SrinivasuluK International Journal of Advanced Engineering ...technicaljournalsonline.com/ijeat/VOL...

Srinivasulu K et al., International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN 0976-3945

Int J Adv Engg Tech/Vol. VII/Issue III/July-Sept.,2016/126-141

Review Article

ADVANCED CERAMIC COATINGS ON STAINLESS STEEL: A REVIEW OF RESEARCH, METHODS, MATERIALS,

APPLICATIONS AND OPPORTUNITIES Srinivasulu K a*, Manisha Vidyavathy Sa

Address for Correspondence a

Department of Ceramic Technology, A C Tech Campus, Anna University, Chennai – 25, India

ABSTRACT This paper summarizes the recent technological advancement of ceramic coatings on stainless steel and also summarizes the current research, advanced ceramic coating materials and surface coating methods. New applications which have emerged on the last 15 years are described and the areas of research needed to respond to current market are also discussed. Finally, new opportunities arising from the shift towards SOFC applications are also described. KEYWORDS -- Advanced Ceramic Coatings, Stainless Steel, SOFC Applications, Wear resistant Coatings, High

Temperature Applications.

I. INTRODUCTION The Ceramic coatings on metallic materials have shown a significant improvement since 1970. With developing technology, metals and metallic alloys require high performance in different environments. From 1980, the ceramic coatings have been applied in adiabatic engines. First of all gas turbine wings were used in this area, and then piston, cylinder lining, valve, piston crown surface were used for ceramic coatings [1]. Ceramic coatings have been extensively employed in the surface modification field during the last decades due to their excellent properties [2]. The coating of metal surfaces with a thin ceramic layer has always been a useful means to enhance the mechanical performance of metallic substrates [3]. Surface treatments like ultrasonic cleaning, acid dipping, mechanical and electrochemical polishing, thermal treatment, laser surface melting and plasma exposure are the most commonly used surface treatment methods[4]. Ceramic coatings are mainly used for the protection of base alloys against hot corrosion and oxidation and also for the minimization of wear damage. Another function of ceramic coatings is to reduce the base metal temperature in the case of thermal barrier coatings [5]. Ceramic materials have many advanced properties such as heat resistance, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, electrical insulation and so forth [6]. At present, austenitic stainless steels continue to be one of the most frequently use bio materials for internal fixation devices and surgical instruments [7]. Ferritic stainless steels have been considered as promising interconnect materials in planar type anode – supported solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stacks, which operate at temperatures below 8000C, because of their low cost and ease of fabrication when compared with the other ceramic alternatives [8]. At present, there exists a variety of ceramic coating methods for protective application ceramic coatings. These methods differ in terms of coating quality attained, deposition efficiency and complexity of process and investment costs [5]. This paper seeks to summarize the recent technological developed advanced ceramic coatings on stainless steel which have had an impact on the usage for high temperature applications. New applications which have emerged during the last 15 years are described and the areas of research needed to respond to the current market are discussed. Finally, new opportunities arising from the shift towards the SOFC applications are also described.

II. RECENT WIDER USE OF ADVANCED CERAMIC MATERIALS Advanced ceramic materials are the emerging ideal materials for a wide range of engineering applications such as cutting tools, engines, turbines, space vehicles and biomedical applications due to their superior properties when compared to traditional ceramics. The properties of advanced ceramics mainly differ from those of traditional ceramic materials in their processing, composition and microstructure. Therefore, in order to get a better understanding of advanced ceramic materials and further develop them for a particular engineering application, extensive research must be carried out for evaluating the micro structural, mechanical, electrical, optical and biomedical properties [9]. A. Advanced Ceramics for Nuclear Applications Nuclear applications are related to the fission and fusion reactors. From nuclear fuels to high-level nuclear waste confinements, various kinds of ceramic materials are essential components in the fission nuclear fuel cycle. In fusion reactors, a wide range of ceramic materials are used to sustain the fusion nuclear fuel cycle. At first, the basics of interactions between the neutrons and materials where transmutation effects generate gaseous products and introduction of crystalline defects induced by knock-on of atoms by high energy neutrons are most important. Gaseous atoms gather to form bubbles in crystals or along the grain boundary resulting in large swelling and degradation of mechanical strength and finally failure of materials. Various kinds of crystalline defects are induced such as vacancies, interstitial atoms, dislocation loops or voids. Formation of these crystalline defects in these materials influences the several kinds of material properties such as thermal diffusivity, chemical stability or electrical conductivity [10]. Amount of swelling of Al2O3 and AlN ceramics are relatively bigger than these of SiC and Si3N4 ceramics. Linear swelling more than 1% is an indication of the micro crack formation or void swelling, so that the mechanical integrity of these materials degrade severely. Covalent-bonded SiC and Si3N4 show excellent tolerance when compared with the compounds with more ionic bonding nature. Dimensional changes due to neutron irradiation of SiC can be categorized into 3 regimes depending on the irradiation temperature. At low irradiation temperature, crystalline SiC can be amorphized by neutron irradiation greater than a few dpa. In the intermediate temperature range (100~1050oC),



swelling saturates less than 1 dpa. Saturated amount of swelling decreases with increasing irradiation temperature. At the highest temperature range (1050~1500oC), migration of both the interstitials and vacancies are possible and form defects clusters such as voids. Clusters of interstitial atoms are also formed in β-SiC in the intermediate and highest temperature ranges. Higher fluence and increase in temperature promotes the formation of extended defect clusters. After high dose of neutron irradiation on Si3N4, dislocation loops are densely formed and are mostly parallel to the [0001] axis. Interstitial dislocation loops are formed both on the prismatic planes and basal plane of alumina. Anisotropy increased with increasing irradiation temperature. In the higher irradiation temperature voids array along the c-axis is formed inside the grains. In the case of AlN, roughly more than 5x1024 n/m2, the length of the a-axis and c-axis are swelled from isotropic to anisotropic in manner. In anisotropically changed specimens, interstitial dislocation loops are observed on the basal plane. Finally strain caused by anisotropic swelling induces microcrack along the grain boundary [10]. Graphite is used as a structural and moderator material, and silicon carbide and graphite coating as fuel cladding material are used for high temperature gas cooled reactors. Some kinds of advanced ceramic materials are candidates for nuclear waste immobilization/confinement. Silicon carbide fiber-reinforced silicon carbide composite for structural materials, Carbon-Carbon composites for diverter and artificial diamond for window material of fusion reactors are used [10]. B. Advanced Ceramics for Turbine Applications Advanced ceramic materials have many potential advantages in turbine applications. However, it is not feasible to produce a fully dense ceramic turbine engine and hence there is a requirement for the design and manufacture of metal-ceramic bonds. One major obstacle to the use of ceramic materials in turbine applications is the mismatch in coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) between ceramics and metals. In service, thermal cycling could generate excessive strain at the metal/ceramic interface, possibly enough to cause catastrophic failure of the ceramic. Therefore there is a need to address the various methods for joining ceramic materials such as silicon nitride, to high temperature metals such as nickel alloys. A successful joint design and vacuum brazing procedure have been developed and optimised, based on a mechanically flexible metal interlayer being introduced between the metal and the ceramic. This accommodates the difference in CTE which causes strain within the joint. The difficulty of wetting the ceramic was overcome by the use of an active metal braze alloy or a surface wetting agent. Joint design was studied by use of Finite Element Analysis to generate design information on the predicted life time of the components [11]. C. Thermal and Environmental Barrier Coatings Introducing advanced ceramic components into gas turbines increase their operating temperatures, leading to increased efficiency and reduced environmental impact. However, these silicon-based ceramics are susceptible to hot-corrosion and recession in the presence of hot corrosive gases and water vapor at high velocities. This necessitates the use of environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) that are

