Presented By:

ARATHI SAILESH E-mail: arathisailesh@yahoo.co.in, Ph: 9949645394

CH. SANDHYA RANI E-mail: sandhya_charugulla@yahoo.com, Ph: 9949063667

CSE II/IV

SRIDEVI WOMENS ENGINEERING COLLEGEV.N.PALLY, GANDIPET, HYDERABAD.

Abstract:

A new era on medicine are expected

to happen in the coming years. Due to

the advances in the field of nano-

technology, nanodevice manu-

facturing has been growing gradually.

From such achievements in

nanotechnology, and recent results in

biotechnology and genetics, the first

operating biological nanorobots are

expected to appear in the coming 5

years, and nanorobots that are more

complex will become available in

about 10 years. In terms of time, it

means a very near better future with

significant improvements in medicine.

In this paper, we present a practical

approach taken on developing

nanorobots for medicine in the sense

of using computational nano-

mechatronics techniques as ancillary

tools for investigating manufacturing

design, nanosystems integration,

sensing and actuation for medicine

applications. Thus, the work describes

pathways that could enable design

testability, but also help scientists and

profit corporations in providing the

helpful information needed to test and

design integrated devises and

solutions towards manufacturing

biomedical nano-robots.

The use of robots in surgery has

provided additional tools for surgeons

enabling minimally invasive

intervention or even long distance

tele-operated surgeries. Indeed, we

may trust on human creativeness and

technical capabilities that can ever be

improved in terms of technical

achievements. In recent years, the

medicine has enabled significant

wellness for the life quality and

longevity of the world population.

Moreover, for the coming years, we

may be prepared to experiment even

more benefits, as results from

advances that are being pursued

gradually in new fields of science,

such as nanobiotechnlogy.

This quote from "The Next Big

Thing Is Really Small” How

Nanotechnology Will Change the

Future of the world.

Nanotechnology:

Nanotechnology is a field of applied

science and technology covering a

broad range of topics. The main

unifying theme is the control of matter

on a scale smaller than one

micrometer, as well as the fabrication

of devices on this same length scale.

Applications of nanotechnologies:

Medicine

Diagnostics

Drug delivery

Tissue engineering

Chemistry and environment

Catalysis

Filtration

Energy

Reduction of energy consu -

mption

Increasing the efficiency of

energy production

The use of more

environmentally friendly energy

systems

Recycling of batteries

Information and communication

Novel semiconductor devices

Novel optoelectronic devices

Displays

Nanologic

Quantum computers

Consumer goods

Foods

Household

Optics

Textiles

Cosmetics

MEDICINE:

The biological and medical research

communities have exploited the

unique properties of nanomaterials for

various applications (e.g., contrast

agents for cell imaging and

therapeutics for treating cancer).

Terms such as biomedical

nanotechnology, bionano-technology,

and nanomedicine are used to

describe this hybrid field

Functionalities can be added to

nanomaterials by interfacing them

with biological molecules or

structures. The size of nanomaterials

is similar to that of most biological

molecules and structures.

Thus far, the integration of

nanomaterials with biology has led to

the development of diagnostic

devices, contrast agents, analytical

tools, physical therapy applications,

and drug-delivery vehicles

Cancer:

Nano particles of cadmium

selenide (quantum dots) glow when

exposed to ultraviolet light. When

injected, they seep into cancer tumors.

The surgeon can see the glowing

tumor, and use it as a guide for more

accurate tumor removal. Sensor test

chips containing thousands of

nanowires, able to detect proteins and

other biomarkers left behind by

cancer cells, could enable the

detection and diagnosis of cancer in

the early stages from a few drops of a

patients blood.

