24
spring 2010
spring 2010
geek gazetteTeam
GeekSpeakWe humans are inquisitive . The desire to know the unknown and to explore the unexplored is something that surfaces frequently. Yet we have a tendency to neglect the things that are near us and take it for granted that we know everything about them. Our Cover Story on the Institute Instrumentation Center is the result of realization of the same fact. Many of us have been at IIT R for almost four years now and we still don't know about all the facilities that are present at our institute. The Cover Story tries to spread general awareness about the Center and who knows, it might just provide the initial inspiration for an interdisciplinary research project at our institute. As school students we used to get fascinated by Faraday's ingenuity in carrying out his experiments in Electrostatics. Application is perhaps one of the most important features of Science. Then we have articles on upcoming technologies like Transparent RAM, Nanosatellite and MAGLEV. Having the ability to 'teleport' from one location to another almost instantly is perhaps the childhood fantasy of many of us. The article on 'Teleportation' gives an overview of the scientific advances and the current work going on in this exciting field.
Coming on to the Campus News, the article on Wi-Fi Registration attempts to put an end to the rumors that have been going around in the campus regarding the same. The main objectives behind taking this step are mentioned, along with the future benefits. All good things come to an end. And so has our journey with the Geek Gazette team. Though it has only been a 3 issue long journey, it has been one filled with lots of experiences and incidents and will leave many memories and reminisces to take forward with us. With a heavy heart we bit adieu to our readers and pass on the baton to the new team which we are sure will take this venture to newer heights. We would also like to take this opportunity to thank our Faculty Advisor Prof. S.N. Sinha for being the source of inspiration and help right from the beginning.
RegardsThe GeekGazette Team
by our very nature
PresidentDivyanshu
EditorialAnkur AgrrawalRose ketty teteMayank GargKrati VermaKumar Ishan Gaurav JainTushar GuptaMukul Kumar JainPranav KapoorSiddharth BathlaAbhay GuptaPushpender Tomar
DesignChandranshu GargPeeyush GoyalShubham JaiswalPiyush JalanPutta RamakanthRohet KarverkarSushmita Maltare Cashmira Pramnaik
NewsPratul YadavArnav ThakurAnkur Aggarwal Nitin AgarwalAmik SinghT ShivanandShashank ShekharSamrat GavaleRahul SinghRahul TiwariPranay KapoorShrishtiRanjan Kumar
3
GeekSpeak
To Do When Running on Low Charge
TimelineOperating Systems
WITRICITYThe future of Charging
Crazy Firefox
Geek Crossword
MAGLEVThe Next Level of Railways
Quantum Computing
INVISIBILITY :Is it Possible ?
UR Desktop Understands UR Language
WIFI Registration THE INSIDE STORY
Cover Story :INSTITUTE INSTRUMENTATION CENTRE
Teleportation
CHEMISTRY - It Is
DO IT YOURSELFMake Your Own Speakers
NANOSATELLITE
TRRAM
Time Travel
Mobile Codes
Ultrafast Laser Technology
3
4
5
6
6
7
8
9
10
10
11
12-14
15
16
17-18
19
20
21
21
22
INDEX
Vice PresidentPrashant Chaturvedi
FinanceGunjan SharmaMuraka Vivek AnandGhanshyamPrateek BatlaMayank AgarwalAbhanshuMohit PahujaRajatPrakulShagun AkarshNitin Nandwani
Branch Counsellor : Prof. S.N. Sinha
IEEE IITR CouncilMohit KalraPrashant ChaturvediArpit GuptaShashikant PandeyYogeshwar Singh
SPRING
2010
geek gazetteTeam
GeekSpeakWe humans are inquisitive . The desire to know the unknown and to explore the unexplored is something that surfaces frequently. Yet we have a tendency to neglect the things that are near us and take it for granted that we know everything about them. Our Cover Story on the Institute Instrumentation Center is the result of realization of the same fact. Many of us have been at IIT R for almost four years now and we still don't know about all the facilities that are present at our institute. The Cover Story tries to spread general awareness about the Center and who knows, it might just provide the initial inspiration for an interdisciplinary research project at our institute. As school students we used to get fascinated by Faraday's ingenuity in carrying out his experiments in Electrostatics. Application is perhaps one of the most important features of Science. Then we have articles on upcoming technologies like Transparent RAM, Nanosatellite and MAGLEV. Having the ability to 'teleport' from one location to another almost instantly is perhaps the childhood fantasy of many of us. The article on 'Teleportation' gives an overview of the scientific advances and the current work going on in this exciting field.
Coming on to the Campus News, the article on Wi-Fi Registration attempts to put an end to the rumors that have been going around in the campus regarding the same. The main objectives behind taking this step are mentioned, along with the future benefits. All good things come to an end. And so has our journey with the Geek Gazette team. Though it has only been a 3 issue long journey, it has been one filled with lots of experiences and incidents and will leave many memories and reminisces to take forward with us. With a heavy heart we bit adieu to our readers and pass on the baton to the new team which we are sure will take this venture to newer heights. We would also like to take this opportunity to thank our Faculty Advisor Prof. S.N. Sinha for being the source of inspiration and help right from the beginning.
RegardsThe GeekGazette Team
by our very nature
PresidentDivyanshu
EditorialAnkur AgrrawalRose ketty teteMayank GargKrati VermaKumar Ishan Gaurav JainTushar GuptaMukul Kumar JainPranav KapoorSiddharth BathlaAbhay GuptaPushpender Tomar
DesignChandranshu GargPeeyush GoyalShubham JaiswalPiyush JalanPutta RamakanthRohet KarverkarSushmita Maltare Cashmira Pramnaik
NewsPratul YadavArnav ThakurAnkur Aggarwal Nitin AgarwalAmik SinghT ShivanandShashank ShekharSamrat GavaleRahul SinghRahul TiwariPranay KapoorShrishtiRanjan Kumar
3
GeekSpeak
To Do When Running on Low Charge
TimelineOperating Systems
WITRICITYThe future of Charging
Crazy Firefox
Geek Crossword
MAGLEVThe Next Level of Railways
Quantum Computing
INVISIBILITY :Is it Possible ?
UR Desktop Understands UR Language
WIFI Registration THE INSIDE STORY
Cover Story :INSTITUTE INSTRUMENTATION CENTRE
Teleportation
CHEMISTRY - It Is
DO IT YOURSELFMake Your Own Speakers
NANOSATELLITE
TRRAM
Time Travel
Mobile Codes
Ultrafast Laser Technology
3
4
5
6
6
7
8
9
10
10
11
12-14
15
16
17-18
19
20
21
21
22
INDEX
Vice PresidentPrashant Chaturvedi
FinanceGunjan SharmaMuraka Vivek AnandGhanshyamPrateek BatlaMayank AgarwalAbhanshuMohit PahujaRajatPrakulShagun AkarshNitin Nandwani
Branch Counsellor : Prof. S.N. Sinha
IEEE IITR CouncilMohit KalraPrashant ChaturvediArpit GuptaShashikant PandeyYogeshwar Singh
SPRING
2010
To Do When Running
low on chargeHow many times has it happened to you that somewhere at the bottom right corner of your screen you see in red 7%
remaining, and you become crippled as the power cord isn't with you? Then this one should be a must read for you.
GEEK GAZETTE in its constant endeavor to bring genuinely useful tips for your laptops comes up with this article
on tips to increase laptop battery power by incorporating some general habits.
1. Defragment Regularly 8. Rid the screensaver
Regular defragmentation helps to arrange data more To maximize battery life by a little, switch off the screensaver.
efficiently thus making the hard drive work less to access the 9. Visit Power Options
data. The quicker the moving hard drive works, lesser is the Get familiar with power management through the 'Power
load placed on the battery. Thus, your battery can last longer. Options' applet in the Control Panel. In all windows OS there
2. Kill the resource gobblers is an option of power saver which effectively increases
End the background processes that are not vital. Monitor the battery life through advanced power management features
resource usage through a 'Ctrl-Alt-Del' which brings up the which shut off components like the monitor and/or the hard
Windows Task Manager (in Windows). If you're not on the drive after specified intervals
internet, it is safe to shut down the immediate non-essential 10. Turn off the looks
programs running in the taskbar like the antivirus and the Keeping your windows theme to classic windows may also be
firewall. Weed out unnecessary programs running as start- of some help.
ups by launching the System Configuration Utility from Run – 11. Hibernate is better than Sleep
Msconfig – Tab: Startup. Uncheck the programs which you In the Stand By mode (or sleep mode), the computer turns off
don't want to launch and reboot the computer once. the hard drive and the display but memory remains active
3. Pause the scheduled tasks while the CPU slows down. This draws on the battery. In
It may be a defragmentation or a virus scan, but make sure it contrast, hibernation mode is better because the computer
is scheduled for a time when you are near a power outlet. If saves the current state and shuts itself down completely thus
not then avoid them for the moment. saving power.
4. Unplug external devices 12. Get the most…work on the least
USB devices are the biggest drainers of battery power. Working on too many programs while on the battery is a sure
Unplug all external devices like an external mouse, PC cards, fire power drainer. Keep use of graphic intensive applications
Wi-Fi, external speakers, Bluetooth and even an attached to a minimum. To increase the life of the battery, open just one
iPod. or two programs concurrently.
5. Empty the CD/DVD Drives 13. Ram in more RAM
Even if you don't intend to use it, don't leave any CD/DVDs as Adequate RAM reduces the load on Virtual memory which by
leftovers in the drives. A spinning drive sucks battery power default resides on the hard drive. Though every extra bit of
like a sponge. RAM uses up more power, it increases overall savings by
6. Lower the lights short cutting access to the power hungry hard drive.
The LCD screen of a laptop is another huge power sink. 14. Keep it clean
Calibrate the brightness to the lowest level you can tolerate A laptop with blocked air vents will generate more heat thus
using the Function key toggles or using the Display Settings reducing the life of the battery. Clean the air vents regularly to
applet in the Control Panel. keep operating temperatures low. Allow for open space
7. Kill the sounds around the vents for air to circulate freely. Keep the area
Mute the speakers and try avoiding the use of multimedia around the laptop clean to avoid entry of dust.
software to maximize the battery life. Installed sound 15. Temperature is a silent killer
schemes also drain a battery perceptibly. Undue heat kills off a battery slowly but surely. Avoid leaving
the laptop under direct sunlight or inside a closed car.
Operating systems - TIMELINE 1954 : MIT's operating system made for UNIVAC 1103 1993). However it took some time to people to figure out
which is real Windows. 1955 : General Motors Operating System made for IBM 701 1989 : After leaving Apple and starting NEXT Inc. Steve Jobs takes his career to the next level with the release of 1964 : Disk Operating System/360, also DOS/360, or NeXTStep. simply DOS, was an operating system for IBM mainframes. It was announced by IBM on the last day of 1991 : Norse OS god Linus Torvalds releases an open-1964, and it was first delivered in June 1966. source, Unix-like OS kernel and names it Linux which is
officially pronounced as "leen-ooks" to reflect its Finnish 1969 : AT&T designed Unix, a computer operating origins. system, in 1969. The company also licensed Unix to a number of universities for non-commercial use. 1995 : Windows 95 appears, to great fanfare and later
Windows 98, Me(Millenium edition). 1976 : Intergalactic Digital Research's maverick brain Gary 1996 : The arrival of Macintosh Kildall creates CP/M, a simple System 7.6 heralds a new name -- microcomputer operating system Mac OS -- and a new game called for simple microcomputers. It Waiting for Copland. In the end, we would be the model for command- abandon the wait for Copland when line DOS variations for two Apple buys NeXT and adapts its decades. operating system instead.
1977 : The godfather of open 2001 : Apple abandons its old OS source is born when the Computer core and introduces Mac OS X. The X Systems Research Group at UC is the Roman numeral for 10, but Berkeley releases a variant on some think it's a nod to X Window Unix called the Berkeley Software (which is in there) and the NeXT Distribution. operating system (which is also in
there). Microsoft responded to it by 1978 : Apple DOS 3.1 debuts; it will releasing Windows XP family. run the Apple II series of computers for the next five years. 2002-04 : Saw advent of new players
like Red Hat Enterprise, Plan 9, Solaris, Debian 3.0, 1981 : Aug 12 The IBM PC is born, and so are PC-DOS Fedora Core 1, Dragon fly, Suse, AIX, Morph and its alter ego, MS-DOS. OS,Ubuntu 4.10 in OS field.
1983 : Apple Lisa, a personal computer designed by 2006 : Microsoft releases Vista which later became the Apple Computer, Inc. greatest disaster as it saw its significant number of
consumers shifting towards Mac and Linux derivatives. 1985 : Microsoft Windows 1.01 retails, at a list price of $99.The Atari ST appears, running a color graphical 2009-10 : Microsoft releases Windows 7, a much stable user interface: GEM, from Digital Research. Few and secure version than Vista on October 22, 2009. months later Amiga appears. Its operating system is Apple releases MAC OSX "Snow Leopard" on August built on a kernel that handles preemptive multitasking. 28, 2009. Google is all set with its new OS Google The OS also contains a disk operating system, an API Chrome in later half of 2010. Google promises that layer called Intuition, and a graphical user interface Chrome OS will make shut down to reading your email called Workbench. in 7 sec which is significantly very fast as compared to
best computers available in the market which takes 45 1987 : IBM and Microsoft agreement fall apart. OS\2 sec to boot up thanks to all those firmware, initializing became IBM product and MS name its graphical various drives and ports and looking for external operating system as Windows NT(officially released in devices.
54
To Do When Running
low on chargeHow many times has it happened to you that somewhere at the bottom right corner of your screen you see in red 7%
remaining, and you become crippled as the power cord isn't with you? Then this one should be a must read for you.
GEEK GAZETTE in its constant endeavor to bring genuinely useful tips for your laptops comes up with this article
on tips to increase laptop battery power by incorporating some general habits.
1. Defragment Regularly 8. Rid the screensaver
Regular defragmentation helps to arrange data more To maximize battery life by a little, switch off the screensaver.
efficiently thus making the hard drive work less to access the 9. Visit Power Options
data. The quicker the moving hard drive works, lesser is the Get familiar with power management through the 'Power
load placed on the battery. Thus, your battery can last longer. Options' applet in the Control Panel. In all windows OS there
2. Kill the resource gobblers is an option of power saver which effectively increases
End the background processes that are not vital. Monitor the battery life through advanced power management features
resource usage through a 'Ctrl-Alt-Del' which brings up the which shut off components like the monitor and/or the hard
Windows Task Manager (in Windows). If you're not on the drive after specified intervals
internet, it is safe to shut down the immediate non-essential 10. Turn off the looks
programs running in the taskbar like the antivirus and the Keeping your windows theme to classic windows may also be
firewall. Weed out unnecessary programs running as start- of some help.
ups by launching the System Configuration Utility from Run – 11. Hibernate is better than Sleep
Msconfig – Tab: Startup. Uncheck the programs which you In the Stand By mode (or sleep mode), the computer turns off
don't want to launch and reboot the computer once. the hard drive and the display but memory remains active
3. Pause the scheduled tasks while the CPU slows down. This draws on the battery. In
It may be a defragmentation or a virus scan, but make sure it contrast, hibernation mode is better because the computer
is scheduled for a time when you are near a power outlet. If saves the current state and shuts itself down completely thus
not then avoid them for the moment. saving power.
