Sqa 2 marks

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SOFTWARE QUALITY ASSURANCE

Two Marks with Answers

UNIT I- FUNDAMENTALS OF SOFTWARE QUALITY ASSURANCE

1) Write the statement of key management axiom.

A key management of axiom says that “what is not tracked is not done”

2) What is the prime benefit of an SQA program?

The prime benefit of an SQA program is ASSURANCE it provides management that the

officially established process is actually being implemented.

3) What are the goals of SQA?

a) To improve software quality by appropriately monitoring both the s/w and the

development process that produces it.

b) To ensure full compliance with the established standards and procedures for the software

process

c) To ensure that any inadequacies in the product, the process or the standards are brought

to management attention so that inadequacies can be fixed.

4) Write the responsibilities of SQA?

a) Review all development and quality plans for completeness

b) Participate as inspection moderators in design and code inspections

c) Review all test plans for adherence to standards

d) Periodically audit SCM performance to determine adherence to standards

5) Write the 8 steps for launching an SQA PROGRAM?

a) Initiate the SQA program

b) Identify SQA issues

c) write the SQA plan

d) Establish the standards

e) Establish the SQA function

f) Conduct training and promote the SQA program

g) Implement the SQA plan

h) Evaluate the SQA program.

6) Write the reason for software quality assurance organization fail to have much impact

on software quality.

a) SQA organizations are rarely staffed with sufficiently experienced or knowledgeable

people



b) The SQA management team is often not capable of negotiating with development

c) Senior management often backs development over SQA on a large percentage of issues

d) Software development groups rarely produce verifiable quality plans.

7) Write short notes on SQAP.

“Software Quality Assurance Plan” that specifies its goal, the SQA tasks to be

performed, the standards against which development work is to be measured and the procedure

are organizational structure.

8) What are the points to be considered when SQA can be effective, while considering SQA

people?

a) The practice of starting new hires in SQA is a partial solution that can be effective only if

there are enough experienced people there already

b) Rotation schemes can also be effective from SQA.

c) New development managers be performed SQA

d) SQA to be effective, they must have good people and full management backing.

9) What are the roles of IV&V?

“Independent Verification and Validation”

a) IV&V role is to ensure that the customer’s needs are adequately reflected in the work.

b) To ensure that the right skills and attitudes are in place

c) To provide an independent development or maintenance organizations performance.

10) Write the minimum content for the section on standards, practices and conventions of

IEEE.

a) Documentation Standards

b) Logic structure standards

c) Coding standards

d) Commentary standards

11) Mention some potential pitfalls while SQA monitoring the responsibilities?

a) It is a mistake to ensure that the SQA people themselves can do anything about quality

b) The existence of an SQA function does not ensure that the standards and procedures are

followed

c) Unless management periodically demonstrates its support for SQA by following their

recommendation SQA will be ineffective.

12) What is the simple rule on SQA Reporting?

The one simple rule on SQA reporting is that it not be under the software development

manager. Project schedules are always tight, so these line managers are not likely to listen



sympathetically to reports of inadequate test plans, human factors problem or documentation

errors.

13) List out the key SCM tasks?

a. Change management

b. configuration control

c. Revisions

d. versions

e. deltas

f. conditional code

14) What are the roles of CCB?

“Change Control Board” or Configuration Control Board

On moderate to very large projects, a central control mechanism is needed to ensure that

every change is properly considered and coordinated

It is to ensure that every baseline change is properly considered by all concerned parties

and that every change is authorized before implementation

15) Mention any 4 general ground rules for SCM audits?

a) They are periodically needed to ensure the integrity of the software boundaries

b) A successful audit is performed before every major baseline change

c) The audit verifies that changes to the baseline are implemented as intended.

d) The auditing function is an integral part of the SCM system.

16) Define Software Quality.

Conformance to explicitly stated functional and performance requirements, explicitly

documented development standards, and implicit characteristics that are expected of all

professionally developed software.

17) Define SCM.

“Software Configuration Management”

SCM are the practices and procedures for administering source code, producing software

development builds, controlling change, and managing software configurations.

18) What is SCI?

