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Theme: Managing InternationalRelations (DC 2013)
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Social Studies
Chapter 1:
Managing Peace and Security:Regional and International Conflict
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The biggest challenge to peace and securityis solving territorial disputes. To what extent
do you agree with this statement?
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Theme: Managing InternationalRelations (DC 2013)
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Why do conflicts occur?
Conflicts occur when countries respond ina hostile manner because they feel thattheir national interests have been
threatened or there is a clash of interestsamong countries.
Alternative methods such as diplomacyand deterrence have not been effective.
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Case Study: Diaoyu / SenkakuIslands Diaoyu (Chinese) or Senkaku (Japanese)
are a group of uninhibited islands currentlycontrolled by Japan in the East China Sea.
Japan formally annexed the islands afterher victory in the First Sino-Japanese War.
Islands came under US governmentoccupation after Japanese surrender inWW2.
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Case Study: Diaoyu / SenkakuIslands Returned to Japanese control in 1972.
The islands are also claimed by thePeoples Republic of China and Taiwan.
Both claim that the islands have been partof Chinese territory since 1534.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kitakojima_and_Minamikojima_of_Senkaku_Islands.jpg8/12/2019 SS Iraq Kuwait Transnational Terrorism 2013
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Case Study: Diaoyu / SenkakuIslands
In recent times, this long standing disputehas escalated into serious diplomatictensions between China and Japan.
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Case Study: Diaoyu / SenkakuIslandsPossible reasons for conflict:
1.Competition for economic resources.
-In 1969, the United Nations EconomicCommission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE)identified potential oil and gas reserves in thevicinity of the Senkaku Islands.
-However, exploration for these valuable resourcescannot start until the issue of territorial sovereigntyhas been settled.
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Case Study: Diaoyu / SenkakuIslandsPossible reasons for conflict
2. National Pride
-The islands are a reminder of Japanese historicalacts of domination over China especially duringthe Second World War.
-Recent acts by Japan to assert greater control
over the islands have resulted in a reappearanceof strong Chinese nationalism and patriotism.
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Case Study: Diaoyu / SenkakuIslandsPossible reasons for conflict
2. National Pride
-Eg. This show of patriotism have been seen inmass demonstrations against Japan, the boycott ofJapanese goods and even violent attacks onJapanese nationals in China.
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Put on your thinking caps
The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait was inevitable.
Do you agree?
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Kuwait Towers
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Aerial View of Kuwait City
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Iraq city
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Reminders of conflict
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Theme: Managing InternationalRelations (DC 2013)
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Case Study: Iraq-Kuwait Conflict
Part A: Background
Iraq and Kuwait are located in the MiddleEast.
Majority ethnic group: Arabs
Religion practised by majority: Islam
Potential causes of conflict: economicdisparity between countries which maylead to envy from poorer nations.
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Theme: Managing InternationalRelations (DC 2013) 16
Case Study: Iraq-Kuwait Conflict
Part A: Background
There are differences in economicdevelopment among countries in theMiddle East.
Disparity between per capita income of oilproducing countries vis a vis countries withlittle oil reserves.
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Theme: Managing InternationalRelations (DC 2013) 17
Case Study: Iraq-Kuwait Conflict
Part A: Background
Middle East is a region of global strategicimportance.
A major oil producing region. Oil is amajor commodity used in many industriesand transportation.
Disruptions in oil supplies will affect thegrowth of many economies worldwide.
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Theme: Managing InternationalRelations (DC 2013) 18
Case Study: Iraq-Kuwait Conflict
Part A: Background
The Suez Canal is an important waterway
linking Europe to Asia.Any disruptions to this transport route will affect
trade in many locations worldwide.
Due to the above reasons, major world powers
(eg. USA) view developments in the Middle Eastseriously and are ready to intervene ifnecessary.
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Theme: Managing InternationalRelations (DC 2013) 20
Case Study: Iraq-Kuwait Conflict
Part A: Background
Iraq refused to recognise Kuwaitsindependence as it claimed that Kuwait was
historically a part of Iraq governed under thesame territory when they were both underOttoman rule.