4. Unplug external devices 12. Get the most…work on the least
USB devices are the biggest drainers of battery power. Working on too many programs while on the battery is a sure
Unplug all external devices like an external mouse, PC cards, fire power drainer. Keep use of graphic intensive applications
Wi-Fi, external speakers, Bluetooth and even an attached to a minimum. To increase the life of the battery, open just one
iPod. or two programs concurrently.
5. Empty the CD/DVD Drives 13. Ram in more RAM
Even if you don't intend to use it, don't leave any CD/DVDs as Adequate RAM reduces the load on Virtual memory which by
leftovers in the drives. A spinning drive sucks battery power default resides on the hard drive. Though every extra bit of
like a sponge. RAM uses up more power, it increases overall savings by
6. Lower the lights short cutting access to the power hungry hard drive.
The LCD screen of a laptop is another huge power sink. 14. Keep it clean
Calibrate the brightness to the lowest level you can tolerate A laptop with blocked air vents will generate more heat thus
using the Function key toggles or using the Display Settings reducing the life of the battery. Clean the air vents regularly to
applet in the Control Panel. keep operating temperatures low. Allow for open space
7. Kill the sounds around the vents for air to circulate freely. Keep the area
Mute the speakers and try avoiding the use of multimedia around the laptop clean to avoid entry of dust.
software to maximize the battery life. Installed sound 15. Temperature is a silent killer
schemes also drain a battery perceptibly. Undue heat kills off a battery slowly but surely. Avoid leaving
the laptop under direct sunlight or inside a closed car.
Operating systems - TIMELINE 1954 : MIT's operating system made for UNIVAC 1103 1993). However it took some time to people to figure out
which is real Windows. 1955 : General Motors Operating System made for IBM 701 1989 : After leaving Apple and starting NEXT Inc. Steve Jobs takes his career to the next level with the release of 1964 : Disk Operating System/360, also DOS/360, or NeXTStep. simply DOS, was an operating system for IBM mainframes. It was announced by IBM on the last day of 1991 : Norse OS god Linus Torvalds releases an open-1964, and it was first delivered in June 1966. source, Unix-like OS kernel and names it Linux which is
officially pronounced as "leen-ooks" to reflect its Finnish 1969 : AT&T designed Unix, a computer operating origins. system, in 1969. The company also licensed Unix to a number of universities for non-commercial use. 1995 : Windows 95 appears, to great fanfare and later
Windows 98, Me(Millenium edition). 1976 : Intergalactic Digital Research's maverick brain Gary 1996 : The arrival of Macintosh Kildall creates CP/M, a simple System 7.6 heralds a new name -- microcomputer operating system Mac OS -- and a new game called for simple microcomputers. It Waiting for Copland. In the end, we would be the model for command- abandon the wait for Copland when line DOS variations for two Apple buys NeXT and adapts its decades. operating system instead.
1977 : The godfather of open 2001 : Apple abandons its old OS source is born when the Computer core and introduces Mac OS X. The X Systems Research Group at UC is the Roman numeral for 10, but Berkeley releases a variant on some think it's a nod to X Window Unix called the Berkeley Software (which is in there) and the NeXT Distribution. operating system (which is also in
there). Microsoft responded to it by 1978 : Apple DOS 3.1 debuts; it will releasing Windows XP family. run the Apple II series of computers for the next five years. 2002-04 : Saw advent of new players
like Red Hat Enterprise, Plan 9, Solaris, Debian 3.0, 1981 : Aug 12 The IBM PC is born, and so are PC-DOS Fedora Core 1, Dragon fly, Suse, AIX, Morph and its alter ego, MS-DOS. OS,Ubuntu 4.10 in OS field.
1983 : Apple Lisa, a personal computer designed by 2006 : Microsoft releases Vista which later became the Apple Computer, Inc. greatest disaster as it saw its significant number of
consumers shifting towards Mac and Linux derivatives. 1985 : Microsoft Windows 1.01 retails, at a list price of $99.The Atari ST appears, running a color graphical 2009-10 : Microsoft releases Windows 7, a much stable user interface: GEM, from Digital Research. Few and secure version than Vista on October 22, 2009. months later Amiga appears. Its operating system is Apple releases MAC OSX "Snow Leopard" on August built on a kernel that handles preemptive multitasking. 28, 2009. Google is all set with its new OS Google The OS also contains a disk operating system, an API Chrome in later half of 2010. Google promises that layer called Intuition, and a graphical user interface Chrome OS will make shut down to reading your email called Workbench. in 7 sec which is significantly very fast as compared to
best computers available in the market which takes 45 1987 : IBM and Microsoft agreement fall apart. OS\2 sec to boot up thanks to all those firmware, initializing became IBM product and MS name its graphical various drives and ports and looking for external operating system as Windows NT(officially released in devices.
54
Witricitythe future of Charging
echnology based companies in their constant and on the other end, another coil act as the receiver
endeavour to make life easier are inventing new resonates with the generated magnetic field and
gadgets and one hot topic is wireless charging. convert the energy back to electricity which then be TResearch in this topic has been going on for some used to power up the laptop continuously.
years now, with some success too.
The advantage of using this method of transferring
While writing this, I did some patent search and to my energy is that it is more efficient, ~40-45% efficient
surprise found some applications for wireless charging and less hazardous to human body as compared
methods but none of them t o e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c
is as yet ready to be radiation. Furthermore,
marketed. So here I write there is no line-of-sight
down about WiTricity, which requirement which tend to
is an invention by a group of degrade the eff iciency
MIT researchers. The significantly with obstacles.
invention looks set to be a
great breakthrough with a This invention is not only
demonstration of a 60W light bulb powered up from a about wireless charging, it has opened avenues for power source located two meters away wirelessly. research in the field of transfer of electricity without
wires and the day someone invents such a technology, WiTricity is based on the simple physics principal it will be a boon to mankind.that energy can be transferred wirelessly by So be prepared to enter a future free from wires, already utilizing magnetically coupled resonance. It we enjoy (though we don't really 'enjoy' it in our campus) involved a pair of copper coils for the energy the luxury of wireless internet and who knows 5 years
from now, we will finally be able to get rid of power cords transmission. One coil, acts as the transmitter, and our mobile phones and laptops will truly become generates a magnetic field oscillating in MHz range portable.
We all are familiar with the symbol showing wireless networks available at the bottom right corner of our windows laptops, but just imagine a symbol showing wireless charging source available in vicinity. Sounds cool!!! 1
2 3 4
5
6 7 8
9
10 11 12
13
14 15
16
17
18
19
1. Protocol used by IEEE 802.11 devices for media acess control in DCF mode
2. 1 followed by one hundred zeros in decimal representation
4. Greek word for wisdom or 2007 prize winning search engine developed at the University of Ulster in Northern Ireland in partnership with St. Petersburg State University, Russia
5. Who single handedly built the first Apple computer that launched the personal computing era?
7. What do we call people who register domain names with the hope of selling them for a profit?
8. XML orginated from this language9. This inventor named his heating process after
Vulcan, the Roman god of fire, and was $200,000 in debt when he died
11. Processor architecture used by mobile handheld devices
12. Into how many zones are DVD's divided worldwide?
17. UNIX command or Tiger's wood peg
3. HTTP is .... protocol in contrast to SMTP which is .... protocol
6. A company of Indian origin that maintains tier 1 ISP, which is backbone of internet
10. New API developed by Google to read out a home's electricity use over the course of a day
13. HTML tag to override default text direction or summer music festival Down Under
14. Programmers & ethicists write it15. What is the name of Linux's Mascot (a
penguin)?16. The land of Opportunity18. Chess-playing computer developed by IBM that
defeated world champion Garry Kasparov in 1997?
19. This is a file sharing aplication that uses hybrid of P2P and client-server architecture
GEEK CROSSWORD DOWN :
ACROSS :
C razy
FireFox
chrome://browser/content/browser.xul :: Opens another Firefox inside a tab in the the existing Firefox window.
chrome://browser/content/preferences/preferences.xul :: Opens the Options dialog box inside the Firefox tab.
chrome://browser/content/bookmarks/bookmarksPanel.xul :: Opens the Book Marks Manager inside a tab in the Firefox window.
chrome://browser/content/history/history-panel.xul :: Opens the History Panel in the Firefox tab.
chrome://browser/content/preferences/cookies.xul :: Opens the cookies window inside a tab in the Firefox window.
chrome://browser/content/preferences/sanitize.xul :: Opens the Clear Private Data window inside the current tab.
chrome://browser/content/aboutDialog.xul :: Opens the About Firefox Dialog box inside the tab.
chrome://browser/content/credits.xhtml :: A scrolling list of names. The ones who we must thank for creating Firefox
chrome://global/content/alerts/alert.xul :: Dancing Firefox.
chrome://mozapps/content/extensions/extensions.xul?type=extensions :: Opens the Extensions window in the current tab.
Answers on Page 17
76
Witricitythe future of Charging
echnology based companies in their constant and on the other end, another coil act as the receiver
endeavour to make life easier are inventing new resonates with the generated magnetic field and
gadgets and one hot topic is wireless charging. convert the energy back to electricity which then be TResearch in this topic has been going on for some used to power up the laptop continuously.
years now, with some success too.
The advantage of using this method of transferring
While writing this, I did some patent search and to my energy is that it is more efficient, ~40-45% efficient
surprise found some applications for wireless charging and less hazardous to human body as compared
methods but none of them t o e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c
is as yet ready to be radiation. Furthermore,
marketed. So here I write there is no line-of-sight
down about WiTricity, which requirement which tend to
is an invention by a group of degrade the eff iciency
MIT researchers. The significantly with obstacles.
invention looks set to be a
great breakthrough with a This invention is not only
demonstration of a 60W light bulb powered up from a about wireless charging, it has opened avenues for power source located two meters away wirelessly. research in the field of transfer of electricity without
wires and the day someone invents such a technology, WiTricity is based on the simple physics principal it will be a boon to mankind.that energy can be transferred wirelessly by So be prepared to enter a future free from wires, already utilizing magnetically coupled resonance. It we enjoy (though we don't really 'enjoy' it in our campus) involved a pair of copper coils for the energy the luxury of wireless internet and who knows 5 years
from now, we will finally be able to get rid of power cords transmission. One coil, acts as the transmitter, and our mobile phones and laptops will truly become generates a magnetic field oscillating in MHz range portable.
We all are familiar with the symbol showing wireless networks available at the bottom right corner of our windows laptops, but just imagine a symbol showing wireless charging source available in vicinity. Sounds cool!!! 1
2 3 4
5
6 7 8
9
10 11 12
13
14 15
16
17
18
19
1. Protocol used by IEEE 802.11 devices for media acess control in DCF mode
2. 1 followed by one hundred zeros in decimal representation
4. Greek word for wisdom or 2007 prize winning search engine developed at the University of Ulster in Northern Ireland in partnership with St. Petersburg State University, Russia
5. Who single handedly built the first Apple computer that launched the personal computing era?
7. What do we call people who register domain names with the hope of selling them for a profit?
8. XML orginated from this language9. This inventor named his heating process after
Vulcan, the Roman god of fire, and was $200,000 in debt when he died
11. Processor architecture used by mobile handheld devices
12. Into how many zones are DVD's divided worldwide?
17. UNIX command or Tiger's wood peg
3. HTTP is .... protocol in contrast to SMTP which is .... protocol
6. A company of Indian origin that maintains tier 1 ISP, which is backbone of internet
10. New API developed by Google to read out a home's electricity use over the course of a day
13. HTML tag to override default text direction or summer music festival Down Under
14. Programmers & ethicists write it15. What is the name of Linux's Mascot (a
penguin)?16. The land of Opportunity18. Chess-playing computer developed by IBM that
defeated world champion Garry Kasparov in 1997?
19. This is a file sharing aplication that uses hybrid of P2P and client-server architecture
GEEK CROSSWORD DOWN :
ACROSS :
C razy
FireFox
chrome://browser/content/browser.xul :: Opens another Firefox inside a tab in the the existing Firefox window.
chrome://browser/content/preferences/preferences.xul :: Opens the Options dialog box inside the Firefox tab.
chrome://browser/content/bookmarks/bookmarksPanel.xul :: Opens the Book Marks Manager inside a tab in the Firefox window.
chrome://browser/content/history/history-panel.xul :: Opens the History Panel in the Firefox tab.
chrome://browser/content/preferences/cookies.xul :: Opens the cookies window inside a tab in the Firefox window.
chrome://browser/content/preferences/sanitize.xul :: Opens the Clear Private Data window inside the current tab.
chrome://browser/content/aboutDialog.xul :: Opens the About Firefox Dialog box inside the tab.
chrome://browser/content/credits.xhtml :: A scrolling list of names. The ones who we must thank for creating Firefox
chrome://global/content/alerts/alert.xul :: Dancing Firefox.
chrome://mozapps/content/extensions/extensions.xul?type=extensions :: Opens the Extensions window in the current tab.
Answers on Page 17
76
(MAGLEV)the next level of railways ---------------------------------------------
owadays in an era of increasing fuel crisis and the guide-way walls is constantly alternating to change ever-growing transportation needs, there is a the polarity of the magnetized coils. This change in Nneed of a transportation system fast and fuel polarity causes the magnetic field in front of the train to
efficient. And the answer is in Maglev. pull the vehicle forward, while the magnetic field behind the train adds more forward thrust.Maglev transportation was first proposed more than a
century ago, but the first commercial maglev train made Engineers have developed an electromagnetic its test debut in Shanghai, China, in 2002. The same suspension (EMS) system, called Transrapid. In this lines made its first open-to-the-public commercial run system, the bottom of the train wraps around a steel about a year later in December of 2003. Several other guide-way. Electromagnets attached to the train's countries have plans of building their own maglev trains undercarriage are directed up toward the guide-way,
which levitates the train .Maglev is a much better about 1/3 of an inch (1 cm) way to move people and above the guide-way and freight than any other keeps the train levitated existing modes. It is even when it's not moving. cheaper, faster, not Other guidance magnets congested, and has a embedded in the train's much longer service life. body keep it stable during Maglev does not burn travel. If the vehicle is o i l , b u t i n s t e a d pushed down towards the consumes electricity, guide-way, the levitation which can be produced f o r c e a u t o m a t i c a l l y by coal-fire, nuclear, increases, p revent ing hydro, fusion, wind, or contact.solar power plants (the
most efficient source Japanese engineers are now being nuclear). As developing a competing compared to a 10 kmph auto that carries 1.8 people (the version of maglev trains that use an electrodynamics national average) at around 100 kmph, at 240 kmph in suspension (EDS) system, which is based on the the atmosphere Maglev consumes only 0.1 of a mega repelling force of magnets. The key difference between joule per passenger mile, which is just 2 percent of the Japanese and German maglev trains is that the energy consumption of a typical 100 kmph auto. Maglev Japanese trains use super-cooled, superconducting has very high energy efficiency. Also Maglev vehicles electromagnets. Basically, superconducting magnets are much quieter than autos, trucks, and airplanes. are extremely powerful and lightweight than permanent
magnets. Since they have zero electrical resistance, A maglev train rail system comprises three therefore even when they carry currents of hundreds of components: A large electrical power source, metal thousands of amperes, their power consumption is
zero. This kind of electromagnet can conduct electricity coils lining a guide-way or track and large guidance even after the power supply has been shut off. In the magnets attached to the underside of the trainEMS system, which uses standard electromagnets, the
The magnetized coil running along the track, called a coils only conduct electricity when a power supply is guide-way, repels the large magnets on the train's present. By chilling the coils at frigid temperatures, undercarriage, allowing the train to levitate between Japan's system saves energy. The Japanese trains 0.39 and 3.93 inches (1 to 10 cm) above the guide-way. levitate nearly 4 inches (10 cm) above the guide-way. Once the train is levitated, power is supplied to the coils One potential drawback in using the EDS system is that within the guide-way walls to create a unique system of maglev trains must roll on rubber tyres until they reach a magnetic fields that pull and push the train along the liftoff speed of about 100 kmph.guide-way. The electric current supplied to the coils in
The massive amount of processing power generated by computer manufacturers has not yet been able to quench our thirst for
speed and computing capacity. Many have made predictions about the amount of computing power that would support our
growing technological needs. However the large amounts of data generated by scientific research, the proliferation of
personal computers and the emergence of the Internet have only fuelled our need for more, more and more computing power.
