
Gonads (testes and ovaries)
Urinary
Kidneys, urinary bladder
Nervous
Brain and spinal cord
Muscular (muscles)
Skeletal (bones)
Respiratory
Nose, larynx, trachea and lungs
Lymphatic
Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and tonsils
Integumentary
Skin
Digestive
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver
Endocrine
Thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas
Cardiovascular
Heart, blood and blood vessels
What is Anatomical Position?
Directional Terms:
Superior
Inferior
Medial
Lateral
Superficial
Deep
Ventral (anterior)
Dorsal (posterior)
Proximal
Distal
Contralateral
ispsilateral
Planes:
Transverse (horizontal) plane
Coronal (frontal) plane
Sagittal plane
Midsagittal
Parasagittal
Body Cavities:
Dorsal
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
Ventral
Thoracic
MediastinumPleural
Visceral pleuraParietal pleura
PericardialVisceral pericardiumParietal pericardium
Abdominal pelvicAbdominalPelvic
Regions of the body:CranialCephalicFacial
FrontalOrbitalBuccalMental
NasalOralNuchal (back of neck)CervicalAcromialAxillaryThoracic
PectoralSternal
BrachialAbdominalUmbilicalCubital (elbow)
AntebrachialScapularVertebralLumbarSacralGlutealCoxalInguinalPubicPatellarDigitalPedalTarsalcruralFemoralManualCalcanealPoplitealCarpal
Abdominal Regions
Nine Regions Four Quadrants
Right hypochondriac right upper quadrantLeft hypochondriac left upper quadrantEpigastric right lower quadrantRight lumbar left lower quadrantLeft lumbarUmbilicalHypogastricRight iliac (inguinal)Left iliac (inguinal
Muscles to know:
SternocleidomastoidTrapeziusDeltoidPectoralis majorExternal abdominal obliqueRectus abdominisBiceps brachiiTriceps brachiiLatissimus dorsiSartoriusRectus femorisTibialis anteriorGluteus maximusSemitendinosusBiceps femorisGastrocnemius
Lab 2: Tissues Quiz #1: Anatomical Terminology
Today’s Lab Objectives:
1. Be able to identify the various tissues under the microscope2. Be able to associate tissues with organs in which they are found3. Know the functions of the various tissues4. Identify the muscle types
Epithelial Tissue
How are epithelial tissues named?
*Simple squamous epithelium:Locations where found:Functions:
*Simple cuboidal epitheliumLocations where found:Functions:
*Simple columnar epitheliumLocations where found:Functions
*Pseudostratified columnar epithelium (ciliated and non ciliated)Locations where found:Functions:
*goblet cells
*Stratified squamous epithelium (Keratinized and Non keratinized)Locations where found:Functions:
*Transitional epitheliumLocations where found:Functions
MembranesSerous
VisceralParietal
Muscle Tissues*Skeletal Muscle
Characteristics:Functions:
*Cardiac MuscleCharacteristics:Functions:
*Smooth MuscleCharacteristics:Functions
Connective Tissues
*Know the fibers CollagenElasticReticular
CellsFibroblastsFibrocytesAdipocytesChondrocytesOsteocytes
Mesenchyme
Fibrous Connective Tissues*Dense regular connective tissue
Characteristics:Locations where it can be found in the body:
*Dense irregular connective tissueCharacteristics:Locations where it can be found in the body:
*Elastic connective tissueCharacteristics:Locations where it can be found in the body
Loose connective tissue*Reticular connective tissue
Characteristics:Locations where it can be found in the body
*reticular fibers*Areolar connective tissue
Characteristics:Locations where it can be found in the body
*collagen fibers*elastic fibers
*Adipose tissueDescription:Location in the body:
Cartilage*Hyaline cartilage
Description:Location in the body:
*FibrocartilageDescription:Location in the body:
*Elastic cartilageDescription:Location in the body:
*chondrocytesLacunaPerichondrium
*Bone*Central canal*Osteocytesosteons
Description:Functions:
*BloodPlasmaErythrocytes (RBCs)Leukocytes (WBCs)Platelets
Description:Functions:
Be able to identify on histology slides
Lab 3: Integumentary System Quiz #2: Histology
Objectives:
1. List the two layers of the integument2. List and identify all the layers of the epidermis3. Describe the structure and function of sudoriferous glands and sebaceous glands and be
able to identify them on both models and slides4. Identify the hair follicle in longitudinal and cross section5. Be able to identify meissner’s and Pacinian corpuscles on both models and slides6. Describe the hypodermis
Epidermis- Stratified squamous epithelium hardened with keratin
*Stratum basaleBasement membraneMelanocytes
*Stratum spinosumDesmosomes
*Stratum granulosumKeratohyalin granules (precursors of keratin found in the outer most layer of epidermis)
*Stratum lucidumOnly found in the palms of the hand and soles of the feet
*Stratum corneum
Dermis – majority of the fibers are irregularly arranged collagenous with lesser numbers of elastic and reticular fibers
*Papillary layer (areolar connective tissue)*Meissner’s (tactile) CorpusclesMerkel (tactile) discs (also found in lower epidermis)
*Reticular layer (Dense irregular connective tissue)*Pacinian (lamellated) CorpuscleWarm and cool receptorsPain receptors
Hypodermis (adipose and areolar connective tissues)
Integumentary Glands
Sudoriferous (sweat) glands*Eccrine (merocrine) glandsApocrine glands
Lactiferous (milk) glands*Sebaceous (oil) glands
SebumCeruminous (earwax) glands
Hair*Hair follicles*Hair
*Shaft*Root*Hair bulb
Types of hairDeterminate hairIndeterminate hair
*Dermal papillaRoot sheath*Piloerector (arrector pili) muscleCross section of hair
MedullaCortexMelaninCuticle
Nails
Nail bodyFree edgeEponychiumNail rootNail bedLunuleHyponychiumNail grooveNail folds
* Be able to identify on histology slides and models where available
Lab 4: Introduction to skeletal and nervous systems (pages 55-79)
Quiz #3: Integumentary system
Objectives:
Describe the composition if bone tissueDescribe the microscopic structure of compact boneBe able to identify structures listed on models and under microscopeDescribe the 3 parts of the neuronList the main divisions of the nervous systemDescribe the functions of the various neuroglias
Skeletal system
Axial skeleton: skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, ribs and sternum
Appendicular skeleton: Pectoral girdle: clavicle, scapulaUpper extremity: humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalangesPelvic girdle: hip boneLower extremity: femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
Composition of Bone TissueOrganic material
Collagenous fibersInorganic material
HydroxyapatiteBone Shapes
Long boneShort bonesFlat bonesIrregular bones
Bone Morphology
EpiphysesDiaphysisArticular cartilageEpiphyseal plateEpiphyseal lineCompact boneSpongy bone
TrabeculaeMarrow cavity
Red marrow
Yellow marrowDiploePeriosteum
Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibersNutrient foraminaPerforating (Volksmann’s) canalsEndosteum
Microscopic Structure of Bone
OsteonsCentral (haversian) canalPerforating canalsLacunaeOsteocytesCanaliculiLamellae
ConcentricCircumferentialInterstitial
Bone CellsOsteoblastsOsteocytesOsteoclastsOsteogenic cells
Nervous System
NeuronAxon
Axon hillockDendriteNeurosoma
NeuroplasmNissl bodiesNucleus
Neuron Shapes
*Multipolar neuronBipolar neuronsUnipolar neurons
Synapses
Synaptic knobNeurotransmittersElectrical synapse
Neuroglia
PNSSchwann cellNodes of RanvierMyelinMyelin sheathSaltatory conduction
CNSOligodendrocytesAstrocytesMicrogliaEpendymal cells
Specialized Neurons
*Pyramidal cells*Purkinje cells
*Be able to identify on histology slides
Please use the extra time in lab to review for the practical next week!
Lab 5 – Practical #1
The practical will cover all the material discussed in the last 4 weeks of lab
Terms to know, labeled figures, tables, any additional info outlined in the package Models Images Microscopes (images will also be provided for histology questions) 75 questions Timed stations
Lab 6 – Axial SkeletonNo Quiz
Lab Objectives:
By the end of today’s lab you should be able to identify the bones and markings listed below on bones of the skull.
