Sstp Guide Vn

Hng dn dch vn bn

khoa hc x hi

This book has been published with the generous support of the Ford Foundation. Special thanks are due to Galina Rakhmanova.

Copyright 2006 by American Council of Learned Societies, New York. The ACLS grants use of this title free of charge for all non-profit, educational purposes. Proper citation is required; ACLS requests that citations include: SSTP Guidelines is available in multiple languages at www.acls.org/sstp.htm. For all other uses, contact [email protected].

ISBN: 978-0-9788780-8-5

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Hng dn dch vn bn

khoa hc x hi

NGI dCH

Lng Thu Hin

N H NG NGHI N C u v IN CH N H

Michael Henry Heim & Andrzej W. Tymowski

AmericAncouncilofleArnedSocietieS

Hng dn dch vn bn khoa hc x hi

Mc tiu

Hng dn sau y l sn phm ca d n dch thut trong Khoa hc X hi (the Social Science Translation Project) mt sng kin ca Hi ng cc T chc Hc thut Hoa K (American Council of Learned Societies) do qu Ford (the Ford Foun-dation) ti tr. (Ph lc A l danh sch nhng ngi tham gia d n dch thut trong Khoa hc X hi). Hng dn ny nhm thc y s giao tip trao i thng tin gia cc ngn ng khc nhau trong lnh vc khoa hc x hi.

dch thut l mt qu trnh phc tp v y thch thc v mt tr tu, nn tt c nhng ngi thc hin vic t dch, hiu nh v bin tp u cn phi hiu qu trnh . Mc d cu ni ca ming dch lc ngha nu bt nhng chng gai, cm by, kh khn, v s thiu chnh xc c th xy ra trong qu trnh dch thut, chng ti vn mun khng nh rng c th giao tip trao i thng tin mt cch thnh cng thng qua dch thut. Hn th, dch l mt ng lc mang tnh

sng to: n lm giu thm ngn ng dch* qua vic gii thiu nhng t mi cng cc khi nim v cch s dng i km vi chng. (Nhng thut ng i km k hiu hoa th* c gii thch trong phn ch gii Ph lc B).

Bn hng dn ny cp n vic dch nhng vn bn thuc cc chuyn ngnh khoa hc thng c gi l khoa hc x hi (nhn hc, truyn thng (communications), nghin cu vn ha, kinh t, nghin cu v gii, a l, quan h quc t, lut, chnh tr hc, tm l hc, sc kho cng ng, x hi hc, v cc ngnh lin quan), nhng ng thi n c th p dng cho vic dch nhng vn bn ca cc t chc chnh ph, phi chnh ph, hay ca bo ch v cc c quan thng tin i chng khc. C l cng c th p dng phn ln bn hng dn ny vo qu trnh dch cc vn bn thuc khoa hc nhn vn (trit hc, lch s, lch s ngh thut, khoa hc m nhc, v ph bnh vn hc, v.v. . . .).

Communication tm dch l truyn thng.


2 Hng dn dch vn bn khoa hc x hi

Bn hng dn v c bn l dnh cho nhng cn b lm cng tc t dch, hiu nh v bin tp vn bn dch, ni mt cch vn tt, l nhng ngi m chng ti gi l cn b bin tp. Mc nh chnh ca bn hng dn l lm sng t qu trnh dch cho h, gip h t ra nhng mc tiu thit thc khi bc vo qu trnh ny, chn ngi dch thch hp cho tng cng vic dch c th, giao tip trao i thng tin mt cch hiu qu vi ngi dch trong sut qu trnh dch, v nh gi sn phm dch h nhn c; ni mt cch khc, bn hng dn ny s gip h a ra nhng quyt nh da trn thng tin tin cy khi k kt hp ng v nh gi sn phm dch.

Mc d y khng phi l sch hun luyn dch, nhng ngi dch cng s quan tm n bn hng dn ny v n cp n nhng c trng khin cho vic dch nhng vn bn thuc ngnh khoa hc x hi khc vi vic dch vn hc hoc khoa hc t nhin, ng thi n cng ch ra cc k thut/k xo ph hp nht x l nhng c th . Bn hng dn cng ra tiu chun cho mt s vn k thut nht nh (nh trch dn, chuyn t/phin m, thut ng chuyn mn, v nhng vn tng t) c th gp trong qu trnh dch.

Cui cng, bn hng dn s phc v ngi s dng sn phm cui cng. Thng qua vic lm sng t nhng g xy ra trong qu trnh dch thut v nhng g c gi c th mong i t sn phm dch, bn hng dn ny gip cho c gi c bn dch vi s nhy cm v thng hiu hn.

Bn hng dn ra i nh th no?