Will we ever have the amount of computing power we need or want? If the number of transistors on a microprocessor
continues to double every 18 months, the year 2020 or 2030 will find the circuits on a microprocessor measured on an atomic
scale. And the logical next step will be to create quantum computers, which will harness the power of atoms and molecules to
perform memory and processing tasks. Quantum computers have the potential to perform certain calculations significantly
faster than any silicon-based computer.
Today's computers, like a Turing machine, work by manipulating bits that exist in one of two states: a 0 or a 1. Quantum
computers aren't limited to two states; they encode information as quantum bits, or Qubits. Qubits represent atoms, ions,
photons or electrons and their respective control devices that are working together to act as computer memory and a
processor. Quantum computers have the potential to be millions of times more powerful than today's most powerful
supercomputers. This superposition of qubits is what gives quantum computers their inherent parallelism. This parallelism
allows a quantum computer to work on a million computations at once. A 30-qubit quantum computer would equal the
processing power of a conventional computer that could run at 10 teraflops (trillions of floating-point operations per second).
One problem with the idea of quantum computers is that if you try to look at the subatomic particles, you could bump them, and
thereby change their value. To make a practical quantum computer, scientists have to devise ways of making measurements
indirectly to preserve the system's integrity. This has solution in a process called “Entanglement”. This allows scientists to
know the value of the qubits without actually looking at them.
The most advanced quantum computers have not gone beyond manipulating more than 16 qubits, far from practical
application. Several key advancements have been made in quantum computing in the last few years. If functional quantum
computers can be built, they will be valuable in factoring large numbers, and therefore extremely useful for decoding and
encoding secret information. If one were to be built today, no information on the Internet would be safe. Our current methods of
encryption are simple compared to the complicated methods possible in quantum computers. Quantum computers could also
be used to search large databases in a fraction of the time that it would take a conventional computer. Other applications could
include using quantum computers to study quantum mechanics, or even to design other quantum computers.
But quantum computing is still in its early stages of development, and many computer scientists believe the technology
needed to create a practical quantum computer is years away. Quantum computers must have at least several dozen qubits to
be able to solve real-world problems, and thus serve as a viable computing method. Quantum computers could one day
replace silicon chips, just like the transistor once replaced the vacuum tube. But for now, the technology required to develop
such a quantum computer is beyond our reach. Most research in quantum computing is still very theoretical.
Quantum computing was first theorized less than 30 years ago. In 1981, Paul Benioff for the first time in
history applied quantum theory to computers. He theorized about creating a quantum Turing machine. Most
digital computers today are based on the Turing Theory. The Turing machine is a theoretical device that
consists of tape of unlimited length that is divided into little squares holding a symbol (1 or 0) or left blank. A
read-write device reads them & gives the machine its instructions to perform a certain program. Well, in a
quantum Turing machine, the difference is that the tape exists in a quantum state, as does the read-write
head. This means the symbols on the tape can be either 0 or 1 or a superposition of 0 and 1(for all points in
between) at the same time. While a normal Turing machine can do one calculation at a time, a quantum
Turing machine can perform many at once.
Quantum Computing
98
(MAGLEV)the next level of railways ---------------------------------------------
owadays in an era of increasing fuel crisis and the guide-way walls is constantly alternating to change ever-growing transportation needs, there is a the polarity of the magnetized coils. This change in Nneed of a transportation system fast and fuel polarity causes the magnetic field in front of the train to
efficient. And the answer is in Maglev. pull the vehicle forward, while the magnetic field behind the train adds more forward thrust.Maglev transportation was first proposed more than a
century ago, but the first commercial maglev train made Engineers have developed an electromagnetic its test debut in Shanghai, China, in 2002. The same suspension (EMS) system, called Transrapid. In this lines made its first open-to-the-public commercial run system, the bottom of the train wraps around a steel about a year later in December of 2003. Several other guide-way. Electromagnets attached to the train's countries have plans of building their own maglev trains undercarriage are directed up toward the guide-way,
which levitates the train .Maglev is a much better about 1/3 of an inch (1 cm) way to move people and above the guide-way and freight than any other keeps the train levitated existing modes. It is even when it's not moving. cheaper, faster, not Other guidance magnets congested, and has a embedded in the train's much longer service life. body keep it stable during Maglev does not burn travel. If the vehicle is o i l , b u t i n s t e a d pushed down towards the consumes electricity, guide-way, the levitation which can be produced f o r c e a u t o m a t i c a l l y by coal-fire, nuclear, increases, p revent ing hydro, fusion, wind, or contact.solar power plants (the
most efficient source Japanese engineers are now being nuclear). As developing a competing compared to a 10 kmph auto that carries 1.8 people (the version of maglev trains that use an electrodynamics national average) at around 100 kmph, at 240 kmph in suspension (EDS) system, which is based on the the atmosphere Maglev consumes only 0.1 of a mega repelling force of magnets. The key difference between joule per passenger mile, which is just 2 percent of the Japanese and German maglev trains is that the energy consumption of a typical 100 kmph auto. Maglev Japanese trains use super-cooled, superconducting has very high energy efficiency. Also Maglev vehicles electromagnets. Basically, superconducting magnets are much quieter than autos, trucks, and airplanes. are extremely powerful and lightweight than permanent
magnets. Since they have zero electrical resistance, A maglev train rail system comprises three therefore even when they carry currents of hundreds of components: A large electrical power source, metal thousands of amperes, their power consumption is
zero. This kind of electromagnet can conduct electricity coils lining a guide-way or track and large guidance even after the power supply has been shut off. In the magnets attached to the underside of the trainEMS system, which uses standard electromagnets, the
The magnetized coil running along the track, called a coils only conduct electricity when a power supply is guide-way, repels the large magnets on the train's present. By chilling the coils at frigid temperatures, undercarriage, allowing the train to levitate between Japan's system saves energy. The Japanese trains 0.39 and 3.93 inches (1 to 10 cm) above the guide-way. levitate nearly 4 inches (10 cm) above the guide-way. Once the train is levitated, power is supplied to the coils One potential drawback in using the EDS system is that within the guide-way walls to create a unique system of maglev trains must roll on rubber tyres until they reach a magnetic fields that pull and push the train along the liftoff speed of about 100 kmph.guide-way. The electric current supplied to the coils in
The massive amount of processing power generated by computer manufacturers has not yet been able to quench our thirst for
speed and computing capacity. Many have made predictions about the amount of computing power that would support our
growing technological needs. However the large amounts of data generated by scientific research, the proliferation of
personal computers and the emergence of the Internet have only fuelled our need for more, more and more computing power.
Will we ever have the amount of computing power we need or want? If the number of transistors on a microprocessor
continues to double every 18 months, the year 2020 or 2030 will find the circuits on a microprocessor measured on an atomic
scale. And the logical next step will be to create quantum computers, which will harness the power of atoms and molecules to
perform memory and processing tasks. Quantum computers have the potential to perform certain calculations significantly
faster than any silicon-based computer.
Today's computers, like a Turing machine, work by manipulating bits that exist in one of two states: a 0 or a 1. Quantum
computers aren't limited to two states; they encode information as quantum bits, or Qubits. Qubits represent atoms, ions,
photons or electrons and their respective control devices that are working together to act as computer memory and a
processor. Quantum computers have the potential to be millions of times more powerful than today's most powerful
supercomputers. This superposition of qubits is what gives quantum computers their inherent parallelism. This parallelism
allows a quantum computer to work on a million computations at once. A 30-qubit quantum computer would equal the
processing power of a conventional computer that could run at 10 teraflops (trillions of floating-point operations per second).
One problem with the idea of quantum computers is that if you try to look at the subatomic particles, you could bump them, and
thereby change their value. To make a practical quantum computer, scientists have to devise ways of making measurements
indirectly to preserve the system's integrity. This has solution in a process called “Entanglement”. This allows scientists to
know the value of the qubits without actually looking at them.
The most advanced quantum computers have not gone beyond manipulating more than 16 qubits, far from practical
application. Several key advancements have been made in quantum computing in the last few years. If functional quantum
computers can be built, they will be valuable in factoring large numbers, and therefore extremely useful for decoding and
encoding secret information. If one were to be built today, no information on the Internet would be safe. Our current methods of
encryption are simple compared to the complicated methods possible in quantum computers. Quantum computers could also
be used to search large databases in a fraction of the time that it would take a conventional computer. Other applications could
include using quantum computers to study quantum mechanics, or even to design other quantum computers.
But quantum computing is still in its early stages of development, and many computer scientists believe the technology
needed to create a practical quantum computer is years away. Quantum computers must have at least several dozen qubits to
be able to solve real-world problems, and thus serve as a viable computing method. Quantum computers could one day
replace silicon chips, just like the transistor once replaced the vacuum tube. But for now, the technology required to develop
such a quantum computer is beyond our reach. Most research in quantum computing is still very theoretical.
Quantum computing was first theorized less than 30 years ago. In 1981, Paul Benioff for the first time in
history applied quantum theory to computers. He theorized about creating a quantum Turing machine. Most
digital computers today are based on the Turing Theory. The Turing machine is a theoretical device that
consists of tape of unlimited length that is divided into little squares holding a symbol (1 or 0) or left blank. A
read-write device reads them & gives the machine its instructions to perform a certain program. Well, in a
quantum Turing machine, the difference is that the tape exists in a quantum state, as does the read-write
head. This means the symbols on the tape can be either 0 or 1 or a superposition of 0 and 1(for all points in
between) at the same time. While a normal Turing machine can do one calculation at a time, a quantum
Turing machine can perform many at once.
Quantum Computing
98
INVISIBILITY : J.K. Rowling would have never imagined that her idea of the “Invisibility cloak” could be
tangible. A team of researchers from Fudan University in Shanghai claims that the unique
fabric can now be fabricated by 'Muggles' and is no longer confined to the pages of fiction.
IS IT POSSIBLE ?
he key to its development is a suspension of silver- In a similar development, in December 2009, researchers at plated nanoparticles in water, which majorly consists of the FOM Institute in the Netherlands successfully managed balls of magnetite (Fe3O4) 10 nanometres in diameter, to power an energy transfer between nano-electromagnets T
coated with a 5 nanometre thick layer of silver, possibly with with the magnetic field of light for the first time in human polymer chains attached to keep them from clustering. history – planting a significant step forward in the evolution of
magnetic 'meta-materials' - materials which are able to The above proposition is backed by the following theory: In deflect light rays in every possible direction. These are made the absence of a magnetic field, such nanoparticles would up of incredibly tiny U-shaped metal 'nano-rings', in which an simply float in water. If a field is introduced, the particles will electromagnetic field of light induces an alternating current, assemble themselves into chains. The length of the chains with the mini-magnet's north and south poles alternating 500 will depend upon the strength of the magnetic field, and the billion times per second.chains can also attract one another to form thicker columns, acting as obstacles to light. Till now, it seems it is only a matter of time before our highly
ambitious, intellectual scientists are able to find a way to This declaration has given the prospect of development of
extract the 'Invisibility Cloak' from the world of wizardry and novel invisibility devices a new hope. This technology can be make it available to all of mankind. And once this is achieved, used to create gadgets that direct light around an object so
that it appears as if nothing is there. the use of such a marvel can only be limited by imagination.
REGISTRATIONINSIDETHEsTORY
Do you get frustrated when your Facebook chat shows 'sending' or when Gmail standard view doesn't load? And at some
places in campus, even Channel I doesn't load during peak hours. Well this is a pretty grim situation but the recent effort by
administration to register users is all aimed at bettering the situation. But will the situation actually improve or worsen cannot
be said. So GEEK GAZETTE brings to you the inside story about the much hyped registration process.
he reason according to Mr. Naveen Shukla , Scientific Recently there have been many rumours regarding limited
Officer, ISC for this registration is that according to download, but Mr. Naveen clarifies that neither any limits are
government policies, authentication of internet users being put nor any websites getting filtered. But regular Tis required to avoid cyber crimes, and in the present system monitoring will take place and anyone found guilty of cyber
anyone from outside the campus can use IITR wifi, so this crimes will be strictly dealt with. Also now onwards the data
unauthorized usage will now be a thing of the past. Sir also transfer between the laptop and the router shall be
told us that in areas outside campus near Govind Bhawan, encrypted.
outsiders are using IITR wifi and the same situation exists Another main concern is the degrading quality of hubs and
near Azad and Rajendra Bhawan. Another reason for the routers, but Mr. Naveen revealed that though hubs and
implementation of this system is that the administration has routers are getting older, they are of such quality that there is
full right to know who is surfing what which will be possible no need to replace them for another 3-4 years. Also another
after registration process. fact that we came across is that servers being used for the
The benefits of this new system will be that cyber Bhawan internets are old Pentium 4 machines which is
crimes will be easily tracked and there will be no another reason for the poor performance of internet in the
unauthorized use of net, hence bandwidth will not get Bhawans.
shared unnecessarily. But like any other system this one Currently almost all the Bhawans are now working under the
too has its own shortcomings, like there is some ambiguity encrypted internet scheme but the response has not been
regarding the use of wifi from cell phones as two users will that good from the Bhawans. So finally, wishing us all luck
have to be registered for one student(which may or may not for the new system of internet.
be possible). Also using net at places other than your Note : In case you are facing any problems with the bhawan will not be possible on your own laptop, though the internet contact ISC at extn number 5778services are expected to get centralized in later stages.