Iraq had on several occasions claimed
sovereignty over Kuwait and even sent troops toclaim Kuwait in 1961. Turned back when theBritish and other Arab nations sent troops todefend Kuwait.
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Theme: Managing InternationalRelations (DC 2013) 21
Case Study: Iraq-Kuwait Conflict
Part A: BackgroundSignificance:
Beginnings of potential conflict. Iraq had shownterritorial designs on Kuwait, therefore it was a
security threat to Kuwait.
Although Iraq gave up its claim on Kuwait, therecontinued to be several instances where it used
its military power to threaten Kuwait over borderdisputes. (need to consider the reasons for Iraqsrecognition of Kuwaits independence, how
genuine was it?)
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Theme: Managing InternationalRelations (DC 2013) 22
Case Study: Iraq-Kuwait Conflict
Part A: Background
Despite their differences, there were also
instances where both countries cooperated.
E.g. During the Iran-Iraq war, Kuwait provided Iraqwith a loan of US $14 billion. (Important to note
that Kuwait was motivated by self-interests as itsaw the new Iranian regime as an externalthreat)
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Theme: Managing InternationalRelations (DC 2013) 23
Case Study: Iraq-Kuwait Conflict
Part B: Contributing factors to conflict
1. Economic problems
As a result of the Iran-Iraq war, Iraqowed about USD$80 billion in debts. Thereconstruction of the war-torn countryalso required about USD $230 billion.
Iraq thus had to find ways to repay thedebts as well as rebuild the country.
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Theme: Managing InternationalRelations (DC 2013) 24
Case Study: Iraq-Kuwait Conflict
Part B: Contributing factors to conflict
2. Link between fall in oil prices and Kuwait
Iraq hoped to pay off their debts by earning
more revenue from the sale of oil.However, oil prices fell due to overproduction by
some countries, including Kuwait. They ignored
quotas imposed by OPEC.
OPEC: Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
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Theme: Managing InternationalRelations (DC 2013) 25
Case Study: Iraq-Kuwait Conflict
Part B: Contributing factors to conflict
Such action caused a decline in oil prices(from US$18 to US $7 per barrel at onepoint)
This decline caused Iraq to lose potentialrevenue which made it even more difficult
to pay off her debts and improve hereconomic situation.
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Theme: Managing InternationalRelations (DC 2013) 26
Case Study: Iraq-Kuwait Conflict
Part B: Contributing factors to conflict
Significance: Tensions between Kuwait andIraq may have increased as Iraq considered
Kuwaits actions as an act of economic war.
3. Territorial disputes
Borders inherited from the British were notwell defined. Therefore, they were open tocontention from both parties.
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Theme: Managing InternationalRelations (DC 2013) 27
Case Study: Iraq-Kuwait Conflict
Part B: Contributing factors to conflict
Case study #1: Rumaila oilfield. Both Iraqand Kuwait shared this profitable oilfield.
In1990, Iraq accused Kuwait of stealingoil by drilling oil from the Iraqi side usingslant-drilling technology.
Kuwait denied such actions.
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Theme: Managing InternationalRelations (DC 2013) 28
Case Study: Iraq-Kuwait Conflict
Part B: Contributing factors to conflict
Iraq demanded that Kuwait stop drilling from theRumaila oilfield and pay Iraq US $2.4 billion in
compensation. Kuwait refused.
Case study #2: Bubiyan and Warbah Islands.
Kuwait inherited islands from the British. Iraqwas unhappy as these islands were strategicallylocated off Iraqs only port Umm Qasr.
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Theme: Managing InternationalRelations (DC 2013) 29
Case Study: Iraq-Kuwait Conflict
Part B: Contributing factors to conflictControl of the islands meant that Kuwait had the
potential to block off Iraqs access to the Gulf,which would affect Iraqs oil transportation and
therefore its revenue earning potential.