You should be able to identify parts of vertebrae, ribs sternum and hyoid bones
The skull (exercise 11)
Frontal boneSupraorbital ridge
Parietal bone (2)
Temporal bone (2)Zygomatic process of temporal boneMastoid processStyloid processExternal auditory meatusInternal auditory meatusJugular foramenCarotid canalMandibular fossa
Occipital boneForamen magnumOccipital condylesSuperior nuchal lineInferior nuchal lineExternal occipital protuberance
SuturesCoronal sutureSagittal sutureSquamous sutureLambdoidal suture
SphenoidGreater wingsSuperior orbital fissureSella turcica
Hypophyseal fossaDorsum sellae
Lesser wingsOptic canalForamen rotundumForamen ovaleForamen lacerumForamen spinosumPterygoid processes
Medial pterygoid plateLateral pterygoid plate
Ethmoid boneCrista galliCribriform platePerpendicular plateMiddle nasal conchaeOlfactory foramina
MandibleBody of mandibleRamus of mandibleAngle of mandibleMandibular condyleMental foramenMental symphysisCoronoid processMandibular notchMandibular foramenMylohyoid lineAlveolar processes
Maxilla (2)Alveolar marginInfraorbital foramen
Paranasal sinusesMaxillary sinusSphenoid sinus Ethmoid sinusFrontal sinus
Zygomatic bones (2)Zygomatic arch
Lacrimal (2)VomerNasal (2)Palatine (2)Inferior nasal concha (2)Wormian (sutural) bones
Hard palate = maxilla + palatine boneNasal septum = vomer + perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
FontanelsAnterior (frontal) fontanelPosterior (occipital) fontanelSphenoid (anterolateral) fontanels (2)Mastoid (posterolateral) fontanels (2)
Vertebrae, Ribs, Sternum, Hyoid (Exercise 10)
Spinal CurvaturesCervical curvature Thoracic curvatureLumbar curvatureSacral (pelvic) curvature
Abnormal curvaturesScoliosisKyphosisLordosis
Typical Vertebra structuresIntervertebral discsVertebral foramenBody of vertebraVertebral archLaminaTransverse processesSpinous processSuperior articular processesSuperior articular facetInferior articular processInferior articular facetIntervertebral foramina
Cervical Vertebrae (7)Atlas (C1) no bodyAxis (C2) Dens (odontoid process)Transverse foramenBifid spinous process
Thoracic Vertebrae (12)Superior costal facetInferior costal facetTransverse costal facets
Lumbar Vertebrae (5)Sacrum (5 fused)
Anterior sacral foraminaPosterior sacral foraminaSacral promontory
Coccyx
RibsHeadNeckTubercleCostal grooveTrue ribsFalse ribs (with floating ribs)
Sternum ManubriumBodyXiphoid process
Hyoid
Lab 7: Appendicular SkeletonQuiz #4: Axial Skeleton
Lab Objectives:
By the end of today’s lab you should be able to identify the bones and markings from the list below.