UR Desktop understands UR Language atural Language Processing (NLP) by machines has the screen can provide that transition, as they do in always been a desire for human race. Sometimes it is Microsoft's Second Light, but they add to the display's required to help physically challenged people and at thickness and require costly hardware to render the screen N
other times it is required just as a fancy. Earlier the clause alternately transparent and opaque. “Natural Language” in NLP used to be restricted to only the verbal and written languages, but now gestural language has To overcome such limitations, recently goal of such also joined the race.
technologies has shifted to incorporate the gestural display
into a thin LCD device like a cell phone and to be able to use it Gestural language can have either 2D or 3D domain. ATM without wearing gloves or anything of the sort. A recent machines, camcorders, iPhones, etc are so much pervasive
in our world that we hardly notice their uniqueness. But can technology that fulfills this goal requires an array of liquid you imagine playing games with motion of your hand or crystals, as in an ordinary LCD display, with an array of optical accessing internet by your hand movements (that is shifting
sensors right behind it. The liquid crystals serve, in a sense, from one web page to other by gestures). Recent advances as lens, displaying a black-and-white pattern that lets light have allowed for Motion Sensing Gaming and multi touch
screens, but that's not the end of crave for technology and through to the sensors. However, instead of an LCD, an array that's where NLP for gestural language in 3D domain comes of pinholes is placed in front of the sensors. Light passing into picture. Let's have a look at the latest advancements in
through each pinhole will strike a small block of sensors, technologies that can turn this uniqueness into reality…producing a low-resolution image. Since each pinhole image
One such technology uses embedded optical sensors to is taken from a slightly different position, all the images track the movement of the user's fingers. This makes possible together provide a good deal of deep information about the movement of 3D objects whichever way we want to see
whatever lies before the screen. An array of liquid crystals them… great fun indeed. However the problem with this
could simulate a sheet of pinholes simply by displaying a technology is that it involves having a roomful of expensive cameras or wearing tracking tags on your fingers. Wearing pattern in which, say, the central pixel in each 19X19 block of tracking tags in fingers is really burdensome. As far as pixels is white (transparent) while all the others are black. cameras are concerned, they are generally offset from the
However, the problem with pinholes is that they allow very center of the screen and don't work well at short distances.
little light to reach the sensors.Thus they can't provide a seamless transition from gestural to touch screen interactions. Cameras set far enough behind
Grave Deeds of Great Scientists >>>
Sir Humphrey Davy: A catalog of disastersSir Humphrey Davy, the brilliant British chemist and inventor, got a very bumpy start to his
science career. As a young apprentice he was fired from his job at an apothecary because
he caused too many explosions! When he eventually took up the field of chemistry, he had a
habit of inhaling the various gasses he was dealing with. Fortunately this bad habit led to his
discovery of the anesthetic properties of nitrous oxide. But, unfortunately, this same habit
led to him nearly killing himself on many occasions. The frequent poisonings left him
paralysed for the remaining two decades of his life. During this time he also permanently
damaged his eyes in a nitrogen trichloride explosion.
Karl Scheele died from tasting his discoveriesScheele was a brilliant pharmaceutical chemist who discovered many chemical elements –
the most notable of which were oxygen (though Joseph Priestley published his findings
first), molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, and chlorine. He also discovered a process
very similar to pasteurization. Scheele had the habit of taste testing his discoveries and,
fortunately, managed to survive his taste-test of hydrogen cyanide. But his luck was to run
out: he died of symptoms strongly resembling mercury poisoning.
1110
INVISIBILITY : J.K. Rowling would have never imagined that her idea of the “Invisibility cloak” could be
tangible. A team of researchers from Fudan University in Shanghai claims that the unique
fabric can now be fabricated by 'Muggles' and is no longer confined to the pages of fiction.
IS IT POSSIBLE ?
he key to its development is a suspension of silver- In a similar development, in December 2009, researchers at plated nanoparticles in water, which majorly consists of the FOM Institute in the Netherlands successfully managed balls of magnetite (Fe3O4) 10 nanometres in diameter, to power an energy transfer between nano-electromagnets T
coated with a 5 nanometre thick layer of silver, possibly with with the magnetic field of light for the first time in human polymer chains attached to keep them from clustering. history – planting a significant step forward in the evolution of
magnetic 'meta-materials' - materials which are able to The above proposition is backed by the following theory: In deflect light rays in every possible direction. These are made the absence of a magnetic field, such nanoparticles would up of incredibly tiny U-shaped metal 'nano-rings', in which an simply float in water. If a field is introduced, the particles will electromagnetic field of light induces an alternating current, assemble themselves into chains. The length of the chains with the mini-magnet's north and south poles alternating 500 will depend upon the strength of the magnetic field, and the billion times per second.chains can also attract one another to form thicker columns, acting as obstacles to light. Till now, it seems it is only a matter of time before our highly
ambitious, intellectual scientists are able to find a way to This declaration has given the prospect of development of
extract the 'Invisibility Cloak' from the world of wizardry and novel invisibility devices a new hope. This technology can be make it available to all of mankind. And once this is achieved, used to create gadgets that direct light around an object so
that it appears as if nothing is there. the use of such a marvel can only be limited by imagination.
REGISTRATIONINSIDETHEsTORY
Do you get frustrated when your Facebook chat shows 'sending' or when Gmail standard view doesn't load? And at some
places in campus, even Channel I doesn't load during peak hours. Well this is a pretty grim situation but the recent effort by
administration to register users is all aimed at bettering the situation. But will the situation actually improve or worsen cannot
be said. So GEEK GAZETTE brings to you the inside story about the much hyped registration process.
he reason according to Mr. Naveen Shukla , Scientific Recently there have been many rumours regarding limited
Officer, ISC for this registration is that according to download, but Mr. Naveen clarifies that neither any limits are
government policies, authentication of internet users being put nor any websites getting filtered. But regular Tis required to avoid cyber crimes, and in the present system monitoring will take place and anyone found guilty of cyber
anyone from outside the campus can use IITR wifi, so this crimes will be strictly dealt with. Also now onwards the data
unauthorized usage will now be a thing of the past. Sir also transfer between the laptop and the router shall be
told us that in areas outside campus near Govind Bhawan, encrypted.
outsiders are using IITR wifi and the same situation exists Another main concern is the degrading quality of hubs and
near Azad and Rajendra Bhawan. Another reason for the routers, but Mr. Naveen revealed that though hubs and
implementation of this system is that the administration has routers are getting older, they are of such quality that there is
full right to know who is surfing what which will be possible no need to replace them for another 3-4 years. Also another
after registration process. fact that we came across is that servers being used for the
The benefits of this new system will be that cyber Bhawan internets are old Pentium 4 machines which is
crimes will be easily tracked and there will be no another reason for the poor performance of internet in the
unauthorized use of net, hence bandwidth will not get Bhawans.
shared unnecessarily. But like any other system this one Currently almost all the Bhawans are now working under the
too has its own shortcomings, like there is some ambiguity encrypted internet scheme but the response has not been
regarding the use of wifi from cell phones as two users will that good from the Bhawans. So finally, wishing us all luck
have to be registered for one student(which may or may not for the new system of internet.
be possible). Also using net at places other than your Note : In case you are facing any problems with the bhawan will not be possible on your own laptop, though the internet contact ISC at extn number 5778services are expected to get centralized in later stages.
UR Desktop understands UR Language atural Language Processing (NLP) by machines has the screen can provide that transition, as they do in always been a desire for human race. Sometimes it is Microsoft's Second Light, but they add to the display's required to help physically challenged people and at thickness and require costly hardware to render the screen N
other times it is required just as a fancy. Earlier the clause alternately transparent and opaque. “Natural Language” in NLP used to be restricted to only the verbal and written languages, but now gestural language has To overcome such limitations, recently goal of such also joined the race.
technologies has shifted to incorporate the gestural display
into a thin LCD device like a cell phone and to be able to use it Gestural language can have either 2D or 3D domain. ATM without wearing gloves or anything of the sort. A recent machines, camcorders, iPhones, etc are so much pervasive
in our world that we hardly notice their uniqueness. But can technology that fulfills this goal requires an array of liquid you imagine playing games with motion of your hand or crystals, as in an ordinary LCD display, with an array of optical accessing internet by your hand movements (that is shifting
sensors right behind it. The liquid crystals serve, in a sense, from one web page to other by gestures). Recent advances as lens, displaying a black-and-white pattern that lets light have allowed for Motion Sensing Gaming and multi touch
screens, but that's not the end of crave for technology and through to the sensors. However, instead of an LCD, an array that's where NLP for gestural language in 3D domain comes of pinholes is placed in front of the sensors. Light passing into picture. Let's have a look at the latest advancements in
through each pinhole will strike a small block of sensors, technologies that can turn this uniqueness into reality…producing a low-resolution image. Since each pinhole image
One such technology uses embedded optical sensors to is taken from a slightly different position, all the images track the movement of the user's fingers. This makes possible together provide a good deal of deep information about the movement of 3D objects whichever way we want to see
whatever lies before the screen. An array of liquid crystals them… great fun indeed. However the problem with this
could simulate a sheet of pinholes simply by displaying a technology is that it involves having a roomful of expensive cameras or wearing tracking tags on your fingers. Wearing pattern in which, say, the central pixel in each 19X19 block of tracking tags in fingers is really burdensome. As far as pixels is white (transparent) while all the others are black. cameras are concerned, they are generally offset from the
However, the problem with pinholes is that they allow very center of the screen and don't work well at short distances.
little light to reach the sensors.Thus they can't provide a seamless transition from gestural to touch screen interactions. Cameras set far enough behind
Grave Deeds of Great Scientists >>>
Sir Humphrey Davy: A catalog of disastersSir Humphrey Davy, the brilliant British chemist and inventor, got a very bumpy start to his
science career. As a young apprentice he was fired from his job at an apothecary because
he caused too many explosions! When he eventually took up the field of chemistry, he had a
habit of inhaling the various gasses he was dealing with. Fortunately this bad habit led to his
discovery of the anesthetic properties of nitrous oxide. But, unfortunately, this same habit
led to him nearly killing himself on many occasions. The frequent poisonings left him
paralysed for the remaining two decades of his life. During this time he also permanently
damaged his eyes in a nitrogen trichloride explosion.
Karl Scheele died from tasting his discoveriesScheele was a brilliant pharmaceutical chemist who discovered many chemical elements –
the most notable of which were oxygen (though Joseph Priestley published his findings
first), molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, and chlorine. He also discovered a process
very similar to pasteurization. Scheele had the habit of taste testing his discoveries and,
fortunately, managed to survive his taste-test of hydrogen cyanide. But his luck was to run
out: he died of symptoms strongly resembling mercury poisoning.
1110
1. The sum total of costs of instruments at IIC is several crores of rupees.
2. SQID(Super Conducting Quantum Interference Device) is available only at 3 places in North India, IIT Delhi, IIT Kanpur and IIT Roorkee. However, it is not freely accessible for research at these places except at IIT Roorkee. So, even people from IIT Delhi use the instrument at IIT Roorkee for their research work.
3. IIC is the only place in North India to possess EPMA(Electron Probe Micro Analyzer).
Analytical Section
This subunit of IIC provides the facility of characterization of substances. It is mainly used by the departments of Electrical Engineering, Physics, Chemistry, Biotechnology, Metallurgy, Earth Sciences.
Various instruments available at Analytical Section are as follows:
1. Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometer (TIMS) – It is used to separate out isotopes of an element. A major application of this instrument is determination of age of a rock sample. The instrument at IIC can separate at most 5 isotopes at a time.
2. Lifetime Measurement System – This instrument is used to measure the amount of time that the electrons of the phosphorus coating of screens such as LCD and TFT will take to return back from excited state after stimulation. This instrument costs around Rs 40 lakhs.
3. Liquid Nitrogen Plant – Liquid nitrogen is required by almost all instruments at IIC. This plant generates liquid nitrogen from atmospheric nitrogen and thus saves our money and effort in purchasing liquid nitrogen from market. This plant costs around Rs 10 lakhs.
4. X Ray Diffractometer (XRD) – Three types of XRD are available at IICa) Powder XRD – It is used for determination of crystal orientation and phase (hexagonal,
cubic, rhombic, etc) of a sample. The cost of this instrument is around Rs 1.25 crores. b) Thin Film XRD – Sometimes film of sample is so thin that when one tries to obtain its graph
from XRD one gets the spectrum for substrate instead. This instrument overcomes this problem by sending X-rays at grazing angle and by making the detector mobile. This instrument costs around Rs 80 lakhs.
c) Single Crystal XRD – This instrument gives detailed information about the internal lattice of crystalline substances, including unit cell dimensions, bond-lengths, bond-angles, and details of site-ordering.
5. Super Conducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) – If any magnetic material is there then this instrument can detect it. The instrument at IIC can work with fields from -7 to +7 Tesla in temperature range of 1.9 K to 400 K and can give results with sensitivity of 10^-8 emu. The instrument at IIC is recently upgraded to ever cool technology from the earlier used liquid helium technology for cooling so there is no worry of emptying of cylinder. With this change the cylinder which needed to be replaced twice in a month earlier, now lasts for 2 years. This instrument costs around Rs 3 crores.
6. Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) – Its use is same as that of SQUID, but it operates in temperature range of 77K to 300K and field range of -1 to +1 Tesla.
7. Instruments for elemental analysis - Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) is used for detection of surface morphology of a sample and for its elemental analysis as well. It costs around Rs 2 crores. Electron Probe Micro Analyzer (EPMA) is used for elemental analysis of solid samples or films. It is more accurate than XRD.
8. Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) - It forms images of surfaces using a physical probe that scans the specimen. It costs around Rs 1 crore. It comprises of 3 parts:
a) Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) – It can be used for conducting surfaces and for non-conducting surfaces as well.
b) Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) – It is used only for conducting samples.c) Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM) – It is used to see magnetic domains in samples.
9. Gas Chromatography (GC) – It is used for separating and analyzing compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition. It can be used for testing the purity of a particular substance, or separating the different components of a mixture (the relative amounts of such components can also be determined).
INSTRUMENTATIONINSTITUTE
CENTRE
Are you the one who has an illusion that you have discovered the whole of 360 acres campus of IIT Roorkee? Check this out, may prove you wrong.
1. S o p h i s t i c a t e d a n d e x p e n s i v e instruments require high level of maintenance which is not possible at each department individually. Staff at IIC is trained technically to maintain these instruments.
2. IIC is one of the few places in the institute which never ever experiences power outage because of the strong backup provided.
3. In general an instrument is bought to any institute because of the project requirements of a researcher. Later on the instrument can be used only by the researcher or by people having good relations with him. This restricts free accessibility of instruments to the researchers of the institute. So, centralization of the equipments helps in avoiding such problems.
4. Centralization of instruments promotes interdisciplinary research.
Institute Instrumentation Centre (IIC), the heart of IIT Roorkee still remains unknown to many students of the institute. This centre was established in 1984 by the name of University Science Instrumentation Centre (USIC). The main reason for its initiation was to create a central repository of all the expensive instruments used for research in the institute.
Reasons for Centralization of InstrumentsInstruments at IIC can be used not only by people belonging to research community at IIT Roorkee, but also by outsiders at reasonable tariffs.
IIC comprises of 3 autonomous units, namely
? Macromolecular Crystallographic Unit (MCU)? Analytical Section? Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Unit
1312
1. The sum total of costs of instruments at IIC is several crores of rupees.
2. SQID(Super Conducting Quantum Interference Device) is available only at 3 places in North India, IIT Delhi, IIT Kanpur and IIT Roorkee. However, it is not freely accessible for research at these places except at IIT Roorkee. So, even people from IIT Delhi use the instrument at IIT Roorkee for their research work.
3. IIC is the only place in North India to possess EPMA(Electron Probe Micro Analyzer).
Analytical Section
This subunit of IIC provides the facility of characterization of substances. It is mainly used by the departments of Electrical Engineering, Physics, Chemistry, Biotechnology, Metallurgy, Earth Sciences.
Various instruments available at Analytical Section are as follows:
1. Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometer (TIMS) – It is used to separate out isotopes of an element. A major application of this instrument is determination of age of a rock sample. The instrument at IIC can separate at most 5 isotopes at a time.
2. Lifetime Measurement System – This instrument is used to measure the amount of time that the electrons of the phosphorus coating of screens such as LCD and TFT will take to return back from excited state after stimulation. This instrument costs around Rs 40 lakhs.
3. Liquid Nitrogen Plant – Liquid nitrogen is required by almost all instruments at IIC. This plant generates liquid nitrogen from atmospheric nitrogen and thus saves our money and effort in purchasing liquid nitrogen from market. This plant costs around Rs 10 lakhs.
