Spotting.ppt

8/13/2019 Spotting.ppt

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SELECTIONCRITERIAFORSPOTTINGCHEMICALS


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Spotting is the removal of stains from textiles

during professional textile cleaning. Spotting

solvents are used in textile and clothing

manufacture to remove stains from fabrics.

These can be caused by such things as loom

and machine oils, feltpens,

coffee, grease and finger marks.

Spotting solvents are usually applied to the

fabric by spray gun but a cloth soaked in solvent

may also be used

SPOTTING


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Two main groups of spotting solvents are used

Halogentated hydrocarbons and olefins.

Halogentated hydrocarbons include

trichloroethylene,* 1,1,1 trichloroethane,

bromochloromethane and dichloromethane.

Olefins include aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent

blends and isoparafinic hydrocarbon blends.

SPOTTINGCHEMICALS


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Absorbents-Cornmeal, talcum powder,

chalk, fullers earth and whiting

Bleaches -Oxygen bleaches , chlorinebleaches, Hydrogen peroxide,vinegar,

lemon juice and ammonia.

Detergents- alone or in combination with

mild bleaches are effective stain removers.

Prewash soil and stain removers -contain

dry cleaning solvents in combination with

detergents, glycerin and water.

SPOTTINGAGENTS


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Enzyme presoaks and bleaches are used for

protein-based stains, such as grass and blood.

Solvents, such as dry cleaning fluids, amyl

acetate, spot remover, rubbing alcohol,

acetone, nail polish remover, and paint removeror stripper, are used on oily and combination

stains.

Soaps, such as laundry flakes, bars and liquids,

are used on delicate fabrics.

Miscellaneous products that may be used are

oxalic acid, rust removers and glycerin.


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Lighting of the spotting table with composite

artificial light consisting of a bluish and ayellowish fluorescent tube attached above

the table approx. 80 cm from the standing

point is better suited than daylight.

This ensures high-contrast, shadow-freelighting of the work surface and allows

working without fatigue.

LIGHTINGCONDITION


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Basic equipment should comprise a spotting

table with vacuum facility, sleeve board,

steam and compressed air guns, and a spray

gun for water.

Spotting brushes should have soft bristles for

gentle treatment of the textiles. Use brushes

with bright bristles for bright textiles andbrushes with dark bristles for dark textiles.

Use spatulas with rounded edges for

removing substantial staining.

EQUIPMENTS


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It is recommended to integrate the three stagesof spotting

Brushing

Prespotting

Postspotting

into the operating procedures of textile cleaning.

Perform brushing and special spotting when

examining and sorting the textiles to be cleaned.

CORRECTPROCEDUREFORSPOTTING


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Examine textiles for excessive dirt, particularly

at collars, pockets, sleeves, and trouser legs. If

the textiles are to be dry cleaned check themparticularly for stains originating from food or

body secretions.

If the textiles are to be wetcleaned check themparticularly for grease stains.

Apply small quantity of brushing agent onto the

stained areas and allow to react for 10-20

minutes before loading the cleaning equipment

BRUSHING


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Intensive staining found upon the examinationof the textiles can be treated with pre-spotting

agents even before the actual cleaning.

Pre-spotting, which involves dryside chemicalsto remove or loosen solvent-soluble stains

PRE-SPOTTING


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Stains that could not be removed during dry

cleaning or wet cleaning with machines are

subject to post-spotting.

Post-spotting, which utilizes wetside

chemicals to remove water-soluble stains

POST-SPOTTING


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EXAMPLESOFSPOTTEDGARMENTS

White Shirt with BlueScreen Printing Ink.

Blue Shirt with Black Latex

Paint.


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Tan Dockers

with Red Nail

Polish

Beige Pants with

Mascara.


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Eliminate or reduce use -Think about

how its use can be minimised. Household type

water-based cleaning products be used

Consider the solvents flammability -Avoid

highly flammable solvents with risk phraseR11, flash point 21 C or less; the vapour

from these can readily create a flammable

atmosphere.

STEPSTOSELECTINGASOLVENT


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Health risksbecause hazardous solvent they

may cause serious and irreversible ill-health

effects such as asthma, dermatitis and cancer

Check whether the solvent has an Occupational

Exposure Limit (OEL) - There are two types of

OELMaximum Exposure Limits (MELs) and

Occupational Exposure Standards (OESs).


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Store and dispense safely

Avoid spraying

Provide adequate ventilation

Minimise skin contactProvide personal protective equipment

(PPE)

Ensure adequate personal hygiene

Provide training for workers

CONTROLLINGEXPOSURE


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In California, four or five suppliers sell spotting agents in large quantities

to distributors. The distributors, in some cases, repackage the spotting

agents in smaller quantities and sell them to cleaners along with other

supplies like filters, hangers and dry cleaning agents.

The local air districts have regulatory authority over spotting chemicalssince they regulate VOCs and toxic materials used in industrial facilities.

CARB may also have regulatory authority over spotting chemicals. CARB

and local air districts do not currently have regulations that affect spotting

chemicals.

The regulatory agencies might forbid the use of spotting agents that

contain chlorinated solvents like TCE or PERC, for example Thealternatives that were tested during this project were selected to have low

toxicity and low VOC content.

