Initial Environmental Examination
June 2012
Sri Lanka: Northern Road Connectivity Project
– Additional Financing
North Central Provincial Roads
Prepared by Ministry of Local Government and Provincial Councils for the Asian Development Bank.
CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 5 June 2012)
Currency unit – Sri Lankan rupee (SLR) SLR1.00 = $0 .0076917160
$1.00 = SLR 130.010000
ABBREVIATIONS
ADB – Asian Development Bank ADT – average daily traffic AC – asphalt concrete AP – affected person BIQ – basic information questionnaire CEA – Central Environmental Authority CEB – Ceylon Electricity Board CSC – construction supervision consultant DA – Department of Archeology DBST – double bitumen surface treatment DoAS – Department of Agrarian Services DoF – Department of Forestry DoI – Department of Irrigation DS – Divisional Secretary DSD – Divisional Secretariat Division DWLC – Department of Wild Life Conservation EA – Executing Agency EIA – environmental impact assessment EMP – environmental management plan EMoP – environmental monitoring plan EMS – environment method statement EO – Environment Officer ES – Environment Specialist GN – Grama Niladhari GND – Grama Niladhari Divisions GRC – Grievance Redress Committee GRM – Grievance Redress Mechanism GSMB – Geological Survey and Mining Bureau IEE – initial environmental examination LA – local authority MLGPC – Ministry of Local Government and Provincial Councils MSL – mean sea level NEA – National Environmental Act NRCP (PC) – Northern Road Connectivity Project (Provincial Component) NCP – north central provinc NGO – nongovernment organization PAA – Project approving authority PD – Project Director PHI – Public Health Inspector PIU – Project Implementation Unit PRDA – Provincial Road Development Authority RE – Resident Engineer
REA – rapid environmental assessment ROW – right-of-way RPPF – Road Project Preparatory Facility TOR – terms of reference
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
km – kilometer m – meter
NOTE
In this report, "$" refers to US dollars. This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.
Contents
Executive Summary .................................................................................... vi
Chapter 1 - Introduction .............................................................................. 1
1.1. Project Background and the Justification ....................................................... 1 1.2. Extent and Scope of the Study ...................................................................... 2 1.3. Objective of the IEE Report ........................................................................... 3 1.4. Structure of IEE Report .................................................................................. 3 1.5. Applicable Environmental Legislations .......................................................... 4 1.6. Methodology ................................................................................................... 6
Chapter 2 - Description of the Project ........................................................ 8
2.1. Type of the Project ......................................................................................... 8 2.2. Category of the Project .................................................................................. 8 2.3. Need for the Project ....................................................................................... 8 2.4. Location .......................................................................................................... 9 2.5. Analysis of Alternatives ................................................................................ 12 2.6. Size and the Magnitude of Operation .......................................................... 12 2.7. Cost for the Project ...................................................................................... 13 2.8. Proposed Schedule for Implementation ....................................................... 13
Chapter 3 - Project Affected Area ............................................................. 14
3.1. Existing Condition of the Subproject Roads and Proposed Work ............... 14 3.2. Description of the Existing Environment of the Project Affected Area ......... 20
Chapter 4 - Potential Environmental Impacts Screening and Mitigation Measures ............................................................. 31
4.1. Environmental Impacts Associated with Pre Construction and
Construction Stage....................................................................................... 31 4.2. Environmental Impacts Associated with Operation Period .......................... 42
Chapter 5 - Institutional Requirements and Grievance Redress Mechanism ............................................................................ 44
5.1. Institutional Arrangements ........................................................................... 44 5.2. Capacity Building ......................................................................................... 45 5.3. Grievance Redress Mechanism ................................................................... 46
Chapter 6 - Environmental Management Plan (EMP) .............................. 49
6.1. Environment Management plan ................................................................... 49 6.2. Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP) ....................................................... 49
Chapter 7 - Public Consultation and Information Disclosure ................ 51
7.1. Public Consultation ...................................................................................... 51 7.2. Information Disclosure ................................................................................. 53
Chapter 8 - Conclusion and Recommendations ..................................... 54
References ................................................................................................ 56
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List of Annexures
A. Topographical maps of subprojects
B. Environment Management Plan (EMP)
C. Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP)
D. Public Consultation
List of Attachments
1. Flora and fauna list
Executive Summary
1. Introduction
1.1. Project Background and the Justification
1. The proposed Review of Feasibility Study and Detail Design of NRCP (PC) includes
rehabilitation and upgrading of 75.15km5 C class roads (41.55 km) and 2 D class roads (33.60
km) located within 2 DSDs; (Medawachchiya and Kebithigollewa) of Anuradhapura district of
NCP of Sri Lanka with the financial assistant of on-going NRCP ADB Loan 2639.The review of
the proposed roads is being performed by Egis Bceom International, France in association
with the Consulting Engineers and Architects Associated (Pvt) Ltd, Sri Lanka on behalf of the
NCP PRDA under the MLGPC of Sri Lanka.
2. The present review study focuses on updating the Environmental Examination of the
above 7 roads which were conducted during the feasibility stage of NCP road of Anuradhapura
district in 2007. Field work for the former IEE study had been conducted in June 2007 during
the civil war period of the country. During that period, villages of this area were named as
bordering villages and highly affected due to terrorist attacks. Therefore field data collection of
several proposed roads were unable in 2007. Apart from that, there was rapid infrastructure
development in the area after the war. Hence the data on Physical, Ecological, Social and
Economic background of the individual roads may have been changed by now. Therefore the
current review focuses on analysing the gaps of existing reports, update and improve them
with the current environmental condition of the project affected area.
3. The former consolidated IEE report had been prepared in accordance with ADB IEE
guidelines 2003. Hence the present review focuses on rearranging the report in accordance
with ADB SPS 2009 while confirming to the requirements of the “Environmental Framework”
established for NRCP and Environmental Assessment Guidelines of CEA of Sri Lanka.
4. The main objectives of the project are to reduce travel time, cost for transportation,
improve reliability of access; connectivity of the provincial road network to rural and national
highway network thereby enhance the opportunities for economic development of the project
area.
1.2. Extent and Scope of the Study
5. The Environmental Assessment was carried out for a total of 75.15m 5 C and 2 D class
roads located within Anuradhapura districts. The project comprises a total area of 75.15ha
over the project stretch of 75.15 km in an average strip of 10.0 m width. The scope of the study
include: collection of field data, conducting public consultation, preparation of BIQs and
submission to the CEA, preparation of REAs, assessment of potential environmental impacts
and development of mitigation measures for significant impacts, preparation of EMP,EMoP,
preparation of institutional requirements, grievance redress mechanism and finally
consolidated IEE report.
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1.3. Methodology
6. The review study was carried out with the data obtained from former IEE report, field
surveys, engineering designs, secondary sources and data from other team of consultants
attached to the review study. Field observation and public consultation sessions for the
proposed study were carried out during the period from 10thDecember 2011 to January 2012.
Public consultation sessions were carried with the affected parties to get their current
perception on the project and those views and suggestions were incorporated to the reviewed
reports.
2. Description of the Project
2.1. Type and the Category of the Project
7. The project activities will involve repair, rehabilitation and/or upgrading of identified 7
provincial roads. According to BIQ’s and Environmental Guidelines for Road and Rail
Development in Sri Lanka of CEA (1997) proposed project roads fall in to un-prescribed
category. Based on the REA Checklist of the ADB classification, NCP roads are categorized
under environment category B. Thus the IEE serves as the complete Environment Assessment
for the proposed project.
2.2. Need for the Project
8. Insufficient maintenance and improvements as well as damages occurred during the
war period in the past has resulted in highly dilapidated conditions of the proposed roads
which lead to disturbance of access and maintaining the social services in the rural areas of
the district. Apart from that poor alignments, narrow road sections, structurally damaged
culverts, causeways and bridges contributes to high vehicle operation costs, long travel time
and high transport costs. Therefore improvement of the provincial road network in these areas
is essential for the rural people to directly access to the semi urban and urban area to engage
in number of social and economic activities easily through proper road communication.
2.3. Analysis of Alternatives
9. All the roads identified for the proposed rehabilitation are very essential link roads to
the interior parts of Anuradhapura district. Even without proposed rehabilitation and
improvement, the roads will continue to be a main transportation link with rural, agricultural and
urban areas. The subproject roads are not located through or close proximity to any national
parks, sanctuaries or any other protected areas demarcated by the relevant authorities.
Further the project will not require any land acquisition from the road side community. Thus,
the proposed improvements will be the best option.
2.4. Size and the Magnitude of Operation
10. Road improvement works for provincial roads under NRCP-PC will involve repair,
rehabilitation and/or upgrading of existing provincial roads. In general road carriageway widths
vary between 2.7 and 5.00 m with the majority of the proposed pavement width being 6.50m.
Shoulder widths vary between 0.50 m to 1.0 m with the majority being 1.00 m. Road formation
width is generally 4.50 m and road RoW between 8.50 m to 11.50 m.
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2.5. Cost for the Project
11. The total cost estimated for the major items associated with the proposed subprojects
works were established by the application of appropriate unit rates to the estimated work item
quantities derived from the results of surveys, test results and design analysis for subprojects.
The finalized estimates of each subprojects will be included in Volume 4 – Cost estimates of
Detail Design and Final Report of the project.
2.6. Proposed Schedule for Implementation
12. Review Feasibility Study and Detailed Design of the proposed project will be completed
in July 2012. Once detailed designs and bid documents are completed, tenders will be
awarded to the successful contractors. ADB is the funding agency for Feasibility Study,
Detailed Engineering Design and for the civil works. Improvement works of the project are
scheduled to be completed within two years.
3. Description of the Existing Environment of the Project Affected Area
3.1. Existing Condition of the Subproject Roads and Proposed Work
13. Selected roads for the rehabilitation and improvement are restricted to 2 DSDs and 2
PSDs namely Medawachchiya and Kebithigollewa. All the proposed roads run through rural,
residential and agricultural areas of Anuradhapura district. The land use beside the proposed
roads include paddy fields, Chena cultivations, scrub lands, small forest patches, mixed home
gardens (coconut, banana) and residences. All these roads start from national roads and
connected with provincial roads of the area. Apart from that number of rural road sections start
from the proposed roads at different locations and runs towards the rural villages and
agricultural areas
14. In general the existing condition of these roads is in unsatisfactory level for the
transportation. During the dry season, the situation of the roads is fairly good with scattered
potholes. However during rainy season it is difficult to travel through these roads due to large
numbers of potholes with water stagnated locations and inundation sections. In general the
terrain of the roads is flat and the alignment mainly straight with few curves.
15. Although electricity is available beside all the roads, telecommunication facilities are
not available in the project area. Several public sensitive locations such as schools, mosque
and temples are located beside the roads and people use these roads to reach these
locations. Many seasonal tanks can be seen beside the roads (Eg.NCANC122, NCANC126,
NCANC127, NCAHC128) while some roads cross the tank bunds (Eg.NCAHC128 and
NCAND139)
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3.2. Description of the Existing Environment of the Project Affected Area
3.2.1. Physical Resources
Topography, Geology and Soil
16. Anuradhapura district is located in the Northern half of Sri Lanka and bordered by 7
districts. The elevation of the land in the district ranges from 30 m to about 200m MSL. The
terrain is undulating nature with the ridges and hills that rise above the base elevation. The
geology of the major part of the district is highly crystalline. There are five rock types within
district which are generally in the Central and Eastern parts named as Highland series.
Reddish Brown Earth – Low Humic Gley association of soil is the most commonly distributed
soil in this district and make up the landscape in the district.
Climate
17. The climate of Anuradhapura district is typical to the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka. This district
receives an annual average rainfall of 1420 mm, mainly by North East monsoons. The annual
average temperature of the district is 27.3oC. The relative humidity of the district varies from 70
– 82% within the year. During the South Western monsoons the wind speed accelerates to 12
km/hr or it rises further to 16 km/hr. Evaporation rate is 35 mm/week and varies from place to
place.
Water Resources
18. Tanks, streams, and springs are the main sources of surface water in the district.
Perennial tanks and seasonal tanks are common in most parts of the district and are mainly
use for the purpose of agricultural activities. Throughout the proposed road sections many
seasonal tanks could be observed. Ground water in the district is mainly used as a source of
drinking water, however at present it is used for agricultural activities in dry season. Ground
water refers to both shallow and deep. Shallow ground water fluctuates with rains and its
availability is seasonal. The quality of ground water varies with the available compounds and
substances of the district.
Air Quality and Noise
19. Number of mettle quarries, crushers and gravel mines are located in Madawachchiya
and Kebithigollewa DS divisions. Therefore ambient air quality of the area may affected due to
emissions from above sites and related transport activities. Apart from that, low addition of
SO2 has occurred due to the heavy usage of fertilizers and soil conditioners within this district.
However atmospheric characteristics such as CO, SO2, dust and other particulate matter of
the air in Madawachchiya and Kebithigollewa areas have not been studied yet.
3.2.2. Ecological Resources
20. The natural vegetation in the Anuradhapura district and the sub-project affected areas
is mainly consists with tropical Dry Mixed Evergreen Forest. The forest cover of the district is
24% of the land area in the district. The vertebrate fauna including fresh water fish,
amphibians, reptiles and mammals have been recorded in the district. Out of the 427 bird
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species recorded in Sri Lanka, many are reported to be present in this district. There are
several Wildlife Parks, Sanctuaries, Strict Nature Reserves and Tropical Wetlands located
within the district. However any of the environmental sensitive areas are not located within or
close proximity to the project area.
3.2.3. Economic Development
Land Use and the Agriculture
21. Anuradhapura is the largest of all districts in Sri Lanka, covering an area of 738953 ha
which is 11% of the whole country’s land surface. The land use beside the project area
include, large extents of paddy fields, scrublands, forested areas, mixed cultivations, Chena
cultivations, home gardens and residences. The majority of the people in the area is farmers
and largely depends on paddy cultivation. Apart from that district economy is predominantly
centred on chena and home gardens with vegetable cultivation. Additionally animal husbandry
including cattle, goat and poultry is also common in some roads.
Industries
22. Apart from agriculture, economy of the Anuradhapura district is predominantly revolves
around tourism industry, inland fisheries, small scale industries and some large scale
industries. However compare to the other districts, industrial contribution in the district is poor.
At present, most of the population in the district depends on tourism industry because of
ancient Sri Lankan culture mainly concentrated to the NCP. Eco-tourism is another
popularizing area based on the eco-cultural history of the Ancient kingdom.
Infrastructure Facilities
23. Except in some rural villages, electricity and telecommunication is available for most
parts of the district. Pipe borne water supply, pit latrines, sewage canal systems and proper
garbage dumping sites are restricted to the urban sector of this district. Telecommunication
facility is mainly obtained through wireless telecommunication services. Common wells have
been constructed mainly for the domestic and agricultural purposes.
3.2.4. Social and Cultural Development
Population and Community
24. A total of 22 DSDs and 19 PSDs are located within the Anuradhapura district and
selected roads for the improvement run through 2 out of 22 DS divisions. The population of the
Anuradhapura district by 2008 was 886,945 and represent all ethnic and religious groups in
the country. Sinhala Buddhist is the commonest ethnic group in the district and this also
applies to subproject areas.
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Health and Educational Facilities
25. A total of 60 hospitals distributed in different locations of the district. These include
Provincial general hospital, Base hospitals, District hospitals, Peripheral units, Prison hospital,
rural hospitals, Central dispensary, Maternity homes and Dispensaries. Apart from that
Indigenous Medical Services is also common in the district. Generally the education level of
the district is fairly good and the literacy rate is 90.5%. There are 11 government schools
located along the proposed subproject roads.
3.2.5. Sites of the Cultural, Archaeological and Historical Significance
26. From the 4th century BC, Anuradhapura was the capital city of Sri Lanka and until the
beginning of the 11th century it remained one of the most stable and durable centres of political
power and urban life in South Asia. Today it is recognised as a World Heritage Site by
UNESCO. There are many important religious, historical, cultural and archaeological sites
located within the district. However none of the above significant sites are located close
proximity to the proposed subproject roads except few locally important Buddhist temples and
mosque.
4. Screening of Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures
27. Proposed construction activities of the subproject roads can cause several impacts to
the existing environment of the project areas. The potential environmental impacts and
feasible mitigation measures for those impacts are discussed below.
4.1. Environmental Impacts Associated with Pre Construction and Construction Stage
Resources mobilization
28. Mobilization of resources for the project construction activities such as space, human
capital and physical resources is a major task carryout at an early stage of the project. The
space need for various activities of the project includes construction of material processing
plants, storage yards, labour camps, offices and other accommodations. Adequate provision
should be made to mobilize the space, construction equipment’s, vehicles and other
construction materials.
Selection of lands for temporally use
29. Selection of lands for various project activities such as materials processing plants,
storage yards, labour camps etc. should be undertaken by the contractors carefully, away from
environmental and public sensitive areas in accordance with local laws, regulations and in
close consultation with villages and LAs. Selection of local un-skilled and skilled workers can
reduce the requirement of land for labour camps in large scale.
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Acquisition of lands
30. Availability of lands according to the detailed design of the subprojects is important for
the construction activities. Since construction activities are restricted to the existing RoW of the
selected subproject rods, land acquisition will not be required for the proposed activities.
Removal of public utilities
31. Road improvement work may generally impact on electricity facilities which are located
within the existing RoW. Since most of the electrical posts of the proposed projects are located
away from the existing carriage ways, impact will be less due to removal. Recruitment of well
trained and experienced employees, proper coordination with CEB during the removal,
advance notice to the public about the time and duration of the utility disruption will reduce the
accidental damage to the utilities, people and public inconvenience.
Extraction, transportation and storage of construction materials
32. Extraction of construction materials can induce noise, air & water pollution, social
disturbances, health problems, reduction of scenic beauty and damage to ecosystems.
Extraction sites provide breeding sites for vectors and cause accidental damage to people and
wild animals. Transportation and storage of construction materials can disturb the general
public, increase dust and noise nuisance and damage to minor roads. Adhering to
environmental requirements and guidelines issued by the CEA, GSMB and LAs with respect to
extraction, transportation and storage of construction materials will minimize the above
impacts.
Effect on local road net work
33. Since the construction materials required for the project have to be transported from
other areas to the project sites, the local road network can be damaged during transportation
of construction materials. Obtaining permits from LAs to use local road network prior to
construction, avoid transportation of construction materials exceeding the carrying capacity of
the local road network, making provision for repair and restoration If public roads get damaged
are the major steps that can be taken to avoid effect on local road network.
Solid waste disposal and sanitation
34. Solid waste associated with construction and other related works may impose several
negative environmental and social impacts to the subproject affected area including impact on
soil, water, public health and scenic beauty. Selection of the disposal site away from public
and environment sensitive areas, provision of proper solid waste disposal, sanitation and
sewerage facilities to all sites, adhering to the guidelines/recommendations issued by CEA and
LAs will avoid or minimize health hazards and environmental pollution. Selection of majority of
skilled and unskilled workers from the project influence area will avoid waste generation and
sanitation problems from labour camps. This will also avoid conflict situations between workers
and settlers as well as spreading of communal diseases.
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Effect on water resources
35. Construction activities close to the water bodies, poor sanitation at work sites and
disposal of solid waste from labour camps may affect the surface and groundwater of the
project affected area. Excessive use of water for construction activities during dry season may
impact the water supply of the local communities. Awareness of employees about water
conservation, pollution and minimization of water usage, undertaking construction works
affecting water bodies during the dry season, taking necessary steps to avoid entering
wastewater directly in to the water bodies, maintaining smooth water flow by proper drainage
facilities, preventing disruption of water sources used by the community due to construction
work are the major steps that will avoid the effect on water resources.
Soil erosion sedimentation and siltation
36. The project affected area of NCP receives a considerable amount of water during rainy
season. Thus soil erosion, sedimentation and siltation can take place any time during rainy
seasons due to construction activities. Placement of erosion control measures to erodible
areas, undertaking construction activities in erodible sections during dry season, treatment of
clearing and filling areas against flow acceleration are the measures that should be considered
to mitigate soil erosion during the construction stage.
Temporary floods
37. During the rainy season, water stagnation can be observed within the RoW of
subproject roads situated in low elevation, between paddy fields and close to spills of seasonal
tanks. Increasing of embankment height of the inundation sections, minimization of blockage
of drainage paths and construction of cross drainages with sufficient capacity will avoid
location specific temporary floods
Effect on flora, fauna and their habitats
38. Construction activities related to soil erosion, surface runoff, noise and air pollution,
vibration at the project site will potentially disturb the habitats, change the usual behaviour of
wild animals and can affect the natural ecology of the project area. Removal of trees from the
existing RoW and other excavation works has the potential to destroy or injure wildlife.
Conducting awareness of workforce regarding important of fauna, flora and their habitats,
prevent workforce from fishing, hunting animals and gathering fire wood from soundings,
organizing tree planting program in appropriate locations are the major steps that has to be
taken to reduce Effect on flora, fauna and their habitats.
Biodiversity conservation and sustainable natural resource management
39. Since the proposed project activities are restricted to the existing RoW of the
subproject roads, loss of habitats, changes in the land use pattern, modification of existing
habitats, threat to existing biodiversity or introduction of invasive species will not be expected
through the subproject activities. However careful attention should be taken during the
construction phase to avoid/minimize clearing of natural habitats, effect on native species,
introduction of alien species, making awareness of all stakeholders regarding biodiversity
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conservation and periodic assessment to check the introduction of invasive alien species will
be essential for biodiversity conservation.
Protection of archaeological, cultural and religious places
40. None of the proposed subproject roads are not located close proximity to the important
archaeological, cultural and religiously significant locations. However construction activities
may impact to the unidentified significant locations in the subproject affected areas. If any such
important archaeological, cultural and religious sites recovered during project activities, work
should be stopped and immediately inform to the Engineer and Department of Archaeology.
Disruption of traffic
41. Construction activities close to cross drainages, and public sensitive locations may lead
to increase traffic congestion, accidental risk, delays in travel time, increase noise and
disturbance to the public. Advance notice to the road users and roadside communities about
the schedule of construction activities, provision of safe and convenient passage to the
vehicles and passengers during construction of cross drainages, implement traffic
management plans in construction areas according to the traffic rules and regulations, usage
of flagmen and/or temporary traffic signs for construction sites or temporally diversion, are the
measures that have to be undertaken during construction period.
Personal safety of workers and general public
42. Construction related activities both within and outside of the subproject affected areas
could create accidental harm to general public and work force. Organizing awareness
programs about personal safety of the workers and general public, comply with legal
requirements of Sri Lanka for the safety of the workmen, arranging regular safety checks for
vehicles and equipment’s, allocation of responsibility to the trained personnel, arrangement of
proper first aid and transport facilities for injured people, installation of warning signs, speed
limits and signals to particular locations of the road are the major steps that can be taken to
reduce accidental risk.
Impact on socio – economic condition of the area
43. The project will not cause any resettlement issues, damages to the houses, buildings
and other structure, high traffic congestion problems, disturbance or loss of income generating
activities. In overall, the project will cause many socio-economic benefits to the people in the
area such as, provision of connectivity to different economic and cultural importance
institutions, reduction of travel time and cost, and facilitating on-going development initiatives
of the area. However minor negative impacts such as delays and inconvenience while
travelling, increase of dust, noise can be expected during construction phase. However these
can be mitigated by adhering to the EMP of this project.
Effect on existing drainage
44. Land clearing, cut and fill operations, storage of construction materials and other
construction related activities may effect on existing drainage of the project area. Restoration
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of water bodies to its original status after diversion, avoiding storage of construction materials
and disposal of debris around irrigation canals, natural flow paths and cross drainage,
replacing structurally damage structures and maintaining drainage paths and drains clear at all
times are the major steps that can be taken to reduce effect on existing drainage.
Impact from dust, noise and vibration
45. Dust, noise and vibrations generated from the project activities will impact to the
roadside communities and people who inhabit around material extraction sites. Implementation
of National Emission Standards and Noise Control Regulations of CEA for project activities,
regular maintenance of machineries, equipment’s and vehicles in a good condition, placement
of crushers and hot mixed plants away from public and environmental sensitive areas and
spraying of water to minimize dust emission will reduce the above impacts.
Road side landscape and road furniture
46. Clearing of all debris and unwanted construction material from construction sites and
other work places, plantation of road side trees, registration of road embankments, edge
treatment of water bodies, provision of road furniture will enhance the scenic beauty beside the
road corridor and public safety during the operation stage.