themselves resistant to the aggressive combustion atmospheres, and also act as diffusion barriers that prevent harmful gas-phase components from reaching the ceramic substrates. Further increase in operating temperatures require the use of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) that are poor thermal conductors and allow for a significant temperature drop across the coatings, thereby letting the substrate to operate at temperatures significantly lower than that of the combustion temperature. Deposition, structure and properties of EBCs on Si-based ceramics as well as EBC/TBC coating systems were considered for the CTE match and lack of harmful chemical interactions at the interfaces, effective thermal conductivity of the TBC and the hot-corrosion and recession resistance of the EBC were considered for the CTE mismatch.[12] III. RECENT USE OF SURFACE COATINGS Applications of surface coatings in sports technology, aeronautic and transport industries, chemical and petroleum industries, food, mining and the electronics industries are discussed. Recently, surface coatings have been utilized increasingly in some specialised areas. Such applications include thermal sprayed coatings in the sports industry (horses hooves, clothing, golfing, swimming), biomedical/ orthopaedics (e.g. hydroxylapatite), dentistry, cancer therapy, art industry (e.g. glass colouring and enamelling) and bronze applications [13]. Surface coatings provide a wide range of functions to modify the properties of the components. Typical coatings include pure metals and alloys, nitrides, carbides, Diamond Like Carbon (DLC), decorative coatings and thermal barrier coatings. Modern cutting applications can not be accomplished without protecting the tools with a thin resistant coating. The applications include high speed cutting, hard machining of high hardness materials, dry cutting and cutting of materials such as Titanium, AlSi alloy or other non-ferrous abrasive materials that are difficult to cut. The coatings deposited on the tool surface normally have a thickness of several microns. They enhance wear resistance at the cutting edge and reduce diffusion and friction [13]. Surface engineering contributes very significantly in the transport industry. Approximately 6% of the cost for manufacturing engines and transmissions are involved in coating technologies. Surface coatings generally have three major categories of applications in the transport industry, namely the power units, vehicle components and fixed permanent structures. Engineering coatings have a number of applications in power generation units, such as diesel engines and power transmission systems. Surface coatings have a function of preventing the power units from erosion and wear. Some vehicle components such as suspension and brakes are coated with thermally sprayed coatings to improve wear resistance, and therefore extend the service life. Epoxy-based polymer coatings are applied to the exposed areas such as wheel arches and bumpers. They are also used as a body coat on some vehicles to increase the abrasion and corrosion resistance. Polymer coatings also help to reduce the noise levels. Another application of surface coatings is for fixed structures such as bridges and oil rigs to combat saltwater corrosion and sand abrasion problems [13].



In the aerospace industry, the applications of surface coatings on engine parts have been practised for more than 50 years. Surface coated gas turbine engines can provide a combination of special properties, such as high temperature strength, corrosion resistance and load bearing properties. Thermally sprayed polymer coatings are used to protect the parts against atmospheric corrosion. Furthermore, spacecraft components such as gears and ball bearings can be coated with MoS2 by PVD magnetron sputtering. This lowers the heat generated within the transmission system and protects the gears from temperature rise. Surface modification can improve the performance of a component. For example, the slat track, a component of the landing gear of light combat aircraft, was designed out of maraging steel and needs a surface modification to improve the wear resistance. Conventional hard chromium plating may pose problems of machining. A plasma nitriding surface modification has been developed and recently employed for this application. It does not need any post machining operation and moreover, does not reduce fatigue life in contrast to the chromium plating. [13] IV. RECENTLY USED SURFACE COATING METHODS The following section describes some of the Surface Coating Methods which have been recently used. Currently used surface coating methods tabulated in Table 1 & Table 2 Plasma spraying is a very powerful technique for preparing a wide variety of coatings. Plasma-sprayed coatings are increasingly being used in aerospace, biomedical, automobile and chemical industries to improve the properties like biocompatibility, wear resistance and corrosion resistance. Plasma spraying is carried out at high temperatures (10000 K) along with high specific energy densities and high cooling rates [14]. As shown in Fig 1 and 2 the melted and mixed powders are quickly sprayed on the substrate [1]. During plasma spraying process when argon, hydrogen or nitrogen gases are used oxidation problem is minimized. Even though this process is expensive, one of the advantages of plasma spraying materials with high melting point can be plasma sprayed. To coat the coating material, the surface should be rough and should not contain oxide, oil and powder on the surface. Using plasma spraying technique the coating thickness can be from 2.5 – 2500 µm [1] Sol – gel method has become a popular way to synthesis the ceramic coating according to versatile advantages of surface coating application. For instance, excellent adhesion to the metal substrates, simplicity, low processing temperature and high purity coatings [3]. Various techniques were employed to apply the sol – gel thin films on the surface like spray coating, spin coating and dip coating [3]. Laser processing is extensively used in the surface modification field as an alternative approach for the conventional heat treatment techniques to produce ceramic coatings on the metal surface due to a wide range of advantages, including low energy consumption, short processing time, fast heating/cooling rate, fine properties of the resultant coating, localized heating, accurate control over the process and an environmentally friendly technology

[3]. These features render the laser surface modification as a beneficial tool to modify the surface properties of the metallic substrates, meanwhile keeping the bulk properties of the substrate unchanged [3]. Pulsed laser Deposition (PLD) is a relatively simple technology that allows growing thin films for a wide range of materials. The deposition conditions can be adjusted to obtain different coating microstructures, varying from fully dense and compact to columnar and porous structure [15]. Schematic diagram of a typical laser deposition set-up is shown in Fig. 3 [16]. Cathodic arc plasma deposition process has been used to deposit a variety of metals, compound films and other alloy film for diverse wear resistance, corrosive resistance and decorative applications. As shown in Fig. 4 the cathodic arc process [18] is unique in its ability to generate material plasma which consists of a very high percentage (30%–100%) of evaporated material as ions carrying kinetic energies in the range 10–100 eV [17]. Detonation gun coating process is suitable for depositing nanocrystalline coatings with varying amounts of melted and/or partially – melted (or un- melted) microstructure with superior adhesion [19]. Fig 5 shows the detonation gun coating process [20]. Electrolytic plasma processing (EPP) is a cost – effective and environmentally friendly surface technology and is becoming more widely used. From Fig 6 [22] a barrier film around the anode or a continuous gas envelope around the cathode is broken down to result in the luminous discharger. The EPP includes plasma electrolytic saturation (PES) and plasma electrolytic boronizing (PEB) and often acts as a cathode treatment and is basically applied on ferrous materials. The PEO is considered as an advanced form of anodic oxidation and primarily applied to valve metals such as aluminum, magnesium, titanium, zirconium and their alloys [21]. High velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) spraying process is a thermally sprayed hard metal coating process used in many industrial applications for wear protection under very different service conditions including high temperature and aggressive media [23] and is shown in Fig. 7 [24]. Magnetron sputtering has become the process of choice for the deposition of a wide range of industrially important coatings. Examples include hard, wear-resistant coatings, low friction coatings, corrosion resistant coatings, decorative coatings and coatings with specific optical or electrical properties [25]. The Magnetron Sputtering process is shown in Fig. 8 [26]