Thnh vin ca d n ny l nhng dch gi chuyn v khoa hc x hi, mt s nh khoa hc x hi thuc cc chuyn ngnh khc nhau lm vic cc trng i hc, cng mt nhm cn b bin tp v nh bo. Cc dch gi cung cp cho cc thnh vin tham gia d n ny nhng bn dch thuc tm

nhm vn bn son tho bng bn ngn ng: Trung Quc, Anh, Php, v Nga. Tm nhm vn bn ny c chn nhm bao qut mt lot nhng th loi v phong cch m mt dch gi trong lnh vc khoa hc x hi c th gp: hc thut (bao gm cc vn bn l thuyt, vn bn chuyn mn, v vn bn dng nhiu bit ng), bo ch nghim tc (tp ch chuyn ngnh) c vit cho nhng c gi c kin thc chuyn mn, cc vn bn ca chnh ph, vn bn ca cc t chc phi chnh ph (NGO), nhng bn tuyn ngn, bi x lun v th gi ngi bin tp; cc cuc iu tra thm d kin v kho st. Trong qu trnh dch, dch gi ghi li nhng vn hc ba v chin thut h dng gii quyt nhng vn . Trong qu trnh thc thi d n, cc thnh vin d n hp ba ln: ln u tin la chn cc vn bn s c dch, ln th hai tho lun v bn dch, ln th ba vit bn hng dn. Trong ln gp mt u tin ti Mt-xc-va vo thng by nm 2004, cc thnh vin d n gp mt nhm cc dch gi nhng ngi dch sang ting Nga khong nm trm tc phm hc thut trong lnh vc khoa hc x hi v nhn vn (xem Ph lc C); trong ln gp mt th hai ti New York thng mi cng nm, cc thnh vin d n t chc mt cuc ta m bn trn cho nhng bin tp vin v nh xut bn trong lnh vc khoa hc x hi; trong ln gp mt th ba ti Monterey (California) thng ba nm 2005, h li t chc mt ta m bn trn vi cc cn b ca trng o to dch thut v Thng dch thuc Hc vin Nghin cu Quc t Monterey. vn bn hng dn do hi ngh ny son tho c gi n mt nhm c gi khc cng chuyn ngnh ly nhn xt. do , bn hng dn bn ang dng l kt qu ca mt qu trnh lu di. Tuy nhin, khng nn coi l qu trnh ny kt thc. Thnh vin d n rt mong nhn c nhn xt v gp ca bn c. Xin gi nhn xt gp cho hai cn b nghin cu chnh ca d n l Michael Henry Heim ([email protected]) v Andrzej W. Tymowski ([email protected]).

Hng dn dch vn bn khoa hc x hi 3

Ti sao nht thit phi c hng dn?

C th cm thy c r rng nhu cu cn c nhng bn dch cc ti liu khoa hc x hi tt hn. Hy ly v d t bn dch tc phm ni ting ca Simone de Beauvoir Le Duexieme Sexe (Gii th hai, hay Gii tnh th hai), mt cun sch c bn v thuyt v n. Theo mt bi ph bnh gn y, bn dch sang ting Anh lm mo m trm trng bn gc (xem Sarah Glazer Lost in Trans-lation (dch lc ngha), New York Times Book Review, ngy 22 thng 08 nm 2004, trang 13). Ngi dch, t nhiu l ngi c chn hon ton ngu nhin thc hin vic dch cun sch ny, thng xuyn phm nhng li c bn: v d, trong bn dch ca mnh, ng nh dch gi phi dch l ph n b cn tr bi v thiu h thng nh tr, th li dch l ph n b cn tr mc d thiu h thng nh tr. Quan trng hn, dch gi thiu nhng hiu bit cn bn nht v trit hc hin sinh xut pht im ca l thuyt ca Beauvoir, nn dch sng v mnh (pour-soi, being-for-itself) l thin cht ch thc (true nature) ca ph n hay l cht n (feminine essence), v s dng t subjective ch quan vi ngha thng tc ca t ny (l mang tnh c nhn) thay v ngha theo thuyt hin sinh ca n l thc hin s t do la chn.2 Kt qu l, nhiu th h c gi c tc phm ca Beauvoir qua bn dch ting Anh ny v ang a ra quan im ca h v t tng ca Beauvoir da trn nhng bng chng sai lm. Bn dch ny c xut bn nm 1953, v y vn l bn dch ting Anh duy nht.

ng thi cng c th cm thy r rng nhu cu c nhiu sn phm dch cc tc phm khoa hc x hi hn na. vic lm ny cn rt ng lc. Tri qua nhng thay i rt ln v th ch din ra vo cui th k hai mi, cc nc thuc khi x hi ch ngha cm thy cn phi dch hng lot cc tc phm khoa hc x hi kinh in ca phng Ty. Nhng ngay c nhng nc cc

2Gio s Trn Thi nh dch l t quyt trong cun Trit hc Hin sinh, Thi mi Xut bn.

khu vc khc trn th gii cng thy s `thiu thn cc tc phm dch sang ting nc mnh. S ra i ca b su tp gn y gm cc bi vit v nhng din bin Trung Quc chng minh r rng rng phng Ty c nhu cu tm hiu v x hi Trung Quc qua bi vit ca chnh cc hc gi Trung Quc. di y chng ti trch dn mt on di t b su tp ny, bi v d c nhng khc bit, th tng ca n vn c th c vn dng vo ton th cng ng th gii, bt c l u.