4.2. Environmental Impacts Associated with Operation Period
Air quality and noise
47. Reduction of existing dust and vehicular emissions, sound pollution due to widening
and surfacing of the road will positively impact to the air quality and the human health in the
area. The tree plantation programmes will also help to compensate any impacts arising from
air pollution due to vehicular emissions.
Drainage congestion
48. The improvement of side and cross drainages will facilitate better water flow and cause
higher speed flow during the rainy season. However PRDA needs to undertake regular
maintenance of the drainage system to avoid drainage congestions and control improper
disposal of debris during maintenance activities to avoid local floods.
Road safety
49. Improvement of the selected roads will provide easy access, increase number of
vehicles and their speed. Therefore enforcement of the speed limits, traffic rules and
regulations, installation of warning signs, marking of centre lines, pedestrian crossings, bus
halts etc. should be incorporated to minimize road accidents and enhance the safety of the
vehicles and road users.
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Encroachment of the Right of Way
50. Encroachment of road reservation can be taken place any time after the completion of
construction works. Encroachment activities can impact to the road users, vehicles, pavements
and road side drains. Therefore routine checking from PRDA to remove unauthorized
structures from RoW is necessary.
5. Institutional Requirements and Grievance Redress Mechanism
5.1. Institutional Arrangements
51. The MLGPC is the Executing Agency for the project and has the responsibility of
implementing the overall EMP. The PIU will be established by PRDA of NCP and is
responsible for overall contract administration and the supervision of the contractor regarding
the implementation of Environmental Specifications and Special Environmental Provisions
included in the Contract Document. The contractors will responsible for implementing the EMP
under the day to day supervision of the Construction Supervision Consultant. The CSCs
(Environment Specialist - ES) will also responsible for reporting the implementation of EMP of
project to PIU on monthly basis. The PIU that will be assisted by an Environmental Consultant
intermittently will review the CSCs’ reports on implementation of EMP. The PIU will report the
implementation of EMP of each sub-project to the PD at the MLGPC. The PIU will follow up by
preparing an annual report on implementing EMP to the relevant parties such as CEA and
ADB. CEA is responsible for overall environmental management in the country and will
periodically review the monitoring reports submitted by the PIU and provide guidance and
advice if and when required.
5.2. Capacity Building
52. The public consultations sessions conducted with PRDA of the project revealed that it
is required to strengthen the institutional capacity of PRDA to implement the proposed project
effectively. The relevant staff of PRDA should be made aware of the existing environmental
conditions of the project affected areas together with the policies and legal regulations
concerning construction, operations and the associated potential environmental impacts and
related mitigation measures by the MLGPC before commencing the construction.
5.3. Grievance Redress Mechanism
53. Grievance Redress Mechanism provides an effective approach to resolve issues made
by the affected community on environmental impacts arising throughout the project cycle. This
mechanism will be established by the project proponent; PRDA to address any grievances
presented by Affected Persons. This mechanism will be executed through a Grievance
Redress Committee. However, grievances could be minimized at the initial stage of the project
by careful design, implementation and monitoring of sub-projects and also through sound
communication & awareness among all the stakeholders including APs regarding the project.
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6. Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
6.1. Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
54. To ensure that the proposed project would not generate any negative impact on the
environment, the EMP has been prepared. This was developed based on best practices for
environmental management. The EMP includes the potential impact as a result of project
activities, proposed mitigation measures, the responsible party to implement and supervise
those impacts and the feasible cost measures to be taken to reduce the potential significant
adverse impacts in an acceptable level.
6.2. Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP)
55. In addition to the EMP, to ensure that the project would not generate any negative
impact to the overall environment quality, the Environmental Monitoring Plan has been
prepared. This includes information on environmental parameters to be monitored, location,
time and frequency, cost for sampling and stage of subproject on which the monitoring should
be conducted. The EMoP will be a useful tool to monitor the implementation of mitigation
measures included to the EMP.
7. Public Consultation and Information Disclosure
56. Public consultation for the proposed road sections was carried out during the period
from December 2011 to January 2012. Participants generally expressed their views about the
current environmental, social and economic situation of the proposed subproject areas. In
general, the existing condition of these roads is in unsatisfactory level for the transportation
with large numbers of pot holes, erodible edges, collapsed causeways, culverts and bridges.
Therefore transportation especially during the rainy season is very difficult. However under
these conditions, people of the project influence areas heavily use these roads for their day to
day activities. Apart from that, all these roads link with national and provincial roads and
number of rural, agricultural villages. Therefore, rehabilitation and improvement of the roads is
highly requested by the road side communities.
8. Conclusions and Recommendations
57. The construction activities associated with proposed project not expected to cause
significant environmental impacts to the project affected areas. The potential environmental
impacts that have been identified during the study will be temporary, manageable and will
occur only during pre-construction and construction periods. Therefore the proposed
rehabilitation of the project roads is environmentally acceptable.
58. The proposed project is important to achieve several targets with rural sector
development of Anuradhapura district. This will directly contribute to poverty elevation in
respect to income generation, employment, local/forging investments and enhancement of
other social services in the area. Additionally the proposed project will enhance the other
development activities in Anuradhapura district as well as adjacent villagers of Northern,
Eastern, North Western and Central provinces.
xii
The appropriate category for the roads based on REA checklists of the ADB is category B.
According to BIQs of CEA in Sri Lanka subproject roads categorised under un-prescribed
category. Thus a full EIA for these roads is not required according to the ADB and CEA
Guidelines.
Chapter 1 - Introduction
1. Introduction
1.1. Project Background and the Justification
1. The proposed Review of Feasibility Study and Detail Design of Northern Road
Connectivity Project (Provincial Component) – NRCP (PC) includes rehabilitation and
upgrading of 75.15 km 5 C class roads (41.55 km) and 2 D class roads (33.6 km) located
within Anuradhapura districts of North Central Province (NCP) of Sri Lanka. The Government
of Sri Lanka has received a loan from the Asian Development Bank (ADB) for the Road Project
Preparatory Facility (RPPF ADB Loan 2080) and intends to apply a portion to undertake
preparatory activities for additional financing of the on-going Northern Road Connectivity
Project (NRCP ADB Loan 2639).
2. The present review study focuses on updating the Environmental Examination of 7 C &
D class roads which were conducted during the feasibility stage of North Central Provincial
road of Anuradhapura district in 2007. The former study was conducted by Cardno
International Pty Ltd in Australia with SMEC International Pty Ltd, Engineering Consultants Ltd
and MG Consultants (Pvt) Ltd, in Sri Lanka behalf of the Provincial Road Development
Authority (PRDA) under Ministry of Local Government and Provincial Councils of Sri Lanka
(MLGPC). This was conducted according to the Terms of Reference (ToR) issued by the ADB
(ADB guidelines, 2003) while confirming the CEA guide lines.
3. The review of the proposed roads is being performed by Egis Bceom International,
France in association with the Consulting Engineers and Architects Associated (Pvt) Ltd, Sri
Lanka on behalf of the North Central Provincial Road Development Authority (NCPRDA) under
the Ministry of Local Government and Provincial Councils (MLGPC) of Sri Lanka.
4. Field work for the former IEE study had been conducted in June 2007 during the civil
war period of the country. During that period, villages of this area were named as bordering
villages and highly affected due to terrorist attacks. Also field data collection of several
proposed roads were unable due to above situation for the consultants. Apart from that, there
was rapid infrastructure development in the area after the war. Therefore the data on Physical,
Ecological, Social and Economic background of the individual roads may have been changed
by now. Thus the main objective of the proposed review is to analyse the gaps of existing
reports, update and improve them with the current environmental condition of the project
affected area in accordance with required policies and Guidelines. The previous consolidated
IEE report had been prepared in accordance with the ADB IEE guidelines 2003. Therefore the
current review focus on rearranging the IEE reports in accordance with the ADB Safeguard
Policy Statement (SPS) 2009 while confirming to the requirements of the “Environmental
Framework” established for NRCP and Environmental Assessment Guidelines of CEA (Sri
Lanka).
5. The selected roads for the improvement are located in 2 Divisional Secretaries
Divisions (DSD) ; Medawachchiya and Kebithigollewa of Anuradhapura district which provide
access for the rural people to agricultural areas, adjacent villages, nearest towns, government
2
offices, hospitals, market places and schools. The dilapidated condition, poor alignments,
narrow road sections structurally damaged culverts, bridges and causeways of the subproject
roads contributes high vehicular operation cost, long travel time and high transport cost.
Therefore the main objectives of the project are to reduce cost for transportation, reduce travel
time, improve reliability of access and improve connectivity of the provincial road network to
rural road network and national highway network.
6. Thus improvement of the provincial road network is mainly seen as a tool for poverty
alleviation, allowing rural people to directly access the semi urban and urban areas to engage
in a number of social and economic activities. Hence the proposed project is intended to
enhance the opportunities for education, economic growth, income generation and new job
opportunities for the people in the rural agricultural area of the district.
7. Under the proposed project following roads are proposed for the Environmental
Assessment.
Table 1 Details of the proposed provincial roads
No Road Number Road Name Length
D Class roads
1 NCAHD083 Kiriketuwewa - Bandaraulpatha – Kapugollewa 20.30
2 NCAND139 Yakawewa – Mahakoongaskada 13.30
Length 33.60
C Class roads
3 NCAHC095 Kebithigollewa – Hendagala 12.90
4 NCANC122 Ethakada - Etambagaskada – Tonigala 6.80
5 NCANC126 Dachchidamana – Paranahalmillewa 4.70
6 NCANC127 Thekkawatha – Pulleliya 5.65
7 NCANC128 Kirigollewa – Hirallugama 11.50
Length 41.55
Total Length 75.15
1.2. Extent and Scope of the Study
8. The Environmental Assessment was carried out as a requirement of the Feasibility
Study for a total of 75.15km 5 C and 2 D class roads located within 2 DSD of Anuradhapura
districts in North Central Province. The project comprises a total area of 75.15ha over the
project stretch of 75.15 km in an average strip of 10.0 m width.
9. The scope of the study was determined by the stipulations given in the ADB, IEE
outline This include:
Field data collection regarding physical, social, economic and environment
background
Public consultation with affected people and other relevant authorities
3
Preparation of Basic Information Questioners (BIQs) and submission to the CEA
(Central Environmental Authority) for environment clearance
Preparation of REA (Rapid Environment Assessment) checklists for ADB
categorization
Assessment of potential environmental impacts and development of preventive
and/or mitigation measures for significant impacts,
Preparation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and Environmental
Monitoring Plans (EMoP),
Preparation of institutional requirements and grievance redress mechanism
Preparation of review consolidated Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) report.
The improvement works are generally envisaged to involve:
Widening to substandard 2 lane status
Minor realignment to alleviate small radius curves.
Upgrading the existing condition of the road with proper surfacing associated with
Double Bitumen Surface Treatment (DBST), Asphalt Concrete (AC) or Concrete
Pavements (CP).
Provisions to road side drainage, improvement of culverts, bridges and other
hydrological structures where necessary.
Installation of traffic warning signs, provision of pedestrian crossings, bus bays and
parking where necessary.
1.3. Objective of the IEE Report
10. The main objective of this IEE report is preparation of comprehensive account on
current environment condition of the project area. Accordingly a single consolidated IEE report
will be submitted for the proposed seven subprojects and submit ADB to facilitate their
decision making.
11. In detail, the consolidated IEE report will address the current Physical, Ecological,
Economic and Social background of the subprojects, anticipated environmental impacts that
will arise due to the project activities, necessary measures that have to be adopted to mitigate
them and public views and suggestions regarding the project etc. Furthermore this IEE report
includes suitable Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and Environmental Monitoring Plan
(EMoP) with recommend institutional arrangements for monitoring the identified environmental
impacts throughout the project cycle.
1.4. Structure of IEE Report
12. In order to fully meet all requirements, the IEE report generally follows the ADB SPS
2009 and EA Guidelines 2003. The structure of the IEE report is organized as follows:
Introduction: Provides an identification of the project and the project proponent,
NCPRDA and an explanation of the purpose of the IEE. It also presents the
4
organization of the IEE, applicable environmental regulations and an explanation of
the extent of the IEE study.
Description of the Project: In accordance with the ADB SPS 2009 and EA
Guidelines 2003, this section provides the detailed description of the project, need
of the project, project location, and magnitude of operation, environmental category
of the project and implementation schedule.
Description of the Environment: Provides a description of the potentially affected
environment. The description is based on reviews of available documentation,
statistical data, and meetings with government authorities, AP, field surveys and
investigations.
Screening of the Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures:
Provides an assessment of potential impacts of the proposed road development in
light of the existing conditions, together with recommended actions to prevent
and/or otherwise mitigate unavoidable impacts expected to be incorporated as
integral parts of the Project.
Institutional Requirements and Grievance Redress Mechanism: Provides a
description on responsible parties to implement, administration and supervision of
the project, address concerns, complaints and grievances of affected population
regarding environmental performance of the project
Environmental Management Plan: Provides a plan for implementing the
recommended mitigation measures for addressing environmental issues and
specifies the responsible agencies, location and timing for implementing the
mitigation measures
Public Consultation and Information Disclosure: Information on public
participatory workshops and consultations with experts and local administration is
presented in this section.
Conclusions and Recommendations: Ultimate conclusions and
recommendations which are finalized by the consultant are stated here with the
analysis of currently available data.
1.5. Applicable Environmental Legislations
13. A large number of recurrent and non-recurrent activities under road and rail
development are presently not covered by the National Environmental Act (NEA)1. However
rehabilitation of existing provincial roads do not fall within the category of “Prescribed Projects”
listed in Gazette Extra-ordinary No. 772/22 of 24th June 1993 and subsequent amendments,
which needs to go through the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process and
subsequent conditional approval from the CEA of the Ministry of Environment and Natural
Resource (MENR). These may, however be subjected to an environmental review, if the
1Central Environmental Authority, 2003.National Environmental Act, Subsidiary Legislation.
5
Project Approving Agency (PAA); CEA deem it necessary. National laws and regulations that
can be relevant to the project are briefly described in the Table below.
Table 2 Applicable national laws and regulations relevant to the project
Laws and Regulations Provisions and main content
National Environmental Act
No.47 of 1980, Amendment
No.56 of 1988, and other
Amendments
The NEA is a framework environmental statue that makes provision for the
protection, management and enhancement of the environment, for the regulation,
maintenance and control of the quality of the environment, and for the prevention
and control of pollution by implementing the proposed project.
National Environmental
(Noise Control) Regulations
No. 01 of 1996
Regulates maximum allowable noise levels for construction activities during
proposed project activities
National Environmental
(Protection & Quality)
Regulations, No. 01 of 1990
Provides standards for discharging effluents into inland surface water during
proposed project activities.
Fauna and Flora Protection
Act (1993)
An act to amend the fauna and flora protection ordinance (Chapter 469) of 1938,
which provide for the protection and conservation of the fauna and flora of Sri Lanka
and their habitats; for the prevention of commercial and other misuse of such fauna
and flora and their habitats, for the conservation of the biodiversity of Sri Lanka; and
to provide for matters connected there with or incidental thereto.
Felling of Trees Control Act
No. 09 of 1951 as Amended
through Act No. 30 of 1953
This Act sought to prohibit and control the felling of specified trees (mainly intended
to stop indiscriminate felling of specified trees) in the country.
Water Resources Board Act
No. 29 of 1964, Amendment
No.42 of 1999
Control, regulation and development (including the conservation and utilization) of
the water resources; the prevention of the pollution of rivers, streams and other
water resources; the formulation of national policies relating to the control and use of
the water resources.
The Soil Conservation Act,
No. 25 of 1951 Amended in
24 of 1996
An act to make provisions for the enhancement and substances of productive
capacity of the soil, to restore degraded land for the prevention and mitigation of soil
erosion, for the conservation of soil resources and protection of land against
damage by floods, salinity, alkalinity and drought and to provide for matters
connected therewith or incidental thereto
Explosive Act No. 36 of 1976 To provide the control of explosions and regulations of matters connected with
explosive activities.
Fisheries and Aquatic
Resources Act 1996
The Act addresses the management, regulation, conservation and development of
fisheries and aquatic resources during proposed project activities.
Flood Protection Ordinance
No. 04 of 1924
An ordinance for the protection of areas subjected to damage from floods. This
includes declaration of flood areas, preparation of schemes for flood protection and
other rules and regulations regarding flood in the country.
Geological Survey and
Mines Bureau (GSMB) Act
No. 33 of 1992
Regulates the exploration for minerals, mining, transportation, processing, trading in
export of mineral products and usage of quarries and sand mines in the country.
Motor Traffic Act, No 14,
1995, Amended by Act No.
Provision of laws relating to Motor Vehicles and their use on highways including
provisions relating to insurance against third party risk
6
Laws and Regulations Provisions and main content
05 of 1998
Crown Land Ordinance Act
No. 1947
The act dealing with allocation and control of Crown lands In Sri Lanka for private
and government activities.
Irrigation Act No. 23 of 1983 An act to formulate policies and programmes in regard to the subjects of irrigation,
reservoirs, water resources management and prevention of pollution of rivers,
streams and other water recourses. Promotion, construction, operation and
maintenance of irrigation schemes, drainage and flood control in the country.
Regulations of Local
Authorities
Regulates and control actions and methods taken place within the command area
relevant to the government laws and regulations.
Source: Compiled by the Consultant
14. The following table indicates the key clearance and permits that should be obtained for
the proposed project:
Table 3 Key clearance and permits required for the proposed project activities
Project stage Clearance and permits Activity Relevance
Agency
Pre-construction
stage(Although the
clearances and
approval should be
obtained during
the pre-
construction stage
it should valid
throughout the
project cycle.
However this
should be renewed
before expiry date)
Environment Clearance Implementation of the project CEA
Industrial Mining License
(IML)
Operation of quarries, borrow areas
(material extraction sites) GS&MB
Environmental Protection
License (EPL)
Operation of quarries, crushers,
borrow areas (material extraction
sites)
CEA
Explosive Permits Blasting activities MoD
Local Government
Authorities Trade License
Operation of metal quarries,
crushers, borrow areas, dispersal
sites, labour camps
LAs
Approval for removal of
trees Widening of the CW
DS, DoF,
DWLC, CEA
Construction stage Consent from relevant
government agencies
Construction of bridges, culverts
and other drainage systems
DoI, DoAS,
PDoI
1.6. Methodology
15. The review study was carried out with the data on previously conducted IEE report,
data collected during the field surveys, data on engineering designs, data from secondary
sources and from other team of consultants attached to the review study.
16. The Environmental Assessment of the project has been performed in accordance with
the following policies and guidelines:
7
Environmental Safeguards Compliance Manual (ESCM) of RDA,
ADB SPS 2009 and EA Guidelines 2003,
Policy and Legal Framework of the Government of Sri Lanka (GoSL) and
Environmental Guidelines for Road and Rail Development in Sri Lanka of CEA
(1997).
17. Field observation for the proposed study was carried out during the period from 10
December 2011 to January 2012. A line transect survey was carried out along all the proposed
roads which is 25 m either side from the centreline and direct observations were made to
identify road side trees, important flora, fauna, environmental sensitive areas, wild life parks,
sanctuaries, and protected forests. However this specified area of investigation was expanded
beyond 25m, when the impacts considered as special and significant. The detailed floral and
faunal survey was not carried out during the previous study therefore it has been included to
the current report. .
18. Further information was collected from villages and respective authorities to
understand the general social and environmental background of the project affected areas
including existing social and environmental problems. Public consultation meetings were
carried out for each and every road with the affected parties to get their current perception on
the project and those views and suggestions are incorporated to review reports. This
information is also used to address the Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM).
19. The secondary information for the report was gathered from printed materials and other
sources of Government Departments, Authorities, Ministries, Non-Government Agencies
(NGOs) and relevant websites etc.
20. Common EMP (Annex B) and EMoP (Annex C) were prepared for the project and were
included to the reviewed consolidated IEE report and also for the Bid documents.
8
Chapter 2 - Description of the Project
2. Description of the Project
2.1. Type of the Project
21. A total of 5 C class roads and 2 D class roads including 75.15 km have been identified
within 2 DSD of Anuradhapura districts in NCP for the proposed review study. The existing
provincial roads will be widened and improved to substandard two lane status with 4.50 m
carriageway, shoulders on both sides and earth or line drains where required. The project
activities will involve repair, rehabilitation and/or upgrading of these provincial roads.
2.2. Category of the Project
22. According to Basic Information Questionnaires (BIQ) and Environmental Guidelines for
Road and Rail Development in Sri Lanka of CEA (1997) proposed project roads fall in to un-
prescribed category.
23. Based on the REA Checklist of the ADB classification, NCP roads are categorized
under environment category B. Therefore potential environment impacts associated with the
proposed project are less adverse than category A. Thus the IEE serves as the complete
Environment Assessment for the proposed project.
24. The conditional approval for rehabilitation and upgrading of the proposed sub roads
were granted openly by CEA in October, 2008 without mentioning exact time period. Therefore
BIQs for the proposed 7 subproject roads have been prepared and submitted to the Client to
obtain the environmental clearance if the approval gets expired.
2.3. Need for the Project
25. The proposed C and D class roads belong to the Provincial Road Development
Authority (PRDA) of North Central Provincial council of the country. Since large numbers of C
and D class roads located within the province, it is extremely difficult to rehabilitate or improve
all these roads with the financial assistance of the provincial council. Also the proposed project
area was located within or closed to the war zone, It was unable to do maintenance and
improvement activities as per the requirement. Therefore only location specific maintenance
activities and limited surface maintenance activities are carried out by the PRDA. However
after the war in December 2009, some sections of the project roads properly improved with
DBST or gravel prime layer. Also all the dilapidated subproject roads overlaid with gravels by
the PRDA during last two years.
26. Insufficient maintenance or improvements of the roads, damages occurred during the
war period in the past has resulted in highly dilapidated conditions which lead to disturbance of
access and maintaining the social services in the rural areas of the district. Apart from that
poor alignments, narrow road sections, structurally damaged culverts, causeways and bridges
contributes to high vehicle operation costs, long travel time and high transport costs. In NCP
more than 90 % of people living in rural areas and majority of them engage in agriculture
mainly paddy, chena cultivations, vegetables, fruits and home gardens species. Therefore
9
improvement of the provincial road network in these areas is essential for the rural people to
directly access to the semi urban and urban area to engage in number of social and economic
activities easily through proper road communication. Apart from that rehabilitation of these
roads is essential to increased road safety, transport efficiency and access to the other
infrastructure facilities. In addition improvement of the road network in the area will positively
impact the living standards of the people with economic, social and cultural values.
2.4. Location
27. The 7 subproject roads identified for the improvement and rehabilitation are located in
Anuradhapura districts of the NCP of Sri Lanka. The list of roads with starting and end points
are indicated in Table 4. The general locations of the Anuradhapura district and the location
map with all subproject roads of the districts are shown in Figure 1 and 2 respectively. The
location maps at 1:50,000 scales are provided for each road section separately as Annexure
A.
Table 4 List of the C & D class roads located within Anuradhapura district
Road no Road name Starting point End point Length
(km)
NCAHC095 Kebithigollewa - Hendagala Kebithigollewa opposite
to the DS office
Hendagala
junction 12,90
NCAHC122 Ethakada - Etambagaskada -
Tonigala Puhudivula Tonigala 6.80
NCAHC126 Dachchidamana -
Paranahalmillewa Mahakumbukgollewa Paranahalmillewa 4.70
NCAHC127 Thekkawatha - Pulleliya Walpola junction Pulleliya 5.65
NCAHC128 Kirigollewa - Hirallugama Unagaswewa junction Hirallugama
junction 11.50
NCAHD083
Kiriketuwewa -
Bandaraulpatha -
Kapugollewa
Kiriketuwewa junction Kapugollewa
Junction 20.30
NCAHD139 Yakawewa -
Mahakoongaskada Rd Yakawewa junction
Nagadaranawa
junction 13.30
Total length 75.15
10
Figure 1 General Project Location Map of Anuradhapura District
11
Figure 2 Subproject Roads with Land use Pattern in Anuradhapura District
12
Feasibility Study and Detailed Design of 400 kms Roads Kilinochchi and Mullaitivu Districts Contract Variation Additional Finance NRCP and NHSP Roads
Detailed Design and Final Report - Volume 5 April 2012 - Page 12
2.5. Analysis of Alternatives
28. All the roads identified for the proposed rehabilitation are very essential link roads to
the interior parts of Anuradhapura district. In general rehabilitation and improvement of the
proposed roads are necessary due to existing severely dilapidated condition of the roads and
the economic development in future. Even without proposed rehabilitation and improvement,
the roads will continue to be a main transportation link with rural, agricultural and urban areas
without significant social and environment impacts. Further the existing subproject roads are
not located through or close proximity to any national parks, sanctuaries or any other protected
areas demarcated by the relevant authorities. Also these subproject roads runs through the
residential and agricultural areas representing numbers of rural villages. Apart from that the
project will not require any land acquisition from the road side community. Thus, the proposed
improvements can be considered as the better option in the area.