Fig.1. Plasma Spray gun



Fig.2. The schematic view of plasma spray with plasma spray gun

Fig.3. Schematic diagram of a typical laser deposition set-up

Fig.4. Schematic diagram of cathodic arc plasma deposition step up

Fig.5. Detonation Gun coating process

Fig.6. Schematic illustration of the Electrolytic plasma process

Fig.7. Schematic view of HVOF Spray Process



Fig.8. Schematic view of Magnetron Sputtering system

V. RECENT USE OF STAINLESS STEEL The following section describes the recent use of Stainless Steel in various applications and is tabulated in Table 1 A. Nuclear power generation There are numerous applications for using stainless steel in nuclear power generation. Significant opportunities exist in the reactor building structure. For example, the use of a modular double skin composite namely stainless steel-concrete-stainless steel containing structures can reduce construction time and enable thinner construction than would otherwise be required using reinforced concrete. The reduced construction time can often prove vital to the commercial viability of nuclear power generation, given the financial front-end loading associated with nuclear power. The structural performance of the double skin composite system needs further verification with respect to both static and explosion loading. Practical construction issues regarding filling of large volumes with concrete, shrinkage and joining large panels need further research. Other applications include stainless steel reactor vessels and vessel liners, pressure channels, fuel cladding, heat exchanger and condenser tubes and fuel pool liners. Opportunities also arise as a result of the long-term geological disposal that is being looked into by many countries. This involves disposing of waste in rock, clay or salt at about 500–1000 m deep. The waste is first immobilised through the process of encapsulation or vitrification and then sealed by welding in a canister made from stainless steel or copper and finally buried [27] B. Solar power generation Solar energy can be harnessed to generate electricity using photovoltaic (PV) cells. Framed PV racks can be attached onto the cladding of a building or PVs can be integrated into the building envelope system. The durability, strength and toughness of stainless steel makes it an ideal substrate material for an integrated PV building envelope system but however it is not clear whether these advantages can justify the additional cost as the design life of PV systems tends to be limited to 20 years by the functionality of the PV strips rather than by the durability of the substrate. Stainless steel has been used both for the panel frames and for the unglazed collectors, as well as the flexible connectors and the exchanger. Stainless steel thermal collectors are available integrated with a weather resistant roof system. Dark surfaces are generally more efficient at absorbing a higher proportion of the incident solar energy than bright metallic surfaces which tend to reflect solar radiation. Therefore in order to improve the heat absorption characteristics of a stainless steel thermal panel, a black chrome coating is applied to the exterior face which increases the cost of the system.

Research is needed in developing cheap, durable dark coatings for applications where high absorptivity is required [27]. C. Biofuel power generation The growth in demand for biofuels presents significant opportunities for stainless steel because of its corrosion resistance. It has already been extensively used in the construction of existing biofuel industrial plants. A typical biofuel facility comprises of reactors, cooling towers, boilers, process pipe, process and utility pumps, storage tanks and heat exchange coils and will use many hundreds of tonnes of stainless steel sheet, plate and pipe. Grade 1.4301 has previously been used in these plants but in the last couple of years, duplex grades 1.4362 and 1.4162 are been used [27]. VI. DEVELOPMENT OF ADVANCED CERAMIC COATING APPLICATIONS OVER THE LAST 15 YEARS Prior to the 1990’s, ceramic coating applications tended to be associated in the minor protection of metal components such as Ni super alloys, Ti alloys and Co-Cr alloy (Table 2). However, over the last 15 years the range of different applications has proliferated and the following section describes some of the new applications which have been recently emerged. A. Heat resistant Ceramic Coatings for Gas

Turbines The operating temperature of gas turbines in the 1990s and later has been notably high in order to achieve high-efficiency power-generating plants by combining these gas turbines and steam turbines. Such high operating temperatures has been made possible with the development of heat-resistant superalloys forming turbine hot parts, as well as advances made in heat-resistant coating technology and cooling technology. For 15000C gas turbines, the adoption of single-crystal Ni-based superalloy blades and ceramic thermal barrier coatings is indispensable, and additionally steam-cooled technology should be employed. In particular, thermal barrier coating (TBC) technology is recognized as important [28]. B. High temperature Corrosion Resistant Ceramic

Coatings for Waste to Energy Boilers Nowadays, a promotion of high level recycling of waste and reduction of environmental load such as CO2 and dioxins are required worldwide for waste treatment. The concepts of higher efficiency waste-to-energy (WTE) plants are positioned in the center of thermal recycling. A high total cost performance is required for those plants in the storm surrounding the society, such as the globalization of economy. The high-efficiency WTE boilers with steam conditions of more than 400 °C/3.9 MPa have been progressed recently. Also, the fluidized bed boilers burning industrial wastes such as biomass fuels, RDF, RPF,



etc., have been operated between 450 to 540 °C and 5.9 to 9.8 MPa. The combustion gas of WTE boiler forms severe corrosive environment such that the fluctuation of gas temperature and composition, containing much HCl, SOx, is larger than that in fossil fuel boilers and also the low-melting point ashes containing highly concentrated chlorides are deposited on the high-temperature components of the boiler. Therefore, corrosion-resistant materials and coatings are the key technologies to increase power generation efficiency and reduce maintenance. Then, it is also required to advance the application of highly durable ceramics with a reasonable total cost with adequate in corporation with metals and plant engineering. In the case of boiler water walls, the application of advanced refractory and metallic materials, such as ceramic tile, metal spray coatings, and weld overlay of Ni base alloys, has been used in order to keep a stable operation for a long duration. Therefore, in refractory materials, artificial raw materials such as high-purity silicon carbides (SiC), alumina (Al2O3), etc. have been used. High SiC refractories has been applied commonly to prevent high-temperature damages of furnace walls and slugging by ash. SiC tile system for water-cooled furnace has showed a good protection performance, durability, and easy maintenance [29]. In order to improve the lifetime of boiler super heaters in severe erosion–corrosion environments, caused by the soot blowers at a metal temperature of more than 400 °C, cermet and ceramic spray coatings have been applied in commercial plants operating under 500°C/9.8 MPa steam conditions. TiO2 625 alloy cermet coating by HVOF spray process and also Cr3C2·NiCr alloy cermet and ZrO2(YSZ, Yttria stabilized zirconia)/Ni base alloys dual layer coatings using plasma jet spray process were exposed in super

heaters at metal temperatures of ～432 to 500 °C for

a maximum ～1.3 to 2 years. The lifetime evaluation of such coatings, confirmed that the TiO2 625 cermet and 625/YSZ and NiCrSiB/YSZ coatings had a good durability of three years or longer, which cannot be achieved by metal spray coatings. Deterioration mechanisms of coatings were confirmed due to the penetration of corrosive gases (HCl, SOx etc.) onto the base material/coating interface. Interface corrosion and “swelling” of the coating layer progresses due to the reduction of adhesive strength and finally breaking down of the layer occurs. Accordingly, the dense coating is indispensable for improvement of lifetime. The material factors that govern the durability are considered to be the corrosion resistance, porosity of the coating materials, adhesive strength with base materials, thermal properties, etc. In the case of dual ceramic coating of Ni-base alloys/YSZ, the top-coated YSZ layer acts as a diffusion barrier for penetration of corrosive gas components [29]. C. Wear-Resistant Ceramic Coatings for Bio

implants Optimizing the bearing surfaces of joint replacements is an urgent socioeconomic need because of the increasing life expectancy and increased performance demands from the growing number of younger patients to whom the surgery is indicated. Ceramic surface films have a great potential to improve the tribological performance and longevity of artificial

joints as they provide the metallic components with a hard, wear-resistant surface while preserving their toughness and fracture resistance. Although simple in concept, providing a clinically and commercially successful coating–substrate combination has proven challenging. A critical feature for alternative technology is the adhesion of the coating to the substrate. Not only would adhesive failure of the ceramic film negate its potential wear advantages, but also it would liberate hard third-body particles that could increase abrasive wear of the bearing surfaces. Superficial films formed by physical vapor deposition or chemical vapor deposition of titanium nitride (TiN) and diamond-like carbon (DLC), as well as zirconium oxide (ZrO2) produced by controlled oxidation of a zirconium alloy substrate, are the most extensively studied hard coatings for orthopedic applications [30]. D. High temperature protective ceramic coatings for