Hn mt th k nay, gii tr thc Trung Quc dch v qung b t tng v vn hc phng Ty Trung Quc. Nhng din bin chnh tr, k c cc cuc chin tranh v ni chin, v nhiu bin ng khc lm gin on dng chy lu i ca vic hc hi ny, nhng cha bao gi lm n ngng li. Ngy nay, thng qua ting m ca mnh, cc c gi Trung Quc c tip cn vi nhiu lnh vc rng ln ca vn hc v trit hc, t tng kinh t v chnh tr phng Ty, vi nhng tc phm kinh in cng nh vi nhng t tng ng i ca th gii. Nhng qu trnh gii thiu vn ho ny mi ch din ra mt chiu. C b dy v chiu di ca nn vn minh truyn thng Trung Hoa, ln tm quan trng ca Trung Quc trong lch s th gii hin i u khng c phn nh mc tng ng trong nn dch thut phng Ty v t tng v vn ho Trung Quc. Thi ca v tiu thuyt c in tm c nhng nh dch thut c k nng v tm huyt, nhng lch s v trit hc th cn vng bng. . . . Mt trong nhng v d r rng nht l khng c bn dch ting Anh cc tc phm chnh ca H Thch (Hu Shi, ),3 nh t tng chnh ca ch ngha t do Trung quc thi k u;

3 (Hu Shi) (18911962) sinh ti Thng Hi, Trung Quc. L nh trit hc, nh th, v s hc (ch thch ca ngi dch).


cng khng c bn dch ting Anh nhng bi lun ca L Tn (, Lu Xun)4 nhng bi lun m t nht cng c tm nh hng ngang vi nhng tiu thuyt ca tc gi ny; hay cng khng c bn dch ting Anh nhng tc phm nghin cu lch s ca Trn dn Khc (Chen Yinke). . . . Mc d t nhng thp k tm mi tr li y, cng ngy cng c nhiu ngi trn th gii cng nhn l cc tc phm vn hc Trung Quc xng ng c dch kp thi v ton din ra nhiu ngn ng khc nhau, nhng vn cn nm ngoi ra cc cuc tranh lun hc thut ng i, v v th mi ch c bit n qua nhng bn tin thi s s lc v ngt qung. (Chaohua Wang bin tp, Mt Trung Quc, Nhiu Con ng. London/New York, 2003 [9-10])

Nt c th ca vn bn khoa hc x hi

Liu vn bn khoa hc x hi c c trng i hi mt cch tip cn ring v dch thut, m v mt ny hay mt kia s khc vi cch tip cn c p dng vi vn bn khoa hc t nhin (vn bn trong ho hc, vt l hc, ton hc, v nhng khoa hc tng t) v vn bn k thut (nh sch hng dn x dng v nhng th tng t), hoc vi cc tc phm vn hc hay khng? Chng ti tin l c.

vn bn khoa hc t nhin v cng ngh ging vn bn khoa hc x hi ch l chng u yu cu ngi dch c kin thc su v ch c dch. Tuy nhin, do cc ngnh khoa hc t nhin nghin cu cc hin tng vt l v o lng cc hin tng , nn nhng la chn v t vng c chiu hng r rng v kh khan, him khi khng r rng. do vy, vn bn khoa hc t nhin c th c xem l i tng ca dch my. Mt s loi vn bn thuc vi chuyn ngnh nh trong khoa

4 hoc (L Tn) (18811936) c xem l ng t ca vn hc Trung Quc hin i.

hc x hi c tnh cht chuyn mn gn vi vn bn khoa hc t nhin v d nh ti liu c cc t chc chnh ph ban hnh cng c th l i tng ca dch my. (Xem Ph lc G.)

L thuyt khoa hc t nhin t c s ph bin mc cao v c lc t ti mc ph qut (thng nht mi ni). Mc d cc l thuyt trong khoa hc x hi c tm cch t c s ph bin, chng thng b cn tr bi nhng bi cnh chnh tr, x hi, v vn ho c th. Mt mi quan h d ph bin trong nhiu hon cnh vn s khng th ng trong mi hon cnh; v d c th thy mi tng quan t l thun gia s giu c ca c nhn v sc kho cng ng nhiu nc, nhng iu li khng xy ra Trung Quc trong nhng thp nin 1950 v 1960: sc kho cng ng Trung Quc tt hn so vi cc nc khc c cng mt mc thu nhp quc dn. iu t ngi thy hn nhng li quan trng hn l thut ng ca mt l thuyt cha chc xc nh mt cch c hiu qu nhng thc tin c tri nghim ca mt x hi, bi v a thc tin c tri nghim vo ngn ng l thuyt i hi phi c gii thch. Hy xem mt v d khc t Trung Quc: thut ng thng c dch l tp qun (customs) khi cp n thc tin x hi ca a phng khng lm ngi c ngh n khi nim lut tc trong lut chu u, th nhng tp qun Trung Quc nh cc chun mc, tp tc v quy c a phng i khi li c th c hiu lc tng ng vi lut php. vic p dng nhng khi nim khoa hc x hi c pht trin trong hon cnh ny vo mt hon cnh khc c th l mm mng ca vic dch sai, bi v phm vi ca n c th khc nhau trong nhng bi cnh khc nhau.