Pectoral Girdle
Scapula
Acromion processCoracoid processSpine of scapulaSupraspinous fossaInfraspinous fossaSubscapular fossaGlenoid cavityLateral (axillary border)Medial (vertebral) borderSuperior borderInferior angleSuperior angle
ClavicleSternal endAcromial endConoid tubercle
Upper ExtremityHumerus
Head of humerusAnatomical neckSurgical neckGreater tubercleLesser tubercleIntertubercular grooveDeltoid tuberosityMedial epicondyleLateral epicondyleCoronoid fossaRadial fossaOlecranon fossaCapitulumTrochleaLateral suprocondylar ridgeMedial supracondylar ridgeInfraglenoid tubercle
UlnaOlecranon processCoronoid processTrochlear notchRadial notch of ulnaHead of ulnaStyloid process of ulna
RadiusHead of radiusRadial tuberosityUlnar notch of radiusStyloid process of radius
Carpal bones (from lateral to medial)Proximal row: scaphoid- lunate-triquetrum-pisiformDistal row: trapezium-trapezoid-capitate-hamate
Metacarpal bones (I-V)Phalanges (proximal, middle, distal)
Pelvic GirdleOs coxae
IliumIliac crestAnterior superior iliac spineAnterior inferior iliac spinePosterior superior iliac spinePosterior inferior iliac spineGreater sciatic notchIliac fossa
IschiumIschial spineIschial tuberosityLesser sciatic notchIschial ramus
PubisSuperior ramusInferior ramusBody of pubisPubic symphysisPubic crest
Obturator foramenAcetabulumPelvic brim
Lower ExtremityFemur
Head of femurNeck of femurGreater trochanterLesser trochanterGluteal tuberosityIntertrochanteric lineIntertrochanteric crestLinea asperaMedial supracondylar line Lateral supracondylar lineIntertrochanteric crestIntertrochanteric lineMedial epicondyleLateral epicondyleMedial condyleLateral condyleIntercondylar fossaPatellar surfaceFovea capitisAdductor tubercle
PatellaArticular facets
TibiaMedial condyle Lateral condyleIntercondylar eminenceTibial tuberosityMedial malleolus
FibulaHead of fibulaLateral malleolus
Tarsal bones:TalusCalcaneusCuboidNavicularMedial (first), intermediate (second) and lateral (third) cuneiform
MetatarsalsPhalanges
The knee jointMedial meniscusLateral meniscusAnterior cruciate ligament (ACL)Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
Fibular collateral ligamentTibial collateral ligamentPatellar ligamentTendon of quadriceps
Lab 8: Axial MusclesQuiz #5: Appendicular Skeleton
____________________________________________________________________________________
Objectives:
1. Locate the muscles listed and be able to identify these muscles on models2. Also be able to identify the main origin, insertion and action of each muscle3. You will need to know the following terms of movement to be able to properly identify
actions of the muscle
Anatomical terms of movement
(Need to know these for actions of muscles)Flexion- ExtensionAbductionAdductionSupination- Pronation- Opposition- Reposition- Eversion- InversionProtractionRetractionElevationDepressionDorsiflexionPlantar flexionMedial rotationLateral rotationCircumductionLateral flexion
For your information:
Sterno = sternum
Hyo = hyoid
Glossus = tongue
Thyro = thyroid
Omo = scapula
Mylo = molar (teeth)
Myo = muscle
Name of muscle gives O & I
Thyrohyoid = O thyroid, I hyoid bone
Sternohyoid = O sternum, I hyoid
Omohyoid = O sternum, I hyoid
Be able to identify the muscle, action, origin and insertion for each muscle
Muscles
MUSCLES OF THE HEAD
ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION NERVE
Frontalis Epicranial aponeurosis Skin over forehead Elevates eyebrows and wrinkles skin of forehead
Facial VII
Occipitalis Nuchal line on occipital bone Epicranial aponeurosis Fixes epicranial aponeurosis and pulls scalp posteriorly
Facial VII
Nasalis Maxillary bone; cartilage of nose Bridge of nose Compresses nostrils; dilates nostrils Facial VII
Temporalis Temporal bone Coronoid process of mandible Elevates and retracts mandible Trigeminal V
Masseter Zygomatic process and arch Ramus of mandible Elevates mandible Trigeminal V
Orbicularis oculi Medial orbital margin Skin surrounding eye Closes eyelids and acts during squinting and blinking
Facial VII
Orbicularis oris Maxillary bone; mandible lips Closes and purses lips Facial VII
Zygomaticus major Zygomatic bone Corner of mouth Elevates corner of mouth Facial VII
Zygomaticus minor Zygomatic bone Upper lip Raises upper lip
Mentalis Alveolar ridge of incisors of mandible Skin over chin Elevates and protrudes lower lip Facial VII
Risorius Fascia of masseter Corner of mouth Draws corner of mouth laterally Facial VII
SUPERFICIAL MUSCULATURE OF THE NECK
ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION NERVE
Omohyoid
Superior belly
Inferior belly
Clavicle and first rib
Superior margin of scapula
Hyoid bone
Clavicle and 1st rib