Researchers at Rice University

under Prof. Jennifer West have

demonstrated the use of 120nm

diameter nanoshells coated with gold

to kill cancer tumors in mice. The

nanoshells can be targetted to bond to

cancerous cells by conjugating

antibodies or peptides to the nanoshell

surface. By irradiating the area of the

tumor with an infrared laser, which

passes through flesh without heating

it, the gold is heated sufficiently to

cause death to the cancer cells

One scientist, University of

Michigan’s James Baker, believes he

has discovered a highly efficient and

successful way of delivering cancer-

treatment drugs that is less harmful to

the surrounding body. Baker has

developed a nanotechnology that can

locate and then eliminate cancerous

cells. He looks at a molecule called a

dendrimer. This molecule has over a

hundred hooks on it that allow it to

attach to cells in the body for a variety

of purposes. Baker then attaches folic-

acid to a few of the hooks (folic-acid,

being a vitamin, is recepted by cells in

the body). Cancer cells have more

vitamin receptors than normal cells,

so Baker's vitamin-laden dendrimer

will be absorbed by the cancer cell.

To the rest of the hooks on the

dendrimer, Baker places anti-cancer

drugs that will be absorbed with the

dendrimer into the cancer cell, thereby

delivering the cancer drug to the

cancer cell and nowhere else (Bullis

2006).

Surgery:

At Rice University, a flesh

welder is used to fuse two pieces of

chicken meat into a single piece. The

two pieces of chicken are placed

together touching. A greenish liquid

containing gold-coated nanoshells is

dribbled along the seam. An infrared

laser is traced along the seam, causing

the two side to weld together. This

could solve the difficulties and blood

leaks caused when the surgeon tries to

restitch the arteries he/she has cut

during a kidney or heart transplant.

The flesh welder could meld the

artery into a perfect seal

Nanorobots:

Definition: A nanorobot is a tiny

machine designed to perform a

specific task or tasks repeatedly and

with precision at nanoscale

dimensions, that is, dimensions of a

few nanometers (nm) or less, where 1

nm = 10-9 meter. Nanorobots have

potential applications in the assembly

and maintenance of sophisticated

systems. Nanorobots might function

at the atomic or molecular level to

build devices, machines, or circuits, a

process known as molecular

manufacturing. Nanorobots might also

produce copies of themselves to

replace worn-out units, a process

called self-replication.

The somewhat speculative

claims about the possibility of using

nanorobots in medicine, advocates

say, would totally change the world of

medicine once it is realized.

Nanomedicine would make use

of these nanorobots, introduced into

the body, to repair or detect damages

and infections. A typical blood borne

medical nanorobot would be between

0.5-3 micrometers in size, because

that is the maximum size possible due

to capillary passage requirement.

Carbon would be the primary element

used to build these nanorobots due to

the inherent strength and other

characteristics of some forms of

carbon (diamond/fullerene

composites). Cancer can be treated

very effectively, according to

nanomedicine advocates. Nanorobots

could counter the problem of

identifying and isolating cancer cells

as they could be introduced into the

blood stream. These nanorobots

would search out cancer affected cells

using certain molecular markers.

Medical nanorobots would then

destroy these cells, and only these

cells.

Nanomedicines could be a very

helpful and hopeful therapy for

patients, since current treatments like

radiation therapy and chemotherapy

often end up destroying more healthy

cells than cancerous ones. From this

point of view, it provides a non-

depressed therapy for cancer patients.

Nanorobots could also be useful in

treating vascular disease, physical

trauma, and even biological aging.

MEDICAL NANOROBOTIC

APPLICATIONS

Applications of nanorobots are

expected to provide remarkable

possibilities. An interesting utilization

of nanorobots may be their attachment

to transmigrating inflammatory cells

or white blood cells, to reach inflamed

tissues and assist in their healing

process.

• Nanorobots will be applied in

chemotherapy to combat cancer

through precise chemical dosage

administration and a similar

approach could be taken to enable

nanorobots to deliver anti-HIV

drugs. Such drug-delivery

nanorobots have been termed

“pharmacists”.

• Nanorobots could be used to

process specific chemical reactions

in the human body as ancillary

devices for injured organs.

Monitoring and controlling

nutrient concentrations in the

human body, including glucose

levels in diabetic patients will be a

possible application of medical

nanorobots.

• Nanorobots might be used to

seek and break kidney stones.

Another important possible feature

of medical nanorobots will be the

capability to locate atherosclerotic

lesions in stenosed blood vessels,

particularly in the coronary

circulation, and treat them

mechanically, chemically or

pharmacologically.

• The coronary arteries are one of

the most common sites for the

localization of atherosclerotic

plaques, although they could be

found in other regions as well.