Iraq attempted to claim ownership of the islandsin the 1960s and 1970s. From 1978, Iraq tried to
lease the islands from Kuwait but both countriesfailed to reach a suitable agreement. Kuwait wasfearful that any agreement would encourage Iraqto make further territorial demands.
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Theme: Managing InternationalRelations (DC 2013) 30
Case Study: Iraq-Kuwait Conflict
Part B: Contributing factors to conflictSignificance: Kuwait viewed Iraq as a security
threat.
4. Ineffectiveness of mediation to resolve theconflict.
Iraq complained to the Arab League on severalissues.
Under combined pressure from Saudi Arabia,Iran and Iraq, Kuwait and UAE agreed toproduce oil according to OPEC quotas.
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Theme: Managing InternationalRelations (DC 2013) 31
Case Study: Iraq-Kuwait Conflict
Part B: Contributing factors to conflict
Arab league also organised a dialogue betweenIraq and Kuwait.
Negotiations appeared to start off well. OPECministers agreed to raise oil prices, which wouldbenefit Iraq through increased revenue.
At a meeting on 1 Aug 1990, Kuwait also
agreed to write off Iraqs wartime debt as well asprovide an additional US $500 million loan toIraq.
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Theme: Managing InternationalRelations (DC 2013) 32
Case Study: Iraq-Kuwait Conflict
Part B: Contributing factors to conflict
However, Iraq walked out of the talkswhen Kuwait refused to give in to anyterritorial demands.
Talks were scheduled to resume on 4August 1990. However, in the early hours
of 2 August 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait.(escalation of conflict)
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Theme: Managing InternationalRelations (DC 2013) 33
Case Study: Iraq-Kuwait Conflict
Part C: Reasons for Iraqi Invasion
1. Iraqi government claimed that they had enteredKuwait at the request of the revolutionaries tofree Kuwait from the ruling government.
2. Saddam Husseins character
Viewed Kuwaits repeated refusals to give in to
Iraqi demands as an act of defiance and apersonal attack against him.
Revolutionaries: People who attempt to change the political situation in a country
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Theme: Managing InternationalRelations (DC 2013) 34
Case Study: Iraq-Kuwait Conflict
Part C: Reasons for Iraqi invasionInvasion as a distraction to the countrys
economic hardships as a result of the Iran-Iraqwar.
3. Confident that the USA would not intervene inthe conflict.
After earlier meetings with the American
ambassador, Saddam Hussein felt confident thatthe Americans were sympathetic to Iraq andwould not aid Kuwait.
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Theme: Managing InternationalRelations (DC 2013) 35
Case Study: Iraq-Kuwait Conflict
Part D: Reactions to the conflict
1. Fear of Iraqi dominance in the Middle East
Iraq now controlled about 20% of worlds oil
production. Concern that Iraq might set its sights on Saudi
Arabias oil fields as well, knowing that the
Saudi armed forces did not have the samebattle experience as the Iraqis. (c.f. Iran-Iraqwar)
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Theme: Managing InternationalRelations (DC 2013) 36
Case Study: Iraq-Kuwait Conflict
Part D: Reactions to the conflict
If Iraq controlled large reserves of oil, the worldoil prices may be largely determined by the Iraqi
regime.
This would have economic implications foreconomies world wide. (eg. An Iraqi decision to
raise oil prices would affect prices of goods andservices worldwide. E.g. the price of MRT rides inSingapore would rise)
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Theme: Managing InternationalRelations (DC 2013) 37
Case Study: Iraq-Kuwait Conflict
Part D: Reactions to the conflict2. Arab response
Most Arab countries were not in favour of westernintervention.
Kuwait appealed to the Arab League to organise ajoint response to the Iraqi invasion.
Mixed response from Arab nations. A votecondemning Iraqi actions as well as calling upon
Iraq to withdraw was passed only by a slim margin.This showed that the League would find it difficult todeal effectively with the crisis and form a unitedresponse.
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Theme: Managing InternationalRelations (DC 2013) 38
Case Study: Iraq-Kuwait Conflict
Part D: Reactions to the conflict
3. Western intervention
Saudi Arabia invited the US to helpdefend the kingdom against any potentialIraqi threat.
