Spring 2016 Biology Final Exam Review - KEY

Chapter 3.3 – Energy in Food

1. Name the six nutrients found in food.

Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids

2. What is the chemical formula for high energy sugar (glucose)?

C6H12O6

3. Fiber in a healthy diet is supplied by which nutrient? Carbohydrates

4. How is the energy available in foods measured?

Calories

5. What is a calorie? Unit used to measure the amount of heat energy provided in food

Chapter 3.4 – Transforming Food Energy in Usable Nutrients

1. What is a catalyst? Substance the speeds up a chemical reaction without changing its chemical composition

2. What kind of protein catalyzes metabolic reactions in the body?

Enzymes

3. Where does chemical digestion begin? Mouth (amylase found in saliva begins the digestion of simple carbohydrates)

4. Name the organs of the digestive system that food passes through in the proper order and

describe the function of each organ.

Organ Function

1 Mouth Chemical digestion via amylase; Mechanical digestion via chewing 2 Pharynx Epiglottis prevents food from entering trachea & lungs 3 Esophagus Peristalsis contractions move food from mouth to stomach 4 Stomach Chemical digestion via pepsin; Mechanical digestion via churning 5 Small Intestine Chemical digestion via multiple enzymes; Reabsorption of nutrients 6 Large Intestine Reabsorption of water

5. What is the function of villi in the small intestines? Increase surface area for reabsorption of nutrients

6. What are the main functions of the pancreas?

Excretes enzymes to break down proteins, lipids, carbohydrates; Secretes insulin

7. What is the enzyme found in saliva that breaks down simple carbohydrates?

Amylase Chapter 3.5 – Cellular Respiration and Energy Transformations

1. What are the three main steps in aerobic respiration?

a. Glycolysis (glucose two pyruvates)

b. Kreb’s Cycle / Citric Acid Cycle (pyruvate electrons)

c. Electron Transport Chain (electrons ATP)

2. How does the body maintain homeostasis when the concentration of carbon dioxide increases? Carbon dioxide is collected from the tissues into the blood. The blood travels to the heart via veins which take it to the lungs to be exhaled.

3. What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Aerobic = uses oxygen; Kreb’s Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle; electron transport chain; 36 ATP Anaerobic = no oxygen; fermentation; 2 ATP

4. In the presence of oxygen, how many ATP molecules will one glucose molecule produce?

36 ATP

5. Air is forced into the lungs by the contraction of what muscle? Diaphragm

6. Complete the chart:

Metabolic Pathway Location Oxygen

Required # of ATP Produced

Glycolysis

Cytoplasm

No

2

Krebs (Citric Acid) Cycle

Mitochondria matrix

Yes

2

Electron Transport Chain

Mitochondria inner membrane

Yes

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Chapter 4.1 – DNA: The Molecule of Life

1. Why is DNA known as the molecule of life? Because it contains hereditary material

2. What is the base pairing rule for DNA?

Adenine pairs with Thymine Guanine pairs with Cytosine

3. Correctly label the a-d in the diagram below:

A Nitrogen base B Hydrogen bonds C Phosphate D Five carbon sugar

4. Which structures labeled above makes up the backbone of DNA? Phosphate and sugar

5. Which enzyme links nucleotides to the open strand of DNA?

DNA polymerase

6. What is the sequence that complements the DNA sequence ATGCCATGC? TACGGTACG

7. Why does DNA unzip and separate into single strands to form two identical copies?

To ensure each new cell has exact copies of genetic material

8. Fill in the Venn Diagram below:

Chapter 4.2 – Cell Growth through Cell Division

1. What takes place in prophase? The nuclear envelope dissolves and the chromosomes appear

2. In which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replicate? S phase

3. Chromatids attach to each other at what? Centromere

4. In which phase of the cell cycle does the nucleus divide through a series of steps?

Mitosis or M phase

5. Label the phases of the cell cycle below, put them in correct order by numbering, and circle the letters of the phases that are apart of mitosis. Interphase - Prophase - Metaphase - Anaphase - Telophase - Cytokinesis

6. What kind of cell is an undifferentiated cell that can become almost any type of cell in the body? Stem cell

7. What is the process where unspecialized cells develop into adult cells? Differentiation

8. What is the best surface area to volume ratio for moving materials into and out of cells? 6:1

9. Based on the diagram below fill in the steps to DNA replication:

1. Original DNA exists as a double helix.

2. Helicase (enzyme) unzips DNA.

3. Free floating nucleotides.

4. Nucleotides pair to original strand based on the base pair rule.

5. DNA polymerase (enzyme) joins nucleotides together.

6. Enzymes retwist DNA into a double helix.

7. Two identical copies of original DNA are now formed.

Chapter 4.3 – Plant Growth and Development

1. What are the two plant hormones that stimulate growth? Auxin – stimulates shoot and root growth (tree/bush growing taller) along with stem

growth horizontally (tree/bush growing fuller)