Manufacturing design:

The approach taken in our

development is called nanobhis

(Nano-Build Hardware Integrated

System). It represents a joint set of

well-established techniques and new

methodologies from nanotechnology

with the aim of manufacturing

nanorobots. The nanorobot must be

equipped with the necessary devices

for monitoring the most important

aspects of its operational workspace.

Depending on the case the

temperature, Concentration of

chemicals in the water, and electrical

conductivity, are some of relevant

parameters when monitoring hydro-

logical resources. Geographically

distributed teams of nanorobots are

expected to open new possibilities on

agricultural and environmental

applications with a larger spectrum of

details not seen whenever. For such

aims, computing processing, energy

supply, and data transmission

capabilities can be addressed through

embedded integrated circuits, using

advances on technologies derived

from VLSI design. CMOS VLSI

design using deep ultraviolet

lithography provides high precision

and a commercial massively way for

manufacturing nanodevices and

nanoelectronics. The CMOS industry

may thrive successfully the pathway

to enable nanorobots assembly, where

the jointly use of nanophotonic and

nanotubes may even accelerate further

the actual levels of resolution ranging

from 248nm to 157nm devices. To

validate designs and to achieve a

successful implementation, the use of

VHDL has become the most common

methodology utilized in the industry

of integrated circuits.

FEW INTERESTING FACTS

ABOUT NANOROBOTS:

• What chemical elements

would medical nanorobots be

made of?

The typical medical

nanodevice is made up of micron-

scale robot assembled from nanoscale

parts. These parts could range in size

from 1-100 nm (1 nm = 10-9 meter),

and might be fitted together to make a

working machine measuring perhaps

0.5-3 microns (1 micron = 10-6 meter)

in diameter. Three microns is about

the maximum size for blood borne

medical nanorobots, due to the

capillary passage requirement.

• Could human body fluids get

inside the nanorobot?

From a medical standpoint, it

makes sense to regard the nanorobot

as having two spaces, which should

be considered separately its interior

and its exterior. It is true that the

nanorobot exterior will be exposed to

the diverse chemical brew that makes

up our human biochemistry. But the

interior of the nanorobot may be a

highly controlled environment,

possibly a vacuum, into which

external liquids cannot normally

intrude. Of course it may often be

necessary for a nanorobot to import

external fluids in a controlled manner

for chemical analysis or other

purposes. But the important thing is

that the device will be watertight and

airtight. Body fluids cannot get into

the interior of the device, unless these

fluids are purposely pumped in for

some specific reason.

• How would the nanorobots be

retrieved from the body?

Some nanodevices4 will be able to

exfuse themselves from the body via

the usual human excretory channels;

others will be designed to allow ready

exfusion by medical personnel using

apheresis-like processes (commonly

called nanapheresis) or active

scavenger systems. It is very design

dependent. In the case of the

respirocytes, the removal procedure is

fairly simple: "Once a therapeutic

purpose is completed, it may be

desirable to extract artificial devices

from circulation. Onboard water

ballast control is extremely useful

during respirocyte exfusion from the

blood. Blood to be cleared may be

passed from the patient to a

specialized centrifugation apparatus

where acoustic transmitters command

respirocytes to establish neutral

buoyancy. No other solid blood

component can maintain exact neutral

buoyancy, hence those other

components precipitate outward

during gentle centrifugation and are

drawn off and added back to filtered

plasma on the other side of the

apparatus. Meanwhile, after a period

of centrifugation, the plasma,

containing mostly suspended

respirocytes but few other solids, is

drawn off through a 1-micron filter,

removing the respirocytes. Filtered

plasma is recombined with

centrifuged solid components and

returned undamaged to the patient's

body. The rate of separation is further

enhanced either by commanding

respirocytes to empty all tanks,

lowering net density to 66% of blood

plasma density, or by commanding

respirocytes to blow a 5-micron O2

gas bubble to which the device may

adhere via surface tension, allowing it

to rise at 45 mm/hour under normal

gravitational acceleration."

• How fast can medical

nanorobots replicate inside the

human body?

This is a very common error.