This grew into a military coalitioncomprising of more than 30 countriesknown as Operation Desert Shield.
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Theme: Managing InternationalRelations (DC 2013) 39
Case Study: Iraq-Kuwait Conflict
Part D: Reactions to the conflict
4. International response
UN security council passed a resolutionunanimously demanding an immediate Iraqiwithdrawal from Kuwait.
Both Kuwaiti and Iraqi assets worldwidewere also immediately frozen to preventIraq from making use of the funds.
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Theme: Managing InternationalRelations (DC 2013) 40
Case Study: Iraq-Kuwait Conflict
Part D: Reactions to the conflict
Economic sanctions were also imposedon Iraq to force it withdraw from Kuwait.
Countries were not allowed to buy from orsell to Iraq, except food and medicine.This reduced the revenue of Iraq
significantly.
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Theme: Managing InternationalRelations (DC 2013) 41
Case Study: Iraq-Kuwait Conflict
Part E: Arguments for the use of force
1. Iraqs lukewarm response to a diplomaticsolution
Initially, Iraq seemed in favour of adiplomatic resolution to the conflict, evenagreeing to withdraw if the ruling
government was not allowed back inpower.
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Theme: Managing InternationalRelations (DC 2013)
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Case Study: Iraq-Kuwait ConflictPart E: Arguments for the use of force
Iraqs response became increasingly defiantafter the Arab League voted to condemn Iraqs
actions. Declared the annexation of Kuwait andrefused to withdraw from the country.
Took western nationals in Iraq and Kuwaithostage. They were taken to sensitive military
installations to be used as human shields todeter any attacks on these places.
Annexation: to incorporate a country or other territory within the domain of another state
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Case Study: Iraq-Kuwait Conflict
Part E: Arguments for the use of force
Some diplomatic success. As a result ofinternational criticism and diplomatic efforts, all
women and children hostages were released. Allhostages were released a few months later.
With the threat of a coalition attack on Iraq, Iraqoffered to withdraw from Kuwait if certain pre-
conditions were met such as an end tosanctions, full control of the Rumaila oilfield etc.These demands were denied by the US.
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Case Study: Iraq-Kuwait Conflict
Part E: Arguments for the use of force
The UN gave Iraq a deadline of 15January 1991 to withdraw its troops fromKuwait. A meeting between the Iraqi andthe US Secretary of State in Geneva a few
days before the deadline was alsounsuccessful.
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Theme: Managing InternationalRelations (DC 2013)
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Case Study: Iraq-Kuwait Conflict
Part E: Arguments for the use of force
2. Economic sanctions would take a longtime to take effect
Full impact of sanctions would only be feltafter a year or so.
Some UN members may not adhere tothe sanctions for economic gains.
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Theme: Managing InternationalRelations (DC 2013)
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Case Study: Iraq-Kuwait Conflict
Part E: Arguments for the use of force
3. Use of force deemed to be the most
effective and efficientOperation Desert Storm began and a
ceasefire was called when the coalition
forces regained Kuwait City.
Coalition: Temporary alliance of distinct parties, people or states for joint action
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Tomahawk Cruise Missile
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US planes flying over burning oil
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US planes flying over burning oil
wells
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W th f f b l t l
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Was the use of force absolutelynecessary?1. Decision to use force against Iraq was largely a US
led initiative, with tacit support from MiddleEastern nations.
Questionable how strong the support of the Arabnations were for a military solution to the conflict.
2. Were diplomatic avenues given enough time orimportance for them to be effective?
Only a short period of 6 months between the invasionof Kuwait and the coalition attack on Iraqi forces.
More time and effort on negotiations and diplomacycould have achieved a compromise solution.
3. Did the coalition forces have any right to intervenein the conflict between two other nations? (fordiscussion)
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Holiday Homework
(a) Explain how historical enmity contributedto the conflict between Iraq and Kuwait [5m]
(b) Explain 2 other reasons that contributedto the conflict between Iraq and Kuwait.Which of them is more important? Explain
your answer. [10m]Submit the SEQ to your teachers on your first SS lesson. The
marks will be included as part of CA1 marks.