2.6. Size and the Magnitude of Operation
29. Road improvement works for provincial roads under NRCP-PC will involve repair,
rehabilitation and/or upgrading of existing provincial roads.
30. The proposed road formation width standards and Rights of Way (RoW) are discussed
in detail in the section of Engineering Assessment of Feasibility Study of the Main Report. It is
proposed that on most of the roads horizontal alignments will follow the existing road
centrelines. Where the irrigation canals exist along the roads in either LHS/ RHS the centreline
should be shifted accordingly. In general road carriageway widths vary between 2.7 and 5.00
m with the majority of the proposed pavement width being 6.50m. Shoulder widths vary
between 0.50 m to 1.0 with the majority being 1.00 m. Road formation width is generally 4.50
m and road RoW between 8.5 m and 11.50 m.
31. For the roads, or sections of roads where lined or dished drains are proposed it is also
proposed to form and seal the pavement right up to the drain lining thereby providing both
additional road width and pedestrian way, while at the same time reduce shoulder erosion
problems and consequent high maintenance costs.
32. The general scope of work for the Provincial roads comprises:
Initial repairs to the existing road surface to prepare it for resurfacing or overlay:
these repairs may include bituminous patching, crack sealing, carriageway edges
and shoulder repairs where traffic damage or erosion has occurred, cleaning of
side drains and road culverts.
In all cases the recommended improvements entail overlaying the existing
pavement with a base or levelling course, designed for the projected number of
Equivalent Standard Axles (ESA’s) over the design life of the road, and resurfacing.
Where a pavement is found to be severely deteriorated, broken or uneven, the
existing surface would first be scarified and reshaped before applying the pavement
surface. Work will also include cleaning of road side drains; and culverts; cleaning
of outlet drains; repairs to road furniture.
In some cases provincial roads will have pavement widening varying between 1.00
m and 3.00 m and/or shoulder widening varying between 0.50 m and 1.50 m.
13
These widening activities will in most cases involve earthworks, pavement
construction, overlaying of the existing pavement and bitumen surfacing. Work will
also include cleaning of road side drains; and culverts; cleaning of outlet drains;
repairs to road furniture (Culvert Schedule: Refer Detail design Report, Volume 2,
Section 3, Appendix 1-7).
Improvements will be carried out to roadside drains, culverts and bridges. Where
existing structures are sound then culverts will be lengthened and bridges widened
to suit the new road width. Where the condition of culverts and/or bridges is poor,
the structure will be replaced.
Minor realignment may be made to alleviate small radius curves. Widening will be
carried out on the insides of curves for most roads. Known black spots will be
alleviated and in some cases minor adjustments may be made to the vertical
alignment if visibility is considered a problem. This will include approaches to
bridges and railway crossings on embankments.
The improvement works will include where technically appropriate the correction of
irregularities in the road cross-section and severe undulations in the longitudinal
profile.
Bridge repairs, re-decking, widening and in some cases replacement of the
structure of a bridge are the main rehabilitation activities with respect to structures.
More than two-thirds of the structural work entails repair to existing bridge
structures. This work includes structural renovation of substructure and
superstructure elements together with installation/repair of guardrails and
improvement of causeways and vented drifts.
2.7. Cost for the Project
33. The total cost estimated for the major items associated with the proposed subprojects
works (including earth work, pavement, drainage structures and ancillary work) were
established by the application of appropriate unit rates to the estimated work item quantities
derived from the results of surveys, test results and design analysis for subprojects. The
finalized estimates of each subprojects will be included in Volume 4 – Cost estimates of: Detail
Design and Final Report of the project.
2.8. Proposed Schedule for Implementation
34. Review Feasibility Study and Detailed Design of the proposed project will be completed
in July 2012. Once detailed designs and bid documents are completed, tenders will be
awarded to the successful contractors. ADB is the funding agency for Feasibility Study,
Detailed Engineering Design and for the civil works. Improvement works are scheduled to be
completed within two years.
14
Road side vegetation and surface condition
Chapter 3 - Project Affected Area
3. Description of the Existing Environment
35. A total of 7 subproject roads (05 class C roads and 2 Class D road) including 75.15 km
has been identified within the Anuradhapura district of the North Central Province.
Anuradhapura district is divided in to 22 Divisional Secretary (DS) divisions and
19PradeshiyaSabha (PS) divisions. Selected roads for the rehabilitation and improvement are
restricted to the 2 DSs and 2 Pradeshiya Sabha divisions (PSDs) namely Medawachchiya and
Kebithigollewa (Table 5).
Table 5 List of the roads located within different DS & PS divisions of the district.
Road no Road name Length (km) DS division PS division
NCAHC095 Kebithigollewa - Hendagala 12,90 Kebithigollewa Kebithigollewa
NCAHC122 Ethakada - Etambagaskada – Tonigala 6.80 Medawachchiya Medawachchiya
NCAHC126 Dachchidamana - Paranahalmillewa 4.70 Medawachchiya Medawachchiya
NCAHC127 Tekkawatha – Puleliya 5.65 Medawachchiya Medawachchiya
NCAHC128 Kirigollewa - Hirallugama 11.50 Medawachchiya Medawachchiya
NCAHD083 Kiriketuwewa – Bandaraulpatha - Kapugollewa 20.30 Kebithigollewa Kebithigollewa
NCAHD139 Yakawewa - Mahakoongaskada Rd 13.00 Medawachchiya Medawachchiya
3.1. Existing Condition of the Subproject Roads and Proposed Work
NCAHC095: Kebithigollewa - Hendagala Road (12.90 km)
36. A total of 12.90 km length road starts from B 283 Medawachchiya – Kebithigollewa
road and is opposite to the DS office of Kebithigollewa within the Kebithigollewa town
boundary. The road from starting point up to 9.00 km mainly runs through residential areas of
Hendagama, Thibbiri-wewa, Kirimetiyawa and Ambagaha-wewa including paddy fields, home
gardens and mixed cultivations. Rest of the section beside the road includes scattered
residences with large extent of paddy fields, scrublands, small forest patches with small rocky
outcrops and chena cultivations of Ambagas-handiya, Kokatigollewa and Handagala. The
Ovilbendi-wewa tank and two tanks of Ambagaha-wewa are located 5.1, 7.9 and 8.8 kms RHS
of the road. Large extent of paddy fields is mainly concentrated to 4.00, 5.3 to 5.9, 12.3 and
12.7 kms beside the road. This road terminates at Hendagala junction of
Kebithigollewa,Ratmalgahawewa-Kivulekade road (B 538).
37. The terrain of the road is flat and the
alignment mainly straight with few curves. The
current situation of the road in several sections up to
9.00 km is fairly good during the dry season. During
the rainy season it is difficult to travel due to water
stagnation in pot holes. The road gets inundated at
15
4.79-5.16, 5.50-6.10 km locations. The end section of the road is highly dilapidated with large
numbers of potholes with water stagnated locations. Electricity is available beside the road and
all most all the houses and government buildings attain electricity from this existing
transmission line. Three government schools of Timbiri-wewa (3.7 km), Hadagala (6.5 km: L)
and Ambagaha-wewa (9.4 km: L) are located beside the road. Additionally Montessori school
of Timbiri-wewa (3.1 km) and Kokatigollewa (12.7 km), cooperative shop of Kirimetiyawa ( 6.2
km) and Buddhist temple: Upulviharaya at Ambagaswewa (9.3 km: L) are also located beside
the road.
38. The existing carriageway of the road varies from 3.5 m to 4.5 m width. Existing RoW of
the road varies from 9.0 to 12 m. The average annual daily traffic volume of the road is 396
vehicles per day. The project aims to rehabilitate and widen the existing single lane to sub-
standard two lane with shoulders of 1.0 m on either side, earth or line drains (1.0 m) where
required. The developed road will have a RoW varies from 8.5 m to 11.5 m and proposed
average carriageway is 4.5 m.
NCANC122: Ethakada - Etambagaskada - Tonigala Road (6.8km)
39. A total of 6.8 km section from Ethakada – Etambagaskada - Tonigala road starts
opposite to the Metal quarry of Puhudivula. The initial section of the road runs through paddy
fields, scrub lands, chena cultivations and home gardens with residences of Puhudivula,
Divulgaskada, and Atambagaskada up to Tonigala junction. In general, the existing condition
of the road is in unsatisfactory level for transportation. The 4 way junction of Atambagaskada
is located around 2.8 km and residences are mainly concentrated to the Atambagaskada. Two
seasonal tanks of Divulgaskada and Atambakaskada are located beside the road at 1.9 and
3.1 kms respectively. The rest of the section after 3.2 km up to Tonigala is covered with scrub
lands, forested area, water stagnated areas, few residences and chena cultivations. The
proposed road section terminates at Tonigala from AA029: Vavuniya – Horowopotanaroad.
40. The terrain is flat thought the road and the alignment
mainly straight with few curves. The 1st6.00 km from
Ethakada junction up to Puhudivula was already
rehabilitated by the PRDA. The rest of the section from
Puhudivula up to Tonigala junction is a gravel section (old
tar road section) and is highly dilapidated with large
numbers of pot holes, erodible edges with water stagnated
areas, unusable culverts and other cross drainages. During
the rainy season transportation through this section is very
difficult due to stagnated water within the RoW. The road gets inundated at 6.00 – 6.24, 9.40 -
12.00 km locations. The significant places located along the road include temple (2.45 km: L),
government school (2.5 km: L) and sub post office
(2.6 km: L) of Atambagaskada with residential
area.
41. The existing RoW of the road varies from 9
- 12 m and the carriageway is 2.7 – 4.2 m. The
average annual daily traffic volume of the road is
443 vehicles per day. The project aims to
Rural residential area of Atambagaskada
Chena cultivation located close to the road
16
rehabilitate and widen the existing single lane to sub-standard two lane with shoulders of 1.0 m
on either sides, earth or line drains (1.0 m widths) where required. The developed road will
have a new RoW of 9.0 to 11.5 m throughout.
NCANC126: Dachchidamana – Paranahalmillewa Road (4.70 km)
42. The proposed road section starts at Maha-kumbukgollewa junction from A009: Kandy –
Jaffna road close to the 102.00 km post. This road runs through rural agricultural area of
Maha-kumbukgollewa, Kudagama, Ataweeragollewa up to Paranahalmillewa. The land use
beside the road includes scrub lands, paddy fields, chena cultivations, home gardens and
residence. Most of the residences are concentrated from 0.00 km up to 1.00 km. A tank of
Kudagama is located 2.8 km LHS to the proposed road. The proposed 4.7 km road terminates
at Paranahalmillewa junction opposite to the Paranahalmillewa government school.
43. The terrain of the road is flat and
alignment is mainly straight. The existing surface
of the road is fairly good with the motarable
condition in dry season. However during the
rainy season, water stagnated pot holes can be
seen in several locations. The road gets
inundated at 1.30 – 1.45, 1.70-1.90, 2.50 – 3.70
km locations. The electricity is available along
the road and most of the residences beside the
road obtained electricity. No significant
government buildings or other important places
located beside the road.
44. The existing carriageway of the road varies from 3.2 – 4.5 m width. Existing RoW of the
road varies between 9 - 12 m. The average annual daily traffic volume of the road is 438
vehicles per day. The project aims to rehabilitate and widen the existing single lane road from
Maha-kumbukgollewa junction up to Paranahalmillewa junction to sub-standard double lane
with shoulders of 1.0 m width on either side, earth or line drain (1.0 m) where required. The
developed road will have a new RoW ranging from 8.5m to 11.5m and average carriageway of
4.5 m throughout.
45.
NCANC127: Thekkawatha – Pulleliya Road (5.65 km)
46. The proposed road section from Thekkawatha – Pulleliya road starts 2.00 km away
from Thekkawatha junction of Medawachchya – Mannar road (AA014) at Walpola junction.
The 1st 2.00 km has already improved with DBST by the PRDA of NCP. The rest of the
proposed section runs through several rural agricultural villages including Walpola, Kulikkada,
Viralmurippu, Kudagama up to Pulleliya junction. Land use beside the road includes paddy
fields, scrublands, chena, teak cultivations, mixed home gardens and residences. The road
crosses Colombo - Jaffna railway line around 1.1 km point. Several seasonal tanks
Dilapilated condition and road side vegetation
17
Viralmurippu (1.5 km: L), Kudagama (3.45 km: R) and Puleliya (4.4 km: R) are located beside
the road. The proposed 5.65 km section terminates at Pulleliya junction.
47. The terrain of the existing gravel section is
flat thought and the alignment mainly straight with
few curves. The present situation of the road is
highly dilapidated with large numbers of pot holes,
broken edges, water stagnated areas, inundation
sections (2.10 – 2.20, 3.54 – 3.93, 5.30 -5.45, 6.45
– 6.55, 6.85 -7.08, 7. 32 -7.55), damaged culverts
and bridges. Thus transportation along some
section is very difficult especially the end section
after the Pulley tank. The electricity is available in
the area; both high-tension as well as house
supply lines run parallel to the road. A single
Government school Viralmurrippu (1.4 km: L) two
temples Viralmurippu (2.1 km: L) and Puleliya (5.3
km: R) are located beside the road.
48. The existing carriageway of the road
varies between 3.5-4.5 m. Existing RoW of the
road varies between 9-11m. The average annual
daily traffic volume of the road is 389 vehicles per
day. The project aims to rehabilitate and widen
the existing single lane to sub-standard double lane with shoulders of 1.0 m on either sides,
earth or line drains (1.0 m) where required. The developed road will have a new RoW of 8.5 m
to 11.5 m and carriageway of 4.5 m throughout.
NCAHC128: Kirigollewa - Hirallugama Road (11.50 km)
49. A total of 11.50 km gravel road starts from
Unagaswewa junction of Medawachchiya –
Horowpathana road. The road runs through rural
residential and agricultural areas of Unagas-
wewa, Moragoda, Tharanagollewa and
Hirallugama. The land use beside the road
includes large number of paddy fields, scrub
lands, chena cultivation, mixed home gardens
(coconut, banana) and residences. Four main
seasonal tanks Unagas-wewa (2.5 to 4.2 kms),
Moragoda (5.4 to 5.6 kms), Tharanagollewa
(6.75 to 7.4 kms), Hirrallugama (9.3 to 10.2 kms),
are located beside the road and road runs over
these tank bunds. The spills of above tanks cross
the road at 4.2, 5.6, 7.4 and 10.2 kms
respectively. The proposed road terminates at
Teak plantation at LHS close to the railway crossing
Viralmurippuwa Government School adjacent to the road
Large extent of paddy fields and mixed home gardens besid the road
Road runs over the tank bund
18
B283: Medawachchiya - Kebithigollewa road at Hirallugama junction.
50. The terrain of the existing gravel road is flat and the alignment includes number of
curves. The existing carriage way of tank bunds is narrow compare to the rest of the section.
Number of rural road sections start from the proposed road at different locations and runs
towards the other rural villages and agricultural areas. The current situation of the road is
suitable for transportation and day to day activities of the people in the area. However several
locations of the road include pot holes with water stagnated areas. Electricity is available from
starting point up to end point and majority of the residences and government buildings
obtained electricity supply from the existing line. Two government schools Unagaswewa (4.2
km: L) and Hirallugama (8.2 km: R) as well as single Buddhist temple of Sri
Sugathawardanaramaya at Moragoda (5.3 km: R) are located beside the road.
51. The existing carriageway of the road varies from 3.5 m to 4.0 m and the existing RoW
of the road varies from 10.0 m to 11.0m. The average annual daily traffic volume of the road is
378 vehicles per day. The project aims to rehabilitate and widen the existing single lane to
sub-standard two lane with shoulders of 1.0 m on either side, earth or line drains (1.0 m)
where required. The developed road will have a new RoWvaries from 8.5 m to 11.5m and
carriageway of 4.5 m throughout.
NCAHD083: Kiriketuwewa – Bandara-ulpatha - Kapugollewa Road (20.30 km)
52. The sub-project road starts from
Kiriketuwewa junction from Vavuniya –
Horowpothana Road (AA029) about 6.00 km away
from Kebithigollewa town towards the
Horowpothana. The starting point up to 5.00 km
includes gravel prime layer. The rest of the section
from Bandaraulpothato Kapugollewa junction is
overlaid with gravel. Large numbers of rural
agricultural villages are located along the road
including Kiriketuwewa, Lunuathulewa, Sinhala-
Ataweeragollewa, Bandaraulpota, Kurulugama, Muslim- Ataweeragollewa, Anaolandewa,
Pathtewa, Weerasole and Kapugollewa.
53. The land use beside the road includes large extents of paddy fields, scrublands,
forested areas, mixed cultivations, home gardens and residences. The majority of the people
in the area is farmers and largely depends on paddy cultivation. Additionally animal husbandry
including cattle, goat and poultry is also common in Anaolandewa, Muslim-Ataweeragollewa
and Weerasole. Number of tanks including Sinhala -Ataweeragollews (3.8, 4.4 kms: L),
Pathtewa (13.2, 14.5 kms: L), Punchikulam (15.9 km: L) and Weerasole (16.8 km: L) are
located close to the road. The end section beside the road includes forest patches, scrub lands
and rocky areas. The proposed road ends at Kapugollewa junction around 20.3 km from
Kapugollewa- Horowpothana Road.
54. The terrain of the initial section about 12 km is flat and the alignment mainly straight
with few curves. The rest of the section includes number of bends with slightly undulating
Water stagnated location within the road
19
terrain. The current situation of the gravel prime laid section is fairly good with scattered
potholes. The surface of section after 15.00 km is an unsatisfactory level due to large numbers
of pot holes, dilapidated road edges, erodible sections and stagnated pot holes during the
rainy season. Electricity is available along the road. The significant places located beside the
road include Buddhist temple of Lunuatulewa (2.1 km: L), Bodhi tree (4.00 km: L), government
school of BandaraUlpotha (7.2 km), Montessori school (14.00 km: L), government Muslin
school Pathtewa (14.1 km: R), mosque of Weerasole (16.7 km: L) and Jayasumanaramaya
temple Kapugollewaat end section.
55. The existing carriageway of the road varies from 3.5 m to 4.0m width. Existing RoW of
the road varies from 9-12 m. The average annual daily traffic volume of the road is 237vehicles
per day. The project aims to rehabilitate and widen the existing single lane road from
Kiriketuwewa up to Kapugollewa to sub-standard double lane with solders of 1.0 m on either
side, earth or line drains (1.0 m) where required. The developed road will have a new RoW of
8.5 to 11.5 m and average carriageway of 4.5 m throughout.
NCAND139: Yakawewa - Mahakongaskada Road (13.30 km)
56. A total of 13.30 km road starts at Yakawewa
junction from Medawachchiya – Mannar road
(AA014). This road mainly runs through rural
agricultural areas of Yakawewa, Periyakulam,
Galkandegama, Katukeliyawa, Mahakongaskada,
Muslim Halmillewa, and Aneketiya up to
Nagadaranawa. The land use beside the subproject
road includes home gardens and residences, paddy
fields, teak cultivations, small forested areas, scrub
lands, mixed cultivations and chena cultivations.
Number of seasonal tanks including Periyakulam (2.5
km: L), Galkandegama (3.7 km: L), Katukeliyawa (5.1
km) are located close to the road and road runs through Katukeliyawa tank bund from 5.1 km
up to 5.4 km. The road terminates at Nagadaranawa junction from Punewa – Palugollewa
road.
57. The terrain of the road is flat and most of the
alignment is straight with few curves. The road is fairly
good with motarable condition. The proposed road
gets inundated at 6.52 – 6.75, 8.15 – 8.90, 9.55 –
10.20, 14.05 – 14.32, 15.70 – 16.10, 16.33 – 16.72,
17.40 – 8.00, 19.00 – 19.70 km points. The electricity
is available throughout the road and majority of the
houses obtained electricity. The significant places
located along the road include Gaminiwewa
government school and temple of Periyakulam (2.4
km: L&R), government school of Muslim Halmillewa
(10.3 km: L) and Sri Aanandarama temple of
Aneketiya (12 km, L).
Scrublands located beside the road
A tank with water birds located close to the road
20
58. The existing carriageway of the road varies from 3.5 m to 5.0 m width and the existing
RoWvaries from 10 m to 12.0 m. The average annual daily traffic volume of the road is 768
vehicles per day. The project aims to rehabilitate and widen the existing single lane road from
Yakawewa to Mahakoongaskada to sub-standard double lane with solders of 1.0 m width on
either side, earth or line drain (1.0 m width) where required. The developed road will have a
new average RoW of 8.5 m to 11.5 m and carriageway of 4.5m throughout.
3.2. Description of the Existing Environment of the Project Affected Area
59. This section provides current situation of physical, ecological, economic and social
background of the sub-project affected areas including Anuradhapura district in brief.
3.2.1. Physical Resources
Topography, Geology and Soil
60. The district is located in the Northern half of Sri Lanka and bordered by 7 districts
namely Vauniya, Trincomalle, Polonnaruwa, Matale, Kurunegala, Puttalam and Mannar. The
base elevation of the land in the district gradually increases from about 30 m above mean sea
level in the North Western and Northern fringes of the district to about 200m above sea level at
the Southern and South Eastern boundary from where it rises south of the district to the hill
country. The most characteristic topographic feature of this district is undulating nature of the
terrain, which is presence of ridges and hills that rise distinctly above the base elevation. The
geology of the major part of the district is highly crystalline, formed by metamorphosis of well-
bedded sediments in an old geosyncline.
61. The geology of the district belongs to ancient continent, Gondwanaland. Geology of
North Western boundary area of the district is overlain by geology of Pleistocene and Miocene.
Within district there are five rock types which are generally in the Central and Eastern parts of
the district named as Highland series. Western part of the district consists with Vijayan series
rocks of the Precambrian and the Palaeozoic eras. West of the Vijayan series rocks lie
Pleistocene and post Pleistocene sand and gravel of coastal nature. Appetite mine in
Eppawala, Mica mine in Kebithigollewa and limestone deposits in Palagala to Horowpathana
are the major mineral resources in the district.
62. Reddish Brown Earth – Low Humic Gley association of soil is the most commonly
distributed soil in this district. The Reddish Brown Earth component of this association is better
drained and occupies the upper parts of the undulations that almost exclusively make up the
landscape in the district. Poorly drained Low Humic Gley soil covers the lower parts of the
same undulations.
Climate
63. The climate of Anuradhapura district is typical to the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka. This district
receives an annual average rainfall of 1420 mm, mainly by North East monsoonal component.
High temperature receives from inter monsoons during October to December. Extremely
heavy rains bought in by cyclones and depressions are responsible for high rainfall in some
years.
21
64. The rainfall generally follows bimodal pattern of distribution. The major one of the two
rainfall peaks is spread over a period of months commencing between late September to
February and are called Maha rains which falls during North-East monsoons. Due to this
relatively longer rainy period, there is a potential for filling up the tanks and sometimes it
causes floods even. As the Maha rains fade away, a dry season sets where there is little or no
rain. During this period decline the water reserves within the district soil dries up, forest
become less lush and the season turns less tranquil.
65. The second rainy season for the year begins any time from mid-March to mid-April and
lasts till May or even June, which is called Yala rain corresponding to Yala season. This is
shorter compared to Maha rain. This rain replenishes the depleted tanks and ground water
reserves to a substantial level. When the short wet season is over, dry weather sets in again
from May or June. In August the condition of climate is really arid and tanks get dried up and
mud gets lined cracked.
66. The annual average temperature of the district is 27.30C. Unlike rainfall the
temperature, which is warm throughout the year, shows little variation over the year and
between places in the district. The warmest period is March, May, August and September. The
relative humidity of the district varies in 70 – 82% within the year. During the South Western
monsoons the wind speed accelerates to 12 km/hr or it rises further to 16 km/hr. Evaporation
rate of water from a free water surface is 35 mm/week and varies from place to place.