Medical nanorobots need not EVER

replicate. In fact, it is unlikely that the

FDA (or its future equivalent) would

ever approve for general use a

medical nanodevice that was capable

of in vivo replication. Except in the

most unusual of circumstances, you

would never want anything that could

replicate itself to be turned loose

inside your body. Replicating bacteria

are trouble enough!

Replication is a crucial basic

capability for molecular

manufacturing. But aside from the

most aggressive applications, there is

simply no good reason to risk

manufacturing "fertile" nanorobots

inside the human body, when "mule"

nanorobots can be manufactured so

cheaply, conveniently, and in such

vast numbers outside of the human

body. Replicators will almost

certainly be very tightly regulated by

governments everywhere.

• Will medical nanorobots possess

a humanlike artificial intelligence?

This is another common error.

Many medical nanorobots will have

very simple computers on board each

device. Respirocytes, for example,

have only a ~1,000 operations/sec

computer on board each device far

less computing power.

• How would you communicate

with the machines as they do their

work?

One of the simplest ways to

send broadcast-type messages into the

body, to be received by in vivo

nanorobots, is acoustic messaging. A

device similar to an ultrasound probe

would encode messages on acoustic

carrier waves at frequencies between

1-10 MHz. Thus the supervising

physician can easily send new

commands or parameters to

nanorobots already at work inside the

body. Each nanorobot has its own

power supply, computer, and

sensorium, thus can receive the

physician's messages via acoustic

sensors, then compute and implement

the appropriate response.

The other half of the process is

getting messages back out of the

body, from the working nanodevices

out to the physician. This can also be

done acoustically. However, onboard

power requirements for micron-scale

acoustic wave generators in water

dictate a maximum practical

transmission range of at most a few

hundred microns for each individual

nanorobot. Therefore it is convenient

to establish an internal

communications network that can

collect local messages and pass them

along to a central location, which the

physician can then monitor using

sensitive ultrasound detectors to

receive the messages. Such a network

can probably be deployed inside a

patient in less than an hour, may

involve up to 100 billion mobile

nanorobotic network nodes, and may

release at most 60 watts of waste heat

(less than the 100-watt human body

basal rate) assuming a (worst case)

full 100% network duty cycle.

• What form of detection system

would medical nanorobots use to

distinguish between differing cell

types?

Each cell type has its own

unique set of surface antigens. Other

cell surface antigens indicate the

health status of the cell, the parent

organ type, the species of the animal,

and even the identity of the individual

a kind of biochemical Social

Security Number.

Example: One very simple nanorobot

that I designed a few years ago is the

artificial mechanical red cell, which I

call a "respirocyte". The respirocyte

measures about 1 micron in diameter

and just floats along in the

bloodstream. It is a spherical

nanorobot made of 18 billion atoms.

These atoms are mostly carbon atoms

arranged as diamond in a porous

lattice structure inside the spherical

shell. The respirocyte is essentially a

tiny pressure tank that can be pumped

full of up to 9 billion oxygen (O2) and

carbon dioxide (CO2) molecules.

Later on, these gases can be released

from the tiny tank in a controlled

manner. The gases are stored onboard

at pressures up to about 1000

atmospheres. (Respirocytes can be

rendered completely nonflammable

by constructing the device internally

of sapphire, a flameproof material

with chemical and mechanical

properties otherwise similar to

diamond.)

CONCLUSION:

Nanotechnology provides the

potential for reverse aging, curing

physical diseases, manufacture

consumer goods at molecular level.

As we have seen the wide application

of nanorobots in field of medicine,its

advantages and usability makes it a

evolving technology in the coming

future. Not only in medicine but the

magic of nanotechnology has spead in

various fields like information and

communications, food resources

,consumer goods,chemistry and

environment. In the near future,

this nanorobot of science fiction

may become a reality.

REFERENCES:

http://en.wikipedia.org/

wiki/Nanotechnology

http://radio.weblogs.co

m/0105910/2004/08/23.html

Nanotechnology : a

gentle introduction to the next big

idea by Mark A. Ratner, Daniel

Ratner

Introduction to

Nanotechnology by Charles P.

Poole, Jr., Charles P. Poole, Frank

J. Owens