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Case Study: Iraq-Kuwait Conflict
Part F: Impact of the conflict
2. Military Impact
Military superiority of the coalition forceswere able to destroy Iraqs military
capabilities.
Iraqs military supremacy in the MiddleEast was lost as a result.
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Case Study: Iraq-Kuwait Conflict
Part F: Impact of the conflict
3. Political Impact
Kurdish uprising in Iraq against SaddamHussein. Thousands of Kurds were massacredas a result as the coalition was reluctant tointervene in their support.
Peace keepers were eventually sent to northernIraq to provide safe areas for the Kurds.
Political instability in Iraq as a result.
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Case Study: Iraq-Kuwait Conflict
Part F: Impact of the conflict
5. Environmental impact
Iraqi forces set fire to Kuwaiti oil wells anddumped about 11 million barrels of oil intothe Persian Gulf. Oil slicks destroyed largenumbers of marine life.
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Theme: Managing InternationalRelations (DC 2013)
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UN role in the Iraq-Kuwait conflict.
Part A: Reasons for successful UNinvolvement.
1. Support from the five permanent members of
the Security Council to use force. All members had vested interests in ensuring
stability in the Middle East to safeguard oilsupplies.
Significance: UN involvement gave the warlegitimacy which it might not have if the USAhad decided to attack on its own accord.
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Case Study: Iraq-Kuwait Conflict
Concluding remarks:
the conflict is an example of how abilateral dispute impacted the larger global
community. (rise in oil prices)
This explained why many countriessupported the coalition attack on as their
interests were at stake.
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Theme: Managing InternationalRelations (DC 2013)
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Transnational Terrorism
The unlawful use of force orindiscriminate violence by internationallylinked groups against persons and
properties in different parts of the world.Transnational terrorist groups usually
have an international membership. Aim to
bring about a regional or global politicalchange.
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Theme: Managing InternationalRelations (DC 2013)
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Transnational Terrorism
Terrorism is not a new phenomenon.However, until recently, the scale andimpact has largely been limited or
localised.Eg. North Korean agents planted a bomb
on a South Korean airline in 1987. (other
eg. See TB page 30)
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Transnational Terrorism
Sept 11 attacks signalled a turning point interrorists attacks.
Showed that terrorists were well-trained, could
coordinate their actions and carry outindiscriminate attacks on civilians. (citizens fromover 30 countries died in the attacks)
Investigations revealed that the attacks were
carried out by a transnational terroristorganisation known as Al-Qaeda.
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Transnational Terrorism
Al-Qaeda
Seeks to rid Muslim countries of what itviews as western influencespecifically
the US.Establish a global Islamic caliphate based
on extremist misinterpretations of Islamicconcepts.
Achieve its aims through the use of actsof terror against the US and its allies.
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Transnational Terrorism
Has a multi-national membership scatteredglobally.
Makes use of the internet and internationalbanking to fund and carry out its attacks.
In response to the Sept 11 attacks, USAdeclared a global war on terror. US forcesentered Afghanistan in October 2001. Theyattacked the Taleban government who wereaccused of harbouring Osama bin Laden and Al-Qaeda terrorists.
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Transnational Terrorism
In essence, it falsely claims that Islam sanctionsand requires Muslims to undertake violenceagainst the West and its allies, which also
includes killing civilians.This ideology is rejected by Muslims and Islam.
In the wake of the Sept 11 attacks, more than120 Muslim organisations in Singapore issued a
joint public statement to condemn the misuse ofIslam for terrorism.
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Transnational Terrorism
However, threat from transnational terroristsremain real
Bali bombings 2002
Jakarta bombings of Marriott and Ritz CarltonsHotel 2009; Mumbai attacks 2010)
At the commemoration of the 10thAnniversary of
the Bali bombings, there was an increasedsecurity presence in 2012, showing that thethreat of terrorism remains real.