Water Resources (Ground and surface water)
67. Tanks, streams, and springs are the main sources of surface water in the district and
are the main storages of rain water during whole year. There are 14 large scale tanks, 19
medium scale tanks and2600small scale tanks are located in the district. Major irrigation tanks
found in the district are the Kala wewa, Basawakkulama wewa, Nuwara wewa and Tisawewa
which were built during ancient times. Many other rulers constructed a number of large tanks
such as Padaviya, Nachchaduva, Rajanganaya, Mahavilacchiyawewa which further expanding
the irrigation network. Other than the mentioned reservoirs many ponds which fed by a
network of subterranean channels were constructed to supply water to the district. Egg: Kala
Oya and Kalankuttiya Oya supply water to Southern boundary of the district. The Eastern
boundary runs along the right bank watershed boundary of Nelu Oya along Yan Oya. In
Western, ModaragamAru and KalAru nourish the Western region of the district. Other than the
above mentioned perennial tanks, seasonal tanks are common in most parts of the district.
These are small tanks commonly known as village tanks; store water during the rainy season
and are mainly use for the purpose of agricultural activities. Throughout the proposed road
sections many seasonal tanks could be observed. Following table (table 6) shows the
seasonal tanks observed along the proposed subproject roads during the field survey.
Table 6 Small scale tanks located besides the sub –project affected areas
22
Road name Chainage (km Name
NCAHC095 Kebithigollewa - Hendagala Road 5.1 (R ) Ovilbendiwewa
7.9 and 8.8 (R ) Ambagahawewa tanks
NCANC122 Ethakada - Etambagaskada - Tonigala
Road
1.9 (R) Divulgaskada tank
3.1 (R) Atambakaskada tank
NCANC126 Dachchidamana – Paranahalmillewa
Road 2.8 (L) Kudagama tank
NCAHC128 Kirigollewa - Hirallugama Road
2.5 to 4.2 (R) Unagaswewa
5.4 to 5.6 (R) Moragodawewa
6.75 to 7.4 (R) Tharanagollewawewa
9.3 to 10.2 (R) Hirrallugamawewa
NCAHD083 Kiriketuwewa – Bandara-ulpatha -
Kapugollewa Road
3.8, 4.4 (L), Sinhala Ataweeragollewawewa
13.2, 14.5 (L) Pathtewawewa
15.9 (L) Punchikulam tank
16.8 (L) Weerasolewewa
NCANC127 Thekkawatha – Pulleliya Road
1.5 (L) Viralmurippu tank
3.45 (R) Kudagamatank
4.4 (R) Puleliyatank
NCAND139 Yakawewa - Mahakongaskada Road
2.5 (L) Periyakulamtank
3.7 (L) Galkandegama tank
5.1 – 5.4 (L) Katukeliyawa tank
68. Ground water in the Anuradhapura district is being mainly use as a source of drinking
water. However at present it has expanded for agricultural activities to support cropping in dry
season. Ground water refers to both shallow and deep. Shallow ground water fluctuates with
rains, more in the well-drained upper slopes of the catena than the poorly drained lower slope.
Shallow ground water resource has been found to be better where the rock is quartzitic/ highly
weathered/ moderately and fractured compared to sites with un-weathered rocks. Large
number of surface water resource located within Anuradhapura district helps stabilize the
ground water resource.
69. The availability of shallow ground water is seasonal. It is abundant during and after the
Maha rains up to about the end of February, moderate from March up to about June and scare
thereafter till the commencement of the Maha rains. Within the district the geology beneath the
unconsolidated overburden is composed of crystalline rocks, which are hard and nonporous.
Hence the availability of deep ground water is very limited. The quality of ground water is
varying with the available compounds and substances of the district. Fluoride and Iron
contents in ground water have been found to be in high. Hardness due to elements such as
Calcium, Magnesium and salinity due to Chloride are other properties that lower the quality of
ground water.
23
Air Quality and Noise
70. According to the information available at the National Building Research Organization
(NBRO), the concentration of the particulate matters (PM10) in the ambient air at Anuradhapura
in 1999 shows that the measured values are well below the NAAQS (Table 03). However
recent data for air quality is not available. Since number of mettle quarries, crushers and
gravel mines are located in Madawachchiya and Kebithigollewa DS divisions ambient air
quality of the area may affected due to emissions from above sites and related transport
activities. Apart from that, low addition of SO2 has occurred due to the heavy usage of
fertilizers and soil conditioners within this district. However atmospheric characteristics such as
CO, SO2, dust and other particulate matter of the air in Madawachchiya and Kebithigollewa
areas have not been studied yet.
Table 7.Air quality at Anuradhapura in May 1999
Date Start time (hrs) Ruin time (hrs) PM10
Concentration (µg/m3)
Maximum permissible level (µg/m3)
25/05/99 18.00 24 30 100
26/05/99 19.00 24 29 -
27/05/99 19.00 24 37 -
28/05/99 18.40 24 20 -
29/05/99 19.20 24 16 -
30/05/99 19.10 24 33 -
31/05/99 19.15 24 45 -
02/06/99 17.10 24 39 -
03/06/99 17.15 24 37 -
04/06/99 18.45 24 37 -
Source: NBRO
3.2.2. Ecological Resources
71. The natural vegetation in the Anuradhapura district and the sub-project affected areas
is mainly consists of tropical Dry Mixed Evergreen Forest. Natural forests in various states of
disturbance found in the district are the remnants of lush and sprawling natural vegetation.
The forest cover of the district is 24% from the total land area of the district. The forest type in
the district is belong to 3 main categories namely less disturbed natural forest, moderately
disturbed natural forest and highly disturbed natural forests. However due to human
interference over thousands of years, the vegetation in the district has under gone drastic
changes.
72. According to the moisture content available in the rain and soil, there are two types of
forest in the district namely dry and moist. The dry forest type, which is widespread in the
district, consists of the species such as Manilkarahexandra (Palu), Chloroxylonswetenia
(Buruta), Brideliaretusa (Ketakala), Syzigiumcumini(Madan), Vitexpinnata (Mille) and
Beryacordifolia (Halmille) etc. The moist type is found some DS divisions, which are closer to
the rivers, near water holes and in the uplands adjacent to tanks. Alseodaphnesemicarpifolia
(Wewarana), Berryacordifolia (Halmilla), Diosyrosmalabarica (Thimbiri), Terminaliaarjuna
24
(Kubuk), Madhucalongifolia (Mee) and Schleiereraoleosa (Kone) are the more common trees
in wet and moist areas. Termineliaarjuna (Kubuk) is the most common tree along river banks,
all over the district.
73. When considering the vertebrates fauna, fresh water fish species such as Anguilla
bicolorbicolor (Anda), Mystusvittatus (Ankutta), Channastriata (Lula), Plotosuscanius (Magura),
and Puntiustitteya (Tittaya) are common in this district. Kelaarts toad, Hourglass tree frog,
Common branded caecilian and Small eared toad are the amphibian species recorded in
Anuradhapura district. The serpent reptiles and Tetrapod reptiles recorded in this area include
Earth snake, Bronzeback, Common whip snake, Russell’s viper, Saw scaled viper, Common
wolf snake and Merrem’s hump noses etc,. Out of the 427 bird species recorded in Sri Lanka,
many are reported to be present in this district because of availability of food resources,
favourable condition during migration season and bird favoured habitats such as riverine
forests, tanks and the villus in Wilpattu area. Among mammals Spotted deer, Palm squirrel,
Porcupines, Hare and Indian gerbil are the commonest mammals in the district. Endemic
species such as Red faced Malkoha, Purple faced leaf monkey are abundant species in this
area.
74. During the field observation period a total of 102 floral and 142 faunal species were
recorded. From the total recorded fauna 3 species, 1 reptile (Python molurus - Indian Python)
and 2 mammals (Felis chaus - Jungle cat and Lutra lutra - Indian otter) belong to the
threatened category. The summary of floral and faunal species as well as total recorded
species during the survey is included to the table 7, 8&Attachment 1 respectively.
Table 8 Summary of the floral species recorded during the field survey
Category Number
Number of Family 41
Number of Species 102
Endemic Species 1
Nationally Threatened -
Globally Threatened -
Introduce Species 37
25
Table 9 Summary of the faunal species recorded during the field survey
Animal Group Total no of species recorded Endemic Threatened Exotic/Migrants
Dragonflies 2 - - -
Butterflies 18 - - -
Mollusks 2 - - 1
Freshwater fish 5 1 - 3
Amphibians 6 1 - -
Reptiles 14 - 1 -
Birds 74 4 - 5/2
Mammals 21 3 2 4
75. There are several Wildlife Parks, Sanctuaries, Strict Nature Reserves and Tropical
Wetlands are located with this district. Mihinthale Sanctuary, Ritigala Strict Nature Reserve,
Hurulu Forest Reserve, Kahalle Forest Reserve and Padaviya Sanctuary provide proper
habitats to fauna and flora within the Anuradhapura district. Some of these forests harbour
favourable habitats for large mammals’ such as elephant.
76. However any of these above mentioned environmental sensitive areas (Wild Life Park,
declared forest or nature reserves) or their wild fauna or flora is not located within or close
proximity to the project area. Therefore they will not be affected by proposed road
development activities in Anuradhapura district.
3.2.3. Economic Development
Land Use and the Agriculture
77. Anuradhapura is the largest of all districts in Sri Lanka, and covering an area of 7179
km2 that covers 10.9 % of the whole country’s land surface. The forest cover in the district is
59.2% while the extent of paddy cultivation is 18.6%. Altogether 515 km3 inland water bodies
distributed within the district. Pattern of human settlements around the roads vary mostly from
rural to semi- urban. The district economy is predominantly centred on paddy, coconut and
home gardens including vegetable cultivation. Cultivation heavily depends on the irrigation
tanks such as Nuwarawewa, Kala wewa, Basawakkulama, Nachchaduwa tank and Thisawewa
built by ancient kings. Apart from that irrigation system of Mahaweli Scheme provides
considerable amount of water for irrigation activities in the area.
78. In the year 2008 alone, 812,554 hectares were cultivated in the district and the paddy
harvest accrued amounted to 12,357 metric tons. 31,092 main irrigation schemes helped in
this regard. In addition to paddy cultivation, a land area of 6,324 hectares was cultivated with
vegetable, 23793 hectares with additional crops and pulses. As per the land utilization in the
district in the year 2008, 128,719.79 ha and 59,084.05 ha were used for paddy and chena
cultivation respectively (Table 7).
26
Table 10 Land use pattern of subproject affected DSDs in Anuradhapura district -2008
Area A
ban
do
ned
tan
ks (
ha)
Mars
h lan
ds(h
a)
Ch
en
a(h
a)
Fo
rest(
ha)
Resid
en
tia
l(h
a)
Pad
dy (
ha)
Co
co
nu
t(h
a)
Tan
ks (
ha)
Scru
b l
an
ds (
ha)
Str
ea
ms(h
a)
Rese
rvo
irs (
ha)
Oth
er
Kebithigollewa 456.8
4
135.1
6
1686
.4
3735
7.7
8
2528
.97
6914
.65
0.0
7
0.2
8
9328
.37
383.8
4
2222
.13
149.5
7
Medawachchiy
a 197.5
4
6.2
8
6562
.6
1054
8.8
4
3964
.65
9908
.09
6.4
5
0.0
3
1416
9.5
2
111.0
3
3550
.74
219.9
3
Anuradhapura
district 5256
.56
1479
.51
5908
4.1
2332
84.2
6920
7.1
1287
20
948.8
9
3.9
9
1646
82.5
6
4502
.07
4916
6.0
5
5825
.9
79. The government of Sri Lanka has taken several actions to promote the agricultural
economy of the district. Under the Mahinda Chinthanaya programme, plant seedlings are
distributed for cultivators. Under the Construction of Agro wells project, assistance has been
provided for construction of thousands of agricultural wells in the district. Steps have also
been taken to improve the agri industry utilizing new technologies. Millions of money was
allocated for the establishment of Young Farmer Organizations and Youth Farmer Societies on
a village level basis at the aim of inter-change knowledge, experience and to establish Young
Farmer Settlements. Under the Home Gardening project in 2009, cultivators are provided with
coconut seedlings, bee hive boxes, and flower vases.
80. Under the implementation of commercial crop cultivation programme which was started
in 2007, millions of money has been spent on cultivation of Betel, Pepper, Kilo Gova, jack and
other commercial crops such as maize, cowpea, kurakkan, green gram, groundnut, manioc,
sweet potatoes, chilly, and onion. In 2009 Rs. 0.647. Millions of money has been allocated for
the programme of encouraging the production of organic fertilizer and is carried out by the
Provincial Agricultural Department. In the same year a sum of Rs. 2.55 million has been spent
for the purpose of Agricultural systems, soil conservation, educating school children on
agricultural technology, and to implement various programmes beneficial to the farming
community.
27
81. The land use beside the project area include, large extents of paddy fields, scrublands,
forested areas, mixed cultivations, chena cultivations, home gardens and residences. The
majority of the people in the area is farmers and largely depends on paddy cultivation.
Additionally animal husbandry including cattle, goat and poultry is also common in some
roads. Following table shows the contribution of animal husbandry in project affected DSDs
and Anuradhapura district.
Table 11 Animal husbandry in project affected DSDs and Anuradhapura district in 2006
Area
No
of C
ows
Ann
ual m
ilk
prod
uctio
n (l)
No
of B
uffa
los
Ann
ual m
ilk
prod
uctio
n (l)
No
of g
oats
No
of p
igs
No
of C
hick
en
Kebithigollewa 5760 514650 5082 612470 503 137 3392
Medawachchiya 8256 1949830 1923 352225 2914 212 20440
Anuradhapura district 142320 21456935 58721 9601690 39434 8118 588468
Industries
82. Apart from agriculture, economy of the Anuradhapura district is predominantly revolves
around tourism industry, inland fisheries, small scale industries and some large scale
industries. According to recent estimates 24,592 of the population are employed in various
industries. Out of them 7632 persons are employed in 3453 small scale industries, while 9710
persons are employed in 53 large scale industries. However compare to the other districts,
industrial contribution in the district is poor.
83. The Anuradhapura district Chamber of Commerce, Industry & Agriculture (ADCCIA) is
the foremost business representative body in the district and functioning to promote, develop
and safeguard the agriculture, trade, manufactures, commerce, industries in the district.
According to ADCCIA Anuradhapura is growing at a rapid speed, therefore has great potential
for investors to start their businesses, particularly in agriculture, agro based industries and
livestock sectors.
84. At present, most of the population in the district depends on tourism industry. The
reason behind popularity of tourism industry within the district is ancient Sri Lankan culture.
Irrigation tanks, ruins of castles of several emperors, ancient temples, monastic sites, statures
of load Buddha are the main places, where local and foreign visitors attract towards this
district. Traditional items such as kitchenette appliances, cultural foods, Sinhala clothes,
ornaments etc are sold by the local people around these places. Eco-tourism is another
popularizing this area based on the eco-cultural history of the Ancient kingdom and traditional
day today activities around the cultivations.
Infrastructure Facilities
85. Except in some rural villages, electricity is available for most parts of the district. The
Village Electrification Development Programme currently is being operating to supply electricity
for the people who are not covered by the National Electricity Network. In the year 2009 the
government has spent Rs. 19,577,456 on rural electrification projects.
28
86. Other than electricity, tele-communication facility is available in most of the areas
mainly through wireless services. Pipe borne water facility is available to limited areas and pit
latrines, sewage canal systems and proper garbage dumping sites are restricted to the urban
sector of this district. PRDA is engaged in construction and maintaining many roads in the
district and helping the people to solve their transport problems and improve their living
standards. Many road development projects are currently undergoing to improve the transport
facility. Common wells have been constructed mainly for the domestic and agricultural
purposes and water is obtained through pipelines.
3.2.4. Social and Cultural Development
Population and Community
87. A total of 22 DSDs and 18PSDs are located within the Anuradhapura district. Selected
roads for the improvement run through 2 out of 22 DS divisions of the district. The population
of the Anuradhapura district by 2010 was 886945 and represent all ethnic and religious groups
in the country. On a community basis there are 808,859 Sinhalese, 72,289 Muslims and 4,502
Tamils. A minority of 1,295 persons belong to other ethnic groups. Mainly five religious groups
represented in the district as follows: 90% Buddhist, 0.5 % Hindus, 8.4% Muslims, 0.8 %
Roman Catholics and 0.3 % other Christians. Table 7 indicates population sizes of the 2 DS
divisions of the district.
Table 12 Population sizes of the project affected DS divisions Anuradhapura district
DS divisions Sinhalese Tamil Muslims Population
Medawachchiya 47303 195 2643 50141
Kebithigollewa 21,057 31 2170 23258
3.2.5. Health and Educational Facilities
Health Facilities
88. A total of 60 hospitals distributed in different locations of the district. These include a
single Provincial general hospital, 10 Base hospitals, 4 District hospitals, 4 Peripheral units, a
single Prison hospital, 23 Rural hospitals, 19 Central dispensary and Maternity homes and 4
Ayurveda hospitals. Out of these, 3 Base hospitals and 6 Central dispensary units are located
at Medawachchiya, Kebithigollewa and Padaviya.
89. During the last four years, the health sector received unprecedented boost in the
Anuradhapura district. From 2006 to 2009 the P.S.D.G institution, World Bank and other
funding institutions have provided a total of Rs. 833 million for assistance of health
development activities of the Anuradhapura district. These funds were allocated for
construction and renovation of hospitals, improve provision of health facilities, procure modern
equipment and upgrade technology, improve standards and facilities at centres dealing with
prevention of communicable diseases and for improvement of transport facilities. Accordingly
one surgery hospital, 3 base hospitals, 4 district hospitals, 7 central hospitals, 24 rural
hospitals and 20 clinics, were established in the district. At the same time, district was
29
provided with 474 doctors, 504 nurses, and 423 health service personnel. Hospital bedding
capacity was increased to cater for 2987 patients. Apart from that certain amount of money
was spent for the development of Indigenous Medical Services.
Educational Facilities
90. Generally the education level of the district is fairly good. The literacy rate of the district
is 90.5%. The educational level of the people within the district is shown in Table 8.
Table 13 Educational level of the people distributed in Anuradhapura district
Litera
cy r
ate
No
schoolin
g
Atte
ndin
g
gra
de 1
Passed
gra
de 1
-5
Passed
gra
de 6
-10
Passed
GC
E(O
/L)N
CG
E/S
SC
Passed
GC
E(A
/L)
HN
CE
/HS
C
Degre
e
an
d
above
Not sta
red
90.5
5.7
1.5
24
43.6
14.2
5.9
0.6
2.5
91. Within the district altogether 585 schools including 549 government schools, a single
special education unit and 35 piriven as are distributed. Out of them 11 government schools
are located beside the proposed subproject roads and are illustrated in table 9. The student
population in the district amounts 174,359with9228 teachers serving in these schools. Out of
them 594 teachers are in Medawachchiya DSD and 290 teachers are in Kebithigollewa DSD.
Table 14 Government schools located beside the proposed subproject roads
Road name Chainage (km) Name
NCAHC095 Kebithigollewa - Hendagala
Road
3.7 Timbiriwewa government school
6.5 (L) Hadagala government school
9.4 (L) Ambagahawewa government school
NCANC122 Ethakada - Etambagaskada -
Tonigala Road 2.5 (L) Atambagaskada government school,
NCAHC128 Kirigollewa - Hirallugama Road 4.2 (L) Unagaswewa government school
8.2 (R) Hirallugama government school
NCAHD083 Kiriketuwewa – Bandara -
Ulpatha - Kapugollewa Road
7.2 BandaraUlpotha government school
14.1 (R) Pathtewa government muslim school
NCANC127 Thekkawatha – Pulleliya Road 1.4 (L) Viralmurrippu government school
NCAND139 Yakawewa - Mahakongaskada
Road
2.4 (L), Gaminiwewa government school
10.3 (L) Muslim Halmillewa government school
3.2.6. Sites of the Cultural, Archaeological and Historical Significance
92. Anuradhapura is the first historical capital of Sri Lanka and today recognised by
UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, From the 4th century BC, Anuradhapura was the capital
30
city of Sri Lanka and until the beginning of the 11th century it remained one of the most stable
and durable centres of political power and urban life in South Asia. Although according to
historical records the city was founded in the 4th century BC, the archaeological data put the
date as far back as the 10th century BC.
93. Primary Buddhist attractions in Anuradhapura are the Atamasthana or the 8 main
places of worship located within Anuradhapura town boundary. These eight places include Sri
MahaBodhiya, Lovamahapaya, Ruwanwelisaya, Thuparamaya, Abayagiriya, Jetavanaramaya,
Mirisavetiya and Lankaramaya. In addition to the Atamasthana Mihinthalawa was a thick
jungle area inhibited by wild animals and was a hunting ground reserved for the royals. All this
changed in 250 BC when the son of the Indian Emperor Asoka, Mahinda Maha Thero arrived
at the Missaka Pauwa. Initially it was the Mahinda Maha Thero’s residence, but later
Mihinthale became a main centre for Theravada Buddhism. Sigiriya is rock fortress located
away from the Anuradhapura town. King Kassaypa was made his kingdom in the top of the
“Sigiriya”. It is a culturally significant place that is because it was suggested for eighth wonder
of the world. Another important location is Isurumuniya built by King Devanampiyatissa. The
carving of Isurumuniya lovers on the slab has been brought from another place and placed it
there. Thantirimale, Avukana, Vijithapura and ThalaguluViharaya are also very important
religious, historical, cultural and archaeological sites located within the district.
94. However none of the above mentioned Cultural, Archaeological and Historical
Significance sites are not located close proximity to the proposed subproject roads. But
several locally important Buddhist temples are located left & right hand side beyond the
proposed ROW and any impacts will not expect from the project to these locally important
religious sites (Table 15).
Table 15 Locally important religious places located beside the subproject roads
Road name Chainage (km) Name
NCAHC095 9.3 (L) Upulviharaya at Ambagaswewa
NCANC122 2.45 (L) Temple at Atambagaskada
NCAHC128 5.3 (R) Sri Sugathawardanaramaya, Moragoda
NCAHD083 2.1 (L) Temple at Lunuatulewa
16.7 (L) Mosque at Weerasole
19.3 Jayasumanaramaya temple, Kapugollewa
NCANC127 2.1 (L) Viralmurippu Temple
5.3 (R) Puleliya Temple
NCAND139 2.4 (R) Temple of Periyakulam
12.0 (L) Sri Aanandarama temple of Aneketiya
31
Chapter 4 - Potential Environmental Impacts Screening and Mitigation Measures
4. Introduction
95. Proposed construction activities of the subproject roads involve widening of single lane
to substandard two lanes with pavements, improvement of road surface, construction of side
drains & embankments, widening or replacement of culverts, and cause ways etc. During the
construction, several activities have to be implemented including removal and re-establishment
of public utilities, removal of road side trees, mining of gravel and sand, quarrying of metal,
transportation of construction materials, disposal of construction waste, establishment of
construction material processing plants, storage yards, labour camps, vehicles and equipment
service yards and other facilities. These activities can cause several impacts to the existing
environment of the project area. Feasible mitigation measures for anticipated impacts have
been suggested to avoid or minimize significant environmental impacts associated with
construction activities while enhancing the positive environmental impacts. Since construction
activities of the all the seven subprojects are similar, environmental impacts and mitigation
measures associated with pre construction, construction and operation stages of the project
describe in general through the following section. These measures need to be included to the
contract conditions and specification of the project.
4.1. Environmental Impacts Associated with Pre Construction and Construction Stage
Resources mobilization
96. Mobilization of resources for the project construction activities such as space, human
capital and physical resources is a major task carryout at an early stage of the project. The
space need for the various activities of the project include construction of material processing
plants, storage yards, labour camps, offices and other accommodations. Adequate provision
should be made to mobilize the construction equipment’s, vehicles and other construction
materials.
Selection of lands for temporally use
Outline and impacts
97. Materials processing plants, storage yards, vehicle parks, disposal sites and labour
camps should be established within the subproject affected areas in accordance with local
laws, regulations and in close consultation with villages and LAs. This will avoid/ minimize
social and environmental impacts such as complicit situation b/w workforce and surrounding
communities, soil erosion, removal of green cover vegetation ad trees etc…that can be
aroused during the construction stage.