stainless steel High temperature protective ceramic coatings must present perfect adherence to the substrate [31]. The oxide film grows inevitably on top of the free surfaces of the alloys during the heating operation for hot rolling of stainless steel as well as in other hot working operations, which is usually at temperature above 12000C in an oxidizing atmosphere for a few hours. Thick multilayer oxide scale would cause metal loss ranging from 1% to 2% of the crude stainless steel and negatively impact the surface quality of the downstream products [32]. Thus, there is considerable motivation to avoid or slow down as much as possible the high temperature oxidation process. Ceramic coating attracts a lots of attention for protecting metals from oxidation at high temperatures. [32].The coating should be easily removed after slab reheating process, because the residual coating many affect the steel surface quality seriously. VII. NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR CERAMIC COATINGS ON STAINLESS STEEL A. Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) Ceramic coatings are being explored to extend the lifetime of stainless steel interconnects in planar solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) electrochemically oxidize hydrogen or hydrocarbon fuel, generating electricity and heat. SOFCs are appealing due to their high efficiency and cleaner emission relative to combustion, and are highly potential for both stationary and portable applications. To produce a substantial voltage, individual fuel cells are joined by interconnects to form a fuel stack. Interconnects provide mechanical strength and compartmentalized flow of the fuel and air to their respective electrodes. The interconnect must also conduct electrical current through the stack at high operating temperature (600 – 1000 0C) and overcome the device lifetime of 40,000 h. Detailed discussions of SOFC stacks, components and operation can be found elsewhere [33]. Ferritic stainless steels have been considered as promising interconnect material in planar – type, anode- supported solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) Stacks operate at temperatures below 800 0C, because of their low cost and ease of fabrication when compared to the ceramic alternatives [8].



TABLE I. SUMMARY OF THE RESEARCH CARRIED OUT ON CERAMIC COATINGS ON STAINLESS STEEL SUBSTRATES

S. No

Year Substrate Coating material

Experimental conditions Coating Method

Findings Ref

Tem (0C)

Pat. Size

Coat. Thick

Pow

Wear prop

Mech. prop

Corr.resist

Others

1 2014 304 stainless steel

Alumina 80 - 250 µm

20W Laser/Sol gel - Same - - [2]

2 2014 Martensitic stainless

steel

Glass 1450 - - - sprayed - - - Oxidation of the glass coated steel follows linear law

[34]


TiC Composite

- - 0.5 mm

30W Tungsten Inert Gas method

↑

- - - [35]

4 2014 316L stainless

steel

Bioglass – silica

675 - 4 µm

- Sol – gel method

- - - Better electrochemical behavior in comparison with bare substrates

[36]


steel

Molten multi – component

oxides

- 290 µm

- Plasma Spray (9MB System)

- - ↑ - [37]

6 2014 stainless steel

Ceramic matrix

composite

500 - - - Air spraying - - - Reduced the oxidation of stainless steel my more than 91%

[32]

7 2014 316 L stainless

steel

Polymers - - - - Lubricating additive

↑ - - - [38]


Alumina - 30 µm

- - Detonation spraying

↑ - - Wear rate was found to be inversely proportional to cross sectional hardness

[19]

9 2014 Stainless steel

WC – (W,Cr)2C-Ni

and WC-CoCr

- 45+15 µm

350 – 400 µm

- HVOF spraying

↑ ↑ - - [23]


YSZ 20 - - - Joining experiments

- - ↑ Better choice for joining of YSZ to steel for SOFC applications

[39]


steel

Ziconia (3YSZ)

34 - 1.5 µm

- Laser/sol-gel - - - The coating amount at area 1 is much higher than that in the background area.

[40]



S. No



Findings Ref

Tem (0C)

Pat. Size

Coat. Thick

Pow

Wear prop

Mech. prop

Corr.resist

Others

12 2013 Martensitic Stainless

Steel

Al2O3 600 - 2-8 µm

- Pulsed laser deposition

↑ ↑ ↑ - [15]


Ti-N-O Films

- - 1.5 – 2.2 µm

1000V

Cathodic arc plasma deposition

↑ ↑ - - [41]

14 2013 304 Stainless

steel

Silica or/and alumina

500 - 1-3µm

- Sol – gel/dip coating

↑ - - - [42]


Oxide ceramics

- - 35 – 180 µm

- Cathodic plasma electrolytic oxidtion

↑ ↑ - - [21]

16 2013 Austenitic stainless

steel

W-B - - 0.5 – 5 µm

- Magnetron sputtering

↑ - ↑ - [43]

17 2012 AISI316L stainless

steel

Alumina 80 - - 10-13W

Sol-gel/laser - ↑ - - [3]


steel

TiO2 400 - - - Sol – gel method

- ↑ ↑ - [44]

19 2012 AISI 316LN Stainless

steel

- 250 - - 25kW

Plasma nitriding

↑ - - - [45]


steel

ZrN 600 - 0.5 – 1 µm

100W

Sputter deposited

↑ - - - [46]

21 2012 304 Stainless

steel

WC – Co & Cr2O3

- 38 – 50 µm

300 µm

- Plasma spraying

↑ ↑ - - [47]

22 2011 1020 and 304 stainless

steel

TiB2 – Ti – Al2O3 composite

100 1- 14 µm

80 µm

6000W

Laser clad process

↑ ↑ - Higher microstructural refinement was observed

[48]


Yttrium, cobalt

800 30 – 50 nm

- - Electron beam evaporation

- - - Most effective for the SOFC interconnect application because of the relatively low

[8]



S. No



Findings Ref

Tem (0C)

Pat. Size

Coat. Thick

Pow

Wear prop

Mech. prop

Corr.resist

Others


Alumina 34 - - 220v Cathodic plasma electrolytic deposition

- - ↑ -New technique used called cathodic plasma electrolytic deposition -The frequency of the power supply has direct effects on microstructure and properties of coatings

[49]

25 2009 Ferritic Stainless

steel 441HP

(Co,Mn)3O4 800 - 2 mm 300W

Magnetron Sputtering system

- - - Implications for SOFC interconnects include that preoxidized samples developed thinner coatings which may reduce interfacial stress over time b/w the cathode and the interconnect.

[33]

26 2007 AISI 316L stainless

steel

Si3N4 and Ti - 325 mesh

- 5kW Laser irradiation

↑ - ↑ Good interfacial bonding was observed

[50]


Al2O3, Cr2O3, ZrO2

- - 200-300 µm

40kW

Plasma spraying (Metco 3MB)

- - - With zirconia coating the figure of merit of engine part will be increased

[1]

28 2006 AISI 316 stainless

steel

Zirocnia - - 300 µm

- Plasma spraying (F4 - MB)

↑ ↑ - - [51]

29 2005 AISI 316 L stainless

steel

Alumina and Al2O3 –

13wt% TiO2

- 25 - 133 nm

760 - 570 nm

- Plasma Spray - ↑ - Bond coat increases roughness of surface and bonding strength increased

[52]


TiN & AlN - - 1.8 to 2.2 µm

100V

Reactive magnetron sputtering

↑ ↑ - - [26]


Sic Composite

- - - 1.9kW

Laser clad process

↑ - ↑ - [53]

32 2005 AISI304L stainless

Al2O3, Al2O3+TiO2,

ZrO2

- - 150 – 500 µm

- Plasma spraying (Metco 3MB)

- - ↑ - [54]



S. No



Findings Ref

Tem (0C)

Pat. Size

Coat. Thick

Pow

Wear prop

Mech. prop

Corr.resist

Others


steel

Alumina and Al2O3 –

13wt% TiO2

200 - 0.15mm

- Plasma spaying (Metco 7MC)

- - - Improve the hydrogen permeation resistance and the efficiency of hydrogen resistance of Al2O3 coating was higher than that of Al2O3 – 13wt% TiO2 ceramic coating

[14]

34 2003`

304L Stainless

steel

FGMs - - - - Plasma spraying (Metco 3MB)

↑ - - - [55]

35 2002 316 L Stainless

steel

Alumina, MSZ, YSZ

- 270 325 mesh

50 - 220 mm

- Air Plasma Spray

- - ↑ - [56]


WC+12Co - 80-170 mesh

50- 250 µm

- Plasma nitriding

↓ - - An excellent erosion resistance shield to combat high-energy particle impact wear.