Tc phm vn hc pht trin mnh c l nh vo nhng c th trong phong cch v hnh thc th hin tc phm. v nguyn tc, ngha v nh hng ca vn bn khoa hc x hi khng ph thuc vo cch din t, mc d c nhng ngoi l ng lu : mt s nh khoa hc x hi t ho


v phong cch ca h; qu thc l mt s vn bn khoa hc x hi v d nh k chuyn lch s c xu hng gn vi vn hc. Tuy nhin, nhn chung l vn hc th cao sc thi, cn khoa hc x hi li cao s r rng. Trong vn hc, t tng v s kin c to ra bng tc phm v ngay trong tc phm; cn trong khoa hc x hi th t tng v s kin li n t bn ngoi. C hai loi vn bn ny u mang tnh c th ca tng nn vn ho, mc d vn bn khoa hc x hi thng c tnh c th v vn ho cao hn vn bn vn hc, v nhiu vn bn ca khoa hc x hi cn gi nh trc v/hoc miu t mi quan h tng h gia cc nn vn ho.

Ngn thuyt trong khoa hc x hi cng c bit ch n trao i thng qua vic s dng cc khi nim c thng nht (hoc c tranh lun) trong mt cng ng hc gi hay nhm nht nh cng chia s mt mc ch v d nh nhng t chc chnh ph v phi chnh ph. Cc khi nim thng c xu hng xut hin di hnh thc nhng thut ng chuyn mn. Nhng thut ng ny li c xu hng mang tnh c th ca tng nn vn ho. Tnh c th ca chng cng c th lin quan n thi gian m chng ra i mc tng t nh mi lin quan vi nhng c trng v dn tc v h t tng. Chng cng c th ngm ngm mang trong mnh nhng gi nh mang tnh lch s, l nhng khi nim m mt x hi chp nhn nh l iu hin nhin. Cho nn, dch thng nhng t ny bng cch l thuc hon ton trc tip vo t in dch t in (dictionary translations) s dn n tht bi trong vic chuyn ti nhng khc bit tinh t v ngha, v lm ngi c hiu sai. v d, t kompromis trong ting Nga c th mang mt ng tiu cc khng tn ti trong t ting Anh com-promise (tha hip), cn t xuanchuan trong ting Trung Quc th thng khng c ci ngha tiu cc ca thut ng ting Anh thng dng propaganda (tuyn truyn).

Tnh tham chiu qua li ny i hi ngi dch khng ch bit r ni dung ca vn bn, m cn phi bit phm vi rng hn ca nhng ngha qua

vn bn c th hin. Mi trng hc thut trong vn bn c nh hnh l mt yu t khng c th hin ra (n), nhng li mang tnh quyt nh trong qu trnh dch. Kt qu l, nhng dch gi trong lnh vc khoa hc x hi cn phi bit ngn ng ca chuyn ngnh hay ca t chc m h dch (bit ng, cc gi thuyt hay ngha ngm, v nn tng lch s ca n) su sc ngang nh bit nhng ngn ng lin quan, l ngn ng gc v ngn ng dch. (Xem Ph lc H, trch t bi lun y thuyt phc v r rng ca Immanuel Wallerstein, Concepts in the Social Sciences: Problems of Translation. Cc khi nim trong khoa hc x hi: Nhng vn ca dch thut.)

Ti tr cho mt bn dch

Nhn chung, l do ph bin nht c a ra gii thch cho s lng t i cc bn dch l chi ph lin quan. Trong ngnh khoa hc x hi, yu t chi ph cng ni r hn, v rt nhiu, nu khng ni l ton b, nhng vn bn c cp n u khng phi c vit ra ly nhun bt. Nhng ngi bin tp, do quen vi vic nhn nhng bn tho min ph, khng mun b ra d mt phn rt nh t nhng ngun ti tr ngy cng t i ca mnh phc v cho vic dch thut, c bit hn na l v cc cng trnh khoa hc x hi him khi em li li nhun. Mt cch i ph vi kh khn ny l xin kinh ph cho cng vic dch. Nhiu t chc vn ho thng tin ca chnh ph cam kt ti tr cho nhng bn dch t ngn ng ca h. Ty vin vn ho ti nc ca ngi bin tp c th cung cp thng tin v cc chng trnh thch hp. Nhng ngi bin tp cng c th tip cn cc hc vin chuyn v ch c cp trong vn bn m h nh dch.

Ai l ngi dch?

Mt nguyn tc cn bn nhng thng b coi nh, l dch gi phi dch t mt ngoi ng sang ting m * hoc l sang mt ngn ng m h thnh tho nht,* ngn ng m h c th biu t mt


cch chnh xc v hiu qu nht. Tt nhin, h phi thnh tho ngn ng ca vn bn gc m h dch, nhng him c nhng dch gi thnh tho c hai ngn ng n mc c th dch c hai chiu ngang nhau. Mc d nhng ngi ni song ng l ngoi l ca nguyn tc ny, nhng c rt t nhng ngi thc s ni song ng l ngi ln ln v c gio dc nui dng v vn ho nh nhau bng c hai ngn ng.