VOC: Volatile Organic Compounds

CARB: California Air Resources Board

AIRREGULATIONTHATAPPLIESTOSPOTTINGCHEMICALS


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TCE and PERC are listed hazardous wastes under

RCRA. Both chemicals are listed in RCRA under F001 and

F002. F001 specifies TCE and PERC used indegreasing. F002 specifies TCE and PERC when they are

spent and all spent solvent mixtures/blends containing,

This applies to sludge generated from spin-disk filters , still

bottoms generated from distillation, separator water and

the effluent from waterbasedtechnologies

RCRA: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

WASTEREGULATIONTHATAPPLIESTOSPOTTINGCHEMICALS


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Today PERC and TCE are the POG spotting agents

most widely used by cleaners, even those using

alternative technologies for textile cleaning. PERC

and TCE are both carcinogens.

Because PERC, the major dry cleaning agent,

received negative publicity because it is a

carcinogen, the suppliers and distributors converted

away from the chemical in POG spotting agents.PERC: perchloro ethelene

TCE: Trichloro ethylene

POG: Paint, Oil and Grease

TOXICITYOFSPOTTINGAGENTS


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The stain removing machines work on the

scientific process of impact chemical spray

cleaning.

Vacuum removal of the residual spray.

Subsequent drying through a steam gun

and compressed air spray.

SPOTTINGMACHINE


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Air drier

Spray gun

Spotting working

station


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SPOTS STAINSREMOVALTABLES.NO: Stain Pretreatment Bleachable Non-bleachable1 Alcoholic

drinksSponge with cool

water. Soak at least

30min. or overnight in

cool water & detergent.

Soak in solution of 2 T.

(30 ml) chlorine bleach

to 1 qt. (1 l) water. If fruit

colored, use dry

cleaning solvent. Rinse.

Sponge with cool

water. For stubborn

stains, force water

through stain.2 Anti-

perspirant

buildupWet. Rub in detergent

or prewash soil & stain

remover. Rinse. Air dry.Soak in solution of 1

t. (8 ml) oxalic acid to 1

c. (1/4 l) hot water for 1

hr. Rinse; repeat two

solution of c. (120 ml)

vinegar to 1 gal. (3 l)

water. Wash.

Moisten area with

hydrogen peroxide or

oxygen bleach after

testing fabric. Let

stand for at least 30

min. Rinse. To restore

color, use equal parts

ammonia & water.

Rinse.3 Beer Blot. Rinse with coolwater.

1) Apply solution of a

few drops vinegar

or lemon juice to 1

c. (1/4 l) water.

Agitate. Rinse.

2) Work in enzyme

paste. Wash.

Same as for

bleaches.

4 Blood: dried Soak in cool soapy Apply enzyme paste Soak in solution of


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4 Blood: dried

or set-in

Soak in cool soapy

water changing water

as stain releases.

Rinse. Soak in solution

of c. (60 ml)

ammonia to 1 gal. (3

l) water.

Apply enzyme paste.

Repeat several times if

stain persists. Dry flat in

full sun between

treatments.

Soak in solution of

c. (60 ml) salt to 2

qts. (2 l) cool water.

Rinse. Soak in

solution of c. (60

ml) ammonia to 1 gal.

(3 l) water. If stain

persists, treat withenzyme presoak

solution.5 Candle-wax: Remove surface wax

with a dull knife.Place stain between

paper towel and press

with a warm iron.

Replace towelsfrequently to absorb

more wax. Launder with

detergent. If traces of

color remain, wash

again using chlorine

bleach.

Same as for bleaches

except, to launder

replace chlorine

bleach with hydrogenperoxide or oxygen

bleach after testing

fabric.

6 Catsup,

spaghetti or

tomato sauceScrape off excess. Blot

with moist cloth.

Repeat until progress

stops.

Apply prewash soil &

stain remover. Rinse.

Repeat. Apply enzyme

paste. Rinse; repeat if

stain persists. Add

vinegar to last rinse.

Blot. Apply absorbent.

Repeat. Work in

cleaning fluid from

underside. Feather

edges.


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7 Coffee, tea,

chocolate,

cocoaBlot well with damp

cloth. Pour cool

water through stain

if possible.

1) Soak in cool water. Work in detergent. Rinse. If

stain remains, apply cleaning fluid.2) Apply enzyme paste to final traces. Wash in warm

water.3) Force boiling water over stain from arms length

above.8 Cosmetics:

makeup,

lipstickBlot well, being

careful not to

spread stain.1) Work in cleaning fluid, rubbing toward center. Spot

wash with liquid detergent. Rinse. Air dry.2) Apply prewash soil & stain remover. Blot. Repeat.

Rinse with solution of water & a few drops

ammonia. Wash in warm water.3) Soak in enzyme solution for 30 min.

9 Crayons:

incidental

marksScrape off excess. 1) Place stain between white tissues or paper towels.

Press with warm iron. Pour small amount of

cleaning fluid onto absorbent white towel; stroke

across stain until stain is gone.2) Soak in hot enzyme presoak solution for at least 30

min. rinse.

10 Grease: car Blot. Protect otherclothing.

Work in petroleum jelly. Sponge

with cleaning fluid. Rinse; rinse

well. Wash in hottest water safe

for fabric; or use prewash soil &

stain remover.

Same as for

bleachable.


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www.hsebooks.co.uk

www.google.com/textile/spottingchemic

als

www.wikipedia.com

www.google.com/textileresearch

www.sanitone.com

BIBLIOGRAPHY


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