[57]


SiN based ceramics

170 - - - Liquid lubricants

↑ ↑ - - [58]


Nitirding process

550 - - 25kW

Plasma nitriding

↑ - ↑ - [39]

39 1998 Austenitic & ferritic

stainless steel

Nitrogen ions

- - - 100keV

Ion implantation

↑ - - - [60]


Mullite - 300 mesh

- - Plasma spraying

- - - High surface roughness and excellent stability at high temperatures

[61]


Zircon sand - - 350 µm

80 kW

Plasma spraying

- - - Good thermal shock resistance [62]


Alumina 40 - - - Duplex conversion

- - - Increased greatly the oxidation resistance

[31]


Zirconia - - - - plasma spraying

- - - Average thermal conductivity value was determined

[23]

44 1992 Stainless steel rings

WC and Cr2O3

- - - - Plasma spraying

↑ - - - [63]



TABLE II. SUMMARY OF THE RESEARCH WORK CARRIED ON STAINLESS STEEL & ALLOYS WITH DIFFERENT COATING MATERIALS

S. No



Findings Ref

Tem (0C)

Pat. Size

Coat. Thick

Pow

Wear prop

Mech. prop

Corr.resist

Others

1 2013 Mild Steel

VC – Cr7C3 70 100-320 mesh

- 2.5kW

Laser surface treatment

↑ ↑ - Steel substrate exhibited a very good metallurgical bonding with the steel substrate

[64]


steel

Acids 50 - - - Electrochemical and chemical

- - ↑ Improved surface quality for bio medical applications

[4]


steel

Alumina - - - - Sol – gel method

↑ - - Good adhesion [65]

4 2013 High strength

steel

Ti/Ti(CN)/TiN

950 CVD - ↑ ↑ - [66]

5 2012 Turning hardened alloy steel

Al2O3/TiCN - - - - - ↑ - - - [67]

6 2012 Mild steel YSZ - - 620 µm

50W Air plasma spraying

↑ ↑ - - [68]


Silver nanoparticles

80 - - - APTES - - - The bactericidal rate is greater then 99% and the inhibition

zone is notably large

[69]

8 2010 High and low alloy tool steels

- - 500 nm

5kW Plasma nitriding process

↑ Improves adhesion as well as friction coefficient of coating

systems

[70]

9 2010 Mild carbon steel

Al/SiCp - 125 µm

- - LVOA thermal spray

↑ - - - [71]

10 2009 Steel Aqueous solution

30 - - - Plasma electrolytic deposition

↑ ↑ - - [6]


- - - - - Nitriding process

- ↑ - The fabricate Lotus type porous nickel free stainless

steel

[7]



S. No



Findings Ref

Tem (0C)

Pat. Size

Coat. Thick

Pow

Wear prop

Mech. prop

Corr.resist

Others


N2, CH4, Ar 450 - - - Plasma nitriding

- - ↑ The electrical conductivity was improved

[72]

13 2008 YG6 Cemented carbide

ZrN 250 2.5kW

PVD ↑ ↑ - Good adhesion with the substrate

[73]

14 2008 Mild steel Alumina 500 3µm - - Sol – gel method

↓ - ↓ Sol – gel coating sintered at 400 0C has shown maximum Rct compared sol – gel coating sintered at 300 0C and 500 0C

[74]

15 2006 Sintered polyimides

DLC, DLN, HA

450 - 1.5 µm

- CVD ↑ ↑ - Low surface roughness [75]

16 2001 Nickel base superalloy

YSZ, NiCoCrAlY

1000 - 300 µm

- Air plasma spraying

- - - Crack growth and failure of thermally cycled APS thermal barrier coatings was developed

[76]

17 2001 Super alloy substrate

NiCoCrAlY, Lanthanum zirconate

200 45 -71 µm

290 µm

- Plasma spraying

- - - The investigation new TBC materials. Increase thermal expansion coefficient

[77]

18 2001 Inconel 738 NiCrAl, YSZ

950 45-100 µm

- - APS, HVOF - - - -Improved thermal shock behavior -Improve the thermal capability of gas turbines

[78]


- - - - - - - - - Wear rates detected at the critical displacement øc due to magnetic force

[79]

20 2000 - Zirconates 900 20 – 71 µm

- - - - - - Three zirconate materials were investigated for their potential as TBC materials (SaZrO3, BaZrO3, LaZr2O7)

[80]

21 2000 Grit-blastd CMSX4+ Y substrate

Mullite/YSZ, NiCrAlY

1150 200 mesh

0.4 mm

45 kW

Low pressure plasma spray

- - - Improved oxidation resistance alone was not sufficient for enhanced TBC durability

[81]

22 1999 Nickel superalloy

NiCrAl, YSZ - 120, 75 µm

70- 700 µm

- Plasma spraying

- - - Higher thermal stability, higher adhesion strength

[82]



S. No



Findings Ref

Tem (0C)

Pat. Size

Coat. Thick

Pow

Wear prop

Mech. prop

Corr.resist

Others

23 1999 Nickel alloy YSZ/AluminaNiCrAlY

700 - - - Plasma spraying

- ↑ - Improvement in the cyclic life of the coating from 560 to 780

[83]

24 1999 Nickel – base alloy

NiCoCrAlY, 8YSZ

900 - 100 – 130 µm

- Thermal spraying

- - - The triplex TBC resists oxidation better than conventional duplex TBC

[84]

25 1999 Gray cast iron GGL20

Zirconia based, NiCrAl

1700 - 2000 µm

- Air plasma spraying

- - - They are directly proportional to coating thickness and residual stresses

[85]

26 1998 Mild steel substrates

8YSZ 1500 - 5 mm - Plasma spraying

- - - The porosity of the material, have a very strong influence on the elastic modulus.

[86]

27 1997 Steel substrates

Oxide ceramics

45 10 – 40 µm

45 – 320 µm

- Plasma spraying

- - - Good thermal barrier properties

[5]

28 1997 Metal substrates

Alumina, Chromia

950 63 – 100 µm

- - Plasma spraying

- - - Formation of alumina and chromina phases on the substrate after spraying

[87]

29 1996 Steel Zirconia vs mullite

- - 1. 7 mm

- Plasma spraying

- - - Mullite is an excellent alternative zirconiaas a thermal barrier coating

[88]

30 1993 Cemented carbide cutting tools

Alumina – Zirconia composite

1100 - - - CVD ↑ - - Improvement for tool life [89]

31 1993 Steel substrate

PSZ, NiCrAl 200 29.2 µm

200 µm

- Plasma spraying

↑ - - - [90]



VIII. CONCLUSIONS This paper summarizes the current research status of advanced ceramic coatings on stainless steel and also discusses the advanced ceramic materials, various surface coating methods, application over last 15years and new opportunities. The following conclusions can be drawn:

1. Stainless steel offers exceptional advantages for certain applications in high temperature and SOFC with aesthetics, strength, ductility and formability. Its high cost justifies the ongoing research to enable maximum exploitation of its properties.