“Software Configuration Identification”

Uniquely identifies every project development item. SCI definitions are kept under configuration

control and expanded as more is learned about the product and its structure



19) What are the special SCM function needs in during implementation?

a) Source code change out and change in facilities

b) Read only access to specifications and object code

c) A procedure for making approved changes to module specifications.

d) An SCM procedure to ensure that any new source code is consistent with the module

specifications

20) What is SCMP?

“Software Configuration Management Plan”

A first step in establishing an SCM system. It includes objectives, responsibilities and the

approach and methods to be used

UNIT II - MANAGING SOFTWARE QUALITY

1) What are the basic principles of Project Management?

Each project has a plan that is based on a hierarchy of commitments.

A management system resolves the natural conflicts between the projects and between

the line of staff organization.

An oversight and review system audits & tracks progress against the plans.

2) List at least four elements of an effective commitment?

a) The person making the commitment does so willingly.

b) There is agreement between the parties on what is to be done, by whom & when.

c) The commitment is openly & publicly started.

d) The person responsible tries to meet the commitment; even if help is needed.

3) What is the Contention Process?

Contention system is that the best decisions are based on a full understanding of the relevant

issues.

To encourage the open expression of differences and their rational resolution.

4) What is the need for Quarterly reviews?

It provides a forum for residing conflicts & monitoring progress against period and

product objectives. The topics should typically include an assessment of project performance

against plan & the organization performance against its goal.



5) Mention any four principles of phase reviews.

a) Before initiation & at predetermined points during the project. Detailed technical &

management reviews are conducted.

b) The reviews are conducted by the project manager.

c) All involved line and staff organization participate.

d) The meeting is not resolving issues but to identify them & assign resolution

responsibility.

6) What are the four basic quality principles?

a) Unless you establish aggressive quality goals, nothing will change.

b) If these goals are not numerical, the 6.5 quality program will remain just task.

c) Without quality plans, only you are committed to quality.

d) Quality plans are just paper unless you track & reviews them.

7) Write short notes on Error Seeding.

Error seeding is a potentially intersecting way to evaluate program quality. The idea is

to inject a known number of “dummy” defects into the program & then to track how many of

them are found by the various tests or inspections.

8) Define availability.

The system ability to perform the intended function whenever needed, this is called

availability.

Availability= (1-MTTR/MTTR+MTBF) X100

MTBF: Mean time between failures

MTTR: Mean time required to response

Availability is the perfect of total time that the system is available for use.

9) Write short notes on Removal Efficiency.

It indicates the cumulative percent of the previously injected errors that have been

removed by the end of each project phase since defect removal costs can be expected to roughly

double with each project phase, attention should be focused on early removal.

10) List at least two critical elements of Software Quality Management system?

a) A responsible authority is named to own the quality data and the tracking and reporting

system.

b) Quality performance is tracked and reported to this authority, during both development

and maintenance.

c) Resources are established for validating the reported data and retaining it in the process

database.



11) What are the principles of the Contention System?

a) All major decisions are reviewed with the involved parties in advance, and the parties are

requested to agree. Where possible, any issues are resolved before proceeding.

b) When the time comes for the decision, all dementing parties are present and asked to state

their views.

c) When there is no disagreement, the senior manager determines if there is knowledgeable

agreement.

If any disagreeing parties are absent or if more preparation is needed. In later two cases, the

decision is defined until the necessary homework has been done.

12) What are the principles of Software Defect Prevention?

a) The programmers must evaluate their own process

b) Feedback is an essential part of defect prevention

c) There is no single cure-all that will solve all the problems

d) Process improvement must be an integral part of the process

e) Process improvement takes time to learn.

13) What are the 6 categories of error suggested by Enders?

a) Technological

b) Organizational

c) Historic

d) Group dynamic

e) Individual

f) Other cases & inexplicable Causes

14) write at least 4 key action team responsibilities.

a) Prioritize all action items

b) Establish an implementation plan for the highest priority items.

c) Assign responsibilities

d) Track implementation

e) Report to management as progress

f) Continue with the next priority items.

15) Write at least 4 process changes for defect prevention.

a) Kick off meeting

b) Task data from the process task is entered in the process DB.

c) All improvement suggestions are retained in the action tracking system.

d) A feedback system is established to ensure that the results are communicated to the

professionals and that their contributions are recognized.