Gibberellins – stimulates seed germination (growth of a seed embryo into a plant)

2. What is the function of apical meristem tissues? Apical meristem tissues are equivalent to stem cells. They are undifferentiated cells which has the capability to turn into any type of specific cell.

3. Know the parts of a cross-section diagram of a leaf.

4. What is the structure on roots that increases the surface area for water absorption in plants? Root hairs

5. What are some characteristics of seeds that require animals for dispersal?

Fruit/fleshy coating that entices animals to eat it Hook, spines, burrs or barbs that get tangled in the animal’s coat and they carry it to

another location

Hoarding seeds in hidden caches- EX: Buried acorns by squirrels. Acorns that the squirrels never return to get turns into tree

That requires the wind for dispersal?

Structures that allow seeds to float in the air or flutter on the ground Wings or feather like structures Seeds are generally small to be able to float or flutter easily

EX: Dandelion seeds

That requires water for dispersal? Hollow or structure that contains air pockets Seeds are generally small

Wing like structure

6. What are some characteristics of a plant that survives in a dry environment? Roots

Long Tap Root to reach water in the ground Shallow fibrous roots – to absorb water quickly

Leaves/flowers

Lack of leaves helps reduce water loss Stems

Water stored in stems = succulents Waxy Cuticle

Very thick to minimize water loss Other

Spines help protect from animals eating for water

7. After seeds have soaked in water for several days, a root emerges from the enlarged seeds. What conclusion can be made from this observation?

A seed contains two things 1. An embryo 2. Food storage to fuel the growing plant embryo. Since the plant already has food, the only resource a germinating seed needs immediately is water. Therefore it grows its roots first in order to obtain water. This is known as a positive gravitropism.

8. What structure regulates movement of gases in and out of leaves?

The guard cells control the opening or closing of the stomata. The stomata

are the pores found on the underside of a leaf. Osmosis pressure allows the guard cells to open or close. If there is a high osmotic pressure the guard

cells are open. If there is a low osmotic pressure the guard cells are closed.

9. Vascular tissue is made up of what two types of cells? Explain what those two types of cells transport.

Xylem – transports water from the roots to the shoot

Phloem- transports food to any place the plant

10. What are the 5 tropisms and the plants response to each?

Phototropism: response of plants to light Gravitropism: growth in response to gravity Thigmotropic: response to touch

Enables plant to grow on vertical surfaces (like climbing vines)

Photoperiodism : response to change in light exposure and to seasons Photoperiodism: any response of a plant to daylight and darkness lengths

Short-day plants – flower when exposed to less than 12 hours of sunlight Long-day plants – flower when exposed to more than 12 hours of light Day Neutral plants – flower independently of photoperiod, bloom whenever other

conditions like moisture and temperature are acceptable

11. What are the 4 plant hormones and the function of each? Auxins

Stimulates cell elongation (gets bigger) Inhibit lateral bud growth known as apical dominance

Ethylene

Stimulates the development of roots, leaves and flowers Opposes (cancels out) some auxin effects and inhibits stem elongation Causes fruit to ripen

Gibberellins Help seed growth Increases enzyme production to metabolize nutrients for the seed development

Cytokinis Plant development

Delay leaf loss by plant and help transport auxins through the plant Abscisic Acid

Leaf and seed dormancy

High levels prevents a seed from growing, when levels drop the seed with germinate Prevents the seed from growing too prematurely and dying during a frost

12. How is the structure of the spongy mesophyll different than the palisade mesophyll? Include

in your answer the purpose of the spongy mesophyll and the palisade mesophyll. Both the palisade mesophyll and the spongy mesophyll are responsible for capturing light for photosynthesis. Palisade mesophyll cells are long square cells that are placed tightly together like gate or wall. The tightly packed wall like structure allows for the palisade mesophyll to capture the majority of the light. Therefore these cells are primarily responsible for photosynthesis. In addition these cells contain a higher amount of chloroplast compared to surrounding leaf cells

The spongy mesophyll layer of cells contains pores/holes like a sponge. The pores act as storage spaces for the photosynthesis gases (carbon dioxide and oxygen). Carbon dioxide is collected/stored while the stomata are open so that when the stomata are closed the plant can still perform photosynthesis. Oxygen is a byproduct of

photosynthesis that is stored in the pores while the stomata is closed and released once the stomata are open.