Cui cng, mt ngi bit hai ngn ng thnh tho n u cng khng th t ng tr thnh mt dch gi. Bit hai ngn ng l iu kin tin quyt, nhng dch thut cng ging nh mt ngh th cng, n i hi s hun luyn. Cht lng ca sn phm cui cng thay i ty theo trnh o to m dch gi nhn c. Qu thc, ti nng v nng khiu bm sinh c vai tr nht nh, nhng s hng dn mang tnh chuyn nghip rt quan trng, d l hng dn pht trin ti nng hay ch l hng dn v quy trnh k thut.

T trc n nay, vic o to ny thng do cc trng cao hc chuyn v dch thut v thng dch thc hin. Tuy nhin, gn y, cc trng i hc cng bt u t chc nhng kho o to dch v thm ch cn cp bng trong lnh vc ny. atanet.org/certification/eligibility_approved.php v www.lexicool.com/courses.asp l hai trang web cung cp danh sch ca hai loi hnh o to ny.

Mt chng trnh o to thc s in hnh s bao gm nhng kho hc nh l thuyt dch thut, k nng v k thut dch, cng c v cng ngh dch, dch thut vi t cch l mt chuyn ngh v.v. . . .

do nhng chuyn gia trong ngnh l ngi dch tt nht nhng vn bn c tnh hc thut cao trong chuyn ngnh ca h (xem The Specificity of Social Science Texts Tnh c th ca vn bn khoa hc x hi, v Recommendations Cc kin ngh), khng th i hi nhng hc gi ng thi c th l ngi dch li phi c bng dch thut. Tuy nhin, ngy nay, nhng hng dn thc hin dch thut ngy cng c sn trong mi trng

cc trng i hc. Cc nh khoa hc x hi nn tm c nhng bn hng dn ny trc khi dch nhng vn bn m h thy l quan trng i vi chuyn ngnh ca h trong tng lai.

vy dch gi l ai? Mt dch gi l ngi m ngn ng m hay ngn ng thnh tho nht ca ngi l ngn ng dch,* c trnh cao v ngn ng gc* v c o to chuyn nghip v k thut dch.

Chn ngi dch

Mt s quan nim sai lm cc cn b bin tp c trch nhim thu dch phi kh s khi tm ngi dch. l quan nim cho rng bt c ai bit hai ngn ng u c th lm ngi dch, v rng mt ngi m ting m l ngn ng ca bn gc s hiu vn bn gc tt hn, v do vy s dch tt hn. Cn phi loi b nhng quan nim sai ny. S hon ton khng thc t khi hy vng l mt ngi bit rt gii hai ngn ng hay c th dch sang mt ngoi ng khng phi ting m ca mnh, li l ngi c th to ra c mt bn dch t yu cu cao. Nh chng ta thy, i vi mt vn bn c tnh hc thut cao, mt dch gi l tng l ngi m ngn ng m hay ngn ng thnh tho nht l ngn ng dch, v l ngi c kin thc chuyn mn v ngn ng ca vn bn gc, c o to chuyn nghip v k thut dch, v c bit l nu vn bn mang tnh hc thut cao, th ngi dch phi l chuyn gia trong ngnh lin quan. Tm c mt ngi dch nh vy rt vt v.

vi nhng tc phm mang tnh hc thut cao, trc tin, ngi bin tp phi bt u bng vic xem li bn dch m nhng dch gi trc y thc hin t cc tc phm ca cng tc gi. Nu tc gi cha c tc phm no c dch, th ngi bin tp s xem li bn dch ca nhng dch gi dch ngn ng v trong cng chuyn ngnh hoc trong chuyn ngnh lin quan. Ngi bin tp cng c th kim tra xem tc gi c quen bit ai l hc gi thch hp v ng thi l ngi c ngn ng m hoc ngn ng thnh tho


nht l ngn ng c nhu cu c dch sang khng, v ngi c phi l ngi lm cng vic dch thut hoc c th mun dch hay khng.

vi nhng vn bn t tnh hc thut hn (vn bn v cc ch khoa hc x hi chung dnh cho i tng qun chng, vn bn ca cc t chc chnh ph v phi chnh ph, v nhng vn bn tng t), ngi bin tp c th tm dch gi trong danh sch nhng dch gi c cng nhn v c sp xp theo chuyn ngnh thuc nhiu hip hi quc gia ca cc dch gi. xem danh sch nhng hip hi ny, xin chn phn Hi vin (Members) ti trang web cp nht ca Fderation Internationale des Traducteurs/International Fed-eration of Translators/Lin on Quc t ca cc dch gi: www.fit-ift.org/en/news-en.php.