UNIT III -SOFTWARE QUALITY ASSURANCE METRICS

1. What is software Quality?

Software quality is the degree to which a system, component, or process meets Specified

requirements, and customer or user needs or expectations

2. List out some of the Characteristics of software quality?

Characteristics

Software Quality is not absolute

Software Quality is multidimensional

Software Quality is subject to Constraints

Software Quality is about acceptable Compromises

Software Quality Criteria are not independent, but interact with each other Causing

Conflicts

3. What are five different views of quality suggested by Garvin?

Transcendental View

User view

Manufacturing View

Product View

Value-based View

4. What is Value-based view?

The value-based view sees quality as dependent on the amount a customer is willing to pay

for it

5. What is Transcendental View?

The Transcendental view sees quality as something that can be recognized but not defined in

some tractable form. A good quality object stands out, and it is easily recognized

6. What is user view?

The User view sees quality as fitness for purpose. Quality Concerns the extent to which a

product meets user needs and exceptions.

7. What is manufacturing view?



The manufacturing view sees quality as conformance to specification.it focuses on product

quality during production after delivery

8. What is defect count?

Defect count is the total number of known defects recorded against a product during

development and use

9. what are the three areas addressed by McCall’ Model?

Performance

Design

Adaptation

10. What are all McCall’s criteria of quality?

Efficiency

Integrity

Reliablity

Usability

Correctness

Maintainability

Verifiability

Expandability

Flexibility

Interoperability

Portability

Reusability

11. What is Correctness?

Correctness is the degree to which Software performs its desired function

12. Define Usability?

Reliability is a set of attributes that bear on the effort needed for use and on the individual

assessment of such use by a stated or implied set of users

13. Define Reliability?

Reliability is a set of attributes that bear on the capability of software to maintain its level of

performance under stated condition for a stated period of time.it is also defined as the probability

of failure-free Operation.



14. What is Maintainability?

Maintainability is a set of attributes that bear on the effort needed to make specified

modifications

15. Define MTTC

MTTC is the time it takes to analyze, design and implement the change. Maintainable

programs have a lower MTTC

16. What are the Criteria included in Maintainability?

Consistency

Simplicity

Conciseness

Self-descriptiveness

Modularity

17. What is verifiability?

Verifiability deals with the capacity to verify that the software design and

implementation is in accordance with program specifications

18. List out the criteria of Verifiability

Criteria include

Consistency

Simplicity

Conciseness


Modularity

19. What is Expandability?

Expandability deals with the relative effort involved in increasing the capability of the software

20. What is Interoperability?

Interoperability is the ability of the software to work with other software system or to coexist

without causing difficulties.

21. What is portability?



Portability is a setoff attributes that bera on the capability of software to be transferred from

one environment to another

22. Define Reusability

Reusability is the ability of components of the software to be used in other applications

23. What are the Criteria available for reusability?

Generality


Modularity

Simplicity

Document Accessibility

System Clarity

Machine Independence

Application Independence

24. Define TQM

Total Quality Management is a Management system for a customer focused organization

that involves all employees in continual improvement of all aspects of the organization

25. What are the principles of TQM?

Be customer focused

Insure Total Employee involvement

Process Centered

Integrated system

Strategic and Systematic approach

Continual Improvement

Fact Based Decision Making

Communication

26. What are the types of Failure Cost

Failure costs can be split in to those resulting from

Internal failure

External failure

27. When does an internal failure cost occur?



Internal failure costs occur when results fail to reach quality standards and are detected before

they are shipped to the customer

28. When does an external failure cost occur?

External failure costs occur when the products or services fail to reach quality standard,

but are not detected until after the customer receives the item

29. What is PDCA cycle?

PDCA(Plan-do-Check-act)is an iterative four-step management method used in business

for the control and continuous improvement of processes and products.it is also called:PDCA

cycle, Deming Cycle,Shewhart Cycle

30.What is the purpose of Software Quality Metrics?

The purpose of software metrics is to make assessments throughout the software life cycle as

to whether the software quality requirements are being met.