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Bali Bombings 2002
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Transnational Terrorism
1. Economic ImpactDamage during Sept 11 attacks cost insurance
companies an estimated US$ 40 billion.
Airline industry was heavily affected as manyfeared flying.
Loss in tourism revenue (aftermath of Balibombings)
Increased government spending to enhancesecurity. (less revenue for other infrastructuredevelopments, drain on resources)
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Transnational Terrorism
2. Social Impact
Terrorist acts may result in increasedtension and suspicion between racial and
religious groups. This may affect theharmony of the nation.
Singapore governments response was
the creation of the CommunityEngagement Programme (CEP) in 2006.
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Transnational Terrorism
CEP aims to bring together Singaporeansfrom different communities, to strengtheninter-communal bonds, and to put in place
response plans to help deal with potentialcommunal tensions after an incident.
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Transnational Terrorism
3. Political Impact
Security efforts to counter terrorism(tightened border controls) have resulted
in increased inconveniences for travellers.
Some post-Sept 11 measures in the USAunder Homeland Security Act have
infringed on individuals privacy andpersonal freedoms.
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Transnational Terrorism
Such actions may cause resentmentamong certain sectors of the electorateand may affect political partys standing in
future elections.
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Managing Transnational Terrorism
ASEANs effortsMember nations have pledged to cooperate against
transnational terrorists through joint police andintelligence measures.
ASEAN Regional Forum has been used as a platform todiscuss transnational terrorism issues.
E.g. Philippine authorities arrested JI bomb makerFathur Rohman Al Ghozi based on information providedto them by Singapore.
A peace agreement has also been achieved between thePhilippines government and the Moro Liberation Front(previously considered as a terrorist group)
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Managing Transnational Terrorism
January 2007: Convention on Counter-terrorism was signed by ASEAN leaders inCebu.
First legally binding anti-terrorism accord,committed the national security and lawenforcement agencies of ASEAN nations
to work closely to fight terrorism.
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Managing Transnational Terrorism
International cooperation
UN passed a series of resolutions to stopterrorism. Aimed at getting member nations to
freeze the financial assets of terrorists and theirsupporters among others.
A Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC) was setup to monitor member countries adherence to
the resolutions and to strengthen counterterrorism capacity of UN member states.
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Managing Transnational Terrorism
Such measures have met with somesuccesses.
More than US $200million in terrorist
funds have been frozen. More than 4 000terrorist suspects arrested.
However, terrorists continue to be able toevade security measures and recruit newmembers. Hence such efforts mustcontinue.
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Managing Transnational Terrorism
Need to nurture an environment thatrejects acts of terror and the ideas thatthey espouse.
Can be done through education andtaking an unequivocal stand against
terrorism.
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Conclusion
Increased inter-connectivity and globalisation has madeit increasingly harder to manage terrorism.
Therefore, it is crucial for countries to cooperate in theirefforts to counter terrorism.
Terrorism has no specific religion, ethnicity, nationality.
Hence any attempt to associate terrorism to a singlerace or religion would only spell discord amongcommunities.
Terrorists distort religious teachings for their advantageas all religions advocate peace and harmony.
It is crucial that society continues to play its part tocounter radical and extremist influences put forth byterrorists.
Q
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Past Year Questions
a) How far do you agree that the main reason forAl-Qaedas continued ability to resist attemptsto crush it has been the links it has with otherterrorist groups? Explain your answer.[12m]
b) Which is the greater threat posed to the worldby transnational terrorism its economic
impact or its social impact? Explain youranswer. [13m]
(Nov 2009)
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P Y Q i
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Past Year Questions
a) How far was the issue of oil production responsible forthe worsening relationship between Iraq and Kuwait?Explain your answer. [12m]
b) Here are the three results of Operation Desert Storm
(the Coalition operation to retake Kuwait):- Destruction of Iraqi military forces
- Political instability in Iraq
- Environmental damage
Was any one of these more significant than the others?Explain your answer. [13m]
(Nov 2008)