Nu p dng c hai phng php trn m vn khng tm c mt dch gi ph hp, cn b bin tp c trch nhim thu dch c th s dng hai ngi dch: mt ngi bit ngn ng ca bn gc vi t cch l ting m hay ngn ng thnh tho nht, v ngi th hai l ngi bit ngn ng ca bn dch vi t cch l ting m hay ngn ng thnh tho nht. Ngi th nht cung cp mt bn dch th. Ngi th hai sa bn dch th thnh mt bn dch c th chp nhn c thng qua tho lun vi ngi th nht mi khi xut hin nhng vn khng r rng. S hiu bit chuyn mn trong bn gc ca hai ngi dch nu khng phi l iu kin tin quyt th cng l mt iu kin m bo l bn dch c th tn ti dc.

Khi chn c dch gi tim nng, cn b bin tp nn ngh ngi ny dch th mt vi on. v dch gi cn phi thch hp vi chnh bn gc ang c chn dch, nn cn b bin tp cn phi ngh c dch gi c kinh nghim ln dch gi tng cng tc vi mnh trc dch th mt vi trang ca vn bn gc . Sau , cn phi c nh gi cht lng bn dch mu- t nm n mi trang l . Tt nht ngi nh gi l ngi dng ngn ng ca bn gc vi t cch l ting m v c chuyn mn v ni dung cp trong vn bn gc. Chi ph cho vic dch th v nh gi bn dch th l mt vic u t ng lm, cn hn

l chu kt cc ng bun ca vic tr ton b th lao dch m cui cng li phi tip nhn mt bn dch km cht lng hoc hon ton khng dng c.

Trao i gia cn b bin tp v dch gi

v khoa hc x hi c tim nng nh hng n chnh sch cng v qua nh hng n cuc sng ca hng triu ngi, nn nhim v ca c dch gi v cn b bin tp l to ra mt sn phm dch ng tin cy n mc ti a. S hp tc thnh cng gia h l mt nhn t quan trng. (Ph lc E l nhng v d ngn gn v s hp tc gia cn b bin tp v dch gi.) Chng ti s miu t mt bi cnh l tng v thay i n thng qua nhng gi cho nhng iu kin t l tng hn, bi v thc tin bin tp v ngun lc dnh cho qu trnh bin tp rt khc nhau.

Trc khi vic dch bt u, tt nhin cn b bin tp chu trch nhim t dch phi m bo cc quyn i vi vn bn v son hp ng vi dch gi. Hp ng v nhng vn c hp ng cp n nhun bt, phng thc thanh ton (dch gi c th nhn mt s tin nht nh trn mt ngn t ca vn bn c dch, y l chun mc trong khi Anh ng, hoc l trn tng trang hoc theo k t, t v.v. . . .), quyn tc gi, nhng quyn th yu, thi hn np sn phm dch, v nhng iu tng t c s khc nhau ng k gia cc nc, cc nh xut bn, v thm ch l khc nhau gia cc d n. Kinh nghim ca dch gi, v c tnh ca vn bn gc (hoc c nhng lc l ngn ng ca bn gc) c nh hng n mc th lao. v th chng ti khng a ra khuyn ngh g v hp ng v mc th lao. Nhng cn b bin tp cha c nhiu kinh nghim lm vic vi dch gi nn tham kho nhng hp ng mu v mc tr th lao ca hip hi quc gia ca cc dch gi ti nc mnh. (Xem trang web cung cp danh sch nhng hip hi ny trong phn Chn Ngi dch.) Tuy nhin, bt c hp ng no cng phi cp n cch cng nhn bn quyn dch gi ca vn bn. Bt c mt vn bn dch no cng phi xc nh tn ca dch


gi, theo ng qui nh l ngay sau tn ca tc gi. iu ny c ngha l tn ca dch gi phi c t trang u tin ca mt cun sch hoc im khi u ca mt bi bo.

Bin tp vin chu trch nhim t dch cn cung cp cho dch gi mt vn bn gc v mt bn quy nh ni b v hnh thc vn bn. vic ny s gip ngi bin tp xut bn khi mt thi gian v sc lc v nhng chi tit k thut. Nu c th, cn b bin tp v dch gi nn gp mt trong giai on trc khi qu trnh dch bt u, hoc nu khng gp mt trc tip c, th nn tho lun nhng vn quan trng qua th. do chc nng ca vn bn c vai tr quan trng trong cch tip cn ca ngi dch vi vn bn, nn cn b bin tp cn thng bo cho ngi dch v iu kin xut hin ca bn dch, v c im ca i tng c gi. v pha mnh, ngi dch nn bo trc cho cn b bin tp v nhng vn c th ny sinh (di dng, bit ng khng r rng, c php phc tp*) v ra cc phng hng gii quyt nhng kh khn ny. v d, ngi dch c th a ra mt phm vi gia hai thi cc trong vic la chn phong cch dch dch tng t theo ngha en v dch t do theo ngha bng v hi cn b bin tp mun bn dch nm khong no gia hai thi cc . (Ph lc F l mt s v d v nhng bn dch cc k tun theo li dch tng t theo ngha en v nhng bn dch d chp nhn hn.) Ngi dch nn dn trc vi cn b bin tp rng bn dch s khng nht thit c di nh bn gc. v d, bn dch ting Nga c xu hng di hn ng k so vi bn gc ting Anh; mt bn dch ting Anh thng ngn hn bn gc ting c.