2. Advanced ceramic coatings have enhanced surface properties such as roughness, hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance and oxidation resistance etc.

3. Currently used surface coating methods particularly Air plasma spraying technique are used for a wide range of thermal barrier coatings because of its improved surface properties and thermal properties.

4. Advanced ceramic materials surface coatings and surface modification techniques are used mainly because of its high wear resistance and low thermal conductivity.

5. Advanced ceramic materials namely yttira stabilized zirconia is wider used as thermal barrier coating material on gas turbines and diesel engines, aircraft engines etc.

6. Advanced ceramic materials used in nuclear power generation fields reduced heat transfer from the components walls.

7. Mullite is an excellent alternative material for zirconia and can be used as a thermal barrier coating for high temperature gradient fields.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT Centre for Research, Anna University is gratefully acknowledged for providing Anna Centenary Research Fellowship (ACRF). REFERENCES [1] Serdar salman, Ramazan Kose, Levent Urtekin, Fehim

Findik, An investigation of different ceramic coatings thermal properties, Materials and Design 27 (2006) 585-590.

[2] Y. Adraider, Y. X. Pang, F. Nabhani, S. N. Hodgson, M. C. Sharp, A. Al-Waidh, Laser-induced deposition of alumina ceramic coating on stainless steel from dry thin films for surface modification, Ceramic International 40 (2014) 6151-6156.

[3] Y. Adraider, S. N. B. Hodgson, M. C. Sharp, Z. Y. Zhang, F. Nabhani, A. Al – Waidh, Y.X. Pang, Structure characterization and mechanical properties of crystalline alumina coatings on stainless steel fabricated via sol-gel technology and fibre laser processing, J. European Ceramic Society 32 (2012) 4229 – 4240.

[4] Afrooz Latifi, Mohammad Imani, Mohammad Taghi Khorasani, Morteza Daliri Joupari, Electrochemical and chemical methods for improving surface characteristics of 316L stainless steel for biomedical applications, Surface & Coatings Technology 221 (2013) 1–12.

[5] M. Vural, S. Zeytin, A.H. Ucisik, Plasma-sprayed oxide ceramics on steel substrates, Surface and Coatings Technology 97 (1997) 347-354.

[6] Dejiu Shen, Ming Li, Weichao Gu, Yulin Wang, Guangzhong Xing, Bo Yu, Genji Cao, Philip Nash, A novel method of preparation of metal ceramic coatings, J. Material of materials processing Technology 209 (2009) 2676-2680.

[7] K. Alvarez, K. Sato, S.K. Hyun, H. Nakajima, Fabrication and properties of Lotus-Type porous nickel-free stainless steel for biomedical applications, Materials Science and Engineering C 28 (2008) 44-50.

[8] Seong-Hwan Kim, Joo-Youl Huh, Jae-Ho Jun, Joong-Hwan Jun, Jerome Favergeon, Thin elemental coatings for yttrium, cobalt, and yttrium/cobalt on ferritic stainless steel for SOFC interconnect applications, Current Applied Physics 10 (2010) 86-90.

[9] M. Rahman, J. Haider, T. Akter, M.S.J. Hashmi, Techniques for assessing the properties of advanced ceramic materials, Hand book of Comprehensive materials processing 1 (2014) 3- 34

[10] Toyohiko Yano, Banko Matovic, Advanced ceramics for nuclear applications, Hand book of Advanced Ceramics (Second Edition) 4 -3 (2013) 353 – 368.

[11] W B Hanson, J A Fernie, P A Sigleton, P H, Joining of metals and ceramics in turbine applications, Inst. Eng. Int. National Conference on Ceramic in Energy Applications (1994) 353 – 368.

[12] Soumendra N. Basu, Vinod K. Sarin, Thermal and Enviromental barrier coatings for Si based ceramics, J. Comprehensive Hard Materials 2 (2014) 469 – 489.

[13] Kennedy D, Xue Y, Mihaylova M, Current and future application applications of surface engineering, The Engineers Journal (Technical). 59 (2005) 287 – 292.

[14] R.G. Song, Hydrogen permeation resistance of plasma-sparyed Al2O3 and Al2O3 – 13wt % Tio2 ceramic coatings on austenitic stainless steel, Surface and Coatings Technology 168 (2003) 191- 194.

[15] F. Garcia Ferre, M. Ormellese, F. Di Fonzo, M. G. Beghi, Advanced Al2O3 coatings for high temperature operation of steels in heavy liquid metals: a preliminary study, Corrosion Science 77 (2013) 375-378.

[16] Hans-Ulrich Krebs, Martin Weisheit, Jorg Faupel, Erik Suske, Thorsten Scharf, Christian Fuhse, Michael Stormer, Kai Sturm, Michael Seibt, Harald Kijewski, Dorit Nelke, Elena Panchenko, and Michael Buback, Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) - a Versatile Thin Film Technique, Advances in Solid State Physics 43 (2003) 505-518.

[17] H. Randhawa, Cathodic arc plasma deposition technology, J. Thin sold films 167 – 1, 2 (1988) 175 – 186

[18] André Anders, A Brief Modern History of Cathodic Arc Coating, in: Donald M. Mattox and Vivienne Harwood Mattox (Eds.), Summer Bulletin, Society of Vacuum Coaters, 2009, pp. 46 – 53.

[19] P. A. Manojukumar, A. S. Gandhi, M. Kamaraj, A. K.Tyagi, Sliding wear behavior of alumina coatings prepared from mechanically milled powders, Wear 313 (2014) 11-18.

[20] Lakhwinder Singh, Vikas Chawla, J.S. Grewal, A Review on Detonation Gun Sprayed Coatings, J. Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering 11 (3) (2012) 243 – 265.

[21] Xiaoye Jin, Bin Wang,Wenbin Xue, Jiancheng Du, Xiaoling Wu, Jie Wu, Characterization of wear – resistant coatings on 304 stainless steel fabricated by cathodic plasma electrolytic oxidation, Surface & coatings Technology 236 (2013) 22-28.

[22] E.I. Meletis, X. Nie, , F.L. Wang, J.C. Jiang, Electrolytic plasma processing for cleaning and metal-coating of steel surfaces, Surface and Coatings Technology 150 (2–3) (2002) 246 – 256.

[23] Giovanni Bolelli, Lutz-Michael Berger, Matteo Bonetti, Luca Lusvarghi, Comparative study of the dry sliding wear behavior of HVOF-sprayed WC-CoCr hard metal coatings, Wear 309 (2014) 96-111.

[24] Magdy M. El Rayes, Hany S. Abdo, and Khalil Abdelrazek Khalil1, Erosion - Corrosion of Cermet Coating, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 8 (2013) 1117 - 1137

[25] P. J Kelly, R. D. Arnell, Magnetron sputtering: a review of recent developments and applications developments and applications, J. Vaccum 56 - 3 (2000) 159 - 172

[26] K. Singh, P. K. Limaye, N. L. Soni, A. K. Grover, R.G. Agrawal, A.K. Suri, Wear studies of (Ti – Al) N coatings deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering, Wear 258 (2005) 1813 – 1824.

[27] N.R. Baddoo, Stainless steel in construction: A review of research, applications, challenges and opportunities, J. Constructional Steel Research 64 (2008) 1199-1206

[28] Yoshiyasu Ito, Heat resistant coating technology for gas turbines, Hand book of advanced ceramics (second edition) 10 (2) (2013) 789 – 806.