Depresses hyoid bone Ansa cervicalis
Thyrohyoid Thyroid cartilage of the larynx Hyoid bone Depresses hyoid bone, elevates thyroid cartilage
Ansa cervicalis
Sternohyoid Posterior surface of manubrium, and medial clavicle
Hyoid bone Depresses hyoid bone Ansa cervicalis
Stylohyoid Styloid process Hyoid bone Moves hyoid bone up and back Facial VII
Mylohyoid Inferior margin of mandible Hyoid bone Elevates hyoid bone and floor of mouth, depresses mandible
Trigeminal V
Digastric
- Anterior belly
-Posterior belly
Anterior: Lower border of mandible near midline
Posterior: Mastoid process of temporal bone
Hyoid bone Elevates hyoid bone and base of tongue, depresses mandible
Ant: Trigeminal V
Post: Facial VII
MUSCLES OF THE NECK & BACK
ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION NERVE
Sternocleidomastoid Manubrium and medial third of clavicle Mastoid process Flexion and lateral flexion of neck; rotates head so face is turned superiorly and to the opposite side
C2 and C2, spinal accessory, XI
Trapezius Posterior surface of occipital bone; ligamentum nuchae; and spinous process of thoracic vertebrae
Lateral third of clavicle; acromion process; spine of scapula
Superior fibers: elevates scapula
Middle fibers: retracts scapula
Inferior fibers: depress scapula
Spinal accessory XI, C3, and C4
Latissimus dorsi Spinous processes of lower 6 thoracic vertebrae, thoracolumbar fascia, crest of ilium
Intertubercular groove of humerus Extension, adduction and medial rotation of arm
Thoracodorsal
Levator scapula Transverse processes of C1-4 Medial border above spine of scapula
Elevates scapula; acts with pectoralis minor to inferiorly rotate scapula
Doral scapular
Rhomboid major Spinous process of T2-5 and supraspinous ligament
Medial border below spine of scapula
Adducts scapula and rotates it downward; stabilizes scapula
Dorsal scapular
Rhomboid minor Spinous process of C7-T1 Medial border of scapula at base of spine
Adducts scapula and rotates it downward; stabilizes scapula
Dorsal scapular
Serratus anterior External surface of upper 8 ribs Medial border of scapula Abducts scapula and rotates it upward. Important in horizontal arm movements (‘boxer’s muscle)
Long thoracic
Erector Spinae Thoracolumbar fascia; posterior surface of sacrum; iliac crest; spinous process of T11-T12 and L1-L5
Transverse processes of thoracic and cervical vertebrae, tubercles of inferior nine ribs, and mastoid process of skull
Extension of vertebral column Spinal nerves dorsal rami
Inferior Serratus Posterior
Spinous processes of the lower two thoracic and the upper two or three lumbar vertebrae
Lower borders of the bottom four ribs
Pulls ribs down, resisting pull of diaphragm
T9-T12
Splenius Spinous processes of inferior cervical and superior thoracic vertebrae
Mastoid process, occipital bone, and transverse processes of superior cervical vertebrae
Extension of the head and neck; lateral flexion and rotation of the head and neck
Cervical spinal nerves
Scalenes
- Anterior- Middle Posterior
Transverse processes of C3-C6
Transverse processes of C2-C7
Transverse processes of C4-C6
1st rib
1st rib
2nd rib
Ant. and middle: elevates 1st rib, flexes neck forward and laterally, rotates neck
Post: elevates 2nd rib, flexes neck laterally, slightly rotates neck
Cervical spinal C3-C8.
MUSCLES OF THORACIC WALL
ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION NERVE
Diaphragm Internal surfaces of xiphoid process and inferior 6 ribs; anterior surfaces of vertebrae L1, L2 and L3
Centra tendon of the diaphragm Increases volume of thoracic cavity by pulling central tendon inferiorly
Phrenic nerves (C3-C5)
External intercostals Inferior border of rib above Superior border of rib below Elevates rib cage during normal inspiration
Intercostal
Internal intercostals Superior border of rib below Inferior border of rib above Depresses rib cage during forced expiration
Intercostal
Pectoralis major Medial half of clavicle, sternum, costal cartilages, aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique
Lateral lip of intertubercular groove of humerus
Flexion, medial rotation and adduction of the arm
Lateral and medial pectoral
Pectoralis minor Anterior surface of ribs 3 to 5 Coracoid process of scapula Depression and inferior rotation of scapula
Medial pectoral
MUSCLES OF THE ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL
ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION NERVE
Rectus abdominis Pubis symphysis and crest of pubis Xiphoid process and cartilages of ribs 5 to 7
Flexion of vertebral column; stabilizes pelvis during walking; compresses abdomen to aid in defecation, urination, forced exhalation.