do c rt t cn b bin tp bit ngn ng gc v/hoc c kin thc hiu c vn bn gc, bin tp vin chu trch nhim thu dch nn thu mt ngi hiu nh ngn ng bit c hai th ting v c kin thc v lnh vc ca vn bn c th so snh bn dch vi bn gc. Tuy nhin, ngay c nhng bin tp vin khng hiu c bn gc cng c kh nng pht hin ra c nhng ch c vn trong bn dch (chng hn nh thiu

lgc, khng nht qun, nhng kh khn v thut ng v.v. . . .) nu h c k bn dch. do vy, cn b bin tp nn c mt hoc hai chng ngay trong qu trnh dch, c bit trong trng hp khi tuyn chn, ngi dch khng c yu cu dch th mt on.

Cn b bin tp phi cho ngi dch xem tt c nhng li c sa trong qu trnh hiu nh v bin tp xut bn, v vic ny c coi nh s trao i c i c li gia hai ngi. d l vic ny cng nh ton b cng trnh dch thut c v qu kh khn, nhng ngi bin tp phi lun nh rng mt khi vn bn c dch, n c uy quyn ca ring mnh, n tr thnh mt vn bn c lp v l c s tim nng cho vic sng to ra nhng tng mi. Chnh v l do ny m mi ngi tham gia vo qu trnh dch phi lm tt c nhng g c th m bo bn dch phn nh ng bn gc.

Trao i gia tc gi v dch gi

Trong qu trnh dch, vic tham kho kin tc gi (nu ngi ny cn sng) mc no l ph thuc vo mt s yu t, trong c tnh cch ca tc gi, lch lm vic, s tinh t v tinh thng v ngn ng ca tc gi. v ngi dch l i din cho tc gi, nn vic hp tc s c li cho tc gi, v s tham gia ca tc gi c th hu ch. Tuy nhin, vic ny cng c nhng vn ring ca n. (Ph lc E l nhng v d v mt tiu cc v tch cc ca s trao i ny.)

Ni a ha* v ngoi lai ho*

Cn b bin tp v dch gi phi thng nht mt chin thut/phng hng cn bn dch mt vn bn. Ngi dch cn phi ci bin vn ho ca bn gc n mc no, ngha l trong chng mc no ngi dch phi lm cho ngi c bn dch thuc nn vn ha th hai c th tm hiu cch tip cn v phng php lun, phm tr chuyn mn, cch phn loi v t tn v.v. . . . ca bn gc thng qua vic lm cho cc khi nim v cu trc dng trong bn gc c thch nghi vi


vn ha ca ngi c? Trong chng mc no th ngi dch cn phi gi nguyn nhng thut ng v cu trc ca bn gc m khng cn din t tri chy ch cho c gi thy rng, thc ra h ang c mt bn dch t mt nn vn ho khc ch khng phi l bn gc?

C th t cu hi trn mt cch khc: mt bn dch khoa hc x hi nn c gng ti to li s hng bin v phong cch c trng ca bn gc mc no? Mc d khng c cu tr li tuyt i, cu hi ny l trung tm i vi cng vic ca chng ta v tt yu ko theo mt cu hi khc: Bao nhiu phn trong ngha ca mt vn bn khoa hc x hi c chuyn ti qua hnh thc ca n? Nu khng duy tr c hnh thc, th liu mt ci g trong ni dung c b mt theo khng? Cu tr li y ph thuc nhiu vo tng th loi v tc gi ca tc phm. nh hng ca bo ch v truyn thng i chng l thuc nhiu vo phng thc th hin. Nhng nu th th, bng nhng cch khc nhau, Heidegger v Lvi-Strauss cng vy. Tuy nhin, nhn chung, ngi dch thng tm c mt mc trung ho gia s trong sng v tnh c trng v hnh thc.

Trong cc nn vn ho khc nhau, cch hnh thnh tng v th hin tng bng li cng khc nhau. derrida i xa n mc a ra quan im l ch c cc con s l c th c dch m khng cn g n xut x vn ho v lch s lin quan. Ngi dch cn sng to ra phng tin chuyn ti nhng c th ca ngn ng v vn ho ca vn bn gc m khng lm cho bn c thuc ngn ng v vn ho ca vn bn dch cm thy xa l; h phi trnh c hai thi cc c tc hi nh nhau: thi cc th nht l ti to li nguyn xi mt qu trnh lp lun m c th c gi khng hiu c, v thi cc kia l bin i hon ton qu trnh lp lun thnh mt qu trnh m c gi thy quen thuc v cm thy thoi mi. Khng c cu tr li sn cho cu hi ngi dch nn ng u gia hai thi cc ny, v mi mt vn bn l mt tc phm vi c th ring. y l cu hi gy ra tranh lun gia ngi dch v ngi bin tp. Tuy nhin, nguyn tc c bn l ngi dch

nn m rng nhng gii hn v phong cch trong ngn ng ca bn dch n mc ti a c th phn nh c tnh c th trong ngn ng ca vn bn gc,* v ch dng li ng lc chng c v tr nn xa l i vi ngn ng ca bn dch. Ni mt cch khc, bn dch phi d hiu nhng khng nht thit phi ging nh c vit bi mt nh khoa hc x hi thuc ngn ng ca bn dch. Mc tiu y l lm sao trong khun kh ring ca mnh, bn dch t c s hp l v ng tin cy n mc ti a.