UNIT IV- SOFTWARE QUALITY PROGRAM

1. What is SQP?

SQP stands for software Quality Program. Software Quality program is a framework

for and performance have been achieved

2. Give the objective of the software quality program

The objective of the software quality program is to assure the quality of

.Deliverable software and documentation

.The process used to produce deliverable software

.non deliverable software

3. What are the tasks establish Software Quality program?

.Swift and accurate collection of data

.Develop a plan for Quality

4. What is the use of Quality plan?

A quality plan helps you schedule all of the tasks needed to make sure that your

project meet the needs of your customer

5. What are the parts of Quality plan?

Quality plan comprises two parts

.The Quality Assurance Plan lists the independent reviews needed and



.The Quality Control Plan lists the internal reviews needed to meet your Quality Targets

6. Give the purpose of Software quality plan

The purpose of this Software Quality Plan is to define the techniques, procedure,

and methodologies that will used to assure timely delivery of the software and that the

development system meets the specified requirements within project resources

7. What are the technical definitions of Quality Plan contain?

The technical definitions Consists of the following three parts

1. Requirements:

The organization must develop, manufacture and distribute consistently

Low cost product and service

The products must be what Customers believe they want

2. Confidence:

The products must be supplied at the level of reliability which matches the

client’s needs

3. Constant improvement: Constant improvement of all products and all processes

must be made as integral part of the corporate culture for the Client to continue to

perceive a supplier as a Quality producer.

8. List out the basic system considerations for quality goals establishment.

System Characteristics

Trade-offs

Caveats

Quality Functions

Training

9. What are the systems characteristics on which the quality goals for a system depend?

The quality goals for a system depend upon system characteristics which include

the following

Functionality

Performance

Constraints

Technological Innovativeness

Technological and managerial risk

10. What is the scope of SQA plan (SQAP)?



The scope of SQA plan (SQAP) is tailored to fit the current software development

effort and is related to the project planning and lifecycle description documents for this project. It

traces the all phases of this software development process and how the qualities of the product

are ensured.

11. What is the task of SQA group?

The SQA group ensures the quality of the software process and thereby ensures the

quality of the product. SQA group’s tasks cover the entire software lifecycle from conception to

delivery.

12. What is the objective of reviewing the software?

The objectives of reviewing software are:

To reveal all kinds of code errors and bugs in project implementation

To verify that the software meets its requirements

To ensure that the software has been represented according to predefined

conventions and standards

To achieve software to be developed in a uniform manner

13. List out the types of Errors.

1. Documentation errors

2. Program code errors

14. What are the factors that affect the SQA effort?

System Size

System Criticality

Cost of correcting errors

Type of release

Relationship with the user

15. List out the effective leadership guidelines.

Trust your subordinates

Develop your vision

Keep u cool

Encourage risk

Be an expert

Invite dissent

Simplify



16. Define system size.

System Size refers to the amount of effort needed to produce the system.

UNIT V SOFTWARE QUALITY ASSURANCE STANDARDIZATION

1. What is a Software standard?

Software standard is a standard, protocol, or other common format of a document, file,

or data transfer accepted and used by one or more software developers while working on one or

more than one software programs

2. Define ISO

ISO stands for International Organization for Standardization .It is a worldwide

federation of national standards bodies, at present comprising 140 members, one in each country

3. List out the purpose of ISO

The purpose of ISO are

Promote the development of standardization and related world activities to facilitate the

international exchange of goods and services

Develop Cooperation in intellectual, scientific and Economic activity

Ensure a quality standard and specific requirement to use

Show that a company is consistent in its input of product as well as the output of product

based on a customer’s requirements

Facilitate global consensus agreements on international quality standards.

4. What is ISO 9000?

The ISO 9000 is a generic name given to a family of standards represents an

international Consensus on good management practices with the aim of ensuring that the

organization can time and time again deliver the product or services that meet the client’s

Quality requirements

5. Give the objective of ISO 9000?

The ISO 9000 is a generic name given to a family of standards represent an

international Consensus on good management practices with the aim of ensuring that the



organization can time and time again deliver the product or services that meet the clients quality

requirements

6. What are the Older Standards of ISO 9000?

ISO 9001 – Model for quality assurance: design, development, production, installation

and servicing.