4. X Ray Diffractometer (XRD) – Three types of XRD are available at IICa) Powder XRD – It is used for determination of crystal orientation and phase (hexagonal,
cubic, rhombic, etc) of a sample. The cost of this instrument is around Rs 1.25 crores. b) Thin Film XRD – Sometimes film of sample is so thin that when one tries to obtain its graph
from XRD one gets the spectrum for substrate instead. This instrument overcomes this problem by sending X-rays at grazing angle and by making the detector mobile. This instrument costs around Rs 80 lakhs.
c) Single Crystal XRD – This instrument gives detailed information about the internal lattice of crystalline substances, including unit cell dimensions, bond-lengths, bond-angles, and details of site-ordering.
5. Super Conducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) – If any magnetic material is there then this instrument can detect it. The instrument at IIC can work with fields from -7 to +7 Tesla in temperature range of 1.9 K to 400 K and can give results with sensitivity of 10^-8 emu. The instrument at IIC is recently upgraded to ever cool technology from the earlier used liquid helium technology for cooling so there is no worry of emptying of cylinder. With this change the cylinder which needed to be replaced twice in a month earlier, now lasts for 2 years. This instrument costs around Rs 3 crores.
6. Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) – Its use is same as that of SQUID, but it operates in temperature range of 77K to 300K and field range of -1 to +1 Tesla.
7. Instruments for elemental analysis - Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) is used for detection of surface morphology of a sample and for its elemental analysis as well. It costs around Rs 2 crores. Electron Probe Micro Analyzer (EPMA) is used for elemental analysis of solid samples or films. It is more accurate than XRD.
8. Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) - It forms images of surfaces using a physical probe that scans the specimen. It costs around Rs 1 crore. It comprises of 3 parts:
a) Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) – It can be used for conducting surfaces and for non-conducting surfaces as well.
b) Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) – It is used only for conducting samples.c) Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM) – It is used to see magnetic domains in samples.
9. Gas Chromatography (GC) – It is used for separating and analyzing compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition. It can be used for testing the purity of a particular substance, or separating the different components of a mixture (the relative amounts of such components can also be determined).
INSTRUMENTATIONINSTITUTE
CENTRE
Are you the one who has an illusion that you have discovered the whole of 360 acres campus of IIT Roorkee? Check this out, may prove you wrong.
1. S o p h i s t i c a t e d a n d e x p e n s i v e instruments require high level of maintenance which is not possible at each department individually. Staff at IIC is trained technically to maintain these instruments.
2. IIC is one of the few places in the institute which never ever experiences power outage because of the strong backup provided.
3. In general an instrument is bought to any institute because of the project requirements of a researcher. Later on the instrument can be used only by the researcher or by people having good relations with him. This restricts free accessibility of instruments to the researchers of the institute. So, centralization of the equipments helps in avoiding such problems.
4. Centralization of instruments promotes interdisciplinary research.
Institute Instrumentation Centre (IIC), the heart of IIT Roorkee still remains unknown to many students of the institute. This centre was established in 1984 by the name of University Science Instrumentation Centre (USIC). The main reason for its initiation was to create a central repository of all the expensive instruments used for research in the institute.
Reasons for Centralization of InstrumentsInstruments at IIC can be used not only by people belonging to research community at IIT Roorkee, but also by outsiders at reasonable tariffs.
IIC comprises of 3 autonomous units, namely
? Macromolecular Crystallographic Unit (MCU)? Analytical Section? Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Unit
1312
TELE :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: PORTATION
We are years away from the development of a human teleportation
machine. Various Laws of physics would have to be violated to make
this transporter. Firstly it would require travelling at the speed of light
and secondly, a machine would have to be build that can pin point and 28analyse all of the 10 atoms that make up the human body. This
machine would then have to send this information to another location,
where the person's body would be reconstructed with exact precision.
Molecules couldn't be even a nanometre out of place, otherwise the
person will arrive with some severe neurological or physiological
defect.
If such a machine were possible, it's unlikely that the person being
transported would actually be "transported." It would work more like a
fax machine -- a duplicate of the person would be made at the receiving
end, but with much greater precision than a fax machine. One theory
suggests that teleportation would combine genetic cloning with
digitization. In this bio digital cloning, tele-travellers would have to die,
in a sense. Their original mind and body would no longer exist. Instead,
their atomic structure would be recreated in another location, and
digitalization would recreate the traveller's memories, emotions, hopes
and dreams. So the travellers would still exist, but they would do so in a
new body, of the same atomic structure as the original body,
programmed with the same information.
But, in spite of all the hurdles in the way, scientists strongly feel that it
can be made possible in future, thanks to the rapidly developing
technical world. Teleportation has the capability of revolutionising the
world and the way by which we travel.
ransportation today requires
crossing a physical distance which Tmay take any amount of time
depending upon the starting and end
points. But what if the physical distances
were removed and within seconds we
were to travel across the globe. As we
enter into the fantasy land of such
travelling, there are scientists working
right now on such a method of travel,
c o m b i n i n g p r o p e r t i e s o f
telecommunications and transportation to
a c h i e v e a s y s t e m c a l l e d
TELEPORTATION. Telepor tat ion
involves dematerialising an object at one
point, and sending the details of that
object's precise atomic configuration to
another location, where it will be
reconstructed.
Initially, this idea existed only in fiction
such as in Star Trek television series
(1966-69). In 1993, the idea of
teleportation moved out of the realm of
science fiction and into the world of
theoretical possibility. It was then that
physicist Charles Bennett and a team of
researchers at IBM confirmed that
quantum teleportation was possible,
but only if the original object being
teleported was destroyed.
Human Teleportation
In 1998, physicists at the California Institute of Technology, along with two European groups, turned the IBM ideas into reality by successfully teleporting a photon. The Caltech group was able to read the atomic structure of a photon, send this information across 1 meter of coaxial cable and create a replica of the photon. As predicted, the original photon no longer existed. Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle proved to be the main barrier for teleportation of objects larger than a photon. But then if you don't know the position of a particle, how can you teleport it? Here the phenomenon of ENTANGLEMENT was brought into use. In entanglement, at least three photons are needed to achieve quantum teleportation. Here, a photon A is teleported to another photon C through a third photon B which keeps C entangled providing its precise location.
In 2002, researchers at the Australian National University successfully teleported a laser beam. The most recent successful teleportation experiment took place on October 4, 2006 at the Niels Bohr Institute in Copenhagen, Denmark. Dr. Eugene Polzik and his team teleported information from a laser beam into a cloud of atoms. According to Polzik, "It is one step further because for the first time it involves teleportation between light and matter, two different objects. One is the carrier of information and the other one is the storage medium”. The information was teleported about 0.5 meters.
Teleportation: Recent Experiments
Macromolecular Crystallographic Unit
MCU, which comprises of instruments with a total cost of Rs 4 crores, is used specifically to determine 3D structure of protein, DNA, RNA, virus and ribosome. Revelation of 3D structures of such molecules can be of great use. Firstly, it can be used in designing effective drugs with minimal side effects. Traditionally drug design was done using estimates. By knowing 3D structure of a virus we can know its active sites and manipulate it in order to activate or stop disease causing reactions. Thus we can design effective inhibitor for the virus. Furthermore MCU finds its application in agriculture too. In agricultural fields weeds grow along with crops and thus unnecessarily reduce the production. By obtaining 3D structures of enzymes responsible for growth of plants using MCU, we can design enzymes that can kill weeds but not crops. In addition MCU finds its application in bioremediation. Generally bacteria decompose wastes partially, but if we can get 3D structures of bacteria using MCU we can engineer bacteria in such a way that it can decompose waste materials completely. There are several other applications of MCU which makes it highly significant in our research institute. This unit is used mainly by departments of chemistry, chemical engineering, biotechnology, civil engineering and paper and pulp technology.
Various instruments available at MCU are as follows:
1. PCR – It is used for replication of DNA.
2. Centrifuge – It is used to separate out debris and proteins.
3. Sonicator - It is used to break a tissue into several samples.
4. Purification system – It is used to separate out one protein from a group of proteins obtained using centrifuge.
5. Vibration free crystallization chamber – Protein atoms can't settle in periodic arrangement in presence of vibrations. So this instrument is used for proper crystallization of protein.
6. X-ray generator and detector – It is used for collection of data (related to phase and intensity of X-ray diffraction pattern) for structure analysis of the molecules.
7. Workstations which are used for modeling and simulation.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Unit
This unit is used mainly by researchers of the departments of biotechnology, chemistry and chemical engineering. Three major instruments available here are as follows:
1. NMR Spectrometer – It is used for structural analysis of DNA, protein and similar organic compounds. It can also be used to study bindings between drug and DNA. At IIC the instrument is of frequency 500 MHz, whereas the highest frequency instrument yet is at France (installed last month only) with frequency of 1000 MHz and India's highest frequency installation is of 900 MHz. Greater is the frequency, greater will be the number of atoms in the sample for which it can work well and better will be the resolution of spectrum obtained. The instrument at IIC costs around Rs 4.8 crores.
2. Circular Dichroism Spectrometer – It is used to analyze secondary structure of protein and DNA. It costs around Rs 50 lakhs.
3. Electron Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometer (ESIMS) – It is used to obtain mass of a compound and that of its constituent ions.
1514
TELE :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: PORTATION
We are years away from the development of a human teleportation
machine. Various Laws of physics would have to be violated to make
this transporter. Firstly it would require travelling at the speed of light
and secondly, a machine would have to be build that can pin point and 28analyse all of the 10 atoms that make up the human body. This
machine would then have to send this information to another location,
where the person's body would be reconstructed with exact precision.
Molecules couldn't be even a nanometre out of place, otherwise the
person will arrive with some severe neurological or physiological
defect.
If such a machine were possible, it's unlikely that the person being
transported would actually be "transported." It would work more like a
fax machine -- a duplicate of the person would be made at the receiving
end, but with much greater precision than a fax machine. One theory
suggests that teleportation would combine genetic cloning with
digitization. In this bio digital cloning, tele-travellers would have to die,
in a sense. Their original mind and body would no longer exist. Instead,
their atomic structure would be recreated in another location, and
digitalization would recreate the traveller's memories, emotions, hopes
and dreams. So the travellers would still exist, but they would do so in a
new body, of the same atomic structure as the original body,
programmed with the same information.
But, in spite of all the hurdles in the way, scientists strongly feel that it
can be made possible in future, thanks to the rapidly developing
technical world. Teleportation has the capability of revolutionising the
world and the way by which we travel.
ransportation today requires
crossing a physical distance which Tmay take any amount of time
depending upon the starting and end
points. But what if the physical distances
were removed and within seconds we
were to travel across the globe. As we
enter into the fantasy land of such
travelling, there are scientists working
right now on such a method of travel,
c o m b i n i n g p r o p e r t i e s o f
telecommunications and transportation to
a c h i e v e a s y s t e m c a l l e d
TELEPORTATION. Telepor tat ion
involves dematerialising an object at one
point, and sending the details of that
object's precise atomic configuration to
another location, where it will be
reconstructed.
Initially, this idea existed only in fiction
such as in Star Trek television series
(1966-69). In 1993, the idea of
teleportation moved out of the realm of
science fiction and into the world of
theoretical possibility. It was then that
physicist Charles Bennett and a team of
researchers at IBM confirmed that
quantum teleportation was possible,
but only if the original object being
teleported was destroyed.
Human Teleportation
In 1998, physicists at the California Institute of Technology, along with two European groups, turned the IBM ideas into reality by successfully teleporting a photon. The Caltech group was able to read the atomic structure of a photon, send this information across 1 meter of coaxial cable and create a replica of the photon. As predicted, the original photon no longer existed. Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle proved to be the main barrier for teleportation of objects larger than a photon. But then if you don't know the position of a particle, how can you teleport it? Here the phenomenon of ENTANGLEMENT was brought into use. In entanglement, at least three photons are needed to achieve quantum teleportation. Here, a photon A is teleported to another photon C through a third photon B which keeps C entangled providing its precise location.
In 2002, researchers at the Australian National University successfully teleported a laser beam. The most recent successful teleportation experiment took place on October 4, 2006 at the Niels Bohr Institute in Copenhagen, Denmark. Dr. Eugene Polzik and his team teleported information from a laser beam into a cloud of atoms. According to Polzik, "It is one step further because for the first time it involves teleportation between light and matter, two different objects. One is the carrier of information and the other one is the storage medium”. The information was teleported about 0.5 meters.
Teleportation: Recent Experiments
Macromolecular Crystallographic Unit
MCU, which comprises of instruments with a total cost of Rs 4 crores, is used specifically to determine 3D structure of protein, DNA, RNA, virus and ribosome. Revelation of 3D structures of such molecules can be of great use. Firstly, it can be used in designing effective drugs with minimal side effects. Traditionally drug design was done using estimates. By knowing 3D structure of a virus we can know its active sites and manipulate it in order to activate or stop disease causing reactions. Thus we can design effective inhibitor for the virus. Furthermore MCU finds its application in agriculture too. In agricultural fields weeds grow along with crops and thus unnecessarily reduce the production. By obtaining 3D structures of enzymes responsible for growth of plants using MCU, we can design enzymes that can kill weeds but not crops. In addition MCU finds its application in bioremediation. Generally bacteria decompose wastes partially, but if we can get 3D structures of bacteria using MCU we can engineer bacteria in such a way that it can decompose waste materials completely. There are several other applications of MCU which makes it highly significant in our research institute. This unit is used mainly by departments of chemistry, chemical engineering, biotechnology, civil engineering and paper and pulp technology.
Various instruments available at MCU are as follows:
1. PCR – It is used for replication of DNA.
2. Centrifuge – It is used to separate out debris and proteins.
3. Sonicator - It is used to break a tissue into several samples.
4. Purification system – It is used to separate out one protein from a group of proteins obtained using centrifuge.
5. Vibration free crystallization chamber – Protein atoms can't settle in periodic arrangement in presence of vibrations. So this instrument is used for proper crystallization of protein.
6. X-ray generator and detector – It is used for collection of data (related to phase and intensity of X-ray diffraction pattern) for structure analysis of the molecules.
7. Workstations which are used for modeling and simulation.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Unit
This unit is used mainly by researchers of the departments of biotechnology, chemistry and chemical engineering. Three major instruments available here are as follows:
1. NMR Spectrometer – It is used for structural analysis of DNA, protein and similar organic compounds. It can also be used to study bindings between drug and DNA. At IIC the instrument is of frequency 500 MHz, whereas the highest frequency instrument yet is at France (installed last month only) with frequency of 1000 MHz and India's highest frequency installation is of 900 MHz. Greater is the frequency, greater will be the number of atoms in the sample for which it can work well and better will be the resolution of spectrum obtained. The instrument at IIC costs around Rs 4.8 crores.
2. Circular Dichroism Spectrometer – It is used to analyze secondary structure of protein and DNA. It costs around Rs 50 lakhs.
3. Electron Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometer (ESIMS) – It is used to obtain mass of a compound and that of its constituent ions.
1514
CHEMISTRY it Is
V. Ramakrishnan Thomas A. Steitz Ada E. Yonath
The last Indian origin recipient of the Nobel Prize was Dr. V.S. Naipul, who won it for literature back in 2001. The 2009 Nobel Prize for Chemistry jointly won by three scientists one of whom is of Indian origin makes it the first one for Chemistry. The three laureates Dr. Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, UK; Dr. Thomas A. Steitz, USA and Dr. Ada E. Yonath, Israel, received it “for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome”. Dr. Ramakrishnan now a US citizen was born in 1952 in Chidambaram in Tamil Nadu. Presently he is a structural biologist in MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Cambridge, United Kingdom.