32
Mitigation measures
98. Selection of lands for above activities should be undertaken by the contractors
carefully; away from environmental and public sensitive areas. Recruitment of local un-skilled
and skilled workers for the proposed construction activities can reduce the requirement of land
for labour camps in large scale. Provision of adequate compensation/rent for consuming the
selected sites and obtaining official permits from the relevant authorities, if any public utilities
will be used are also essential.
Acquisition of lands
99. Availability of lands according to the detailed design of the subprojects is important for
the construction activities. Since construction activities are restricted to the existing RoW of the
selected subproject rods, land acquisition will not be required.
Removal of public utilities
Outline and impacts
100. Road improvement work may generally impact on the public utilities such as electricity,
pipe born water supply and telecommunication facilities which are located within the existing
RoW. The electricity is available all the subproject roads except few sections. However, there
are no telecommunication and pipe born water supply facilities in any of the proposed
subproject roads.
101. Since most of the electrical posts are located away from the existing carriage ways,
impact will be less due to removal. If the removal of utilities undertake during pre-construction
sage, responsibility for that should be handled by the PIU. If it is undertaken, during the
construction stage it should handle by the contractor under the supervision of PIU.
Mitigation measures
102. Recruitment of well trained and experienced machinery operators, technical officers &
labours, proper coordination with Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) during the removal of electric
posts will reduce the accidental damage to the utilities, workers and general public. These
activities will also ensure re-establishment of utilities rapidly. Advance notice to the public
about the time and duration of the utility disruption will reduce public inconvenient and provide
adequate time to obtain alternative power sources during the disruption.
Extraction, transportation and storage of construction materials
Outline and impacts
103. All the construction materials for the project activities are available within the project
affected area of Mihintale, Medawachchiya, Ethakada and Kebithigollewa areas of
Anuradhapura district. In general large-scale extraction of construction materials can have
negative impact such as noise, air, water, soil pollution and reduction of scenic beauty with
damage to ecosystems.
104. Soil erosion, lowering of the river beds, destruction of river banks, reduction of sand
replenishment of coastal beaches, coastal erosion and salt water intrusion during the dry
33
season are main consequences due to sand mining. Nuisance from dust, noise and vibrations
will create health and social disturbance to the people around metal extraction sites.
Stagnation of water in borrow pits, material storage yards and mettle quarries provide breeding
sites for mosquitoes and may cause accidental damage to people and wild animals. The
transportation and storage of construction materials can potentially cause disturbance to the
general public, increase dust and noise nuisance and damage to minor roads.
Mitigation measures.
105. Extraction of construction materials should be undertaken only from the approved
mines and quarries by GS&MB. If new material extraction sites need to be located, they should
exclude places which are close to the public (schools, religious places, hospitals) and
environment sensitive areas. Environmental requirements and guidelines issued by the CEA,
GSMB and LAs should be followed with respect of locating material extraction sites and other
operations including rehabilitation of the extraction sites at the end of their use.
106. Transport, loading and unloading of construction materials should not cause nuisance
to the people by way of noise, vibration and dust. All drivers should obtained license for the
category of vehicles they drive. They should follow the speed limits on roads based on the
traffic rules and regulations. Construction materials should not exceed the carrying capacity of
the trucks.
107. When storage of construction materials all stock piles should be located sufficiently
away from environment and public sensitive locations. Sand, rubble, metal bitumen and
cement should be covered to ensure protection from dust and avoid emissions. Construction
materials should not store around irrigation canals, tank bunds, cross drainage and natural
flow paths. All cement, bitumen (barrels), oil and other chemicals should be stored and
handled on an impervious surface above ground level (e.g. concrete slab) and should be
enclosed ensuring that no storm water flows in to the structure. Adequate ventilation should be
kept to avoid accumulation of fumes and offensive odour that could be harmful.
Effect on local road net work
Outline and impacts
108. In general, sources of construction materials such as borrow pits, quarries and mines
as well as construction material processing plants cannot establish adjacent to proposed
subproject roads. Therefore construction materials should be transported from other areas to
the project sites through the rural road network. However the carrying capacities of the rural
roads are not sufficient to cater the vehicular load and hence, can be damaged during
transportation of construction materials.
109. In generally LAs cannot engage in such immediate maintenance activities due to the
lack of financial capacities.
Mitigation measures
110. Nomination should be given by the contractor in bidding work of the quarries and
borrow areas, which he intends to use roads of adequate capacity for heavy trucks by
providing evidence. If construction vehicles are likely to cause damage to public roads,
provision should be made for their repair and restoration as part of the contract. Contractor
34
should obtain a permit from LAs to use local roads prior to the transportation of construction
materials, machineries and equipment’s. Construction materials shall not exceed the carrying
capacity of the local road network. Contractor should maintain all roads, which are used for the
transportation of construction materials and other related activities.
Solid waste disposal and sanitation
Outline and impacts
111. Solid waste (construction debris, spoil, and waste generated from labour camps,
officers accommodations) associated with construction and other related works may impose
several negative environmental and social impacts to the subproject affected area including
impact on ecology, public health and scenic beauty. Decaying wastes also attract pests such
as rats and flies which become unhealthy, dirty, and unsightly places to reside in. Labour
camps, garbage disposal sites and material storage yards provide favourable habitats for
vectors of diseases like mosquitoes and rats. Contamination of water bodies with wastewater,
construction debris and spoil will create significant impact on the aquatic lives and people
inhabited in the area.
Mitigation measures
112. To minimize above impacts, strict environmental compliance would be implemented
with regard to disposal of waste. Selection of the disposal site by the contractor should exclude
areas which are close to public and environment sensitive. Prior approval for the disposal site
should be obtained from the LAs via Grama Niladari. All debris and residual spoil materials
(soil, sand, rock, and deadwoods) generated from construction activities shall be re-used
wherever possible for site levelling, back - filling under instruction of Engineers & Construction
Supervision Consultant (CSC). Dump materials should be placed without interference to the
irrigation canals, water bodies, agricultural lands or any other environmental sensitive areas.
113. Contractor should handle and manage waste generated from the construction/labour
camps without contaminating the environmental conditions or affecting the risk of
public/communities living near the sites. Proper solid waste disposal, sanitation and sewerage
facilities (drinking water, urinals, toilets and wash rooms) should be provided to all sites of the
construction/labour camps. Adhering to the guidance from Provincial office of CEA will avoid or
minimize health hazards and environmental pollution. Selection of the location for labour
camps should be approved by the Engineer and comply with guidelines/recommendations
issued by CEA and LAs.
114. Provision of proper drainage facilities to minimize stagnation of water around worker
based camps and keeping the drainage facilities clean to prevent breeding of rats and other
vectors such as flies are necessary. Garbage bins should be provided to all worker based
camps and construction sites, and should be dumped regularly in a hygienic manner under the
inspection of Public Health Inspector (PHI) in the area.
115. To avoid waste generation and sanitation problems from labour camps, majority of
skilled and unskilled workers should be selected from the project influence area. If migrant
labour is brought for construction activities from different areas there may also be conflict
situations among the workers and settlers near worker camps. Spreading of communal
diseases is also possible due to migrant labourers.
35
Effect on water resources
Outline and impacts
116. Seasonal water bodies, streams, irrigation canals, tanks and community water supply
facilities are located adjacent/across the proposed subproject roads. For the construction and
construction related activities water will be required in significant amount from above sources.
Therefore, excessive use of water for construction activities may impact the local communities
during dry season. Furthermore, construction close to the water bodies, construction of cross
drainages, poor sanitation at work sites, labour camps and dispersal of solid waste may affect
water sources used by local communities in different ways. E.g. the surface water runoff and
groundwater close to the construction site can be polluted with various materials (paints, clues,
lubricants, toxic chemicals, cement and bitumen) use during construction site which in turn
affect the overall water quality of the area.
Mitigation measures
117. Contractor should make employees aware of water conservation, pollution and
minimization of water usage. Water from residential areas should be obtained after consent
from local community. Construction works affecting water bodies have to be undertaken during
the dry season and necessary steps should be taken to avoid entering wastewater directly in
to the water bodies. Pits should be introduced wherever possible to prevent silting of water
bodies as a result of construction work. The upstream and lead-away channels of the bridges
and culverts should be cleaned in order to maintain the smooth water flow downstream and it
should not obstruct or prevent existing flow of water. Excavation of beds of any streams,
irrigation systems, and other water resources should be minimized as much as possible.
118. Public or community water supplies with proper sanitation arrangements should be
provided to the labour camps and other construction related places with the approval from the
relevant authorities, ensuring no raw sewage is released into drains or water bodies. However,
necessary actions should be taken to prevent disruption of water sources used by the
community due to construction work. If disrupted, an alternative water supply sources should
be arranged for the affected community.
119. Water that is contaminated with fuel, oil and grease should not be directly released to
storm water or natural water drainage system. If released, they should be entered to pits
allowing them to filter, settle down and release to the environment as per the guide lines
issued by the CEA. Vehicles and equipment used for the construction activities should be
maintained in good condition, ensuring no undue leakage of oil or fuel is released to water
sources. Equipment and vehicles should not be allowed to wash with drinking water wells or
streams. All toxic and hazardous materials required for construction, including asphalt, fuel;
toxic, hazardous and containing other fine partials should be sited at least 500m away from
water bodies and should prevent their entering into such places.
36
Soil erosion sedimentation and siltation
Outline and impacts
120. The project affected area of the NCP receives a considerable amount of water during
rainy season. Thus soil erosion, sedimentation and siltation can take place any time during
rainy seasons due to construction activities such as cut and fill operation, land clearing,
construction or reconstruction of new culverts, causeways, and construction of earth and line
drains. Decrease of infiltration of rain water, acceleration of surface runoff, lowering of the river
beds and destruction of the river banks are the main impacts associated with soil erosion.
Mitigation measures
121. Top soil generate from the construction sites (not exceeding 150 mm) should be stored
properly (height not exceeding 2m) and reused for turfing and tree planting activities. Clearing
and filling areas should be treated against flow acceleration and should be carefully designed
to minimize obstruction or destruction to natural drainages. Steep cuts should be limited and
the slop of cuts should be decreased in order to minimize the erosion due to rain. Retaining
structures and deep-rooted grass should be placed in erodible areas, where necessary. Use of
silt traps and erosion control measures where construction activities close to the water bodies
to avoid entering of cement particles, rock, rubbles and waste water is also necessary.
122. All temporary soil dumps should be removed from site to a suitable disposal site. If
temporary soil dumps are left at the site for a long time those dumps should be covered with
thick tarpaulin sheets. Suitable local drainage facilities should be established properly to drain
water in the construction areas. Construction activities including turfing, earth work and
construction of cross drainages should be conducted during dry season (May to September).
Temporary floods
Outline and impacts
123. Inundation sections are recorded during the field survey of several sup project roads
due to poor drainage facilities, roads situated in low elevation, between paddy fields and close
to the spill of seasonal tanks. In addition, water stagnation is also observable within the RoW
of subproject roads during the rainy season. Flooding or stagnation of water will cause public
inconvenience, loss or damage to access or any land or property.
Mitigation measures
124. Increasing the embankment height of the particular sections with construction of new
cross drainages, reconstruction of existing culverts, causeways and bridges with sufficient
capacity will avoid location specific temporary floods. All construction activities should be
properly planned & arranged to minimize the flooding conditions as a result of blocked
drainage paths. The existing drains should be cleaned after site specific construction,
excavations, clearing & grubbing to avoid flooding or stagnation of water.
125. Storing of chemicals and construction materials should be avoided in areas where
those can be washed away by flood. Temporary earth drains should be formed as practically
as possible until required lined or earth drains are provided after excavation and other
construction activities.
37
Effect on flora, fauna and their habitats
Outline and impacts
126. In general subproject roads run through rural residential and agricultural areas
including home gardens, paddy fields, coconut and other mixed cultivations, scrub lands,
chena cultivations and sometime around forested areas. Additionally perennial tanks, streams
and other stagnant water bodies are also located in these subprojects affected areas. During
construction phase activities such as site clearing, construction of culverts and bridges, mining
and quarrying operations etc., will potentially impact to the ecological resources by disturbing
habitat, increasing soil erosion and surface runoff, creating noise and vibration at the project
site. Some road side trees which locate close to the existing carriageway will need to be
removed from the existing RoW. Removal of trees and other excavation works have the
potential to destroy or injure wildlife with limited mobility; disrupt their breeding, migration and
foraging behaviour. The impacts from noise, vibration, dust emissions and other project related
activities can change the usual behaviour of wild animals and can affect the natural ecology of
the project area if project activities are not undertaken properly.
Mitigation measures
127. Awareness programs should be organized for the workforce to provide necessary
instructions about Importance of flora, fauna and different types of aquatic and terrestrial
habitats. Avoid workforce from disturbing the flora, fauna including hunting of animals,
gathering fire wood from the surrounding habitats and fishing in water bodies and avoid
removal of road side trees as much as possible. If rare, threatened or endangered floral or
faunal species as given in section 3.2.2 are found during construction activities, it should be
immediately informed to Resident Engineer (RE). All construction activities should be planned
in those areas according to the RE followed by environmental specialist of CSC’s instructions.
128. A total of 294 trees from 7 subproject roads {C095 (50 trees), C122 (45 trees), C126
(17trees), C127 (22 trees), C128 (35 trees), D083 (55 trees) and D139 (70 trees)} have been
identified within the proposed ROW and those should be removed during the construction
stage. Regarding the removal contractor shall adhere to the guidelines and recommendation
made by the CEA. .Also it is necessary to obtain permit from the Department of Forest for the
removal of trees. Decision on tree removal should be mainly based on detailed engineering
design. All road side trees subjected to potential removal should be marked and preparation of
inventory done prior to clearing by the contractor. When removing of trees, valuable timber
should be properly stacked and handed over to DoF or rightful owners. Tree planting should
be done in wherever appropriate space along the road side compensating at least 1 tree cut
with planting 3 trees by the contractor. If not, the Executive Agent/ Implement Agent (EA /IA)
will need to find a suitable place in consultation with LA’s and local communities for tree
planting programme. This will help to compensate the floral loss during construction stage and
provide long term benefits to the society and useful in demarcating and protecting the road
reservation. The suitable saplings for the tree planting programme should be selected with the
instruction of DoF.
38
Biodiversity conservation and sustainable natural resource management
Outline and impacts
129. The subproject affected areas are mainly consist with man-made habitats such as rural
agricultural villages including home gardens, paddy fields, mixed cultivations, chena, water
bodies and associated irrigation schemes. In general road construction activities may Impact
to the surrounding vegetation, i.e. loss of native species and species diversity, increased risk
of invasive species, top soil erosion, seed bank depletion, risk of fire and seed disposal.
Selection of material extraction sites, removal of trees and other excavation works has the
potential to destroy or injure wildlife. It may also impact to the habitat quality, species diversity,
and reproductive success of some species. The noise from construction vehicles, equipment,
material processing plants and vehicle traffic has the potential to disturb breeding, foraging,
and migrating behaviour of wild fauna.
130. Since the proposed project activities are restricted to the existing RoW of the
subproject roads, it would not lead to loss of habitats concerned, changes in the land use
pattern and will not affect the population of any identified floral and faunal species Furthermore
modification of existing habitats, impact to native species and threat to existing biodiversity or
introduction of invasive species will not be expected through the subproject activities.
Mitigation measures
131. Careful attention should be taken especially during the construction phase to avoid or
minimize clearing of natural habitats such as small forest patches, replacement of natural
vegetation and activities which can cause introduction of alien species. Almost all the
stakeholders associated with the construction and pre construction stages of the project
should be made aware of the negative impacts that can arise due to above activities.
Contractor should especially be aware not to introduce alien species during construction
related activities such as transportation of construction materials (Turfing and sub base
materials) machineries, vehicles and equipment’s from the outside areas. Saplings for the tree
planting program should comprise native or endemic species which is suitable to the existing
climatic condition of the subproject areas. Client should undertake periodic assessment of
accidental or unintended introduction of invasive alien species and other construction activities
that can affect natural ecosystems.
132. Although project activities will involve use of natural resources such as water, metal,
sand, earth in the project affected areas; use of those in an unsustainable manner will not be
practiced during construction as well as its operation cum maintenance phases. However
anticipated impacts (eg. removal of trees and green cover vegetation, lowering of river beds,
soil and coastal erosion) can be avoided or minimized by adhering to proposed mitigation
measures through EMPs.
Protection of archaeological, cultural and religious places
Outline and impacts
133. None of the proposed subproject roads are not located close proximity to the important
archaeological, cultural and religiously significant locations. But several locally important
Buddhist temples are located left & right hand side beyond the proposed ROW and any
39
impacts will not expect from the project to these locally important religious sites (refer Table
14). Since Anuradhapura district is very famous for the archaeological, cultural and religiously
significant locations, construction activities may impact to the unidentified significant locations.
Mitigation measures
134. If any fossils, coins, articles of value antique, structures etc., discovered on the site and
or during the construction work, necessary steps should be undertaken to inform to the
Engineer and Department of Archaeology (DA) immediately. If there are any important
archaeological, cultural and religious sites recovered during project activities, work should be
stopped within 100m in all direction from the site discovery as mention in Antiques Ordinance
in 1940 and Cultural Property Act of 1988. Further, necessary precautions should be
undertaken to avoid entering any workmen or any other person to the above areas. Also
assistance should be taken from DA for further project activities within the relevant site.
Disruption of traffic
Outline and impacts
135. In general Existing Average Daily Traffic (ADT) volumes of the proposed project roads
are low and do not exceed the 800 ADT value (Table 13). However construction activities
close to the construction sites and public sensitive locations may lead to increase traffic
congestion. Further, vehicles involve in transportation of construction materials will increase
accidental risk; noise exhaust emissions, delays in travel time and disturbance to the public.
Table 16 Existing and predicted average daily traffic volumes of seven roads
Source, Detailed Design and Final Report, Volume – 4 (Economic Analysis and Traffic Studies
of current project).
Mitigation measures
136. Advance notice to the road users and roadside communities about the schedule of
construction activities, provision of safe and convenient passage to the vehicles and
passengers especially during construction of culverts and causeways, implement traffic
management plans in construction areas according to the traffic rules and regulations if
necessary in close coordination with local communities/authorities and local police by the
contractor.
137. All signs use for traffic management should be standards and approved by the
engineer/ police. Construction sites and excavated areas should be barricaded with warning
tapes, painted barriers or traffic corns. Usage of flagmen and/or temporary traffic signs for
construction sites or temporally diversion, allocation of properly trained personnel provided
with proper gear including communication equipment and luminous jackets for night use are
other measures that have to be undertaken during construction period.
Personal safety of workers and general public
Outline and impacts
138. Construction related activities both within and outside of the subproject affected areas
could create accidental harm to general public and the work force. Construction of, culverts,
40
cause ways, surfacing, roadway excavation, removal of road side structures, trees, use of
hazardous substances, processing and transportation of construction materials are the main
causes associated with accidental risk.
Mitigation measures
139. Contractor should organize awareness programs about personal safety of the workers
and general public in the area with proper briefing and training on safety precautions, their
responsibilities for the safety of themselves and others. Contractor shall comply with
requirements for the safety of the workmen as per the International Labour Organization (ILO)
convention No. 62, Safety and Health regulations of the Factory Ordinance of Sri Lanka to the
extent that are applicable to his contract. Other than that, contractor has to comply with
regulations regarding safe scaffolding, ladder, working platforms, gangway, stairwells,
excavations, trenches and safe means or entry and egress.
140. Use of licensed and trained plants and vehicle operators, provision of protective
footwear, helmets, goggles, eye-shields, face masks, ear plugged and clothes to workers
depending on their duty (mixing asphalt, blasting, handling equipment) are the major steps that
can be taken to reduce accidental risk. Apart from that provision of high visibility jackets to the
workers when construction activities are taking place at night with necessary lighting
arrangement, allocation of flagmen during the day time and provision of two red lamps at night
are also necessary. Provision of first aid facilities and emergency transport facilities to the
construction sites and labour camps also important responsibility of contractor.
141. Excavated areas for construction should be barricaded using barricading tapes and
sign boards. Quarry operations, roadway excavations, and blasting should be carried out and
supervised by trained personnel. Explosives for the project activities should be stored in a
secure location in a protected way. Arranging regular safety checks for vehicles and
equipment’s, allocation of responsibility to the relevant personnel, prohibition of alcoholic
drinks and other substances which may impair judgment of workers engaged in construction
activities, arrangement of proper first aid and transport facilities for injured people, installation
of warning signs, speed limits and signals to particular locations of the road.
Impact on socio – economic condition of the area
Outline and impacts
142. There are no built up properties or land that will be affected by the RoW for the roads.
In this context there will be no resettlement issues involved in the proposed project. Other than
that traffic congestion, disturbance or loss of income generating activities will not be practiced
during the project cycle. The significant negative impacts expected during construction
activities are delays and inconvenience of travelling, increase of dust and noise.
143. In overall, the project will cause many socio-economic benefits to the road users and
road side communities. Some of these include, provision of connectivity to different institutions
of socio-economic and cultural importance, reduction of poverty and facilitating on-going
development initiatives etc.
41
Effect on existing drainage
Outline and impacts
144. Land clearing, cut and fill operations and other construction related activities may lead
to accidental damage to the culverts, bridges and other irrigation structures. Storage of
construction materials and alteration of natural flow paths will create temporary impact to
existing drainages.
Mitigation measures
145. Investigation report should be submitted to the engineer if diversion or close or blocking
of canals, streams or other water sources for proposed construction work. Approval should be
obtained from relevant authorities (DOI, DS, DoAS) prior to such action take place. Restore
the water bodies to its original status once the need for such diversion, close or blockage is no
longer required.
146. Contractor should avoid storage of construction materials and disposal of debris
around irrigation canals, cross drainage and natural flow paths. Provision of temporally
drainage facilities to the construction site will be required, if existing drains are obstructed.
Contractor is responsible for replacing structurally damage structures and maintaining
drainage paths and drains clear at all times.
Impact from dust, noise and vibration
Outline and impacts
147. Dust, noise and vibrations generated from the project activities will impact the roadside
communities and people who inhabit around material extraction sites (mining and quarrying
sites). In general poor air quality is the most immediate pollution effect experience from the
construction sites. Release of Volatile Organic compound (VOL) from storage and transfer of
vehicle/equipment fuels, emission of small amounts of Carbon monoxide, Nitrogen dioxide and
particulates from blasting and dust generated from clearing, grubbing, excavating, backfilling,
dumping, mixing concrete, transportation of materials, storage of soil and metal piles etc. will
be available in the surroundings due to wind.
Mitigation measures
148. Construction related activities closer to public sensitive locations have to be scheduled
in coordination with the relevant authorities (community leaders, schools’ principals, high –
priests or other respective officers) to avoid disturbance to day to day activities of the people.
All machinery, equipment and vehicles should be maintained in a good condition by engaging
skilled mechanics and regularly maintained in compliance with National Emission Standards
(1994). Noise control regulations stipulated by the CEA in 1996 (Gazette Extra Ordinance, No
924/12) should strictly be implemented for crushers, hot mixed plants, construction vehicles
and equipment. The maximum permissible noise levels at boundaries of the land in which the
sources of noise is located for construction activities are 75dB (A) Leqand 50 dB (A) Leq during
day time and night time respectively (Day time: 6.00 am – 7.00 pm, night time: from 7.00 pm –
6.00 am). However Contractor should limit working time for activities that create noise from
6.00 am to 6.00 pm.
42
149. Crushers and hot mixed plants should be placed with the approval of Engineer, CEA,
and LAs and should be located at least 500 m away from residential and environmental
sensitive areas or other public sensitive locations. Dust extraction units, exhaust silencers and
noise reduction devices can be fitted to the road side crushers, construction vehicles and hot
mixed plants to reduce dust emissions.
150. Dust emissions during transportation of construction materials should be controlled by
enforcing speed limits to the vehicles, providing of dust barriers (canvas, hard polythene,
asbestos sheets) to the public sensitive locations, wet spraying of quarry sites, construction
sites, roads which will be used for the transportation of construction materials at regular
intervals. Tarpaulin covering is mandatory on trucks/lorries which are used for transporting
materials and all construction materials (sand, gravel, metal, cement) should be stored with
proper covering. Suitable actions should be taken to minimize or avoid dirt and mud being
carried to road surface. Contractor should also take actions to prevent bad odour and offensive
smells emanating from chemicals, construction material processing or other construction
activities
151. Note: LAeq'T' means the equivalent continuous, A- weighted sound pressure
determined over a time interval T(in dB).