13. How does sexual reproduction differ for angiosperms and gymnosperms? (one hint: they have

different sexual organs)

Angiosperms – the sexual organ is a flower (male and female organs) Gymosperms – the sexual organ is a cone (embryo is not enclosed)

14. Draw and label the reproductive parts of a flower. (include both male and female parts)

Chapter 4.4 – Reproduction

1. Why do flowers have more pollen grains than ovules in the ovary? Pollen is the sexual cell that disperses to fertilize an ovary (egg) on another plant. The more a flower produces the better chance it has to fertilize/ pass on its genes to an surrounding flower.

2. What is the main difference between mitosis and meiosis? Mitosis – asexually reproduction that produces 2 identical diploid cells, occurs in somatic cells (body cells)

Meiosis – sexual reproduction that produces 4 genetically different haploid cells, occurs in gamete cells (sex cells – sperm & egg cells)

3. Explain what occurs during crossing over in Meiosis?

During crossing over, genetic information is swapped between two homologous chromosomes, creating variation.

4. Compare mitosis & meiosis:

Mitosis Meiosis

In what type of cell does the division take place?

Somatic cells (body cells) Gamete cells (sex cells –

sperm & egg)

How many divisions are there? 1 2

How many daughter cells are produced?

2 4

How many chromosomes are produced?

Diploid Human = 46 chromosomes

Haploid Human = 23 chromosomes

Are the daughter cells identical or different to the parent cell?

Identical different

Does crossing over occur? NO YES

5. Complete the chart below

6. Define gametes. Include why are gametes haploid? Gametes are sex cells – Egg cells and sperm cells. They are considered haploid since sex cells contain half the amount chromosomes compared to body cells. For example human body cells contain 46 chromosomes while a sperm or egg cell contains 23 chromosomes.

Sex cells are haploid so that during a fertilization event (Egg + Sperm combine) it creates an individual with a full amount of chromosomes

7. What is a zygote?

A fertilized egg cell with a complete set of chromosomes (diploid cell)

8. What symbol represents the number of chromosomes in a gamete? In a body cell?

Gamete = N Somatic cell = 2N

9. Explain the following sexual and asexual methods. Include in what organisms these

reproduction methods take place:

Conjugation – sexual reproduction method in bacteria where genetic information is swapped between two bacterial cells through a ciliate.

Budding – Asexual reproduction where a new organism develops from a bud or outgrowth due to cell division. Produces clones. Organisms that are involved in this type of reproduction include- hydra, sponges, corals, some yeast species.

Fission - is a form of asexual reproduction and cell division used by all prokaryotes (bacteria and archaebacteria). This process results in the reproduction of a living prokaryotic cell (or organelle) by dividing into two parts that each have the potential to grow to the size of the original cell (or organelle).

Body Chromosome Number

Chromosome Number in Eggs

Chromosome Number in Sperm

46 23 23

76 38 38

10. What is an advantage of asexual reproduction?

Quick reproduction that does not cost a lot/require a lot of energy to occur

11. What is the advantage of sexual reproduction? Produces genetic variation in a population which allows natural selection to act on a population and for that population to survive any environmental event

12. The male and female reproductive systems are similar in several ways. Which pair of organs

is most similar in structure and function?

Vas deferens and fallopian tube (both are involved in transportation of sex cells) Testes and ovaries (both store sex cells and produce hormones)

13. What organ system makes and delivers sperm?

The reproductive system is responsible for making and delivering sperm Specifically the testes make sperm while the Vas deferens delivers sperm.

14. Which reproductive organs play a role in both the reproductive and endocrine systems?

Ovaries and Testes. Ovaries produce estrogen along with other female hormones and produce eggs. The testes produce testosterone and produce sperm.

15. Which reproductive organ functions to protect fertilized ova?

The ovary. In plants fruit is the ovary.

16. Explain the similarities and differences between asexual and sexual reproduction. Include examples of both in your response.

Both asexual and sexual reproductions are modes of reproduction where genetic information is passed to offspring.

