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Chapter 1Scientific Method and
Scientific Communication
Chapter 1Scientific Method and
Scientific CommunicationGEE Science
Summer RemediationMr. Nash
Donnie Bickham Middle SchoolRoom 204
GEE ScienceSummer Remediation
Mr. NashDonnie Bickham Middle School
Room 204
Introduction ToThe Scientific Method
Introduction ToThe Scientific Method
Science is the observation, identification, description, and explanation of phenomena.
The Scientific Method is the process used to assist us in our attempt to understand our surroundings.
Science is the observation, identification, description, and explanation of phenomena.
The Scientific Method is the process used to assist us in our attempt to understand our surroundings.
Pg.17
Steps In The Scientific MethodSteps In The Scientific Method
1. Make an observation2. Ask questions3. Form the hypothesis4. Set up an experiment to test the
hypothesis5. Collect the data6. Draw a conclusion7. Make a prediction
1. Make an observation2. Ask questions3. Form the hypothesis4. Set up an experiment to test the
hypothesis5. Collect the data6. Draw a conclusion7. Make a prediction
Pg 17.
Example of the Scientific MethodExample of the Scientific Method
Observe birds in flight. Make an observation
How do birds fly? Ask questions
The wing designs of birds catch the air differently Form the hypothesis
Observe birds in flight. Make an observation
How do birds fly? Ask questions
The wing designs of birds catch the air differently Form the hypothesis
Pg. 17
Example of the Scientific MethodExample of the Scientific Method
Make and fly different designs of paper airplanes. Set up an experiment to test the hypothesis
Take notes on flight patterns of paper airplanes and create a data table on how each airplane flew. Collect the data
Make and fly different designs of paper airplanes. Set up an experiment to test the hypothesis
Take notes on flight patterns of paper airplanes and create a data table on how each airplane flew. Collect the data
Pg. 17
Example of the Scientific MethodExample of the Scientific Method
The size and shape of the wing gives lift to the bird. Draw a conclusion
Wing designs are dependent on the size of the bird. Make a prediction
The size and shape of the wing gives lift to the bird. Draw a conclusion
Wing designs are dependent on the size of the bird. Make a prediction
Pg. 17
Making Observations andDefining the Problem
Making Observations andDefining the Problem
Scientist believe all natural phenomena in the universe have logical, verifiable explanations.
Natural Phenomena is something occurring in nature that we experience through our senses.
Scientist believe all natural phenomena in the universe have logical, verifiable explanations.
Natural Phenomena is something occurring in nature that we experience through our senses.
Pg. 18
Making Observations andDefining the Problem
Making Observations andDefining the Problem
Observations are made by using the five senses:
Sight – Watching a bird build a nest Touch – Touching the nest’s material Smell Sound – Hearing the bird’s call Taste
Observations are made by using the five senses:
Sight – Watching a bird build a nest Touch – Touching the nest’s material Smell Sound – Hearing the bird’s call Taste
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Making Observations andDefining the Problem
Making Observations andDefining the Problem
Making observations may lead to identifying problems. Example:
Observing that pigeons are making nests on the tops of city buildings. You might also observe the problem that pigeon droppings are damaging shingles and defacing city property.
Making observations may lead to identifying problems. Example:
Observing that pigeons are making nests on the tops of city buildings. You might also observe the problem that pigeon droppings are damaging shingles and defacing city property.
Pg. 18
Asking QuestionsAsking Questions
Asking appropriate questions is the second step in solving a problem
By asking questions, we can search for logical explanations for what we observe and find ways to solve problems.
Asking appropriate questions is the second step in solving a problem
By asking questions, we can search for logical explanations for what we observe and find ways to solve problems.
Pg. 18
Forming The HypothesisForming The Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a statement that gives the best possible response to the question
Example: What is the effect of sunlight on green
plants? Hypothesis: Green plants need sunlight to
grow.
A hypothesis is a statement that gives the best possible response to the question
Example: What is the effect of sunlight on green
plants? Hypothesis: Green plants need sunlight to
grow.
Pg. 18
Forming The HypothesisForming The Hypothesis
The hypothesis can be formed using inductive reasoning.
Inductive reasoning is the ability of a scientist to draw from knowledge and experience to make a general explanation.
The hypothesis can be formed using inductive reasoning.
Inductive reasoning is the ability of a scientist to draw from knowledge and experience to make a general explanation.
Pg. 18
Setting Up the ExperimentSetting Up the Experiment
Should give accurate and measurable results.
Should be designed to collect information about the hypothesis I order to solve the problem.