[29] Yuuzou Kawahara, Application of high temperature corrosion – resistant ceramics and coatings under aggressive corrosion environment in waste – to – energy boilers, Hand book of advanced ceramics (Second edition) 10-3 (2013) 807 – 836

[30] I Gotman, E. Y. Gutmanas, Wear resistant ceramic films and coatings, comprehension J. Biomaterials 1 – 108 (2011) 127 – 155.



[31] S. El Hajjaji, M.-T.Maurette, E. Puech-Costes, A. Guenbour, A. Ben Bachir, L. Aries, Duplex conversion – alumina coating on stainless steel for high temperature applications, Surface & Coatings Technology 110 (1998) 40-47.

[32] Xiao-meng ZHANG, Lian-qi WEI, Peng LIU, Sen WANG, Shu-feng YE, Yun-fa CHEN, Influence of Protective Coatings at High Temperature on surface Quality of Stainless Steel, J. iron and steel, research, international 21(2) (2014) 202 – 207.

[33] Kathryn O. Hoyt, Paul E. Gannon, Preston White, Rukiye Tortop, Brian J. Ellingwood, Hamed Khoshuei, Oxidation behavior of (Co,Mn)3O4 coatings on preoxidized stainless steel for solid oxide fuel cell interconnects, Int. J. Hydrogen energy 37 (2012) 518-529

[34] Minghui Chen, Wenbo Li, Mingli Shen, Shenglong Zhu,Fuhui Wang, Glass coatings on stainless steels for high- temperature oxidation protection: Mechanisms, Corrosion Science 82 (2014) 316-327.

[35] G. Rasool, M. M. Stack, Wear maps for TiC composite based coatings deposited on 303 stainless steel, Tribology International 74 (2014) 93- 102.

[36] S. Pourhashem, A. Afshar, Double layer bioglass-silica coatings on 316L stainless steel by sol-gel method, Ceramics International 40 (2014) 993-1000.

[37] Jin Wang, Saori Shinasaki, Noriko Miyoshi, Nobuya Shinozaki, Zhensu Zeng, Nobuaki Sakoda, Penetration treatment of plasma spray SUS316L stainless steel coatings by molten multi-component oxides, Surface & Coatings Technology 252 (2014) 173 – 178.

[38] Qianlin Wu, Wenge Li, Ning Zhong, Wu Gang, Wang Haishan, Microstructure and wear behavior of laser cladding VC-Cr7C3 ceramic coating on steel substrate, Materials and Design 49 (2013) 10 -18.

[39] Kun-Lin Lin, Mrityunjay Singh, Rajiv Asthana, Characterization of yttria-stabilized-Zirconia/stainless steel joint interfaces with gold-based inter layers for solid oxide fuel cell applications, J. European Ceramic Society 34 (2014) 355-372

[40] Y. Adrider, Y. X. Pang, F. Nabhani, S. N. Hodgson, M.C. Sharp, A. Al-Waidh, Fabrication of zirconium oxide coatings on stainless steel by a combined laser/sol-gel Technique, Ceramics International 39 (2013) 9665-9670.

[41] Cheng-Hsun Hsu, Kuan-Hao Hung, Ya – Huei Lin, Microstructure and wear performance of arc-deposited Ti-N-O coatings on AISI 304 stainless steel, Wear 306 (2013) 97-102.

[42] A. Marsal, F. Ansart, V. Turq, J. P. Bonino, J. M. Sobrino, Y.M. Chen, J. Garcia, Mechanical properties and tribological behavior of a silica or/and alumina coating prepared by sol-gel route on stainless steel, Surface & coatings Technology 237 (2013) 234-240.

[43] B.Mallia, P. A. Dearnly, Exploring new W-B coatings materials for the aqueous corrosion-wear protection of austenitic stainless steel, Thin Solid Films 549 (2013) 204-215.

[44] T. Fu, C. S. Wen, J. Lu, Y. M. Zhou, S. G. Ma, B. H. Dong, B. G. Liu, Sol-gel derived TiO2 coating on plasma nitride 316L stainless steel, Vacuum 86 (2012) 1402 – 1407.

[45] A. Devaraju, A. Elaya perumal, J. Alphonsa, Satish V. Kailas, S. Venugopal, Sliding wear behavior of plasma nitride Austenitic Stainless steel Types AISI 316LN in the temperature range from 25 to 40oC at 10-4 bar, Wear 288 (2012) 17-26.

[46] Akash Singh, N. Kumar, P. Kuppusami, T. N. Prasanthi, P. Chandramohan, S. Dash, M. P. Srinivasan, E. Mohandas, A. K. Tyagi, Tribological properties of sputter deposited ZrN coatings on titanium modified austenitic stainless steel, Wear 280 (2012) 22 – 27.

[47] G. M. Balamurugan, Muthukannan Duraisevam, V. Anandakrishnan, Compariosn of high temperature wear behavior of plasma sprayed WC-Co coated and hard chromium plated AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel, Materials and Design 35 (2012) 640-646.

[48] Manoj Masanta, S. M. Shariff, A. Roy Choudhury, A Comparative study of the tribological performances of laser clad TiB2 - Tic – Al2O3 composite coatings on AISI 1020 and AISI 304 substrates, Wear 271 (2011) 1124-1133.

[49] Yunlong Wang, Zhaohua Jiang, Xinrong Liu, Zhongping Yao, Influence of treating frequency on microstructure and properties of Al2O3 coating on 304 stainless steel by cathodic plasma electrolytic deposition, Applied Surface Science 255 (2009) 8839-8840.

[50] A. Viswanaathan, D. Sastikumar, P. Rajarajan, Harish Kumar, A. K. Nath, Laser irradiation of AISI 316L stainless

steel coated with Si3N4 and Ti, Optics & Laser Technology 39 (2007) 1504-1513.

[51] Hung Chen, Soowohn Lee, Xuebing Zheng, Chuanxian Ding, Evaluation of unlubricated wear properties of plasma – sprayed nanostructured and conventional zirconia coating by SRV tester, Wear 260 (2006) 1053-1060.

[52] Senol Yilmaz, Mediha Ipek, Gozde F. Celebi, Cuma Bindal, The effect of bond coat on mechanical properties of plasma – sprayed Al2O3 and Al2O3 – 13wt % Tio2 coatings on AISI 316L stainless steel, Vacuum 77 (2005) 315 – 321.

[53] G. Abbas, U. Ghazanfar, Two-body abrasive wear studies of laser produced stainless steel and stainless steel + SiC composite clads, Wear 258 (2005) 258-264.

[54] E.Celik, I.Ozdemir, E. Avci, Y. Tsunekawa, Corrosion behavior of plasma sprayed coatings, Surface & Coatings Technology 193 (2005) 297-302.

[55] H. Cetinel, B. Uyulgan, C. Tekmen, I. Ozdemir, E. Celik, Wear properties of functionally gradient layers on stainless steel substrates for high temperature applications, Surface and Coatings Technology 174-175 (2003) 1089-1094.

[56] I. Gurappa, Development of appropriate thickness ceramic coatings on 316 L stainless steel for biomedical applications, Surface and coatings Technology 161 (2002) 70-78.

[57] B. S. Mann, High-energy particle impact wear resistance of hard coatings and their application in hydroturbines, Wear 237 (2000) 140-146.

[58] B. Dumont, P. J. Blau, G. M. Crosbir, Reciprocating friction and wear of two silicon nitride-based ceramics against type 316 stainless steel, Wear 238 (2000) 96-109.

[59] Y. Sun, T. Bell, Sliding wear characteristics of low temperature plasma nitrided 316 austenitic stainless steel, Wear 218 (1998) 34-42.