Intercostal 7 to 12
External abdominal oblique
External surface of lower 8 ribs Linea alba; pubic crest; pubic tubercle; iliac crest
Rotation and lateral flexion of trunk; increases intraabdominal pressure during forced expiration
Intercostals 8 to 12, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal
Internal abdominal oblique
Lateral half of inguinal ligament, anterior iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia
Lower four ribs, linea alba and by conjoined tendon to pubis
Compresses abdomen, and flex vertebral column; acting singly, laterally flex vertebral column
Intercostals 8 to 12, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal
Transverse abdominis Lateral third of inguinal ligament, anterior iliac crest, and thoracolumbar fascia
Linea alba, pubis crest Compresses abdomen and Increases intraabdominal pressure during forced expiration
Intercostals 7 to 12, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal
MUSCLES OF THE SHOULDER AND ARM
ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION NERVE
Deltoid lateral third of clavicle, acromion process and spine of scapula
Deltoid tuberosity of humerus Anterior fibers: medial rotation and flexion of arm
Middle fibers: abduction of arm
Posterior fibers: lateral rotation and extension of arm
Axillary
Supraspinatus Supraspinous fossa Superior portion of greater tubercle of humerus
Abducts humerus Suprascapular
Infraspinatus Infraspinous fossa Middle portion of greater tubercle of humerus
Rotates humerus laterally Suprascapular
Teres minor Lateral border of scapula Greater tubercle of humerus Rotates humerus laterally Scapular circumflex
Subscapularis Subscapular fossa Lesser tubercle of humerus Rotates humerus medially Upper and lower subscapularis
Teres major Scapula, near inferior angle Medial lip of intertubercular groove of humerus
Extends arm at shoulder joint and assists in adduction and medial rotation of arm at shoulder joint.
Lower subscapular
Biceps brachii Long head, supraglenoid tubercle;
Short head, coracoid process scapula
Tuberosity of radius Flexes and supination of forearm; flexion of arm
Musculocutaneous
Brachialis Anterior distal two-thirds of humerus Coronoid process of ulna Flexes forearm Musculocutaneous and radial
Coracobrachialis Coracoid process of scapula Middle third of humerus Flexes and adducts arm at shoulder joint
Musculocutaneous nerve
Triceps brachii Long head, infraglenoid tubercle;
Lateral head, proximal portion of posterior humerus;
Medial head, distal half of posterior humerus
Olecranon process of ulna Extension of forearm; long head extends and adducts arm
Radial
Lab 9: Appendicular musclesQuiz #6: Muscles Group 1
Objectives:
1. Locate the muscles listed and be able to identify these muscles on models2. Also be able to identify the origin, insertion and action of each muscle
____________________________________________________________________________________
Anconeus Lateral epicondyle of humerus Olecranon process, posterior surface of ulna
Weak extensor of ulna, stabilizes elbow joint in extension
Radial
MUSCLES OF ANT. FOREARM
ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION NERVE
Flexor carpi radialis Medial epicondyle of humerus Base of second metacarpal Flexion and abduction of the wrist Median
Flexor carpi ulnaris Medial epicondyle of humerus, olecranon process, & posterior ulna
Pisiform, hamate, and fifth metacarpal
Flexes and adducts wrist Ulnar
Pronator teres Medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of ulna
Lateral surface of radius Pronates and flexes forearm Median
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of ulna
Middle phalanges of fingers Flexes fingers and wrist Median
Flexor digitorum profundus
Anterior and medial surfaces of ulna and interosseous membrane
Distal phalanges of fingers Flexes fingers and wrist Median and Ulnar
Flexor pollicis longus Middle half of radius, interosseous membrane, coronoid process of ulna
Distal phalanx of thumb Flexes thumb and wrist Median
Palmaris longus Medial epicondyle of the humerus Palmar aponeurosis Weak flexion of wrist Median
MUSCLES OF POSTEROLATERAL FOREARM
ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION NERVE
Brachioradialis Lateral supracondylar ridge Styloid process of radius Flexes forearm Radial
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
Second metacarpal Extends and abducts wrist Radial
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Lateral epicondyle of humerus Third metacarpal Extends and abducts wrist Radial