The Central Dogma of life suggests that DNA makes
RNA which in turn makes Proteins. During the
translation process (RNA into Proteins), the ribosome
reads the information in the messenger RNA and
based upon this information it produces proteins. At the
atomic level, mapping of ribosome is one of the cell's
most complex machineries. It is only when translation
occurs and proteins are synthesized that life reaches
its full complexity.
Dr. Yonath did her research through X-ray
Crystallography. The ribosome is one of the most
complicated protein/RNA complexes. It is divided into
two parts, “the small subunit” and “the large subunit”.
Each of the subunits consists of thousands of
nucleotides and thousands of amino acids, which in
turn consist of hundreds of thousands of atoms. Ada
Yonath wanted to establish the exact location of each
and every one of these atoms in the ribosome. In 1980,
she had already managed to generate the first three-
dimensional crystals of the ribosome's large subunit. It
took another 20 years of hard work before Ada Yonath
managed to generate an image of the ribosome where
she could determine the location of each atom. At the
beginning of the 1990s, Ada Yonath's crystals had
sufficient quality. The pattern of black dots (obtained by
X-ray Crystallography) was detailed enough to
determine the location of the atoms in the ribosome
crystal. There remained a considerable obstacle,
however. It was the “phase problem” of X-ray crystal-
lography. This mathematical information is related to
the location of the atoms in the crystal. A trick frequently
employed by scientists in order to determine phase
angles, is to soak the crystal in heavy atoms, e.g.
mercury. The heavy atoms attach to the surface of the
crystal's ribosome. By comparing the dotted patterns
from crystals with and without heavy atoms, scientists
can establish the phase angle. However, as the
ribosomes are so large, too many heavy atoms
attached to the ribosome, and it was difficult to
immediately determine the phase angle. It was Thomas
Steitz who finally solved the problem. He used images
of the ribosome, generated by Joachim Frank, a
specialist in electron microscopy. With the help of those
images, Thomas Steitz could find out how the ribosome
were oriented and located within the crystal (but the
resolution did not allow him to see individual atoms).
This information, together with the information from the
heavy atoms, finally yielded the phase angle.
In 1998, Thomas Steitz published the first crystal structure of the ribosome's large subunit. It resembled a dim photograph, and had a resolution of 9 Ångström. It was not possible to see individual atoms, but one could detect the ribosome's long RNA molecules. This was a decis ive breakthrough. Now all that remained was to improve the crystals and collect more data, in order to increase the sharpness of the image. The Nobel Laureates reached the finishing line almost simultaneously. In August and September 2000, they published crystal structures with resolutions that allowed interpretation of the atomic locations. Thomas Steitz managed to obtain the structure of the arge subunit from Haloarcula marismortui.
Ada Yonath and Venkatraman Ramakrishnan subunit with molecules resembling those that are obtained the structure of the small subunit from involved in peptide bond formation. With the help of Thermus thermophilus. Thus it was possible to these structures, scientists have been able to map ribosome functionality at the most basic, determine which of the ribosome's atoms are atomic level. important to the reaction, and how the reaction
occurs. The Laureates of the 2009 Nobel Prize in A property of the ribosome, that has fascinated Chemistry have forged an understanding at the scientists for a long time, is that it seldom makes atomic level of how nature can transform any errors when it translates DNA/RNA-language something as simple as a four letter code into into protein language. If an amino acid is incorrectly something as complicated as life itself. And incorporated, the protein can entirely lose its research driven by curiosity can also, as so many function, or perhaps even worse, begin to function times before, be of practical use. This time it proves differently. For the correct amino acid to be useful in the search for new antibiotics.selected depends primarily on the base pairs formed between tRNA and mRNA (transfer and The three Nobel Laureates in chemistry have all Messenger RNA respectively). Venkatraman produced structures that show how different Ramakrishnan's crystal structures of the antibiotics bind to the ribosome. Some of them ribosome's small subunit have been crucial for the block the tunnel through which the growing understanding of how the ribosome achieves its proteins leave the ribosome; others prevent the precision. He identified something that could be formation of the peptide bond between amino described as a molecular ruler. Nucleotides in the acids. Still others corrupt the translation from small sub-unit's rRNA (ribosomal RNA) measure DNA/RNA-language into protein language. the distance between the codon (a set of three Several companies now use the structures of the nucleotides) in mRNA and the anti-codon in tRNA. ribosome in order to develop new antibiotics. Some If the distance is incorrect, the tRNA molecule falls of these are currently undergoing clinical tests, in off the ribosome. Using the ruler twice, the order to come to grips with the problem of multi-ribosome double-checks that everything is correct. resistant bacteria (e.g. MRSA).The understanding This ensures that errors only occur about once per of the ribosome's structure and function is of great 100 000 amino acids. The role of the large subunit and immediate use to humanity. The discoveries in the ribosome is primarily to synthesize new that Ada Yonath, Thomas Steitz and Venkatraman protein. It triggers the peptide bond formation Ramakrishnan have made, are important both for between the amino acids. Thomas Steitz has the understanding of how life's core processes managed to freeze different moments of the function, and in order to save lives.chemical reaction. He has crystallized the large
Grave Deeds of Great Scientists >>>
Bonus Louis Slotin killed himself with an accidental fission reactionCanadian born Slotin worked on the Manhattan project (the US project to design the first
nuclear bomb). In the process of his experimentation he accidentally dropped a sphere of
beryllium on to a second sphere causing a prompt critical reaction (the spheres were
wrapped around a plutonium core). Other scientists in the room witnessed a “blue glow” of
air ionization and felt a “heat wave”. Slotin rushed outside and was sick. He was rushed to
hospital and died nine days later. The amount of radiation he was exposed to was
equivalent to standing 4800 feet away from an atomic bomb explosion. This accident prompted the end of all
hands-on assembly work at Los Alamos.
ACROSS: 3.PullPush 6.TATACommunications 10.PowerMeter 13.BDO 14.Code 15.Tux 16.Mars 18.DeepBlue
19.Napster DOWN: 1.CSMACA 2.Googol 4.Sophia 5.SteveWozniak 7.CyberSquatters 8.SGML 9.GoodYear
11.RISC 12.EIGHT 17.TEE
Answers to Crossword
1716
CHEMISTRY it Is
V. Ramakrishnan Thomas A. Steitz Ada E. Yonath
The last Indian origin recipient of the Nobel Prize was Dr. V.S. Naipul, who won it for literature back in 2001. The 2009 Nobel Prize for Chemistry jointly won by three scientists one of whom is of Indian origin makes it the first one for Chemistry. The three laureates Dr. Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, UK; Dr. Thomas A. Steitz, USA and Dr. Ada E. Yonath, Israel, received it “for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome”. Dr. Ramakrishnan now a US citizen was born in 1952 in Chidambaram in Tamil Nadu. Presently he is a structural biologist in MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Cambridge, United Kingdom.
The Central Dogma of life suggests that DNA makes
RNA which in turn makes Proteins. During the
translation process (RNA into Proteins), the ribosome
reads the information in the messenger RNA and
based upon this information it produces proteins. At the
atomic level, mapping of ribosome is one of the cell's
most complex machineries. It is only when translation
occurs and proteins are synthesized that life reaches
its full complexity.
Dr. Yonath did her research through X-ray
Crystallography. The ribosome is one of the most
complicated protein/RNA complexes. It is divided into
two parts, “the small subunit” and “the large subunit”.
Each of the subunits consists of thousands of
nucleotides and thousands of amino acids, which in
turn consist of hundreds of thousands of atoms. Ada
Yonath wanted to establish the exact location of each
and every one of these atoms in the ribosome. In 1980,
she had already managed to generate the first three-
dimensional crystals of the ribosome's large subunit. It
took another 20 years of hard work before Ada Yonath
managed to generate an image of the ribosome where
she could determine the location of each atom. At the
beginning of the 1990s, Ada Yonath's crystals had
sufficient quality. The pattern of black dots (obtained by
X-ray Crystallography) was detailed enough to
determine the location of the atoms in the ribosome
crystal. There remained a considerable obstacle,
however. It was the “phase problem” of X-ray crystal-
lography. This mathematical information is related to
the location of the atoms in the crystal. A trick frequently
employed by scientists in order to determine phase
angles, is to soak the crystal in heavy atoms, e.g.
mercury. The heavy atoms attach to the surface of the
crystal's ribosome. By comparing the dotted patterns
from crystals with and without heavy atoms, scientists
can establish the phase angle. However, as the
ribosomes are so large, too many heavy atoms
attached to the ribosome, and it was difficult to
immediately determine the phase angle. It was Thomas
Steitz who finally solved the problem. He used images
of the ribosome, generated by Joachim Frank, a
specialist in electron microscopy. With the help of those
images, Thomas Steitz could find out how the ribosome
were oriented and located within the crystal (but the
resolution did not allow him to see individual atoms).
This information, together with the information from the
heavy atoms, finally yielded the phase angle.
In 1998, Thomas Steitz published the first crystal structure of the ribosome's large subunit. It resembled a dim photograph, and had a resolution of 9 Ångström. It was not possible to see individual atoms, but one could detect the ribosome's long RNA molecules. This was a decis ive breakthrough. Now all that remained was to improve the crystals and collect more data, in order to increase the sharpness of the image. The Nobel Laureates reached the finishing line almost simultaneously. In August and September 2000, they published crystal structures with resolutions that allowed interpretation of the atomic locations. Thomas Steitz managed to obtain the structure of the arge subunit from Haloarcula marismortui.
Ada Yonath and Venkatraman Ramakrishnan subunit with molecules resembling those that are obtained the structure of the small subunit from involved in peptide bond formation. With the help of Thermus thermophilus. Thus it was possible to these structures, scientists have been able to map ribosome functionality at the most basic, determine which of the ribosome's atoms are atomic level. important to the reaction, and how the reaction
occurs. The Laureates of the 2009 Nobel Prize in A property of the ribosome, that has fascinated Chemistry have forged an understanding at the scientists for a long time, is that it seldom makes atomic level of how nature can transform any errors when it translates DNA/RNA-language something as simple as a four letter code into into protein language. If an amino acid is incorrectly something as complicated as life itself. And incorporated, the protein can entirely lose its research driven by curiosity can also, as so many function, or perhaps even worse, begin to function times before, be of practical use. This time it proves differently. For the correct amino acid to be useful in the search for new antibiotics.selected depends primarily on the base pairs formed between tRNA and mRNA (transfer and The three Nobel Laureates in chemistry have all Messenger RNA respectively). Venkatraman produced structures that show how different Ramakrishnan's crystal structures of the antibiotics bind to the ribosome. Some of them ribosome's small subunit have been crucial for the block the tunnel through which the growing understanding of how the ribosome achieves its proteins leave the ribosome; others prevent the precision. He identified something that could be formation of the peptide bond between amino described as a molecular ruler. Nucleotides in the acids. Still others corrupt the translation from small sub-unit's rRNA (ribosomal RNA) measure DNA/RNA-language into protein language. the distance between the codon (a set of three Several companies now use the structures of the nucleotides) in mRNA and the anti-codon in tRNA. ribosome in order to develop new antibiotics. Some If the distance is incorrect, the tRNA molecule falls of these are currently undergoing clinical tests, in off the ribosome. Using the ruler twice, the order to come to grips with the problem of multi-ribosome double-checks that everything is correct. resistant bacteria (e.g. MRSA).The understanding This ensures that errors only occur about once per of the ribosome's structure and function is of great 100 000 amino acids. The role of the large subunit and immediate use to humanity. The discoveries in the ribosome is primarily to synthesize new that Ada Yonath, Thomas Steitz and Venkatraman protein. It triggers the peptide bond formation Ramakrishnan have made, are important both for between the amino acids. Thomas Steitz has the understanding of how life's core processes managed to freeze different moments of the function, and in order to save lives.chemical reaction. He has crystallized the large
Grave Deeds of Great Scientists >>>
Bonus Louis Slotin killed himself with an accidental fission reactionCanadian born Slotin worked on the Manhattan project (the US project to design the first
nuclear bomb). In the process of his experimentation he accidentally dropped a sphere of
beryllium on to a second sphere causing a prompt critical reaction (the spheres were
wrapped around a plutonium core). Other scientists in the room witnessed a “blue glow” of
air ionization and felt a “heat wave”. Slotin rushed outside and was sick. He was rushed to
hospital and died nine days later. The amount of radiation he was exposed to was
equivalent to standing 4800 feet away from an atomic bomb explosion. This accident prompted the end of all
hands-on assembly work at Los Alamos.
ACROSS: 3.PullPush 6.TATACommunications 10.PowerMeter 13.BDO 14.Code 15.Tux 16.Mars 18.DeepBlue
19.Napster DOWN: 1.CSMACA 2.Googol 4.Sophia 5.SteveWozniak 7.CyberSquatters 8.SGML 9.GoodYear
11.RISC 12.EIGHT 17.TEE
Answers to Crossword
1716
id toyourself
Make Your Own Speakers
?· Foam plate. ?· Two strips of paper. ?· Two business cards. ?· Copper wire, AWG 32 (enameled) ?· Tape. ?· Glue. (Hot glue works great) ?· Neodymium magnet ? A stereo or a mono plug
Items Required
PROCEDURE :
Testing The Speakers
1. First, roll one strip of paper over the magnet. Use
tape. Do not tape the paper to the magnet.
2. Roll the second paper strip over the first one. Do not
tape the paper with the first roll.
4. Glue the paper cylinder to the plate. Try to glue it
exactly at the center of the plate.
3. Remove the magnet
a f ter the paper
cylinder is ready.
You should have
s o m e t h i n g a s
shown:
5. Start making the
coil, keeping the
magnet inside so
that you don't crush
the paper cylinder.
6. Make about 50 turns of wire (AWG 32). If you don't have copper
wire AWG 32, then use AWG 30 but be sure the coil has at least
7 ohms. After you finish the coil, remove the magnet and the
inner paper cylinder. Discard the inner paper cylinder and try not
to damage the second one. The inner cylinder is only used to
create a gap between the magnet and the coil.
7. Fold and Paste the Business Cards as shown :
8. Glue the cards to the foam plate. Try to align both
parallel.9. Put some glue on magnet and each business card.
10. Put the plate so that the business cards and the
magnet stick to the base. The "base" can be a solid
cardboard or wood. Anything flat and rigid works
fine. I did use a cardboard. Using wood, the sound
is better as wood vibrates less than cardboard.
11. Check the wires, keep the wires away of the
business cards otherwise it may cause some noise
and/or a rattle noise. So try to keep both wires
separated.
This step may help you to determine if the home-built
speaker is working. Just touch the sides of ANY AA or AAA
battery with both ends from the speaker wire. Do not hold the
wires, just touch the battery sides slightly. While doing this,
the speaker should produce a noise. If there is no sound
coming from the speaker that means the wire setup is not
good or there is a short circuit.
Diagram shows how it is connected to the plug. If you are using a MONO plug, just connect one end of the wire to the center connector and the other end to the side connector of the plug.
If your speaker sounds Horrible, check:
?· Nothing touches the wires. The wires should move freely. ?· The cards are completely glued, apply glue on ALL AREAS and no corners are left unglued. ?· The coil has no loose wires. Try to keep the coil tight enough and secure it with glue or tape. Loose wire may vibrate and cause distortion. ?· The coil should not touch the magnet. Try to make the coil wider. Also, the coil should not touch the base of the speaker.