Road side landscape and road furniture
Outline and impacts
152. Maintenance of road side landscape and provision of road furniture is a must to
enhance the scenic beauty beside the road corridor and public safety during the operation
stage. Road landscape include tree plantation, registration of road embankments and other
slopes, edge treatment of water bodies while road furniture include foot paths, railings, storm
water drains, traffic signs, speed limits, and any other such items.
Mitigation measures
153. All debris, piles of unwanted earth, spoil materials, temporally structures should be
cleared away, from the road sides and from other work places and disposed at locations
designated or acceptable to the RE. Road landscape activities have to be done as per either
detailed design or typical design guide lines given as part of the bid documents. Road furniture
items are provided as per the design given in the bid documents
4.2. Environmental Impacts Associated with Operation Period
Air quality and noise
154. The major air quality pollution factor in the project area at present is dust emission from
gravel and sandy roads. Therefore it is expected to reduce the existing dust emission after
proper surfacing of the roads. Further, alignment of roads, widening and surfacing will allow
considerably higher speed for vehicles with minimum accelerations and decelerations which in
turn reduce the vehicular emissions and sound pollution compare to current situation. This
condition will positively impact the air quality and the human health in the area. The tree
43
plantation programmes will also help to compensate any impacts arising from air pollution due
to vehicular emissions.
Drainage congestion
155. The improvement of the road side drainage including culverts and causeways through
the project is expected to facilitate better water flow, causing higher speed flow during the
rainy season. However, stagnation or blocking of the water flow may occur due to improper
disposal of debris during maintenance activities or ignorance of the public by disposing
garbage in the side drainage. Stagnation of sediments and waste materials will obstruct road
side drainage, culverts and main holes. The PRDA needs to undertake a regular maintenance
of the drainage system to avoid drainage congestions which may cause local flooding, and
ultimately lead to destruction of the road.
Road safety
156. Improvement of the selected roads will provide easy access, increase number of
vehicles and their speed. Therefore enforcement of the speed limits, traffic rules and
regulations as well as installation of warning signs, marking of centre lines, pedestrian
crossings, bus halts etc. should be incorporated to minimize road accidents and enhance the
safety of the vehicles and road users.
Encroachment of the Right of Way
157. Encroachment of road reservation can be taken place any time after the completion of
construction works. Encroachment activities can impact to the road users, vehicles, pavements
and road side drains too. Therefore routine checking from PRDA to remove unauthorized
structures from RoW is necessary. In addition, enforcement of rules and regulations is also
needed to minimize encroachment of the RoW.
44
Chapter 5 - Institutional Requirements and Grievance Redress Mechanism
5. Institutional Requirements of the Project
5.1. Institutional Arrangements
158. The MLGPC is the Executing Agency (EA) for the project and has the responsibility of
implementing the overall EMP. The Project Implementation Unit (PIU) will be established by PRDA of
NCP. The PIU will be responsible for overall contract administration and the supervision of the
contractor regarding the implementation of Environmental Specifications and Special Environmental
Provisions included in Contract Document. In practice, the detailed implementation of EMP will involve
following parties.
Contractors
Construction Supervision Consultants (CSCs)
Project Implementation Unit
Project Director (PD) of MLGPC
159. The contractors will responsible for implementing the EMP under the day to day supervision of
the Construction Supervision Consultant. The CSCs (Environment Specialist - ES) will be responsible to
provide technical advice and job training to the contractors as well as daily supervision of
implementation of EMP by the contractor and reporting the implementation of EMP of project to PIU on
monthly basis. The PIU that will be assisted by an Environmental Consultant intermittently will review
the CSCs’ reports on implementation of EMP and coordinate with other relevant Government agencies
or LAs to take necessary actions if any environmental impacts could not be mitigated as it was planned
in the EMP or if any additional mitigation measures will be required.
160. The PIU will report the implementation of EMP of each sub-project to the PD at the MLGPC.
The PIU will follow up by preparing an annual report on implementing EMP to the relevant parties such
as CEA and also for ADB. CEA which is the responsible for overall environmental management in the
country, will periodically review the monitoring reports submitted by the PIU and provide guidance and
advice if and when required. The responsibility hierarchy of project implementation is as follows.
45
Figure 3 Responsibility hierarchy of project implementation
5.2. Capacity Building
161. Capacity building is an integral part of the project and addresses the adequacy of
PRDA institutional capacity regarding social, environment and engineering aspects of the
project.
162. The public consultations sessions conducted with PRDA of the project revealed that
the human and physical resources are in satisfactory level with compared to the PRDD of
Northern Province. However; it is required to strengthen the institutional capacity of PRDA to
implement the proposed project effectively. The relevant staff of the PRDA should be made
aware of the proposed technical framework together with the existing environmental, social
conditions of the project affected areas, policies and legal regulations concerning construction
operations and the associated potential environmental impacts and related mitigation
measures by the MLGPC before commencing the construction. This will ensure sustainable
availability of skilled and empowered human resource throughout the project and for the future
projects as well.
163. The PRDA through PIU shall organize orientation sessions and regular training
sessions for relevant technical and management staff of PRDA, contractor and his staff during
CEA
CSC- Resident
Engineer (RE)
Project Manager
(Contractor)
Environmental Officer (Contractor)
CSCs-
Environment
Specialist (ES)
EA - MLGPC
PD– PRDA
Contractor
PIU
(Safeguards)
PIU
(safeguards)
46
pre- construction stage of the project. With regard to environmental performance, methods on
implementing and monitoring the EMP, agreements on checklists and reports, methods
maintained by field staff on EMP implementation, activities related to EMoP, preparation and
submission of monitoring reports, etc should be focused. This will ultimately enhance their
capabilities for day to day supervision and implementation of EMP and EMoP with
incorporating social and engineering aspects.
5.3. Grievance Redress Mechanism
164. Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) provides an effective approach to resolve any
issues made by affected community on environmental impacts arising throughout the project
cycle. This mechanism will be established by the project proponent, with PRDA to address
grievances presented by Affected Persons (APs). Since most of the environmental impacts are
construction related complaints (issues related to dust, noise and vibration, effect on land, loss
of access, local road network, deteriorating water quality and quantity, soil erosion and safety
issues) managing those is mainly the contractor's responsibility.
165. However, these grievances could be minimized at the initial stage of the project by
careful design, implementation and monitoring of sub-projects and also through sound
communication & awareness among all the stakeholders including APs regarding project
activities. Furthermore, adhering to mitigation measures addressed in EMP by contractor (with
the help of Environmental Officer) under the careful supervision of CSCs /ES and the
representatives of RDA and CEA will minimise construction related grievances.
5.3.1. Grievance Redress Committee
166. This mechanism will be executed through a Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) and
consists of following Members;
A representative from PRDA (Project Director)
A representative from community leader/ Grama Niladhari (GN)
A representative from contractor/ EO/ Project Manager
A representative from CSC (Engineer/ES)
A representative from relevant DSD (Divisional Secretary/Additional Divisional
Secretary)
167. Almost all the stakeholders related to the GRM should be aware and instructed by PIU
regarding the established grievance process, the requirement of grievance mechanism, goals,
benefits, relevant laws and regulations of GRM. They should also be instructed about
procedures of taking/ recording complaints, handling of on-the spot resolution of minor
problems, taking care of complainant and most excellent response to distressed stakeholders.
47
The Affected community should especially be made aware of the procedure , venue and the
responsible person to contact when making a complain (Wildau. S., et al, 2008)2.
5.3.2. The Process of Grievance Redress Mechanism
168. Complaints of APs can be made as an individual or as a group in verbal or written form
through letters/suggestion boxes and telephone conversation. Received complaints will be
screened to determine if they are eligible to be addressed by GRM. If the complaint is rejected,
the complainant is informed about the decision and the reasons for rejection. If the complaint is
accepted, it can be resolved through GRM of the project (Fig 12). Solutions for complaints
should be handed over to complainant in written form and actions to be taken to mitigate those
impacts should be informed to the responsible institution / individual.
Figure 12 Responsibility hierarchy of resolving public complaints
2 Wildau, S., Moore, C., Atkins, D., and O’Neill, E. 2008. A Guide to Designing and Implementing
Grievance Mechanisms for Development Projects. Office of the Compliance Advisor/Ombudsman,
International Finance Corporation, Washington, D.C.
Complaints by individuals,
Groups, or institutions
Complaints by People’s
representatives: political,
religious, community
GRC Secretary
(Complaints to GRC in written form
GRC meeting
Convey the decision to APs
Decision to be
taken within 3
weeks of
receipt of
complaint
48
169. When people encounter an issue, first step is submission of complaint to the
Contractor/PM/EO through community leader/GN. If the complaint is simple and the answer is
straightforward, it should be directly provided within 2 days to the compliant.
170. If the reply could not be provided immediately or not within his authority or if the
response for the complaint is at an unsatisfactory level for the complainer, it should be
forwarded to the Grievance Redress Committee A GRC meeting must be convened and an
answer for the complaint should be provided within 3 weeks to the complainant.
Note: Refer to Designing and implementing grievance redress mechanisms, a guide for implementers of
transport projects in Sri Lanka (2010) by ADB for further details.
49
Chapter 6 - Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
6. Environment Management Plan and Monitoring Plan
6.1. Environment Management plan
171. To ensure that the proposed project would not generate any negative impact on the
environment, the EMP has been prepared as a matrix and attached as Annex B. This was
developed based on best practices for environmental management. The EMP includes the
potential impact as a result of project activities, proposed mitigation measures, the responsible
party to implement and supervise those impacts and the feasible cost measures to be taken to
reduce the potential significant adverse impacts in an acceptable level.
172. There must be professional expertise with the contractor side to prepare Environment
Methods Statement (EMS), based on the EMP which is prepared under the feasibility study.
EMS is a document which is prepared by contractor to declare mitigation measures for
anticipated environmental impacts during pre-construction and construction phase such as
operation of metal quarries, asphalt plants, crusher plants and clearing of land etc. Clearances
and permits which need to be taken from government departments and institutions are also
included in the comprehensive EMS. It also comprises of measures to be taken for
environmental protection, methods for saving energy, reduce wastes and losses, prevention or
minimizing pollution, disposing of pollutants comply with the existing stipulations and laws. The
comprehensive EMS clearly explains that the contractor usually takes action to minimize
environmental impacts during project activities. The organization structure of implementing
comprehensive EMS comprises an environmental supervision department. Thus
environmental protection around the construction site is directly controlled by the technical
department which is usually supervised by a Resident Engineer (RE) and ES of the CSC.
6.2. Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP)
173. In addition to the EMP, to ensure that the project would not generate any negative
impact to the overall environment quality, the Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP) has been
prepared (Annex C). This includes information on environmental parameters to be monitored,
location, time and frequency, cost for sampling and stage of subproject on which the
monitoring should be conducted. The EMoP will be a useful tool to monitor the implementation
of mitigation measures included to the EMP. Monitoring of the quality of water, air and noise
during the construction stage is a responsibility of the contractor by the approved Government
Agency. All the monitoring activities such as site supervision, removal of trees, material
extraction, verification of permits etc. by the contractor will be supervised by the ES of the
CSC. The environmental monitoring report will be submitted to the PIU of PRDD, which will
include the result of environmental monitoring into its environmental report that will be reported
to the PD at the MLGPC.
50
174. The criteria for selection of sampling locations for the EMoP are as follows.
Air quality- Environment and public sensitive areas and places where potential
increase of traffic.
Water quality- Stream/tanks/wells and construction sites close to other water
bodies (irrigation canals) where local communities use water or supporting their
lives, and those with available water almost all over the year.
Noise and vibration- Environment and public sensitive areas that might be
affected by the used of heavy equipment.
51
Chapter 7 - Public Consultation and Information Disclosure
7. Introduction
175. In line with NEA in Sri Lanka, public consultation and information disclosure is
undertaken through public notice prior to the approval by CEA for the particular project.
According to ADB Environmental Guidelines public consultation and information disclosure is
the main activity carried out during the initial stage for an IEE. The aim of the process is to
understand the view point of the public about the project and respond to their concerns and
suggestions during the early stage of the project.
176. Providing information regarding the project objectives, activities, expected outcomes
etc at an early stage to the public, especially for the APs will ensure community awareness
and avoid conveying misinformation to the APs. Furthermore, incorporating environmental
concerns to the decision making process through the public consultation will avoid or minimize
conflict situations that can arise during the construction stage
7.1. Public Consultation
177. Public consultation for the proposed road sections was carried out during the period
from December 2011 to January 2012 (Figure 6.1). During the individual as well as group
discussions APs were brief about the project objectives, expected outcomes, proposed
improvement works, impacts that can be aroused due to the proposed work, grievance redress
mechanism etc. Participants generally expressed their views about the project, current
environmental, social and economic situation of the proposed subproject areas. The list of
participants for the public consultation sessions is provided in Annex D.
Figure 4 Public consultation Walpola (NCANC127)Periyakulam (NCAHD139) and Kudagama
(NCAHC122) villages
52
7.1.1. Consultation Findings
178. All these roads are very essential link roads to the interior part of Medawachchiya and
Kebithigollewa of Anuradhapura districts. At present these roads are in a deteriorated
condition because of lack of periodic maintenance. Thus rehabilitation and improvement of the
roads are essential to create efficient transportation facility for the general public, thereby
reduce vehicle operation cost and transportation cost. Furthermore, improvement of these
roads will contribute the social and economic development of the region.
179. In general, the existing condition of these roads is in unsatisfactory level for the
transportation. Many of these roads face the problem with large numbers of pot holes, erodible
edges, collapsed causeways, culverts and bridges. Therefore transportation especially during
the rainy season, through these road sections is very difficult due to water stagnation within
the RoW. Thus improvement of roads with sufficient RoWs, CWs and provision of adequate
drainage facilities with adequate diameter based on the hydrological studies in the area is
essential.
180. Although these roads are in dilapidated conditions, people of the project influence
areas including government servants, farmers, businessmen, school children, security forces
and private sector employers, heavily use these roads for their day to day activities. Once
these roads are developed, all the above people will have better access; therefore will be
benefitted by saving their precious time. Furthermore, with compare to the previous situation,
with the improvement of these roads, people can directly access the town areas to engage in a
number of social and economic activities. Other than that new technologies can be transferred
from urban areas towards development of the interior parts of this district. Therefore, all most
all the people in these areas are in favour of welcome the project, because improvement of the
road may create positive impacts to the people living in the area.
181. Majority of the roads proposed under the project are gravel or sandy roads. Therefore,
dust emanation during the dry season cause inconvenience to the road users as well as road
side community. The level of dust emission will increase during the construction period due to
different type of construction activities. Hence, dust suppression measures are extremely
important during the construction phase to minimize public inconvenience.
182. All the proposed roads for the improvement, link with national roads in one side and
with provincial roads in other side through number of rural, agricultural villages. On the other
hand, numbers of rural roads which direct to paddy fields and internal villages starts from
these roads. Therefore once the proposed roads are constructed, they act as main link
53
between national and rural roads. According to NCPC officers, the proposed ADB project is a
timely intervention in overall development efforts of the province, especially for rural sector
development. Because roads are the basic infrastructure facility that contributes to other
development and directly contribute to poverty elevation in respect of income, employment and
enhancement of basic services. Although PC spends a large sum of money annually, most
goes for carpeting of existing roads. Therefore proper reconstruction of the roads is essential
with other related facilities.
183. Annexure D indicates a summary of public consultations made during the field survey
on selected roads
7.2. Information Disclosure
184. In accordance with ADB’s Information Disclosure policy, the MLGPC will submit the
final IEE report and the EMP to the ADB for disclosure on ADB’s website. This will ensure that
the MLGPC will provide relevant environmental information to ADB Board consideration for
project appraisal.
185. If the IEE carried out in accordance with the ToR (Terms of Reference) provided by the
CEA, Government of Sri Lanka should be made available to the general public in the project
area including affected people and to other stakeholders through DS office, GN office, LAs,
Provincial offices of CEA prior to the project approval. The information should be made
available in a timely manner in three languages (Sinhala, Tamil and English) in the country to
the above stakeholders. This will ensure incorporating affected people’s concerns and inputs
into project design and implementation.
186. During project implementation, project information boards have to be established on
either end of the project corridor displaying the project name, stretch of the road, type of
rehabilitation, time frame, cost of the project, funding agency, implementing agency with other
salient feature of the project. This will ensure further awareness about the project to the
stakeholders including APs.
54
Chapter 8 - Conclusion and Recommendations
187. The construction activities associated with proposed project not expected to cause
significant environmental impacts to the project affected areas. The potential environmental
impacts that have been identified during the study will be temporary, manageable and will
occur only during pre-construction and construction periods. Therefore the proposed
rehabilitation of the project roads is environmentally acceptable.
188. The development of provincial roads is important for all other development projects
within the province as well as adjacent villagers of 4 other bordering provinces (Northern,
Eastern, North Western and Central) and complementary for on-going road development plans
in the NCP. Additionally road development projects directly contribute to poverty elevation in
respect of income generation, employment, local/forging investments and enhancement of
other social services. Thus proposed ADB funded provincial road project is important to
achieve above targets with rural sector development of war affected areas.
189. The selected subproject roads for the improvement are extremely important for future
development of the area. All selected subproject roads start from National A or B class roads
and 6 roads out of seven end with C or D class provincial roads through number of rural and
agricultural villages.
Egg. NCANC122 is very important road starts from National B class road (B:
283) Medawachchiya - Kebithigollewa and end with National A class road
(A029) Vavuniyawa - Horowpothana. Development of this road is very
essential and economically important i.e. almost all the people in the area are
farmers. Thus their agro and dairy products including vegetable, grains, paddy
and curd could be transported to both sides where the prices are high at
Vavuniyawa, Medawachchiya and Kebithigollewa. This is also act as a bypass
road between A:029 and B:283.
NCAND139 is also important bypass between A014 and A009. Since the road
is located close to district boarder of Vavuniya, this will help the town
development of Poonewa area and Ulukkulama road in Vavuniya district.
NCAHD083 is directed to interior part of the Kebithigollewa i.e. over 15 rural
agricultural villages and over 15% of the total population from Kebithgollewa
DSD.
190. Environment impact and risk associated during the construction phase mainly include
vehicle emissions; diesel emissions from large construction vehicles, equipment, material
processing plants and generators. Release of airborne contaminants including particulate
matter, dust and volatile compounds will be available in the surroundings due to wind. All these
emission causes impacts such as respiratory problems, nuisance to the road users as well as
road side communities. The potential environmental impacts associated with construction
stage are temporary and manageable through adhering to the EMP of the project.
191. Large numbers of small, medium and mass scale mettle quarries, crushers and gravel
mines are located in Medawachchiya and Krbithigollewa DS divisions. Therefore environment
impacts due to emissions from metal quarries, crushers, gravel mines and related transport
55
activities are in significant level. These two DSDs act as main supplier for above materials to
NCP, NP and EP. Although number of infrastructure development projects is underway in the
NCP including road developments projects, no updated reliable baseline information regarding
water quality, air and noise/ vibration even in the Anuradhapura town of the NCP. Therefore
monitoring of above parameters is recommended during preconstruction stage to establish the
baseline parameters of subproject affected areas of Medawachchiya and Kebithigollewa. This
is essential for repeated checking and monitoring changes of the quality of water, air and noise
during the construction and operation periods. These results should be incorporated with the
contract documentation to establish performance action thresholds, pollution limits and
contingency plans for the contractor’s performance. Adequate budgetary provisions must be
ensured to undertake these monitoring activities.
192. The appropriate category for the NCP roads based on REA checklists of the ADB is
category B. According to BIQs and the Environmental Assessment Guidelines of CEA (Sri
Lanka) subproject roads categorised under un-prescribed category. Since all the construction
activities are restricted to the existing RoW, land acquisition, resettlement activities and
reclamation of paddy fields are not involved. Apart from that none of the project roads are
located within national parks, sanctuaries, important biological habitats or wet lands as
declared by the relevant authorities. Thus a full EIA for these roads is not required according to
the ADB Guidelines.
56
References
An illustrated guide to the butterflies of Sri Lanka. R.N.Gamage, ISBN 978- 955-50360-
0-9, (2007).Tharanjee Prints, Maharagama.
Asian Development Bank, Designing and implementing grievance redress
mechanisms, a guide for implementers of transport projects in Sri Lanka (2010).
Manila, Philippines.
Asian Development Bank, Policy Paper, Safeguard Policy Statement (2009). Manila,
Philippines
Central Environmental Authority. Environmental Guidelines for Road & Rail
Development in Sri Lanka (1997).
Central Environmental Authority, Environmental Atlas of Sri Lanka (2005).
Central Environmental Authority. National Environmental Act, Subsidiary Legislation,
Copied by the CEA as at 2003.
Department of census and Statistics under the Ministry of Finance and Planning
Statistical Abstract (2010). Colombo, Sri Lanka,
Environmental Safeguards Compliance Manual prepared under the Technical
Assistance Project (TA: 4736-SRI); Capacity Building for Environment & Social Division
(ESD) of the Road Development Authority (RDA), Submitted for Review & Approval to
the Board of Directors, RDA of the Ministry of Highways & Road Development, (June,
2007). Colombo, Sri Lanka,
Initial Environmental Examination Report: Subgroup II, North Central Provincial Roads.
ADB Loan 2080 SRI .Road Project Preparatory Facility Consulting Service for
Feasibility Study and Detailed Engineering Design of Provincial Roads. Cardno
International Pty Ltd, SMEC International Pty Ltd, Engineering Consultants Ltd and
MG Consultants (Pvt) Ltd, (2007) Sri Lanka.
IUCN Sri Lanka and the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. The 2007
Red List of Threatened Fauna and Flora of Sri Lanka, (2007). Colombo, Sri Lanka.
xiii+148 pp.
Panabokke, C. R, Soils and Agro Ecological Environments of Sri Lanka (1196).
National Resources Energy & Science Authority Publication.
Resource Profile. Anuradhapura district. District Secretariat Division, (2010).
Anuradhapura District.
Resource Profile. Medawachchiya Divisional Secretariat Division. . Divisional
Secretariat Division, (2010). Medawachchiya
Road Development Authority. Environmental and Social Safeguards Manuals,
Prepared under the Technical Assistance Project (TA 4736-SRI): Capacity Building of
57
the Environmental and Social Division of the Road Development Authority of The
Ministry Of Highways And Road Development. (2007).Colombo
Wildau, S., Moore, C., Atkins, D., and O’Neill, E. A Guide to Designing and
Implementing Grievance Mechanisms for Development Projects. Office of the
Compliance Advisor/Ombudsman, International Finance Corporation, (2008).
Washington, D.C.
World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Dictionary of the protected areas, Sri Lanka
Final Draft. Protected Areas Data Unit, (December 1988).
Annexure A: Topographic maps of proposed seven provincial roads in Anuradhapura district
Map No
Road no Road name Length (km)
1 NCAHC095 Kebithigollewa – Hendagala
12,90
2 NCAHC122 Ethakada - Etambagaskada – Tonigala
6.80
3 NCAHC126 Dachchidamana – Paranahalmillewa
4.70
4 NCAHC127 Thekkawatha – Pulleliya
5.65
5 NCAHC128 Kirigollewa – Hirallugama
11.50
6 NCAHD083 Kiriketuwewa - Bandaraulpatha – Kapugollewa
20.30
7 NCAHD139 Yakawewa - Mahakoongaskada Rd
13.30
Annex B: Environment Management Plan for the North Central Provincial roads
Potential Environmental Impact
Mitigation Action Approximate Location
Mitigation Cost
Institutional Responsibility Indicators or Means of Verifications
Standards
Implementa-tion
Supervision
Pre construction and Construction stage
1. Selection of lands for temporally use
Selection of lands in accordance with local laws, regulations and in close consultation
with LAs Identification of lands away from
environmental and public sensitive areas
Provision of adequate compensation for consuming the selected sites to the owners
All sub project roads Cost estimated by the land owners
Contractor PRDA/PIU/ LAs
Public inconvenience, soil erosion, waste accumulation
Technical specification/ local laws, regulations
2. Removal of public utilities
Advance notice to the public about the time and the duration of the utility disruption
Recruitment of well trained and experienced machinery operators, technical officers & labors
Proper coordination and consent from CEB for the removal of electric posts and re-establishment
Throughout the sub project roads where electrical posts need to be shifted.