Asexual – produces clones, one parent cell, mitosis divisions, somatic cells, occurs more often in stable environments

Sexual – Produces genetically different organisms, Meiosis, two parent cells, gamete

cells, produces variation in a species which in increases the sustainability of a species. Chapter 5.1 – Protein Synthesis

1. What is the sequence of mRNA bases for the correct transcription of the DNA sequence 5’GGGACATGATTCGCC3’?

3'CCCUGUACUAAGCGG5’

2. What is the role or job of tRNA in protein synthesis? Amino acids are assembled to make proteins

3. What is the type of mutation represented by the amino acid sequence below?

Correct sequence: Leucine – Alanine – Glycine – Leucine

Mutated sequence: Leucine – Alanine – Valine – Leucine

Substitution

4. Which series of amino acids is the correct translation of the mRNA molecule represented here 3’CCU AAA AGU GCA5’?

Proline – Lysine – Serine - Alanine

5. Translate the following DNA strand to determine the correct order of amino acids - 5’CGG CAA TTT AAC3’.

GCC – GUU – AAA – UUG Alanine – Valine – Lysine – Leucine

6. A gene represented by the DNA strand 5’AGA GGG CCA AAT3’ undergoes a mutation. Which type of mutation would have the greatest effect on a person’s health?

3’AGA GGG CTA ATT5’

7. What process is occurring in the nucleus? transcription

a. The structure labeled X is part of what molecule? DNA strand b. What is the molecule Z? mRNA

c. What process will occur at the ribosome? translation

Chapter 5.2 – Genetics

1. If the letters P and p represent alleles of the same gene, then a cat with the genotype Pp would be considered what?

Heterozygous

2. What is Mendel’s law of segregation? 1st Law that states genes separate during gamete formation and organisms inherit two copies of a gene, one from each parent

3. Matching: I. C P-1 Generation a. The offspring from the

parent generation or (P1) II. A F-1 Generation b. The offspring of the F1

generation. III. B F-2 Generation c. The original parent

generation.

4. What is the phenotypic ratio of the F1 monohybrid cross of two heterozygotes?

25% - HH (homozygous dominant) 50% - Hh (heterozygous) 25% - hh (homozygous recessive)

5. In pea plants, tallness is dominant over shortness and yellow seed color is dominant over green seed color. If pea plants that are heterozygous for tallness and heterozygous for seed coat color is crossed, what are the possible alleles in the gametes

The phenotype ratio is 9 tall, yellow peas : 3 tall, green peas : 3 short, yellow peas : 1 short, green pea.

Chapter 5.3 – Human Genetics

1. Skin color and eye color are examples of what type of inheritance? Polygenic traits

2. In snapdragons, R represents red flowers and r represents white flowers. In the cross RR x

rr, all of the offspring have pink flowers. What is this pattern of inheritance? Incomplete dominance

3. Hemophilia is a recessive disorder found on the X chromosome of males and females. Patricia

is a healthy carrier of hemophilia and Sam is completely healthy. Complete the Punnett square below.

a. List the phenotypes of the F1 generation. XX, XXh, Xy, Xhy b. What is the probability of getting:

i. Daughter with hemophilia? 0% ii. Son with hemophilia? 50% iii. Carrier? 25% iv. Healthy child? 75% v. Two children both with hemophilia? 1/16

4. What is the chance a child will have a recessive genetic disease in each of the following

scenarios? a. unaffected father & affected mother b. carrier mother & affected father

X y Xh y Xh Xh Xh Xh Chapter 6.1 – Evolution

1. What does a phylogenetic tree display? Displays divergent evolution in an ancestral evolutionary path of organisms over millions of years.

2. What is geographical isolation and give two examples?

XhX X

hY

XhX

X

hy

XhX

h

X

hy

XXh

xy

Occurs when physical barriers such as continents, mountains, canyons, rivers, highways, or pipelines keep members of populations apart, preventing them from reproducing.

3. Define extinction and explain why we are going through a mass extinction period at this time.

The complete loss of a species from Earth. We are going through a mass extinction at this current time due to mankind’s destruction of habitat and altering of the Earth’s climate.

4. What is coevolution? Give an example of coevolution.

The evolution of two different species according to their interaction with one another. Example: pollinators and flowers.

5. Compare and contrast between analogous and homologous structures? Analogous structures serve the same function, but are anatomically different, whereas homologous structures are anatomically the same but serve different functions. Chapter 6.2 – Natural Selection & Genetic Variation

1. Who theorized natural selection? What is natural selection? Charles Darwin / Primary mechanism of evolution – Survival of the fittest.

2. What is carrying capacity? The amount of energy from the available biomass and the space for organisms to live in an ecosystem.