Extensor digitorum Lateral epicondyle of humerus Distal and middle phalanges of each finger
Extends fingers and hand Radial
Extensor digiti minimi Lateral epicondyle of humerus Tendon of extensor digitorum on fifth phalanx
Extends 5th digit and hand Radial
Extensor carpi ulnaris Lateral epicondyle of humerus and posterior border of ulna
Fifth metacarpal Extends and adducts hand at wrist joint
Radial
Abductor pollicis longus Posterior surface of ulna and radius, and interosseous membrane
First metacarpal Abducts and extends thumb Radial
Extensor pollicis brevis Posterior surface of middle of radius and interosseous membrane
Base of proximal phalanx of thumb Extends thumb Radial
Extensor pollicis longus Posterior surface of middle third of ulna and interosseous membrane
Base of distal phalanx of thumb Extends thumb Radial
Supinator Lateral epicondyle of humerus, proximal ulna
Lateral surface and posterior border of radius
Supinates forearm Radial
MUSCLES OF THE PALM
ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION NERVE
Abductor pollicis brevis
Scaphoid and trapezium Proximal phalanx of thumb Abduction of thumb; opposition of thumb
Median
Flexor pollicis brevis Trapezium Proximal phalanx of thumb Flexes thumb; opposition of thumb Median
Flexor digiti minimi Hook of hamate Proximal phalanx of fifth digit Flexes fifth digit Ulnar
Abductor digiti minimi
Pisiform and tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris
Proximal phalanx of fifth digit Abducts fifth digit Ulnar
MUSCLES OF DEEP BACK AND GLUTEAL REGION
ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION NERVE
Gluteus maximus Upper portion of ilium, the sacrum and coccyx
Gluteal tuberosity and iliotibial tract
Principal extensor and lateral rotator of thigh;
Inferior gluteal
Gluteus medius Lateral surface of ilium Greater trochanter of femur, lateral surface
Abduction and medial rotation of thigh; steadies the pelvis during walking
Superior gluteal
Piriformis Anterior surface of sacrum Greater trochanter of femur Abducts thigh Twigs from sacral one and two
Quadratus femoris Ischial tuberosity Elevation superior to mid-portion of intertrochanteric crest on posterior femur
Laterally rotates and stabilizes hip joint Nerve to quadratus lumborum
Psoas
Major
Transverse processes of bodies of lumbar vertebrae
Lesser trochanter of femur with iliacus
Flex thigh at hip joint, rotate thigh laterally, and flex trunk at hip as in sitting up from supine position
Femoral
Iliacus Iliac fossa and lateral margin of sacrum Lesser trochanter of femur with psoas major
Flex thigh at hip joint, rotate thigh laterally, and flex trunk at hip as in sitting up from supine position
Femoral
MUSCLES OF THE POSTERIOR THIGH
ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION NERVE
Biceps femoris Long head, ischial tuberosity;
Short head, lateral supracondylar ridge of femur
Head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia
Extension of thigh; flexion of leg Sciatic
Semimembranosus Ischial tuberosity Medial condyle of tibia Extension of thigh; flexion of leg Sciatic
Semitendinosus Ischial tuberosity, Medial condyle of tibia Extension of thigh; flexion of leg Sciatic
MUSCLES OF ANTERIOR AND MEDIAL THIGH
ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION NERVE
Sartorius Anterior superior iliac spine Medial surface of tibia near the knee joint
Flexion, abduction, and lateral rotation of thigh; flexion of leg
Femoral
Tensor fasciae latae Anterior superior iliac spine of ilium Iliotibial tract Flexes thigh, abducts, and medially rotates thigh; steadies trunk on thigh while standing
Superior gluteal
Quadriceps femoris
Rectus femoris
Anterior inferior iliac spine and upper margin of acetabulum
Tibial tuberosity Extension of leg; flexion of thigh Femoral
Vastus lateralis Intertrochanteric line and linea aspera of femur
Tibial tuberosity Extends leg Femoral
Vastus medialis Intertrochanteric line and linea aspera of femur
Tibial tuberosity Extends leg Femoral
Vastus intermedius Upper shaft of femur Tibial tuberosity Extends leg Femoral
Adductor longus Body of pubic bone Middle third of linea aspera Adduction and flexion of thigh Obturator
Adductor magnus Inferior ramus of pubic bone; ramus of ischium
Ischial tuberosity of ischium
Linea aspera and adductor tubercle Adduction and flexion of thigh; extension of thigh
Obturator & sciatic
Gracilis Body and inferior ramus of pubic bone
Medial surface of tibia near the knee joint
Adducts thigh at hip joint, medially rotates thigh, and flexes leg at knee joint.