Cost estimated by CEB
Contractor/ PRDA/ PIU
PRDA / CEB
Damages to the existing utilities, Public complains
Technical specification
3.Extraction, transportation and storage of construction materials
Obtain all permits and licenses required for collection and processing of materials from relevant authorities such as CEA, GSMB, DOF, DWLC, and LAs
Consideration of environmental requirements and guide lines issued by the CEA, GSMB and LAs
Planning of construction activity to ensure that haulage of materials does not take place during night
Construction materials should not exceed the carrying capacity of the trucks
Transport loading and unloading of materials should not cause nuisance to the public
Storage of cement, bitumen, oil and other chemicals on an impervious surface above ground level and should be enclosed
Materials extraction sites, storage yards within the sub project affected areas/ outside area
Engineering cost
Contractor PRDA/ CEA/ CSCs/ LAs/ GSMB/ PHI
Visual inspection/ Increase of vector breeding sites/ Public complains
GSMB Act. Act No 33 of 1992) National Environment Act. No 47 of 1980 Laws and regulations of respective LAs National Emission Standards(1994) and CEA water quality
Potential Environmental Impact
Mitigation Action Approximate Location
Mitigation Cost
Institutional Responsibility Indicators or Means of Verifications
Standards
Implementa-tion
Supervision
ensuring that no storm water flows in to the structure.
Provision of adequate ventilation should be kept to avoid accumulation of fumes and
offensive odor to storage yards. Storage of sand, rubble, mettle bitumen
cement in covered areas to ensure protection from dust, emissions.
Restoration of the material extraction sites once after burrowing
standards National Environmental (Noise Control) Regulations No.1 1996
4. Effect on local road network
Obtain a permit from LAs to use local road network prior construction
Construction materials should not exceed the carrying capacity of the local road network.
provision should be made for repair and restoration, If public roads get damaged
Roads which use for transportation of construction materials.
Engineering cost
Contractor PRDA/ CSCs/ LAs
Visual inspection/ Public complains
Laws and regulations of respective LAs
5. Solid waste disposal and sanitation
Minimize health hazards and environmental pollution based on CEA guidelines.
Selection of disposal site away from public and environment sensitive areas
Re-use of debris and residual spoil materials wherever possible under instruction of Engineers & CSC.
Provision of proper solid waste disposal, sanitation and sewerage facilities to all sites
Dumping of garbage in a hygienic manner under the inspection of PHI in the area.
Minimize/avoid stagnation of water around worker based camps.
Selection of local un-skilled and skilled workers for the proposed construction activities
Labor camps, construction sites, offices, disposal sites and material storage yards.
Engineering and environment cost
Contractor PRDA/ CSCs/ LAs/ PHI/ CEA
Visual inspection/ Environmental pollution Public complains/ Workers health
Laws and regulations of respective LAs
6. Effect on water resources
Awareness of employees on water conservation, pollution and minimization of water usage
All streams, tanks, irrigation canals cross or run parallel
Engineering and environme
Contractor PRDA/ CSCs PIU/
Visual inspection/
CEA water quality standards
Potential Environmental Impact
Mitigation Action Approximate Location
Mitigation Cost
Institutional Responsibility Indicators or Means of Verifications
Standards
Implementa-tion
Supervision
Prevent entering waste water directly in to water bodies.
Storage of toxic and hazardous construction materials at least 500m away from water bodies
Avoid excavation of beds of any irrigation systems or other water bodies.
Introduction of sediment traps/check dams to serve as catch drain from disturbed areas before discharging into waterways
Cleaning of upstream and lead-away channels of cross drainages to maintain a smooth water flow.
Maintaining vehicles and equipment in good condition, to prevent leakage of oil or fuel
Prevention of disrupting community water sources.
to the roads All causeways and culverts construction sites Sub project roads which runs over the tank bunds
nt cost DoI/ CEA Temporally floods Environmental pollution Public complains Workers health Soil erosion, sediment load in streams and canals
7. Soil erosion sedimentation and siltation
Placement of erosion control measures to erodible areas.
Undertake construction activities in erodible sections during dry season.
Limitation of steep cuts and the reduction of slop of cuts.
Treatment of clearing and filling areas against flow acceleration.
Covering of temporary soil dumps with thick tarpaulin sheets until remove from the site
Re-use of top soil generated from construction sites for turfing and tree planting activities.
Intercept and divert clean upslope/run on water around or through the construction site to keep clean and dirty water separate from each other;
Erosion and sediment controls shall be monitored regularly and immediately following
All vulnerable areas for soil erosion Cut and fill areas Culverts and causeways construction sites
Engineering and Environmental cost
Contractor PRDA/PIU/ LAs/ CSC
Visual inspection (Turbidity and sedimentation)
Technical specifications Soil Conservation Act. No 53 of 1951, Amendment in1996
Potential Environmental Impact
Mitigation Action Approximate Location
Mitigation Cost
Institutional Responsibility Indicators or Means of Verifications
Standards
Implementa-tion
Supervision
rainfall and inspections results shall be recorded. The controls shall be maintained or replaced as appropriate. Sediment shall be cleared when sediment traps have reached 50-60% capacity;
Wherever possible during the course of the works, exposed soil areas shall be progressively stabilised or protected by an appropriate method to minimise erosion potential;
All fill shall be sufficiently compacted to minimise erosion potential;
Cut batters shall be formed to a stable slope consistent with soil properties and adequately protected from erosion;
Land shaping operations shall leave the reshaped surface in a roughened condition to encourage infiltration and minimise runoff;
Regraded, cleared or disturbed lands including stockpiled soil materials which shall remain exposed to erosion for a period of 14 days or more shall be rendered erosion resistant within 5 days. Temporary protection shall be provided by use of plastic sheeting or seeding with cover crops, annual grass species or mulch, even if the area shall be subject to further regrading or subsequent construction.
8. Temporary floods
Increase the embankment height of the inundation sections.
Construction of cross drainages with sufficient capacity.
Avoid storage of construction materials and disposal of debris around water resources.
Maintain sheath water flow of drainage system without any blockages/stagnation.
All flood prone areas Causeways and culverts construction sites.
Environmental cost
Contractor PRDA/ DoI/ PDoI/ CSCs/
Visual inspection/ Public complaint Impact to the public
Technical specifications Irrigation act. No, 23 0f 1993
Potential Environmental Impact
Mitigation Action Approximate Location
Mitigation Cost
Institutional Responsibility Indicators or Means of Verifications
Standards
Implementa-tion
Supervision
Provision of temporary earth drains to the construction sites.
Undertaking construction works affecting water bodies/flood plain during dry season.
properties
9. Affect on flora, fauna and their habitats
Awareness of workforce regarding important of fauna, flora and their habitats.
Prevent workforce from fishing, hunting animals and gathering fire wood from soundings.
Removal of road side trees adhering to the CEA guidelines and recommendation.
Decision on tree removal based on Detailed Engineering Design
Marking road side trees subjected to removal and preparation of inventory prior to start clearing.
Valuable timber should be properly stacked and handed over to the DoF or rightfull owners.
Organizing tree planting program in appropriate locations
Selection of the native or endemic saplings for the tree planting programme
All construction areas of sub project roads Removal of trees throughout the sub project road where necessary. Material extraction sites
Environmental cost
Contractor (Under Supervision of PIU)
PRDA/ DWLC/CEA/ DoF CSCs
Impact to the animals and their migration paths Visual inspection
Fauna and Flora Protection Act (1993). Felling of trees (Amendment Act No:01 of 2000 and Act to Amend felling of trees control)
10. Biodiversity conservation and sustainable natural resource management
Awareness of all stakeholders regarding Bio Diversity conservation.
Avoid clearing of natural habitats and replacement of natural vegetation.
Avoid introduction of invasive plants to the project area by means of accidental transport.
Periodic assessment to check the introduction of invasive alien species
Use of natural resources in sustainable manner.
Throughout the sub project roads All material extraction sites
Environmental cost
Contractor (Under Supervision of PIU)
PRDA/ CSCs
Impact to the habitats Visual inspection
Fauna and Flora Protection Act (1993).
11. Disruption of traffic
Provide an advance notice to local communities about the schedule of
All construction sites, roads which use for
Engineering cost
Contractor PRDA/ Local police
Traffic congestions/
Motor Traffic Act. No 14 of
Potential Environmental Impact
Mitigation Action Approximate Location
Mitigation Cost
Institutional Responsibility Indicators or Means of Verifications
Standards
Implementa-tion
Supervision
construction activities
Provision of safe passage/ alternative routes to the vehicles and passengers.
Implementation of traffic management plans in close coordination with local police and public
Installation of traffic warning signs, temporary traffic lights or flagman at the construction sites
Schedule movement of large trucks and plant in off-peak traffic times.
transportation of construction materials.
Public complain/ Accidents
1995, Amendment Act No: 5 of 1998
12. Personal safety
Proper briefing and training of workers on safety precautions, and their responsibilities.
Use of licensed and well trained operators for handling of machinery, equipment and material processing plants
Provision of first aid facilities and emergency transport to the nearest hospital
Provision of protective instruments and clothes to workers, based on their duty
Arranging regular safety checks of workers, vehicles and plants
Establishment of road engineering aspects and sign boards to reduce accidents
Storage of explosive materials in a secure location in a protective way.
All construction sites, material extraction sites, close to public sensitive locations and roads which use for transportation of construction materials.
Engineering cost
Contractor/ Local police
PRDA/ PIU/ Local police/ CSCs
Number of accidents/ Visual inspection/ Public complains
Safety and Health regulations of the Factory Ordinance of Sri Lanka
13. Effect on existing drainages
Obtaining approval from DOI, DS, DoAS prior to diversion, close or blocking of water sources.
Restoration of water bodies to its original status once after construction.
Prevent storage of construction materials and disposal of debris around cross drainages.
Provision of temporally drainage facilities until requires line or earth drains are provided.
Inundation sections, construction sites of causeways, culverts, earth or line drains
Environmental cost
Contractor PRDA/DoI/ DoAS/CSC
Visual inspection, public complaint, local traffic
Technical specifications/ Irrigation act
Potential Environmental Impact
Mitigation Action Approximate Location
Mitigation Cost
Institutional Responsibility Indicators or Means of Verifications
Standards
Implementa-tion
Supervision
Replacement of structurally damaged drainage structures.
14. Impact from dust, noise and vibration
Implementation of National Emission Standards and Noise Control Regulations of CEA for project activities.
Regular maintenance of machinery, equipment and vehicles in a good condition.
Prevent bad odor and offensive smell emanating from chemicals, material processing or other construction activities
Placement of crushers and hot mixed plants away from public and environmental sensitive areas.
Arrangement of construction activities closer to public sensitive locations coordination with the relevant authorities.
Placement of exhaust silencers and noise reduction devices to the road side crushers, construction vehicles and hot mixed plants
Storage of construction materials with proper covering, provision of dust barriers, spraying of water and control of vehicular speed to minimize dust emission.
Throughout the road, material extraction sites/processing plants/public sensitive locations and built up areas. Locations of extraction, transportation and storage of construction materials.
Environmental cost
Contractor PRDA/ CEA CSC/ LAs/
Visual inspection/ public complaint
National Emission Standards (1994) Noise Control Regulations by CEA
Operation Stage
15. Air quality and noise
It is expected to reduce existing dust after surfacing of the roads. Proper alignment and surfacing of the road will help to reduce the vehicular emissions.
Throughout the sub project roads
Maintenance cost determined
by the
PRDA
PRDA PRDA Visual inspection
Technical specifications
16. Drainage Congestions
Regular maintenance of drainage system
Avoid dumping garbage and other spoil material
Throughout the sub project roads
Maintenance cost determined
PRDA/ DoI/ PDoI
PRDA/ DoI/ PDoI
Visual inspection Temporally
Technical specifications
Potential Environmental Impact
Mitigation Action Approximate Location
Mitigation Cost
Institutional Responsibility Indicators or Means of Verifications
Standards
Implementa-tion
Supervision
by the
PRDA
flood Increase of vector breeding sites
17. Safety of road users
Enforcement of speed limits, traffic rules and regulations
Installation of the warning signs.
Provision of bus bays, pedestrian crossings and payments to the appropriate locations
Particular locations of the sub project roads
Cost, determined by the PRDA
PRDA/ Local police
PRDA/ Local police
Number of road accidents Visual inspection Public complaints
Traffic rules and regulations Safety regulations
18. Encroachment of RoW
Enforcement of rules and regulations
Routine checking to remove unauthorized structures
Throughout the subproject roads
Labour cost determined by PRDA
PRDA PRDA Visual inspection
Based on rules and regulations of PRDA
Abbreviations
CEA - Central Environmental Authority CEB - Ceylon Electricity Board CSCs - Construction Supervision Consultants DoAS - Department of Agricultural Services DoF - Department of Forest DoI - Department of Irrigation DWLC - Department of Wildlife Conservation
PIU - Project Implementation Unit PRDA - Provincial Road Development Authority PDoI - Provincial Department of irrigation RoW - Right of Way GN - Grama Niladari
EMP - Environment Management Plan EO -Environmental officer GSMB -Geological Survey & Mines Bureau DS - Divisional Secretory LA -Local Authorities
PHI - Public Health Inspector
Annex C: Common Environmental Monitoring Plan for the NCP roads
Environmental component
Project stage
Parameters to be monitored
Location Frequency Standards Rate (Rs.) Implementation Cost
Implementation Agency
Supervision
1. Air Quality
A. Pre Construction stage
SO2, NO2, CO, Pd, TSPM
Three locations from the sub project affected areas e.g.
Junctions which roads connected to the Class A & B Roads,
Rural agricultural villages,
Locally important environment sensitive areas (Forested, Scrublands, inland water bodies)
A single time /each location
NAAQS of Sri Lanka
Per sample Rs. 100.000
Rs. 300.000 RRDA by engaging approved monitoring agency (GoSL)
PIU, RRDA , LA (EO)
B. Construction Stage
Do Do Two times/ Year/each location
Do Per sample Rs. 100.000
Rs. 600.000 Contractor by engaging approved monitoring agency (GoSL)
PIU, RRDA , LA (EO), CSC
C. Operation Stage
Do Do A single time/each location
Do Per sample Rs. 100.000
Rs. 300.000 PRDA by engaging approved monitoring agency (GoSL)
RRDA , LA (EO)
2. Water Quality
A. Pre Construction stage
EC, TSS, DO, BOD, PH
Oil and grease, Pb E.Coli
Three locations from the sub project affected areas (Rivers, streams, tanks, wells est.) throughout the year
A single time /each location
CEA Water Quality Regulations
Per sample Rs. 10.000
Rs. 30.000 PRDA by engaging approved monitoring agency (GoSL)
PIU, RRDA , LA (EO)
Environmental component
Project stage
Parameters to be monitored
Location Frequency Standards Rate (Rs.) Implementation Cost
Implementation Agency
Supervision
B. Construction Stage
Do
Do Three times /Year/ each location
Do Per sample Rs. 10.000
Rs. 90.000 Contractor by engaging approved monitoring agency (GoSL)
PIU, RRDA , LA (EO), CSC
C. Operation Stage
Do
Do A single time/each location
Do Per sample Rs. 10.000
Rs. 30.000 PRDA by engaging approved monitoring agency (GoSL)
RRDA , LA (EO)
3. Noise
A. Pre Construction stage
Noise level (dB level)
Three locations from the sub project affected areas e.g.
Junctions which roads connected to the Class A & B Roads,
Culvert or causeways construction sites,
Public and environment sensitive areas
A single time/each location Both during day and night
National Environmental (Noise Control) Regulations,
Per sample Rs. 20.000
Rs. 120.000 PRDA by engaging approved monitoring agency (GoSL)
PIU, RRDA , LA (EO)
B. Construction Stage
Do Do Two times/Year/ each location Both during day and night
Do Per sample Rs. 20.000
Rs. 240.000 Contractor by engaging approved monitoring agency (GoSL)
PIU, PRDA , CSC, LA (EO), CSC
C. Operation Stage
Do Do A single time/each location Both during
Do Per sample Rs. 20.000
Rs. 120.000 PRDA by engaging approved monitoring agency (GoSL)
PRDA, LA (EO)
Environmental component
Project stage
Parameters to be monitored
Location Frequency Standards Rate (Rs.) Implementation Cost
Implementation Agency
Supervision
day and night
Total cost Rs 18,30,000
Abbreviations:
CEA- Central Environmental Authority CO- Carbon Monoxide,
CSC- Construction Supervision Consultants DO- Dissolved Oxygen EC-Electrical Conductivity
PRDA Provincial Road Development Authority SO2- -Sulphur Dioxide TSPM- Total suspended Particulate Matter TSS- Total Suspended Solis BOD- Biological Oxygen Demand
EO- Environmental Officer NAAQS- National Air Quality Standards NO2- - Nitrogen Dioxide Pb- Lead PM10-Particulate Matter <10
Annex D: Public Consultation
Name of the road Date of consultation
Place of consultation
Participants & Address Outcomes & Concerns
NCAHC095: Kebithigollewa - Hendagala Road
22nd
& 23rd
December, 2011
Kebithigollewa Handagama Ambagaha-Handiya Kokatigollewa
Mr. I.A. Lathief (Development Officer /Planning), DS office, Kebithigollewa Mr. S. Padmasiri (Three wheeler driver), Handagama Kebithigollewa. Mr. T. Ranbanda (Famer), Handagama, Kebithigollewa. Mr. S. Kumarasiri (Clerk), Handagama, Kebithgollewa. Mrs. G. Somalatha (Famer), Ambagaha-Handiya Pihimbigollewa. Mr. P. Sarath Kumara (Army), Ambagaha-Handiya Pihimbigollewa. Mr. K. H. Herath (Famer), Kokatigollewa, Kebithigollewa. Mrs. Kanthi Herath (Famer), Kokatigollewa, Kebithigollewa.
General view of the people: This is a previously tar laid road section, however currently has converted to highly dilapidated road due to neglected maintenance. Most of the people including government servants, farmers, businessmen and private sector employers from number of villages around Kebithgollewa live beside the road. This is also a link road between Kebithigollewa-Medawchchiya and Medawachchiya – Rathabalagahawewa roads. Therefore, people heavily use this road for their day to day activities with transport difficulties. Apart from that agro products in the area can be transported to Kebithigollewa, Horowupothana or Medawachiya where prices are comparatively higher. Environment pollution resulting from dust during the dry season while water stagnation within the carriage way during the rainy season are the main impacts to the road side community and road users. Thus improvement of the proposed road is essential. Other views and suggestions: The improvement of the road with proper drainage facilities may create positive impacts to the people in the area. This road is being heavily used by the people in and around the Kebithigollewa area, so widening of the existing carriage way and raising of the embankment between paddy field areas and other inundation areas are essential through the project. Construction activities should be carried out during the dry season and attention should be taken to minimize public inconvenience due to dust Vehicle speed should be properly control due to transportation of construction materials and other related activities
Name of the road Date of consultation
Place of consultation
Participants & Address Outcomes & Concerns
Job opportunities should be given through the project to local skilled and unskilled workers
NCANC122: Ethakada - Etambagaskada - Tonigala Road
24th & 25
th
December 2011
Medawachchiya. Puhudivula Divulgaskada Kongollewa Atambagaskada
Mr. W.M.S.N. Wijepala (Administrative officer ) GN/DS, Office, Medawachchiya. Mr. Nimal Ananda (Driver), Puhudivula, Ataweeragollewa. Mrs. R.P. Nanadani, Divulgaskada, Ataweeragollewa. Mr. U.P Nilantha (Famer), Kongollewa, Ataweeragollewa. Mrs. T Balahamy (Famer), 4 km Post, Atambagaskada, Ataweeragollewa. Mrs. R.C. Rupa Chandani (Famer), Atambagaskada, Ataweeragollewa. Mr. P.S Senavirathne (Retired Army), 6 km post, Atambagaskada. Mr. S Thilakarathne (Famer), Ambagaskada,
General view of the people: The proposed section of the road is highly dilapidated (stagnation of water, poor drainages facilities, silted/blocked and structurally damaged culverts, uneven road surface due to soil erosion etc.). Therefore transportation through the proposed section is very difficult. Currently large number of heavy vehicles daily runs through the road for transport of metal from the quarry located close to the end point of the rehabilitated section. Thus people will gain advantage from the rehabilitated section as well as proposed road section as expected. Also people in the area were affected during the prevailed complicit situation due to terrorists. Thus most of the rehabilitation and maintenance activities were not implemented at the proper time. Therefore people expect government will give priority for road development in the area including this road, because two government schools (Lolugaswewa and Puhudivula) and number of rural and agricultural villages are located beside the road with considerable amount of residences. The area is highly polluted due to the activities related to the existing mass scale metal quarry and the transportation of metal through heavy vehicles. E.g. Dust distributed from the quarry is highly impact to the road users and road side community in the area. Other views and suggestions: The improvement of the road section with slightly alignment, widening of existing carriage way and improvement of the drainage facilities may create positive impacts to the road users and road side community. If the rest of the section is rehabilitated people can travel both side of the road, Medawachchiy - Kebithigollewa as well as Vavuniya -
Name of the road Date of consultation
Place of consultation
Participants & Address Outcomes & Concerns
Ataweeragollewa. Mr. Samna Piyathissa (Civil Security Force), Atambagaskada, Ataweeragollewa. Mr. Ananda Jayathissa (Civil Security Force), Atambagaskada, Ataweeragollewa.
Kebithigollewa. Agricultural products can easily transport to the high prizes markets and sell at competitive prices from nearest town areas Good quality daily needs and other equipment can be obtained at reasonable prizes from nearest town areas. Arrangement should be made with the owners of existing metal quarry regarding the future maintenance activities. The construction activities should be handled by skilled project manager/ supervisors with well-trained machinery operators.
NCANC126: Dachchidamana – Paranahalmillewa Road
26th & 27
th
December 2011
Mahakumbukgollewa Kudagama
Mr. T. Danapala (Famer), Mahakumbukgollewa, Punewa. Mr. U. Kapuruhamy (Farmer), Kudagama, Ataweeragollewa. Mr. Sarath Gunarathne (Three wheel driver), Kudagama, Ataweeragollewa. Mrs. Samitha Jayalath Kumari (Farmer), Kudagama, Ataweeragollewa. Mr. N. Pradeep Ananda (Farmer), Kudagama, Ataweeragollewa. Mrs. A Sriyani (Famer),
General view of the people: This is very important road section which, connect A009 road and inner part of the rural agricultural area of Medawachchiya. Development of this road positively affect mainly for the farmers in the area and the children of Paranahalmillewa school. Currently the surface condition of the road is fairly good for the transportation during dry season. However during the rainy season transportation through the road is very difficult due to the stagnation of water in pot holes and muddy situation in several sections. Therefore people along the road and project influence area are in favour of welcome of this project because they think it is an immediate requirement. Other views and suggestions: Proper attention should be taken to avoid dust due to construction related activities. Construction work should not disturb the day to day activities of the people and should be restricted to the dry season. Construction work should be completed within the scheduled time by the contractor without long lasting difficulties to the people.
Name of the road Date of consultation
Place of consultation
Participants & Address Outcomes & Concerns
Kudagama, Ataweeragollewa.
Proper attention should be taken during construction of culverts, because most of the culverts along the road are not properly functioning and inlet level of several culverts do not match with the ground level.
NCANC127: Thekkawatha – Pulleliya Road
2nd
January, 2012
Walpola, Kullikada Wiralmurippu
Mr. H. Ranjith Senanayaka (Businessmen), Kullikada, Medawachchiya. Mr. P.Nimal Ranasinghe (Civil Security force), Kulikkada, Medawchchiya. Mr. K. Upali Senavirathne(Meson), Kulikkada, Medawachchiya. Mr. D.N. Senavirathne (Famer), Kulikkada, Medawachchiya. Mr. K.B. Wijesinghe (Famer), Kulikkada, Medawchchiya. Mr. B. Ranasinghe (watcher), Wiralmurippu, Medawchchiya. Mr. A. Siripala (Famer), Kulikkada, Medawchchiya. Mr. J. Dissanayaka (Driver),
General view of the people: The proposed road section for improvement provides main transportation link to Medawachchiya – Mannar road, Puleliya junction and inland rural agricultural area of Medawachchiya DS division. Also 3 government schools and a rural hospital are available in the area. Therefore development of the road is very important and it provides easy access to Madawachchiya railway station too. However existing situation of the road surface is highly dilapidated. Eg. Existing carriage way is totally damaged in some section. The inundation sections, potholes, erodible sections and water logged areas contribute to further deterioration and increasing the travel time and damaged to the vehicles. Currently public transport service was stopped by the authorities due to poor road condition. Thus improvements of the road is essential to avoid hazardous driving conditions and inconvenient of the people. Other views and suggestions: In general people like to welcome the project and promised to give their support due to the current problems associated with transportation of the road. The improvement of the road will benefit the people, especially the government servants, schooling of children and farmers. If the road condition is good, public transport will facilitate for the government and private sector service as before.