ISO 9002 – Model for quality assurance : production, installation and servicing

ISO 9003 – Model for quality assurance : final inspection and test.

7. What are the Current Standards of ISO 9000?

The family of ISO 9000 Standards has been developed by Iso and it is made up of four

core standards:

ISO 9000:2005 – Fundamentals and Vocabulary

ISO 9001: 2008 – Quality Management Systems – Requirements

ISO 9004:2009 – Quality Management Systems – Guidelines for performance

improvements

ISO 19011:2002 – Guidelines for quality and / or environmental management systems

auditing

8. Why is the Quality System needed?

To satisfy customers through a quality product

To gain self-confidence - we get what we planned

To achieve competitiveness in both the local and overseas markets

As a blueprint for efforts to improve the quality system of the organization

9. Mention the eight quality management principles?

Focus on your customers

Provide leadership

Involve your people

Use a process approach

Take a systems approach



Encourage continual improvement

Get the facts before you decide

Work with your suppliers

10. Mention the elements of ISO 9000.

The standards of ISO 9000 detail 20 requirements for an organization’s quality

management system in the following areas:

Management Responsibility

Quality System

Order Entry

Design Control

Document and Data Control

Purchasing

Control of Customer Supplied Products

Product Identification and Tractability

Process Control

Inspection and Testing Control of Inspection, Measuring and Test Equipment

Inspection and Test Status

Control of Nonconforming Products

Corrective and Preventive Action

Handling, Storage, Packaging and Delivery

Control of Quality Records

Internal Quality Audits

Training

Servicing

Statistical Techniques

11. List out the advantage of ISO 9000.

Increased customer satisfaction

Improved internal communication and raises morale

Improved customer service

Reduction of product – liability risks

12. Give the structure of CMM.

The CMM is structured as follows:

Maturity Levels (Staged Representation)



Key Process Area (KPA)

Goals: Generic and Specific

Common Features

Key Practices: Generic and Specific

13. What is Maturity Level?

A maturity level is a well-defined evolutionary plateau toward achieving a mature

software process.

14. What is CMMI?

CMMI or CMM Integration is developed to integrate current and upcoming models. It is

sort of an upgrade from the CMM Model and describes process improvement for organizations

especially in software development.

15. What are the benefits of CMMI?

Expand the scope of and visibility into the product life cycle and engineering activities ot

ensure that the product or service meets customer expectations.

Incorporate lessons learned from additional areas of best practice. Example -

Measurement, Risk Management and Supplier Management

Implement more robust high – maturity practices

16. How is CMM Maturity Level organized?

The CMM is organized into five maturity levels:

Level 6: Initial

Level 7: Repeatable

Level 8: Defined

Level 9: Managed

Level 10: Optimizing

17. Difference between CMM and CMMI

CMM CMMI

CMM stands for capability maturity model CMMI stands for capability maturity model

integration

CMM designed only for Software Industry CMMI designed for all other industries like

call centre etc..,along with software

It is initial model provide baseline toCMMI It is upgraded model of CMM

CMM focus attention on processes, but the

new

CMMI focus attention on result-Oriented

Process



CMM describes about the software engineering

alone

CMM Integrated describes both software and

system Engineering

18. List out the common feature of ISO 9000 and SEI’S CMM

Capability to deliver with consistency

Aim at Quality Improvement of the products or services

Stress that Quality assurance should be a planned activity

Require management commitment to quality expressed through appropriate explicit

policy statement(s)

19. Give the relationship of the SQA group role to SEI’S CMM

SEI Maturity level Role of SQA

Initial Testing

Repeatable Quality Hurdle

Defined Oversight, Metrics

Managed Process and Management

Optimizing Reference, Oversight

20. Compare the process elements of ISO9000 and CMM

Process elements unique to ISO 9000 Process elements unique to CMM

1.Contract Management

2.Purchase and Customer Supplied

Components

3.Personnel issues

4.Package,Delivery and Installation

1.Project tracking and oversight

2.Process and Technology Change

Management

3.Intergroup coordination to meet customer

requirements

4.Organization-Wide Process Focus, Process

Development and Integrated Management

Date post:	18-Jul-2015
Category:	Engineering
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