Obturator
Pectineus Superior ramus of pubis Just inferior to the lesser trochanter Adducts and flexes thigh, assists with medial rotation of thigh
Femoral
MUSCLES OF THE POSTERIOR LEG
ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION NERVE
Tibialis posterior Posterior surfaces of tibia and fibula; interosseous membrane
Navicular, with slips to cuneiform; cuboid; metatarsals 2-4
Plantar flexion and inversion of foot Tibial
Flexor digitorum longus
Posterior surface of tibia Distal phalanges of digits 2-5 Plantar flexion of foot; flexion of toes Tibial
Flexor hallucis longus Posterior surface of fibula; interosseous membrane
Distal phalanx of great toe Plantar flexion of foot; flexion of great toe
Tibial
Soleus Head of fibula; posterior surface of fibula; medial aspect of tibia
With gastrocnemius into calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
Plantar flexion of foot Tibial
Gastrocnemius Medial and lateral condyles of femur With soleus into calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
Plantar flexion of foot; flexion of the leg
Tibial
Popliteus Lateral surface of lateral condyle Posterior surface of tibia just below condyles
Flexion of leg; medial rotation of leg to unlock knee prior to leg flexion
Tibial
Plantaris Lateral supracondylar line of femur Posterior calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
Assists in plantar flexion of foot and flexion of leg
Tibial
MUSCLES OF THE ANTEROLATERAL LEG
AND DORSUM OF THE FOOT
ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION NERVE
Tibialis anterior Lateral condyle and lateral surface of tibia and interosseous membrane
Base of first cuneiform and first metatarsal
Dorsiflexes and inverts foot Deep fibular
Extensor hallucis longus
Anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane
Distal phalanx of great toe Dorsiflexes foot and extends great toe Deep fibular
Extensor digitorum longus
Lateral condyle of tibia; medial surface of fibula & interosseous membrane
Middle and distal phalanges of digits 2-5
Dorsiflexes foot and extends toes Deep fibular
Fibularis longus Head and lateral surface of fibula First metatarsal and first cuneiform and
Eversion of foot Superficial fibular
Fibularis brevis Lateral surface of fibula Fifth metatarsal Eversion of foot Superficial fibular
Extensor digitorum brevis
Dorsal surface of calcaneus By four tendons into extensor expansion
Extends toes Deep fibular
Extensor hallucis brevis
Medial surface of calcaneus Proximal phalanx of great toe Extends toes Deep fibular
MUSCLES OF THE SOLE OF THE FOOT
ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION NERVE
Abductor hallucis Tuberosity of calcaneus Medial aspect of proximal phalanx of great toe
Abducts and flexes great toe; supports medial longitudinal arch
Medial plantar
Flexor digitorum brevis
Tuberosity of calcaneus By four tendons into middle phalanx of lateral four toes
Flexes lateral four toes Medial plantar
Abductor digiti minimi
Tuberosisty of calcaneus Lateral side of proximal 5th phalanx Abducts 5th Toe Lateral plantar
Flexor hallucis brevis Cuboid and lateral cuneiform bones Base of proximal phalanx of 1st toe Flexes great toe Medial plantar
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Base of 5th Metatarsal Base of proximal 5th phalanx Flexes 5th toe Lateral plantar
The final practical will cover all the material discussed in the last 4 weeks of lab (bones and muscles)
Terms to know, labeled figures, tables, any additional info outlined in the package Models Images 75 questions Timed stations