[60] A. M. Kliauga, M. Pohl, D. Klaffke, A comparison of the friction and reciprocating wear behavior between an austenitic (X 2 CrNiMo 17 13 2) and a ferritic (X 1 CrNiMoNb 28 4 2) stainless steel after nitrogen ion implantation, Surface and Coatings Technology 102 (118) 237-244

[61] P.Ramaswamy, S. Seetharamu, K.B.R. Varma, and K.J. Rao, Thermal Shock Characteristics of Plasma Sprayed Mullite Coatings, J. Thermal Spray Technology, 7(4) (1998) 497 – 504.

[62] P. Ramaswamy, S. Seetharamu, K.B.R. Varma, K.J. Rao, Thermal Barrier Coating Application of Zircon Sand, J. Thermal Spray Technology, 8(3) (1999) 447 – 453.

[63] Tong Zhaohe, Ding Chuanxian and yan Dongsheng, A fracture model for wear mechanism in plasma sprayed ceramic coating materials, Wear 155 (1992) 309-316.

[64] Zhiqiang Wang, Dianrong Gao, Friction and wear properties of stainless steel sliding against polyetheretherketone and carbon-fiber-reinforced polyetheretherketone under natural seawater lubrication, Materials and Design 53 (2014) 881-887.

[65] A. Marsal, F. Ansart, V. Turq, J.P. Bonino, J.M. Sobrino, Y.M. Chen, J. Garcia, Mechanical properties and Tribological behavior of a silica or/and alumina coatings prepared by sol-gel route on stainless steel, Surface & Coatings Technology 237 (2013) 234-240.

[66] Jin Zhang, Qi Xue, Songxia Li, Microstructure and corrosion behavior of TiC/Ti(CN)/TiN multilayer CVD coatings on high strength steels, Applied Surface Science 280 (2013) 626-631.

[67] K. Aslantas, I. Ucun, A. Cicek, Tool life and wear mechanism of coated and uncoated Al2O3/TiCN mixed ceramic tools in turning hardened alloy steel, Wear 274-275 (2012) 442-451.

[68] M. Farooq, S. Alam, A.Imran. B. Waseem, S. Naseem, A. Pervez, Tribological & Wear Behavior of Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Thermal Barrier Coatings on Mild Steel, J. Pakistan Institue of Chemical Engineers, 40 (1) (2012) 21-25.

[69] Limei Chen, Lin Zheng, Yaohui Lv, Hong Liu, Gunacong Wang, Na Ren, Duo Liu, Jiyang Wang, Robert I. Boughton, Chemical assembly of silver nanoparticle on stainless steel for antimicrobial applications, Surface & Coatings Technology 204 (2010) 3871-3875.

[70] Wolfgang Tillmann, Evelina Vogli, Siavash Momeni, Mechanical and tribological properties of Ti/TiAIN duplex coatings on high and low alloy tool steels, Vacuum 84 (2010) 387-392.

[71] B. Torres, M.A. Garrido, A. Rico, P. Rodrigo, M. Campo, J. Rams, Wear behavior of thermal spray Al/SiCp Coatings, Wear 268 (2010) 828-836.

[72] Peter Kaestner, Thorsten Michler, Hans Weidner, Kyong-Tschong Rie, Günter Bräuer, Plasma nitride austenitic



stainless steels for automotive hydrogen applications, Surface & Coatings Technology 203 (2008) 897-900.

[73] Deng Jianxin, Liu Jianhua, Zhao Jinlong, Song Wenlong, Niu Ming, Friction and wear behaviors of the PVD ZrN coated carbide in sliding wear tests and in machining processes, Wear 264 (2008) 298-307.

[74] G. Ruhi, O.P. Modi, A.S.K. Sinha, I.B. Singh, Effect of sintering temperatures on corrosion and wear properties of Sol-Gel alumina coatings on surface pre-treated mild steel, Corrosion Science 50 (2008) 639-649.

[75] P. Samyn, G. Schoukens, J. Quintelier, P. De Baets, Friction, Wear and material transfer of sintered polyimides sliding against various steel and diamond-like carbon coated surfaces, Tribology International 39 (2006) 575-589.

[76] R. Vaben, G. Kerkhoff, D. Stover, Development of a micromechanical life predicition model for plasma sprayed thermal barrier coatings, Materials Science and Engineering A303 (2001) 100-109.

[77] X.Q. Cao, R. Vassen, W.Jungen, S. Schwartz, T. Tietz, and D.Stover, Thermal Stability of Lanthanum Zirconate Plasma-Sprayed Coating, J. Am. Ceramic Society 84 [9] (2001) 2086-2090.

[78] J. Wilden and A. Wank, Application study on ceria based thermal barrier coatings, Mat.-wiss. U. Werkstofftech. 32 (2001) 654-659.

[79] T. Hisakado, K. Akiyama, K. Matsuzawa, H. Ishigaki, Wear mechanism of stainless steel confirmed by applications of phase – transformation of itself and CCD camera, Wear 238 (2000) 168-173.

[80] Robert Vassen, Xueqiang Cao, Frank Tietz, Debabrata Basu, and Detlev Stover, Zirconates as new materials for thermal barrier coatings, J. Am. Ceramic Society 83 [8] (2000) 2023-2028

[81] Yirong He, Kang N. Lee, Surendra Tewari, and Robert A. Miller, Development of Refractory Silicate-Yttria- Stabilized Zirconia Dual-Layer Thermal Barrier Coatings, J. Thermal Spray Technology 9(1) (2000) 59 – 67.

[82] C.R.C Lima and R. Da Exaltacao Trevisan, Temperature measurements and adhesion properties of plasma sprayed thermal barrier coatings, J. Thermal spray technology 8(2) (1999) 323 – 327.

[83] T.Troczynski, Q. Yang, and G.John, Post-Deposition Treatment of Zirconia Thermal Barrier Coatings Using sol-Gel alumina, J. Thermal spray Technology 8(2) (1999) 229 – 234.

[84] M. Tamura, M. Takahasi, J. Ishii, K. Suzuki, M. Sato, and K. Shimomura, Multilayered Thermal Barrier Coatings for land-based gas Turbines, J. Thermal Spray Technology 8(1) (1999) 68 – 72.

[85] H.-D. Steffens, Z. Bablak, and M. Gramlich, Some aspect of thick thermal barrier coating lifetime prolongation, J. Thermal spray technology 8 (4) (1999) 517 - 522

[86] J.S. Wallace and J. Illavsky, Elastic modulus measurements in plasma sprayed deposits, J. Thermal Spray Technology 7(4) (1998) 521-526.

[87] P.Chraska, J. Dubsky, K. Neufuss, and J. Pisacka, Alumina – Base plasma- sprayed materials part I: Phase Stability of Alumina and Alumina- Chromia, J. Thermal Spray Technology 6(3) (1997) 320 – 326.

[88] K. Kodkini, Y. R. Takeuchi, B. D. Choules, Surface thermal cracking of thermal barrier coatings owing to stress relaxation: Zirconia vs. Mullite, Surface and Coatings Technology 82 (1996) 77-82.

[89] W.C.Russell & C. Strandberg, Wear Characteristics and Performance of Composite Alumina – Zirconia CVD Coatings, Int. J. Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 14 (1996) 51-58.

[90] H.S. Ahn and O.K. Kwon, Wear behavior of plasma-sprayed partially stabilized zirconia on a steel substrate, Wear 162-164 (1993) 636-644.

Date post:	14-Feb-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	truongphuc
View:	232 times
Download:	2 times

SrinivasuluK International Journal of Advanced Engineering ...technicaljournalsonline.com/ijeat/VOL...

Documents