?· If the foam plate is too soft, it may not work well. It should
not be folded, bent or have cuts. Loose parts can cause
distortion. If the sound is not loud enough (don't expect
miracles or it to be louder than a commercial speaker)
NanoSatellite : IIT Kanpurenerally the idea of a nanosatellite is confused with the Launch Vehicle from Sriharikota.concept of nanotechnology. Small processing unit Gnanosatellites are appealing because of their small size Scientists from the institute informed that the satellite, which
which make them affordable and open up the potential for a was handed over to the space agency at a function in the swarm of satellites. From a military perspective, a presence of President Pratibha Patil to celebrate the nanosatellite may be useful for the redundancy it could offer. institute's golden jubilee, is expected to last for about a year Its small size might also help it avoid detection and will help combat natural disasters like droughts and . floods. One of the earliest uses of the term "nanosatellite" was by NASA in reference to their volleyball-sized Miniature The Nanosatellite of IITK would cater the following Autonomous Extravehicular Robotic Camera (Mini AERCam) applications:satellites, which weigh about ten pounds. 1. Micro Imaging System
2. GPS receiver for locating the position of satellite in the Taking a big leap in its technological quest, IIT Kanpur has orbitdeveloped a nanosatellite which shall take high resolution 3. MEMS based IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) photographs and hence is expected to provide real-time data on drought, flood, vegetation and forestation. The satellite, designed and developed by a group of students of the institute, will be handed over to ISRO, which is expected to launch it by the end of the year.
In 2008, IIT Kanpur and ISRO signed a MoU under which the engineering institution was to build a nanosatellite. The satellite, costing Rs 2.5 crores, has been developed by a team of students led by Santanu Agrawal, an M. Phil. student. The nanosatellite, which is named 'Jugnu', has a mass of less than 10 kg. It will piggyback on larger launches, avoiding the need for a dedicated launch.
IIT Kanpur embarked on this innovative venture after the ISRO started accepting satellites developed by other countries and universities. This satellite is not geosynchronous and will have low earth orbit. The data can be accessed when the satellite will be visible from the tracking station. The three kg satellite is one-foot long and 10 centimeter wide and will be launched by a Polar Satellite
The Primary Objectives of the mission are:
1.To initiate research activities towards development of MEMS based Nanosatellite.2.To test new low-cost solutions for the future cost effective space missions.3.To set the path for future up gradations and study such validation concepts for possible up gradations.
Long term Objectives of the mission are:
1.To develop competence in design, fabrication and usage of micro satellites.2.Complement the development efforts of the country's satellite application requirements through technology development and validation at the micro satellite level3. Development and training of human resources.4.Strengthen activities in MEMS sensor based technology applications.
1918
id toyourself
Make Your Own Speakers
?· Foam plate. ?· Two strips of paper. ?· Two business cards. ?· Copper wire, AWG 32 (enameled) ?· Tape. ?· Glue. (Hot glue works great) ?· Neodymium magnet ? A stereo or a mono plug
Items Required
PROCEDURE :
Testing The Speakers
1. First, roll one strip of paper over the magnet. Use
tape. Do not tape the paper to the magnet.
2. Roll the second paper strip over the first one. Do not
tape the paper with the first roll.
4. Glue the paper cylinder to the plate. Try to glue it
exactly at the center of the plate.
3. Remove the magnet
a f ter the paper
cylinder is ready.
You should have
s o m e t h i n g a s
shown:
5. Start making the
coil, keeping the
magnet inside so
that you don't crush
the paper cylinder.
6. Make about 50 turns of wire (AWG 32). If you don't have copper
wire AWG 32, then use AWG 30 but be sure the coil has at least
7 ohms. After you finish the coil, remove the magnet and the
inner paper cylinder. Discard the inner paper cylinder and try not
to damage the second one. The inner cylinder is only used to
create a gap between the magnet and the coil.
7. Fold and Paste the Business Cards as shown :
8. Glue the cards to the foam plate. Try to align both
parallel.9. Put some glue on magnet and each business card.
10. Put the plate so that the business cards and the
magnet stick to the base. The "base" can be a solid
cardboard or wood. Anything flat and rigid works
fine. I did use a cardboard. Using wood, the sound
is better as wood vibrates less than cardboard.
11. Check the wires, keep the wires away of the
business cards otherwise it may cause some noise
and/or a rattle noise. So try to keep both wires
separated.
This step may help you to determine if the home-built
speaker is working. Just touch the sides of ANY AA or AAA
battery with both ends from the speaker wire. Do not hold the
wires, just touch the battery sides slightly. While doing this,
the speaker should produce a noise. If there is no sound
coming from the speaker that means the wire setup is not
good or there is a short circuit.
Diagram shows how it is connected to the plug. If you are using a MONO plug, just connect one end of the wire to the center connector and the other end to the side connector of the plug.
If your speaker sounds Horrible, check:
?· Nothing touches the wires. The wires should move freely. ?· The cards are completely glued, apply glue on ALL AREAS and no corners are left unglued. ?· The coil has no loose wires. Try to keep the coil tight enough and secure it with glue or tape. Loose wire may vibrate and cause distortion. ?· The coil should not touch the magnet. Try to make the coil wider. Also, the coil should not touch the base of the speaker.
?· If the foam plate is too soft, it may not work well. It should
not be folded, bent or have cuts. Loose parts can cause
distortion. If the sound is not loud enough (don't expect
miracles or it to be louder than a commercial speaker)
NanoSatellite : IIT Kanpurenerally the idea of a nanosatellite is confused with the Launch Vehicle from Sriharikota.concept of nanotechnology. Small processing unit Gnanosatellites are appealing because of their small size Scientists from the institute informed that the satellite, which
which make them affordable and open up the potential for a was handed over to the space agency at a function in the swarm of satellites. From a military perspective, a presence of President Pratibha Patil to celebrate the nanosatellite may be useful for the redundancy it could offer. institute's golden jubilee, is expected to last for about a year Its small size might also help it avoid detection and will help combat natural disasters like droughts and . floods. One of the earliest uses of the term "nanosatellite" was by NASA in reference to their volleyball-sized Miniature The Nanosatellite of IITK would cater the following Autonomous Extravehicular Robotic Camera (Mini AERCam) applications:satellites, which weigh about ten pounds. 1. Micro Imaging System
2. GPS receiver for locating the position of satellite in the Taking a big leap in its technological quest, IIT Kanpur has orbitdeveloped a nanosatellite which shall take high resolution 3. MEMS based IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) photographs and hence is expected to provide real-time data on drought, flood, vegetation and forestation. The satellite, designed and developed by a group of students of the institute, will be handed over to ISRO, which is expected to launch it by the end of the year.
In 2008, IIT Kanpur and ISRO signed a MoU under which the engineering institution was to build a nanosatellite. The satellite, costing Rs 2.5 crores, has been developed by a team of students led by Santanu Agrawal, an M. Phil. student. The nanosatellite, which is named 'Jugnu', has a mass of less than 10 kg. It will piggyback on larger launches, avoiding the need for a dedicated launch.
IIT Kanpur embarked on this innovative venture after the ISRO started accepting satellites developed by other countries and universities. This satellite is not geosynchronous and will have low earth orbit. The data can be accessed when the satellite will be visible from the tracking station. The three kg satellite is one-foot long and 10 centimeter wide and will be launched by a Polar Satellite
The Primary Objectives of the mission are:
1.To initiate research activities towards development of MEMS based Nanosatellite.2.To test new low-cost solutions for the future cost effective space missions.3.To set the path for future up gradations and study such validation concepts for possible up gradations.
Long term Objectives of the mission are:
1.To develop competence in design, fabrication and usage of micro satellites.2.Complement the development efforts of the country's satellite application requirements through technology development and validation at the micro satellite level3. Development and training of human resources.4.Strengthen activities in MEMS sensor based technology applications.
1918
MOBILE CODESFor mobile phones of all brands: *#06# : IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) Number.Information you get from the IMEI XXXXXX XX XXXXXX X TAC FAC SNR SPTAC = Type approval code of your mobileFAC = Final assembly code of your mobileSNR = Serial number of your mobileSP = Spare
NOKIA*3370# - Enhanced Full Rate Codec (EFR) activation. Increase signal strength, better signal reception. It also help if u want to use GPRS and the service is not responding or too slow. #3370# - (EFR) deactivation. Phone will automatically restart. Increase battery life by 30% because phone receives less signal from network.*#92702689# - takes you to a menu where you may find some of the information below:1. Displays Serial Number.2. Displays the Month and Year of Manufacture3. Displays (if there) the date where the phone was purchased.4. Displays the date of the last repair - if found (0000)5. Shows life timer of phone (time passes since last start)
SAMSUNGNote - Some phones work with 0206 or 9998 in place of 8999.*#8999*8376263# : All Versions Together.
*#8999*8378* : Test mode. You Can increase the speaker volume of your phone by changing values in audio settings.
*#9998*523# or *#9998*0523# or *#0523# : Adjust Display Contrast
*#875108# : Radio without headset
SONY ERICSSON> * < < * < * : Service menu.> means press joystick or arrow keys to right< means press joystick or arrow keys to left
LGTest mode : 2945#*# Secret menu : 2945*#01*# IMEI and SW : *#07#Software version : *8375#
MOTOROLA*#300# OK List the Software and Hardware version
*#307# OK Engineering Test Mode
[pause] [pause] [pause] 1 1 3 [pause] 1 [pause] [ok] : To activate RBS(Radio Base Station):
([pause] means the * key held in until box appears)
You now have to press the [MENU] and scroll to the 'Eng Field Options' function with the keys, and enable it.
[pause] [pause] [pause] 1 1 3 [pause] 0 [pause] [ok] : To de-activate RBS.
Uses of RBS: Distance From Base Station – Place a call, when it is answered, press [MENU] until 'Eng Field Option' is displayed, press [OK], select 'Active Cell', press [OK], press [MENU] until 'Time Adv xxx' appears, where xxx is a number. Multiply this number by 550, and the result is the distance from the RBS (Radio Base Station), in meters.
Signal Quality – press [MENU] until 'Eng Field Option' is displayed, press [OK], select 'Active Cell', press [OK], press [MENU] until 'C1' appears. This is the signal quality. If it becomes negative for longer than 5 seconds, a new cell is selected.
NotE -All the codes have to be typed when the phone is in idle mode.
Have you thought that someone from the future
might be standing right next to you or wondered
sometime about travelling to the past and meeting
your ancestors before your birth? It is possible
through time travel. The foundation for the
theoretical possibility of time travel was laid with
the advent of Einstein's theory of relativity.
Time is often defined as the fourth dimension of
our universe. Space and time are woven together
in a symbiotic manner in space-time continuum,
which means that any event that occurs in the
universe involves both space and time. According
to Einstein's theory of relativity, time slows as an
object approaches the speed of light. Scientists
have discovered that even at speed of space
shuttle, astronauts can travel a few nanoseconds
into the future. Some ideas can turn time travel into
very much a reality.
Cosmic Strings: These string-like objects that
were formed in the early universe may line the
entire length of the universe and are under
immense pressure. These cosmic strings, which
are thinner than an atom, would generate an
enormous amount of gravitational pull on any
object that would pass near them. Objects
attached to a cosmic string could travel at
incredible speeds, and because their gravitational
force distorts space-time relation, they could be
used for time travel. A spacecraft could be turned
into a time machine by using the gravity produced
by the two cosmic strings, or the string and black
hole, to propel itself into the past. To do this, it
would loop around the cosmic strings.
Wormholes: These are another type of tunnel-like structure existing in the universe that could be used as a time travel portal. Wormholes, also called Einstein-Rosen Bridges, are considered to have large potential for time travel (if they do exist). Not only could they allow us to travel through time, they could also allow us to travel many light-years from Earth in only a fraction of the amount of time that it would take us with conventional space travel methods.
So the next time you see someone unnatural around you, he could be one from another time...
TIME TRAVEL.....................................TRRAMThe new milestone of transparent electronic systems
Ever wondered you could use totally transparent electronic devices say computer monitors and televisions. Clear electronic devices may make your room or wall more spacious by allowing electronic devices to be consolidated and stacked in small clear spaces. The new transparent devices will drive electronics in a new direction. TRRAM (Transparent Resistive Random Access Memory) is basically the first and the most important part involved in making a transparent electronic device.
group of scientists at Korea Advanced Institute TRRAM will become one of the alternative devices to of Science and Technology (KAIST) have the current CMOS-based flash memory in the near fabricated a working computer chip that is future. The new devices have the potential to be A
almost completely clear - the first of its kind. The new manufactured cheaply because any transparent chip is similar in type to an existing material can be utilized as substrate and technology known as complementary electrode. They also may not require metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) incorporating rare elements such as Indium. memory - common commercial chips that With transparent chips it will be possible to provide the data storage for USB flash implement electronic hardware into the drives and other devices. Like CMOS windshield of a car; it can be used in devices, the new chip provides "non- sunglasses or highly-fashioned transparent volatile" memory, meaning that it stores cell phones. It widens the area in which digital information without losing data electronic devices can be implemented, when it is powered off. The Korean team is making many concepts look much closer to the also developing a TRRAM using flexible real life. Bendable screens, transparent chips - materials. By integrating TRRAM device all these improvemens are making electronics with other transparent electronic more flexible, stylish and easy to use. components, a total see-through embedded electronic system can be This development can truly revolutionize the created. world of modern devices and gadgets. But transparent
chips have some disadvantages too. Transparent Technically, TRRAM devices rely upon the existing phones would be much easier to hide or lose, and technology known as Resistive Random Access soldering a fully transparent chip is also not easy. Also Memory (RRAM), which is already in commercial the durability of these chips is in question. development. RRAM is built using metal oxide materials, which are transparent. TRRAM chip is built So let us see how this technology works out. Though by sandwiching these metal oxide materials between this technology doesn't have major disadvantages or equally transparent electrodes and substrates and drawbacks at present that may prevent it from being hence it contributes to the transparent look of the RAM. widely used but still it may take time for TRRAM to be
used as a working prototype.
group of scientists at Korea Advanced Institute TRRAM will become one of the alternative devices to of Science and Technology (KAIST) have the current CMOS-based flash memory in the near fabricated a working computer chip that is future. The new devices have the potential to be A
almost completely clear - the first of its kind. The new manufactured cheaply because any transparent chip is similar in type to an existing material can be utilized as substrate and technology known as complementary electrode. They also may not require metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) incorporating rare elements such as Indium. memory - common commercial chips that With transparent chips it will be possible to provide the data storage for USB flash implement electronic hardware into the drives and other devices. Like CMOS windshield of a car; it can be used in devices, the new chip provides "non- sunglasses or highly-fashioned transparent volatile" memory, meaning that it stores cell phones. It widens the area in which digital information without losing data electronic devices can be implemented, when it is powered off. The Korean team is making many concepts look much closer to the also developing a TRRAM using flexible real life. Bendable screens, transparent chips - materials. By integrating TRRAM device all these improvemens are making electronics with other transparent electronic more flexible, stylish and easy to use. components, a total see-through embedded electronic system can be This development can truly revolutionize the created. world of modern devices and gadgets. But transparent
chips have some disadvantages too. Transparent Technically, TRRAM devices rely upon the existing phones would be much easier to hide or lose, and technology known as Resistive Random Access soldering a fully transparent chip is also not easy. Also Memory (RRAM), which is already in commercial the durability of these chips is in question. development. RRAM is built using metal oxide materials, which are transparent. TRRAM chip is built So let us see how this technology works out. Though by sandwiching these metal oxide materials between this technology doesn't have major disadvantages or equally transparent electrodes and substrates and drawbacks at present that may prevent it from being hence it contributes to the transparent look of the RAM. widely used but still it may take time for TRRAM to be
used as a working prototype.
