Spring 2007 BioinformatiaticsBioinformatiatics

Chocolate Chip CookieIngredients2/3 cup (125 g) sugar; try a mixture of brown and white sugar½ cup (120 g) butter, softened1 large egg½ teaspoon baking soda½ teaspoon salt1 cup plus 2 tablespoons (145 g) all-purpose flour1 teaspoon vanilla extract6 oz (170 g) semisweet chocolate chips

Method

1. Preheat oven to 375 deg F (190 deg C). 2. Cream butter with sugar until light and fluffy. 3. Add the egg and vanilla and mix well. 4. Add baking soda, salt and flour and mix well. 5. Add chocolate chips. 6. Place the cookie dough in the refrigerator for at least 30 minutes. 7. Drop by rounded large teaspoonfuls onto an ungreased cookie sheet. 8. Bake the chocolate chip cookies for 8 to 10 minutes until light brown. Always try with a few cookies to check whether the dough is OK. 9. Allow cookies to cool on baking sheet for a few minutes, then move the cookies to a wire rack.

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TranscriptionTranslation

- double ring

- single ring

C-value (pg DNA) per cell

PromoterPromoter Exon 1Exon 1 Intron 1Intron 1 Exon 2Exon 2 Intron 2Intron 2 Exon 3Exon 3

leaderleader trailertrailer

Primary transcript (pre-mRNA)Primary transcript (pre-mRNA)

TranscriptionTranscription

mature transcript (mRNA)mature transcript (mRNA)

SplicingSplicing

UPSTREAM DOWNSTREAM

cap - cap - - AAAAAAAAAAAA- AAAAAAAAAAAA

post-transcriptional processingpost-transcriptional processing

Structure of a Eukaryotic GeneStructure of a Eukaryotic Gene

5’-5’- - 3’- 3’

cistronOpen Reading Frame (ORF)

cistronOpen Reading Frame (ORF)

cds 1cds 1 cds 2(coding sequence)

cds 2(coding sequence)

cds 3cds 3

Primary transcript (pre-mRNA)Primary transcript (pre-mRNA)

PromoterPromoter

Polycistronic transcript (pre-mRNA)Polycistronic transcript (pre-mRNA)

TranscriptionTranscription

mature transcripts (mRNA)mature transcripts (mRNA)

processingprocessing

Structure of a Prokaryotic GeneStructure of a Prokaryotic Gene

5’-5’- - 3’- 3’OperatorOperator lacZ

genelacZgene

leaderleader trailertrailer

lacYgenelacYgene

leaderleader trailertrailer

Intergenic regionIntergenic region

lacZlacZ lacYgenelacYgene

Intergenic regionIntergenic region

lacZgenelacZgene

lacYgenelacYgene

The Standard Genetic CodeThe Vertebrate Mitochondrial Genetic Code

methionine

tryptophan

STOP

STOP

17

Pyrophosphate DNA Sequence

Pyrophosphate Sequencing

http://www.roche-applied-science.com/publications/multimedia/genome_sequencer/flx_multimedia/wbt.htm

Nanopore Sequencing

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HbjAMJehSlg