Gather meaningful data. Examine only one condition at a time.
Should give accurate and measurable results.
Should be designed to collect information about the hypothesis I order to solve the problem.
Gather meaningful data. Examine only one condition at a time.
Pg. 18
Setting Up the ExperimentSetting Up the Experiment
Should have two parts: Control Group
Part of the experiment designed without variable to support the hypothesis.
Experimental Group Part designed to test variable components of
the hypothesis. Indicate changes which might invalidate the
hypothesis.
Should have two parts: Control Group
Part of the experiment designed without variable to support the hypothesis.
Experimental Group Part designed to test variable components of
the hypothesis. Indicate changes which might invalidate the
hypothesis.
Pg. 18
Collecting DataCollecting Data
Gathered from the observations and measurement taken during a scientific experiment.
Should include intervals, temperatures, and metric units of mass, length and volume.
Grams, Meters, Liters, etc.
Gathered from the observations and measurement taken during a scientific experiment.
Should include intervals, temperatures, and metric units of mass, length and volume.
Grams, Meters, Liters, etc.
Pg. 19
Collecting DataCollecting Data
Two Types of Data Qualitative Data
Shows specific characteristics Quantitative Data
Gives exact amounts Both types should be collected and
displayed in a data table.
Two Types of Data Qualitative Data
Shows specific characteristics Quantitative Data
Gives exact amounts Both types should be collected and
displayed in a data table.
Pg. 19
Presenting DataPresenting Data
Table – good way to organize data because it presents information in an orderly fashion. Usually in rows and columns.
Line Graph – best used to show how one variable changes with respect to another. Data recorded in a table can often be graphed to
show the relationship between the data in a way that is easier to analyze.
Table – good way to organize data because it presents information in an orderly fashion. Usually in rows and columns.
Line Graph – best used to show how one variable changes with respect to another. Data recorded in a table can often be graphed to
show the relationship between the data in a way that is easier to analyze.
Pg. 21-22
Presenting DataPresenting Data
Multiple Line Graphs – used to compare multiple values
Bar Graphs – used to show easy-to-read, unconnected bars which represent a quantity of information. Quantities represented by the bars can
then be compared and contrasted.
Multiple Line Graphs – used to compare multiple values
Bar Graphs – used to show easy-to-read, unconnected bars which represent a quantity of information. Quantities represented by the bars can
then be compared and contrasted.
Pg. 22-23
Presenting DataPresenting Data
Circle Graph – used to show parts of a whole. Often show percentages of a total. Also called pie graphs or pie charts.
Models – used to show a picture Diagrams – used to show schematic
drawings, illustrating the parts of the whole of a real event.
Circle Graph – used to show parts of a whole. Often show percentages of a total. Also called pie graphs or pie charts.
Models – used to show a picture Diagrams – used to show schematic
drawings, illustrating the parts of the whole of a real event.
Pg. 24-25
Drawing ConclusionsDrawing Conclusions
Conclusion – judgment or inference based on observation and experimentation.
Drawn from the results of the experiment
Results are the end products of an experiment.
Conclusion – judgment or inference based on observation and experimentation.
Drawn from the results of the experiment
Results are the end products of an experiment.
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Making a PredictionMaking a Prediction
Prediction – a forecast of the possible results of future events.
Knowledge gained from observation and experimentation can help to make predictions for unrelated events.
Prediction – a forecast of the possible results of future events.
Knowledge gained from observation and experimentation can help to make predictions for unrelated events.
Pg. 26
Analysis of Error In Scientific Data
Analysis of Error In Scientific Data
Any errors that might have been made during an experiment will result in a distortion of data.
Examples: A student consistently reads the volume in a graduated
cylinder at a slight angle instead of straight on. Sometimes a spillage or other accident can result in an
invalid data point. Pouring a liquid from one container to another and then
recording the volume will usually result in some error since not all of the liquid will be transferred to the second container.
Errors in data are commonly made simply by recording the data incorrectly.
Any errors that might have been made during an experiment will result in a distortion of data.
Examples: A student consistently reads the volume in a graduated
cylinder at a slight angle instead of straight on. Sometimes a spillage or other accident can result in an
invalid data point. Pouring a liquid from one container to another and then
recording the volume will usually result in some error since not all of the liquid will be transferred to the second container.
Errors in data are commonly made simply by recording the data incorrectly.
Pg. 26
AssignmentAssignment
Chapter 1 Review Complete all 20 questions.
Chapter 1 Review Complete all 20 questions.
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