Grave Deeds of Great Scientists >>>
Galileo Galilei blinded himselfGalileo's work on the refinement of the telescope opened up the dark recesses of the
universe for future generations, but it also ruined his eyesight. He was fascinated with
the sun and spent many hours staring at it – leading to extreme damage to his retinas.
This was the most likely cause of his near blindness in the last four years of his life.
Marie Curie Died of radiation exposureIn 1898, Curie and her husband, Pierre, discovered radium. She spent the remainder of
her life performing radiation research and studying radiation therapy. Her constant
exposure to radiation led to her contracting leukemia and she died in 1934. Curie is the
first and only person to receive two Nobel prizes in science in two different fields:
chemistry and physics. She was also the first female professor at the University of Paris.
2120
MOBILE CODESFor mobile phones of all brands: *#06# : IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) Number.Information you get from the IMEI XXXXXX XX XXXXXX X TAC FAC SNR SPTAC = Type approval code of your mobileFAC = Final assembly code of your mobileSNR = Serial number of your mobileSP = Spare
NOKIA*3370# - Enhanced Full Rate Codec (EFR) activation. Increase signal strength, better signal reception. It also help if u want to use GPRS and the service is not responding or too slow. #3370# - (EFR) deactivation. Phone will automatically restart. Increase battery life by 30% because phone receives less signal from network.*#92702689# - takes you to a menu where you may find some of the information below:1. Displays Serial Number.2. Displays the Month and Year of Manufacture3. Displays (if there) the date where the phone was purchased.4. Displays the date of the last repair - if found (0000)5. Shows life timer of phone (time passes since last start)
SAMSUNGNote - Some phones work with 0206 or 9998 in place of 8999.*#8999*8376263# : All Versions Together.
*#8999*8378* : Test mode. You Can increase the speaker volume of your phone by changing values in audio settings.
*#9998*523# or *#9998*0523# or *#0523# : Adjust Display Contrast
*#875108# : Radio without headset
SONY ERICSSON> * < < * < * : Service menu.> means press joystick or arrow keys to right< means press joystick or arrow keys to left
LGTest mode : 2945#*# Secret menu : 2945*#01*# IMEI and SW : *#07#Software version : *8375#
MOTOROLA*#300# OK List the Software and Hardware version
*#307# OK Engineering Test Mode
[pause] [pause] [pause] 1 1 3 [pause] 1 [pause] [ok] : To activate RBS(Radio Base Station):
([pause] means the * key held in until box appears)
You now have to press the [MENU] and scroll to the 'Eng Field Options' function with the keys, and enable it.
[pause] [pause] [pause] 1 1 3 [pause] 0 [pause] [ok] : To de-activate RBS.
Uses of RBS: Distance From Base Station – Place a call, when it is answered, press [MENU] until 'Eng Field Option' is displayed, press [OK], select 'Active Cell', press [OK], press [MENU] until 'Time Adv xxx' appears, where xxx is a number. Multiply this number by 550, and the result is the distance from the RBS (Radio Base Station), in meters.
Signal Quality – press [MENU] until 'Eng Field Option' is displayed, press [OK], select 'Active Cell', press [OK], press [MENU] until 'C1' appears. This is the signal quality. If it becomes negative for longer than 5 seconds, a new cell is selected.
NotE -All the codes have to be typed when the phone is in idle mode.
Have you thought that someone from the future
might be standing right next to you or wondered
sometime about travelling to the past and meeting
your ancestors before your birth? It is possible
through time travel. The foundation for the
theoretical possibility of time travel was laid with
the advent of Einstein's theory of relativity.
Time is often defined as the fourth dimension of
our universe. Space and time are woven together
in a symbiotic manner in space-time continuum,
which means that any event that occurs in the
universe involves both space and time. According
to Einstein's theory of relativity, time slows as an
object approaches the speed of light. Scientists
have discovered that even at speed of space
shuttle, astronauts can travel a few nanoseconds
into the future. Some ideas can turn time travel into
very much a reality.
Cosmic Strings: These string-like objects that
were formed in the early universe may line the
entire length of the universe and are under
immense pressure. These cosmic strings, which
are thinner than an atom, would generate an
enormous amount of gravitational pull on any
object that would pass near them. Objects
attached to a cosmic string could travel at
incredible speeds, and because their gravitational
force distorts space-time relation, they could be
used for time travel. A spacecraft could be turned
into a time machine by using the gravity produced
by the two cosmic strings, or the string and black
hole, to propel itself into the past. To do this, it
would loop around the cosmic strings.
Wormholes: These are another type of tunnel-like structure existing in the universe that could be used as a time travel portal. Wormholes, also called Einstein-Rosen Bridges, are considered to have large potential for time travel (if they do exist). Not only could they allow us to travel through time, they could also allow us to travel many light-years from Earth in only a fraction of the amount of time that it would take us with conventional space travel methods.
So the next time you see someone unnatural around you, he could be one from another time...
TIME TRAVEL.....................................TRRAMThe new milestone of transparent electronic systems
Ever wondered you could use totally transparent electronic devices say computer monitors and televisions. Clear electronic devices may make your room or wall more spacious by allowing electronic devices to be consolidated and stacked in small clear spaces. The new transparent devices will drive electronics in a new direction. TRRAM (Transparent Resistive Random Access Memory) is basically the first and the most important part involved in making a transparent electronic device.
group of scientists at Korea Advanced Institute TRRAM will become one of the alternative devices to of Science and Technology (KAIST) have the current CMOS-based flash memory in the near fabricated a working computer chip that is future. The new devices have the potential to be A
almost completely clear - the first of its kind. The new manufactured cheaply because any transparent chip is similar in type to an existing material can be utilized as substrate and technology known as complementary electrode. They also may not require metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) incorporating rare elements such as Indium. memory - common commercial chips that With transparent chips it will be possible to provide the data storage for USB flash implement electronic hardware into the drives and other devices. Like CMOS windshield of a car; it can be used in devices, the new chip provides "non- sunglasses or highly-fashioned transparent volatile" memory, meaning that it stores cell phones. It widens the area in which digital information without losing data electronic devices can be implemented, when it is powered off. The Korean team is making many concepts look much closer to the also developing a TRRAM using flexible real life. Bendable screens, transparent chips - materials. By integrating TRRAM device all these improvemens are making electronics with other transparent electronic more flexible, stylish and easy to use. components, a total see-through embedded electronic system can be This development can truly revolutionize the created. world of modern devices and gadgets. But transparent
chips have some disadvantages too. Transparent Technically, TRRAM devices rely upon the existing phones would be much easier to hide or lose, and technology known as Resistive Random Access soldering a fully transparent chip is also not easy. Also Memory (RRAM), which is already in commercial the durability of these chips is in question. development. RRAM is built using metal oxide materials, which are transparent. TRRAM chip is built So let us see how this technology works out. Though by sandwiching these metal oxide materials between this technology doesn't have major disadvantages or equally transparent electrodes and substrates and drawbacks at present that may prevent it from being hence it contributes to the transparent look of the RAM. widely used but still it may take time for TRRAM to be
used as a working prototype.
group of scientists at Korea Advanced Institute TRRAM will become one of the alternative devices to of Science and Technology (KAIST) have the current CMOS-based flash memory in the near fabricated a working computer chip that is future. The new devices have the potential to be A
almost completely clear - the first of its kind. The new manufactured cheaply because any transparent chip is similar in type to an existing material can be utilized as substrate and technology known as complementary electrode. They also may not require metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) incorporating rare elements such as Indium. memory - common commercial chips that With transparent chips it will be possible to provide the data storage for USB flash implement electronic hardware into the drives and other devices. Like CMOS windshield of a car; it can be used in devices, the new chip provides "non- sunglasses or highly-fashioned transparent volatile" memory, meaning that it stores cell phones. It widens the area in which digital information without losing data electronic devices can be implemented, when it is powered off. The Korean team is making many concepts look much closer to the also developing a TRRAM using flexible real life. Bendable screens, transparent chips - materials. By integrating TRRAM device all these improvemens are making electronics with other transparent electronic more flexible, stylish and easy to use. components, a total see-through embedded electronic system can be This development can truly revolutionize the created. world of modern devices and gadgets. But transparent
chips have some disadvantages too. Transparent Technically, TRRAM devices rely upon the existing phones would be much easier to hide or lose, and technology known as Resistive Random Access soldering a fully transparent chip is also not easy. Also Memory (RRAM), which is already in commercial the durability of these chips is in question. development. RRAM is built using metal oxide materials, which are transparent. TRRAM chip is built So let us see how this technology works out. Though by sandwiching these metal oxide materials between this technology doesn't have major disadvantages or equally transparent electrodes and substrates and drawbacks at present that may prevent it from being hence it contributes to the transparent look of the RAM. widely used but still it may take time for TRRAM to be
used as a working prototype.
Grave Deeds of Great Scientists >>>
Galileo Galilei blinded himselfGalileo's work on the refinement of the telescope opened up the dark recesses of the
universe for future generations, but it also ruined his eyesight. He was fascinated with
the sun and spent many hours staring at it – leading to extreme damage to his retinas.
This was the most likely cause of his near blindness in the last four years of his life.
Marie Curie Died of radiation exposureIn 1898, Curie and her husband, Pierre, discovered radium. She spent the remainder of
her life performing radiation research and studying radiation therapy. Her constant
exposure to radiation led to her contracting leukemia and she died in 1934. Curie is the
first and only person to receive two Nobel prizes in science in two different fields:
chemistry and physics. She was also the first female professor at the University of Paris.
2120
Ultrafast Laser TechnologyOn 16 Feb'10, Sae Chae Jeoung, a researcher with the Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS) delivered a lecture on 'Application of ultrafast spectroscopy and µ-processing in material and bio-medicine' at the Placement Complex. This is a brief account of the lecture, as Pratul Yadav and Nitin Agarwal interview Dr. Jeoung...
he talk began with light and the importance of coherence in laser technology.
This area which has been a centre of research for many centuries dates ndback to 220 BC when sunlight was used in the 2 Phoenix war to destroy T
enemies by concentrating the sunlight on enemy's ships. But as Dr. Jeoung says,
the story doesn't end here and research is still under processing stage for using the
same phenomenon in the development of a LASER weapon. LASER is also used in Chemical identification of very
thin layered organic structures. In his present research with the help of laser, he was able to break a 10µm
polystyrene bead into two parts suspended inside liquid. Time resolved laser flash photography can be used to
capture the pictures of these beads. 'ns-laser' works as chisel and can be used to cut material slowly and
accurately. Lasers can also affect the properties of material like shear stress and are used in various stages of solid
plasma formation process viz. Photo Ionization, Inverse Bremstralung absorption, ion ionization, and avalanche of
growth of electrons.
Further, Dr. Jeoung talked about another area of his research, the developments of optical tweezers, which lead to
the study of optical interference and manipulation and measurement of material properties. An optical tweeze is a
scientific instrument that uses a focused laser beam to provide an attractive or repulsive force (typically of the order
of pico-newton), depending on the refractive index mismatch to physically hold and move microscopic dielectric
objects. Several skin-related problems which occur due to old age can be solved using this technology in future.
Also his lecture threw some light on PDMS (Polydimethylsiloxane) surface. PDMS belongs to a group of polymeric
organo-silicon compounds which are commonly referred to as silicones. PDMS is the most widely used silicon-
based organic polymer, and is particularly known for its unusual rheological (or fluid) properties. Its applications
range from contact lenses and medical devices to elastomers; in shampoos (as dimethicone to make hair shiny
and silky) to caulking, lubricating oils and heat resistant tiles. A small water droplet can move, rotate and bounce on
PDMS surface without applying any external force. This surface is made by conjugated layers of different material
properties.
Dr. Jeoung concluded by mentioning the vast field and unlimited applications of laser in different areas of science
which could soon develop into a huge area of study.
Robert Bunsen blinded himself in one eyeRobert Bunsen is probably best known for
having given his name to the bunsen burner
which he helped to popularize. He started out
his scientific career in organic chemistry but
nearly died twice of arsenic poisoning.
Shortly after his near-death experiences, he
lost the sight in his right eye after an
explosion of cacodyl cyanide. These being
excellent reasons to change fields, he moved in to inorganic
chemistry and went on to develop the field of spectroscopy.
Grave Deeds of Great Scientists >>>
22
Ultrafast Laser TechnologyOn 16 Feb'10, Sae Chae Jeoung, a researcher with the Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS) delivered a lecture on 'Application of ultrafast spectroscopy and µ-processing in material and bio-medicine' at the Placement Complex. This is a brief account of the lecture, as Pratul Yadav and Nitin Agarwal interview Dr. Jeoung...
he talk began with light and the importance of coherence in laser technology.
This area which has been a centre of research for many centuries dates ndback to 220 BC when sunlight was used in the 2 Phoenix war to destroy T
enemies by concentrating the sunlight on enemy's ships. But as Dr. Jeoung says,
the story doesn't end here and research is still under processing stage for using the
same phenomenon in the development of a LASER weapon. LASER is also used in Chemical identification of very
thin layered organic structures. In his present research with the help of laser, he was able to break a 10µm
polystyrene bead into two parts suspended inside liquid. Time resolved laser flash photography can be used to
capture the pictures of these beads. 'ns-laser' works as chisel and can be used to cut material slowly and
accurately. Lasers can also affect the properties of material like shear stress and are used in various stages of solid
plasma formation process viz. Photo Ionization, Inverse Bremstralung absorption, ion ionization, and avalanche of
growth of electrons.
Further, Dr. Jeoung talked about another area of his research, the developments of optical tweezers, which lead to
the study of optical interference and manipulation and measurement of material properties. An optical tweeze is a
scientific instrument that uses a focused laser beam to provide an attractive or repulsive force (typically of the order
of pico-newton), depending on the refractive index mismatch to physically hold and move microscopic dielectric
objects. Several skin-related problems which occur due to old age can be solved using this technology in future.
Also his lecture threw some light on PDMS (Polydimethylsiloxane) surface. PDMS belongs to a group of polymeric
organo-silicon compounds which are commonly referred to as silicones. PDMS is the most widely used silicon-
based organic polymer, and is particularly known for its unusual rheological (or fluid) properties. Its applications
range from contact lenses and medical devices to elastomers; in shampoos (as dimethicone to make hair shiny
and silky) to caulking, lubricating oils and heat resistant tiles. A small water droplet can move, rotate and bounce on
PDMS surface without applying any external force. This surface is made by conjugated layers of different material
properties.
Dr. Jeoung concluded by mentioning the vast field and unlimited applications of laser in different areas of science
which could soon develop into a huge area of study.
Robert Bunsen blinded himself in one eyeRobert Bunsen is probably best known for
having given his name to the bunsen burner
which he helped to popularize. He started out
his scientific career in organic chemistry but
nearly died twice of arsenic poisoning.
Shortly after his near-death experiences, he
lost the sight in his right eye after an
explosion of cacodyl cyanide. These being
excellent reasons to change fields, he moved in to inorganic
chemistry and went on to develop the field of spectroscopy.
Grave Deeds of Great Scientists >>>
22
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