Name of the road Date of consultation
Place of consultation
Participants & Address Outcomes & Concerns
Kullikada, Medawchchiya.
Job opportunities should be offered to the local skilled and unskilled workers as well as to the sub-contractors through the project. Practical solution should be given to the inundation section such as installation of new causeways, culverts, elevation of embankment and reconstruction of existing culverts with sufficient diameter of the pipes.
NCAHC128: Kirigollewa - Hirallugama Road
3rd
& 4th
January, 2012
Kiragaswewa Unagaswewa Moragoda Hirallugama
Mr. K.M Upali (Famer), Keeragaswewa, Medawachchiya. Mr. K. Tikiribanda (Famer), Keeragaswewa, Medawchchiya. Mr. P.B Upali Wadimune (Famer), Unagaswewa, Keeragaswewa, Medawachchiya. Mr. A. Kumara (Civil Security Service), Unagaswewa, Keeragaswewa, Medawachchiya. Mr. Susantha Harischandra (Famer), Moragoda, Ataweeragollewa, Medawachchiya. Mr. R. Nilantha (Driver), Hirallugama, Medawachchiya.
General view of the people: This is very important rural agricultural road located in the Kebithigollewa area. Since this is an agricultural area, people need fairly good road for transportation of their products (paddy, vegetables and B anion) to the nearby towns with minimum impact to the vehicles and with reasonable cost. There are 4 different sections of the proposed road runs through the tank bunds which located along the road and some are through their spills. The CW of the tank bunds are not sufficient for the vehicles which are used for the different activities. However widening of the road is also a problem due to tank bunds. During the rainy season, water runs across the road due to above spills. This situation is highly inconvenient to the people and they want to find an alternative road during heavy rains. Furthermore the existing cause ways close to the spills are not in good condition. So rehabilitation or replacement of these cause ways is needed through the proposed project. Other views and suggestions: Widening of the existing carriage way, surfacing of the road with DBST, improvement of the culverts and causeways etc. will avoid transport difficulties, reduce travel time and cost for transportation. Alternative access should be provided when construction over the existing tank bunds and causeways (spills).
Name of the road Date of consultation
Place of consultation
Participants & Address Outcomes & Concerns
Mr. M.M Rathnayaka (Busnessman), Hirallugama, Ataweeragollewa.
Since this area obtained significant amount of rain, it is important to improve existing culverts and causeways as much as possible before the rainy season. Avoid storage of any construction materials along the tank bunds and restriction of the construction work over the tank bunds during the rainy season
NCAHD083: Kiriketuwewa - Bandaraulpatha - Kapugollewa Road
5th & 6
th
January, 2012
Kebithigollewa Horawapathana Garandiulpotha Unawatulawa Sinhala ataweeragollewa Krulugama
Mr. P.R.Thilakaratne, DS/Kebithigollewa Mr. M.A.H.B. Jayasundara, Asst. Director.Plannig/ Horawapathana
Mr. A. Ariyapala (Famer),
Garandiulpotha,
Kebithigollewa.
Mr. P. Rupawathee
(Businessmen),
Unawatulawa,
Kebithigollewa.
Mr. A. Rajarathne
(Mechanics), Sinhala-
Ataweeragollewa,
Kebithigollewa.
Mr. V.B Ranbanda
(Farmer), Kalawediulpotha,
General view of the people: Although initial section is recently rehabilitated by the PRDA, it is highly in un-satisfactory level due to present situation. Considerable numbers of pot holes can be seen throughout the rehabilitate section and fill with water during the rainy day. Therefore, it is difficult to ride/ drive bicycles and vehicles through this section. Since the project affected area is located considerably away from main markets in the area (Kebithigollewa and Horowpothana) majority of the people suffer due to existing situation of the road and lack of transport facility. Therefore, people think, current project will avoid those types of conditions in the future. Most of the causeways and bridges in the end section of the road have already been properly constructed by the PRDA. However, rehabilitation of the road is essential considering all hydrological investigations, since this area is highly erodible due to over flowing of seasonal tanks, natural flow paths, lack of earth and cross drainages. Other views and suggestions: Since number of seasonal tanks, paddy fields, small water streams and irrigation canals are located beside/through the road improvement activities with proper drainage facilities may create positive impacts to the existing environment and project affected communities.
Name of the road Date of consultation
Place of consultation
Participants & Address Outcomes & Concerns
Pathtewa Weerasole
Krulugama, Kebithigollewa.
Mr. T, M Ariyawansa
Gamini (Meson),
Kalawediulpotha,
Kurulugama,
Kebithigollewa.
Mr. U. Upali Herath
(Meson), Kelawediulpotha,
Kurulugama,
Kebithigollewa.
Mr. Nishantha Vijaya
Kumara (Famer),
Kelawediulpotha,
Kurulugama,
Kebithigollewa.
Mr. M. Rahuman
(Businessmen),
Anaulandewa,
Kebithigollewa.
Mr. N.A.M Rasul
(Mechanics), Pathtewa,
Kebithigollewa.
Mr. N.R. Smile (Famer),
Paththewa, Kebithigollewa.
Construction activities should be carried out during dry season and attention should be taken to minimize public inconvenience due to dust. Vehicle speed should be properly controlled due to transportation of construction materials and other related activities. Job opportunities should be offered to local skilled and unskilled workers through the project.
Name of the road Date of consultation
Place of consultation
Participants & Address Outcomes & Concerns
Mr. R. T. Uduma lebbe
(Farmer), Weerasole,
Kebithigollewa
NCAND139: Yakawewa - Mahakoongaskada Road
7th January,
2012 Yakawewa Periyakulam
Mr. P. Tilakasiri (Farmer),
Yakawewa,
Medawachchiya.
R. T Gunathilaka (Farmer),
Yakawewa,
Medawachchiya.
M. Darmasena (Civil
Security) Periyakulam,
Medawachchiya.
Mr. T.S wikramasinghe
(Farmer) Periyakulam,
Medawachchiya.
Mr. D. Padmasiri (Civil
Security) Periyakulam,
Medawachchiya.
Mr. R. Kumarasinghe (Civil
Security) Periyakulam,
Medawachchiya.
Mr. M. Dingiribanda
(Farmer), Periyakulam,
Medawachchiya.
General view of the people: The improvement of the road will provide number of benefits to the road uses as well as road side community. This is very important road section, because people in and around five main villages (Katukeliyawa, Periyakulam, Yakawewa, Mahakongaskada and Thanniyan kualm) use Periyakulam temple and Gaminiwewa Governmrnt School for their religious and schooling activities. In addition this road section is important as an alternative road to travel A009 and A014 roads with minimum traffic & short distance without reaching to the Medawachchiya town. This is also an important link road between number of villages located in Mannnar and Anuradhapura districts. Apart from that, since the road is close to district boarder of Vavuniya, it was badly affected during the war time. Therefore surfacing and other road furniture should be properly developed. This will also help the town development of Poonewa area and Ulukkulama road in Vavuniya district. Other views and suggestions: The positive impacts due to project include easy transportation of agricultural products to the nearest towns, schooling of the children, day to day activities of the farmers, security forces, government and private sector servants etc. This road is being heavily used by the people in and around the area between A009 & A014 roads. Thus construction activities should be carried out with a minimum impact to the road side communities and road users. Phase construction is one suggestion
Name of the road Date of consultation
Place of consultation
Participants & Address Outcomes & Concerns
Mahakongaskada
Mr. S. Rajakaruna
(Farmer), Periyakulam,
Medawachchiya.
Mr. K.B Jayathilaka
(Farmer), Periyakulam,
Medawachchiya.
Mr. S. Siripala (Farmer),
Periyakulam,
Medawachchiya.
Mr. A. Lasantha Aberathne
(Farmer),
Mahakongaskada, Punewa.
Mr. S.Ananda Kumara
(Army officer),
Mahakongaskada, Punewa,
Number of roads located around the proposed project road, especially rural and other PC, will be used by the contractor for transportation of construction materials. (Eg. In general, contractors select gravel mining sites very close to the sub project area). However at the end of project activities, these roads become highly dilapidated situation and contractors do not engage in rehabilitation activities of those roads. The existing carriage way of the existing tank bunds are not sufficient to move two vehicles at opposite directions Therefore, widening existing tank bunds located through the road is important. Majority of the people in the area are farmers. Since the farming activities are seasonal lack of income generation activities during the rest of the year is a problem faced by the community. Therefore, If job opportunities can be allowed through the project, villages can actively participate to the project related activities.
Attachment 1
Terrestrial and Aquatic Floral species recorded in subproject affected areas of NCP
Abbreviations:
HA: Habit TS: Taxonomic status CS: Conservation status T: Tree E: Endemic
TR: Threatened S: Shrub G: Grass N: Native H:Herb
I-Introduced C: Climber or Creeper
Family Species Local Name Habit TS
Amaranthaceae
Alternanthera sessilis Mukunu Wenna H N
Aerva lanata Polpala H N
Anacardiaceae
Anacardium occidentale Cadju T I
Lannea coromandelica Hik T N
Mangifera indica Amba T I
Spondias dulcis Amberella T I
Annonaceae
Annona glabra Wel Attha T I
Alstonia macrophylla Havari Nuga T I
Alstonia scholaris Ruk Attana T N
Cerbera odollam Gon Kaduru T N
Nerium oleander Kaneru H I
Plumeria rubra Araliya S N
Thevetia peruviana Kaduru T N
Aponogetonaceae Aponogeton crispus Kekatiya H N
Araceae
Alocasia macrorrhizos Habarala H I
Colocasia esculenta Gahala H N
Lagenandra sp. Ketala H E
Alocasia macrorrhiza Habarala H N
Lasia spinosa Kohila H N
Arecaceae
Areca catechu Puwak T N
Cocos nucifera Pol T N
Phoenix pusilla Indi S N
Caryota urens Kitul T N
Asclepiadaceae Calotropis gigantea Wara S N
Asparagaceae Asparagus racemosus Hathawariya C N
Asteraceae
Eupatorium odoratum Podisinnamaran S I
Mikania cordata Watu Palu C N
Vernonia cinerea Monara Kudumbiya H N
Bombacaceae Ceiba pentandra Pulun T I
Boraginaceae Cordia sp Lolu T N
Family Species Local Name Habit TS
Cactaceae Opuntia dillenii Pathok H I
Caricaceae Carica papaya Gas Labu T I
Clusiaceae Mesua ferrea Na T N
Colchicaceae Gloriosa superba Niyangala C N
Combretaceae
Terminalia arjuna Kumbuk T N
Terminalia catppa Kottamba T N
Terminalia bellinica Bulu T N
Convolvulaceae Ipomoea aquatica Kankung C N
Ebenaceae Diospyros malabarica Thimbiri T N
Euphorbiaceae
Bridelia retusa Keta Kela T N
Macaranga peltate Kenda T N
Manihot esculenta Maiokka S I
Manihot glaziovii Gas Maiokka T I
Ricinus communis Beheth Endaru S I
Drypetes sepiaria Weera T N
Phyllanthus polyphyllus Kuratiya T N
Croton laccifer Keppetiya S N
Fabaceae
Adenanthera pavonina Madatiya T I
Albizia saman Para Mara T I
Delonix regia May Mara T I
Desmodium heterocarpon Et Undupiyali H N
Desmodium triflorum Undupiyali H N
Erythrina variegata Erabadu T N
Gliricidia sepium Weta Mara T I
Gliricidia seplum Ginisiriya T I
Leucaena leucocephala Ipil Ipil T I
Mimosa pudica Nidi Kumba H I
Tamarindus indica Siyabala T I
Abrus precatorius Olinda C N
Cassia flstula Ehela T I
Bauhinia racemosa Maila T N
Cassia auriculata Ranawara T N
Lamiaceae Hyptis suaveolens Madurutala H I
Lauraceae Alseodaphne semicarpifolia Wewarana T N
Malvaceae
Hibiscus tiliaceus Beli Patta T N
Thespesia populnea Gansurya T N
Martyniaceae Martynia annua Nagadarana H I
Family Species Local Name Habit TS
Meliaceae
Swietenia macrophylla Mahogani T I
Azadirachta indica Kohomba T N
Moraceae
Artocarpus hetarophyllus Kos T I
Artocarpus incisus Del T I
Ficus religiosa Bo T I
Ficusbenghalensis Nuga T N
Musaceae Musa x paradisiaca Kesel T I
Myrtaceae
Psidium guajava Pera T I
Syzygium caryophyllatum Dan S N
Syzigium cumini Madan T N
Pandanaceae Pandanus kaida Wetake S N
Poaceae
Bambusa vulgaris Una T N
Oryza sativa Wi G N
Themeda cymbaria Mana G N
Pontederiaceae Eichhornia crassipes Japan-Jabara H I
Rutaceae
Chloroxylon swetenia Burutha T N
Aegle marmelos Beli T I
Limonia acidissima Divul T N
Murraya koenigii Karapincha T N
Mitragyna tubulosa Helamba T N
Rhamanaceae Ziziphus oenoplia Eraminia C N
Salviniaceae Salvinia molesta Salvinia H I
Sapindaceae
Filicium decipiens Pihimbiya T N
Schleierera oleosa Kone T N
Sapotaceae
Madhuca longifolia Mi T N
Manilkara Hexandra Palu T N
Solanaceae Solanum melangena Elabatu H N
Tiliaceae
Muntingia calabura Jam T I
Berya cordifolia Halmilla T N
Typhaceae Typha angustifolia Hambupan S N
Urticaceae Trema orientalis Goda kirilla T N
Verbenaceae
Lantana camara Ganda Pana S I
Tectona grandis Tekka T I
Vitex pinnata Mille T N
Gmelina asiatica Demata T N
Terrestrial and aquatic faunal species found in subproject affected areas of NCP..
Abbreviations
Phylum/Family/ class Species name Common name Status
Class- Insecta
Order: Odonata Dragonflies
Family: Libellulidae Neurothemis tullia Black velvet wing Indigenous
Rhyothemis variegata Variable glider Indigenous
Order: Lepidoptera Butterflies
Family - Papilionidae Papilio polymnestor Blue mormon Indigenous
Pachliopta hector Crimson rose Indigenous
Family - Pieridae Prioneris sita Painted saw-tooth Indigenous
Appias albino Common albatross Indigenous
Catopsilia pomona Lemon emigrant Indigenous
Eurema brigitta Small grass yellow Indigenous
Eurema hecabe Common grass yellow Indigenous
Family - Nymphalidae Parantica aglea Glassy tiger Indigenous
Danaus genutia Common tiger Indigenous
Euploea core Common crow Indigenous
Junonia lemonias Lemon pansy Indigenous
Junonia iphita Chocolate soldier Indigenous
Hypolimnas misippus Danaid Eggfly Indigenous
Neptis hylas Common sailor Indigenous
Acraea violae Tawny costor Indigenous
Melanitis leda Common evening brown Indigenous
Orsotriaena medus Nigger Indigenous
Ypthima ceylonica White four-ring Indigenous
Class- Amphibia Amphibians
Family – Bufonidae Bufo melanostictus Common toad Indigenous
Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis Skipper frog Indigenous
Duttaphrynus melanostictus Common house toad Endemic
Euphlyctis hexadactylus Sixtoe green frog Indigenous
Family – Ranidae Limnonectes limnocharis Common paddy field
frog
Indigenous
Family -
Dicroglossidae
Fejervarya limnocharis Common paddy field
frog
Indigenous
Molluska Mollusks
Family: Achatinidae Achatina fulica Exotic
Family: Ariophantidae Cryptozona bistrialis Indigenous
Class- Ostecthyes Bony fishes
Family - Poeciliidae Gambusa affinis Guppy Exotic
Family - Cichlidae Oreochromis mosambicus Tilapia Exotic
Oreochromis niloticus Tilapia Exotic
Family - Channidae Channa ara Giant snakehead Endemic/ Vulnerable
Channa striata Murrel Indigenous
Class – Reptilelia Reptiles
Family – Agamidae Calotes calotes Green garden lizard Indigenous
Calotes versicolor Common garden lizard Indigenous
Family- Gekkonidae Hemidactylusbrookii Spotted house gecko Indigenous
Hemidactylus frenatus Common house-gecko Indigenous
Family - Bataguridae Melanochelys trijuga Parker's black turtle Indigenous
Family - Testudinidae Geochelone elegans Indian star tortoise
Taraka ibba
Indigenous
Vulnerable
Family- Elapidae Naja naja Cobra Indigenous
Family - Trionychidae Lissemys punctata Kiri ibba Indigenous
Vulnerable
Family - Varanidae Varanus bengalensis Land monitor Indigenous
Varanus salvator Water monitor Indigenous
Family - Viperidae Echis carinatus Vali polonga Indigenous
Vulnerable
Daboia russelii Russell’s viper Indigenous
Family- Boidae Python molurus Indian Python Indigenous/
Threaten
Class- Aves
Birds
Family – Accipitridae Accipiter badius Shikra Indigenous
Haliastur indus Brahminy Kite Indigenous
Haliaeetus leucogaster White bellied sea eagle Indigenous
Spilornis cheela Crested serpent eagle Indigenous
Family – Alcedinidae Alcedo atthis
Common kingfisher Indigenous
Ceyx erithacus Oriental dwarf kingfisher Indigenous
Family- Apodidae Cypsiurus balasiensis Asian Palm Swift Indigenous
Family – Ardeidae Ardeola grayii
Pond Heron
Indigenous
Ardea cinerea Grey heron
Indigenous
Ardea purpurea Purple heron Indigenous
Nycticorax nycticorax Night heron Indigenous
Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret Indigenous
Butorides striatus Little green heron Indigenous
Casmerodius albus Great egret Indigenous
Mesophoyx intermedia Intermediate Egret Indigenous
Egretta garzetta Little Egret Indigenous
Family –Bucerotidae Ocyceros gingalensis Sri Lanka grey hornbill Endemic
Family- Burhinidae Burhinus oedicnemus Eurasian thich knee Indigenous
Family – Capitonidae Megalima rubicapilla Small barbet Indigenous
Family –
Centropodidae
Centropus sinensis Greater Coucal Indigenous
Family- Cerylidae Ceryle rudis Pied kingfisher Indigenous
Family – Charadriidae Vanellus indicus Red-wattled Lapwing Indigenous
Family – Cisticolidae Prinia socialis Ashy Prinia Indigenous
Family – Columbidae Chalcophaps indica Emerald Dove Indigenous
Columba livia Domestic Pigeon Indigenous
Ducula aenea Green Imperial Pigeon Indigenous
Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Dove Indigenous
Family – Coraciidae Coracias benghalensis Indian Roller Indigenous
Family – Corvidae Corvus macrorhynchos Large-billed Crow Indigenous
Corvus splendens House Crow Indigenous
Dicrurus macrocercus Black Drongo Indigenous
Corvus splendens Grey necked crow Indigenous
Dicrurus caerulescens White-bellied Drongo Indigenous
Eudynamys scolopacea Asian Koel Indigenous
Family – Dicaeidae Dicaeum erythrorhynchos Small flower pecker Indigenous
Family – Estrididae Lonchura Malacca Black headed Munia Indigenous
Family – Halcyonidae Halcyon capensis Stork billed kingfisher Indigenous
Halcyon smyrnensis White throated kingfisher
Indigenous
Family –
Hemiprocnidae
Hemiprocne coronata
Crested Treeswift
Indigenous
Hirundo rustica
Barn Swallow
Indigenous
Pycnonotus luteolus White-browed Bulbul Indigenous
Family –Nectariniidae Dicaeum erythrorhynchos Pale-billed Flower pecker
Indigenous
Nectarina lotenia Loten’s Sunbird Indigenous
Nectarina zeylonica Purple-rumped Sunbird Indigenous
Nectarina asiatica Purple Sunbird Indigenous
Family – Laniidae Lanius cristatus Brown shrike Migrant
Family –
Magalaimidae
Megalaima zeylanica Brown-headed Barbet Indigenous
Family – Meropidae Merops philippinus Blue tail bee eater Indigenous
Family –
Muscicapidae
Aegithina tiphia Common Iora
Indigenous
Copsychus saularis Oriental Magpie Robin
Indigenous
Saxicoloides fulicata Indian Robin Indigenous
Family – Picidae Dinopium benghalense Red backed woodpecker
Indigenous
Family – Passeridae Lonchura striata White-rumped Munia Indigenous
Passer domesticus House sparrow Indigenous
Family –
Phalacrocoracidae
Phalacrocorax niger Little Cormorant Indigenous
Indian cormorant Indigenous
Family – Phasianidae Gallus domesticus Domestic fowl Exotic
Gallus lafayetii Sri Lanka Jungle fowl Endemic
Pavo cristatus
Indian Peafowl Indigenous
Dendrocygna javanica Lesser Whistling duck Indigenous
Family – Pittidae Pitta brachyuran Indian pitta Migrant
Family- Podicipedidae Tachybaptus ruficllis Little grebe Indigenous
Family – Psittacidae Psittacula krameri Rose-ringed Parakeet Indigenous
Family –
Pycnonotidae
Pycnonotus cafer Red-vented Bulbul Indigenous
Family- Floceidae Ploceus philipinus Baya Weaver Indigenous
Family-Reliday Amaurornis phoenicurus White-breasted Water hen
Indigenous
Porphyrio porphyria Purple swamp hen Indigenous
Gallinula chloropus Common moorhen Indigenous
Family – Sturnidae Acridotheres tristis Common Myna Indigenous
Family – Sylviidae Orthotomus sutorius Tailor bird Indigenous
Turdoides affinis Yellow-billed Babbler Indigenous
Pellornum fuscocaoillum Sri Lanka Brown capped Babbler
Endemic
Family –
Threkiornithidae
Mycteria leucocephala Painted Stork Indigenous
Anastomus oscitans Asian openbill Indigenous
Class- Mammalia Mammals Indigenous
Family – Pteropodidae Pteropus giganteus Flying fox Indigenous
Rousettus leschenaultia Dog faced fruit bat Indigenous
Cynoptrrus sphinx Short nosed fruit bat Indigenous
Family –
Cercopithecidae
Semnopithecus vetulus Purple-faced leaf monkey
Endemic
Macaca sinica Sri Lanka toque monkey Endemic
Semnopithecus priam Grey langur Indigenous
Family – Canidae Canis familiaris Domestic dog Exotic
Family – Felidae Felis catus Domestic cat Exotic
Family – Herpestidae Herpestes smithii Black-tipped mongoose Indigenous
Family – Bovidae Bubalus bubalis Water buffalo Exotic
Bos indicus Domestic cattle Exotic
Family – Sciuridae Funambulus palmarum Palm squirrel Indigenous
Ratufa macroura Giant Squirrel Indigenous
Family – Leporidae Lepus nigricollis Black-naped hare Indigenous
Family – Tragulidae Moschiola kathygre Sri Lanka pigmy mouse-deer
Endemic
Family – Hystricidae Hystrix indica Procupine Indigenous
Family- Soricidae Suncus murinus Musk shrew Indigenous
Family – Muridae Rattus rattus House rat Indigenous
Mus musculus House mouse Indigenous
Bandicota indica Malabar bandicoot Indigenous
Family- Canidae Canis aureus Sri Lanka jackal Indigenous
Family- Felidae Felis chaus Jungle cat Indigenous/TR
Family- Mustellidae Lutra lutra Indian otter Indigenous/TR
Family- Viverridae Viverricula indica Ring taild civet cat Indigenous
Family - Elephantidae Elephas maximus Elephant Endemic Vulnerable
Family – Cervidae Axis axis Spotted deer Indigenous
Family – Suidae Sus scrofa Wild boar Indigenous