3. What is difference between camouflage and mimicry?

Camouflage is the ability on an organism to blend into its surroundings, whereas mimicry is the ability of an organism to look like the physical traits of another organism (coral snake/king snake).

4. List and define the three components of symbiosis.

Mutualism – relationship that supports survival between species / both benefit. Commensalism – relationship that supports one species while the other is not affected. Parasitism – relationship in which one species benefits while harming the other.

5. How do mutualism, parasitism and commensalism influence natural selection?

These symbiotic relationships influence populations of organisms in which supports the theory of “survival of the fittest”; only those that survive pass on their traits.

6. Survival of the populations of organisms hinges on adequate supplies of food, water and

shelter. What would limit available resources? Competition over these resources could affect the survival of populations. Chapter 6.3 – Classification

1. What are the taxonomic groups in order from most general to most specific? Domain

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

2. Who developed “taxonomy” and what purpose does it serve?

Carolus Linnaeus developed a system to scientifically classify and name organisms.

3. What is binomial nomenclature based on? Genus and Species

4. Fill in the table below:

5. What is a cladogram?

An illustration of hypothesized evolutionary relationships between a group of species based on common ancestry.

6. In the cladogram below which two organisms are most closely related?

Chimpanzee and Bonobo

7. Protozoa are animal-like protists. Algae are plant-like protists. Slime Molds are fungus-like protists.

8. Compare and contrast vascular and nonvascular plants. Nonvascular plants (Bryophytes)

Very small

Live in moist environments Examples include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts Lack vascular tissue- do not have true roots, stems, or leaves Contain “rhizoids”- help to anchor and transport water Two generations- gametophyte and sporophyte (gametophyte is dominate)

Vascular plants

Have true roots, stems, and leaves Have specialized tissue to transport water and nutrients- xylem and phloem Allows plants to grow larger

Two generations- gametophyte and sporophyte (sporophyte is dominate) Two groups Seedless and seed-producing

- Seedless vascular plants-ferns Require water or a moist environment to reproduce sexually

- Seed-producing vascular plants Seed allows plant to reproduce without water Are now the dominant land plant Two types- gymnosperms and angiosperms

9. Compare and contrast gymnosperms and angiosperms.

Gymnosperms (Cone bearing plants) Means “naked seed” because the seed is exposed in a cone Include Cycads, Ginkgoes, and Conifers- pines, firs, spruces, cedars, redwoods,

and sequoias

Angiosperms (Flowering plants)

Most dominant type of plant on earth due to the method of reproduction Produce seeds enclosed in a fruit Two different types monocots and dicots

Chapter 6.4 – Sustaining Earth’s Resources

Biome Climate Locations Description

Tropical Rain Forest

Warm, humid, rainy Central America, South America,

Africa, Asia, Australia

Diverse animal and plant life with long growing seasons

Temperate Forest

Four seasons, hot summers and cool in the fall

North America, Europe, Asia,

Australia

Deciduous trees which lose their leaves in the winter, mostly small

animals

Taiga (Boreal Forest)

Short summer, long winter North America, Europe, Asia

Largest land biome, coniferous trees, large

and small animals

Grasslands

Savannas- warm, rainy and dry seasons

Temperate- large temperature variations,

Savannas- South America, Africa, India, Australia

Temperate- North and South America,

Europe, Asia

Savannas- fires in the dry season, grasses and

small shrubs, hooved animals

Temperate- hot summers and freezing winters, no trees or

shrubs

Desert Hot, dry, little rain, high

evaporation rate

Central and South America, Africa, Asia,

Australia

Plants have adaptations to prevent water loss,

many animals are nocturnal

Tundra Freezing temperatures, in polar zones and mountain

peeks

North America, Europe, Asia

“land of no trees” frozen soil called

permafrost, plants are moss and small shrubs

Marine NA Everywhere there is

not a continent

Oceans, coral reefs, estuaries, 70% of

planet ,highest diversity of life

Freshwater NA On all continents Includes ponds, lakes, streams, and wetlands

2. What is the difference between renewable and nonrenewable resources? List three (3)

examples of each. Nonrenewable = faster than they are formed- oil, coal, natural gas Renewable = come from the earth that can be replenished- wind, sunlight, water

3. What is the difference between primary and secondary succession? Primary succession- rocks break down to form soil, grasses grow, shrubs, animals, and trees eventually move in. Secondary succession- after a natural disaster the soil that is still intact begins the process of regrowth of grasses, shrubs, animals, and trees.