Khi phong cch nu n ca mt dn tc du nhp vo mt nn vn ho mi, n phi gi c hng v nguyn gc ca n, nhng vn phi lm va lng khch hng mi. Mt h qu trc tip m n d ny mun ni, l mt nn vn ho cng tinh t v phong ph bao nhiu, th n cng ci m by nhiu khi tip nhn phong cch nu n nguyn gc t mt nn vn ha khc m vn gi phong cch mc ch thc v tinh t cao nht c th c.

Nhng cm by trong vic dch vn bn khoa hc x hi

Sa li trong vn bn. Mc d trong chng mc no , ngi dch c chc nng nh ngi hiu nh h lm sng t vn bn v lm cho vn bn c nhng ngi c mi chp nhn nhng h khng c sa nhng g h cho l sai trong vn bn gc. Nu mun lm iu , h nn ghi nhng bt ng ca mnh vi bn gc trong phn ch thch hoc phn gii thiu ca dch gi, v vic lm ny phi c th hin cng khch quan cng tt, v nn di dng gii thch hn l bng nhng bnh lun c tnh cht tranh lun.

Ngi dch c th t do sa nhng li nh c lin quan n li chnh t v a danh m khng cn ch thch.

Xa b nhng c tnh ring trong phong cch. Tinh thn ca mt ngn ng nh hng n phong cch vit ca ngi s dng n. v d, mi ngi u bit rng, c php ting Anh ch trng cch dng nhng cu ngn hn so vi nhiu ngn


ng khc. Mt ngi dch vn bn ting Php sang ting Anh c th chuyn nhng cu ting Php rt di v phc tp sang nhng cu ting Anh ngn gn v trong sng, d hiu. Nhng tnh sc tch t n khng phi l mt gi tr ngay c trong Anh ng. Mc d sch dy ting Anh c th quy nh di ti u ca mt cu l khong mi t, v cho rng nhng cu di hn hai mi t l rm ri, trn thc t ting Anh c th c nhng cu di hn nhiu. S ch cn thn n c php (v cch dng r rng ca du cu i km theo) lm cho ting Anh c kh nng ti to li nhng cu di m khng vi phm ci thn ca Anh ng. dch gi phi lun nh rng c php cng mang mt thng ip nht nh, tc l cng mang thng tin. v thng ip ca n c th khng trc tip nh trong thut ng, nhng n nh hng n cch chng ta nhn thc v gii thch mt lp lun. do , thm ch cn nn khuyn khch ngi dch tin xa hn v a mt ch thch c tnh ngoi lai vo bn dch m vn tn trng cu trc ca ngn ng dch. (Xem thm phn Ni a ho v ngoi lai ho.)

Thay i phng php lp lun. Tinh thn ca mt ngn ng nh hng n phong cch vit ca ngi s dng ngn ng nh th no, th truyn thng hc thut ca mt nn vn ho cng nh hng n cch t duy v xy dng lp lun ca ngi s dng ngn ng nh th. Mc d dch gi phi c gng duy tr bn cht ca nhng khi nim v lp lun trong ngn ng bn gc khi c s khc nhau ng k vi cc khi nim v lp lun trong nn vn ho ca ngn ng dch, h cng phi trnh i qu xa, khin cho lp lun ca tc gi nghe ng ngn. Nhng v d v s khc nhau nh vy mc t tng (tng ng vi vn v cu phc tp mc phong cch) l 1) lp lun i t ci ring n ci chung (phng php quy np) v nhng lp lun i t ci chung n ci ring (phng php din dch), v 2) cch tip cn thc nghim (ly kin thc ch yu t nhng d kin cm tnh hoc kinh nghim) v phng php suy din (ly kin thc ch yu t t ngm v suy lun hn l quan st). (Xem thm Ni a ho v ngoi lai ho.)

Nhng t ng m khc ngha. Ngi dch phi phng nhng t ging nhau nhng li c ngha khc nhau trong nhng ngn ng khc nhau: t ting Anh sympathetic ngha l thng cm, cn t ting Php sympathique li c ngha l d thng, d chu; t ting Anh gift ngha l qu tng, cn t ting c Gift li c ngha l cht c. Chng thng l nhng t vay mn* (c th gi l t cn ke), nh l t killer trong ting Nga c ngha l k nh ngi, k m st, l t vay mn t ting Anh killer c ngha l k git ngi; t pick-up trong ting Php c ngha l my ghi m cng l vay mn t ting Anh.

Khi nim cng tn nhng khc ngha. Mt him ha tim n c lin quan nhng nguy him hn, l vic dch cc thut ng* mt cch thin lch d v tnh hay c , c bit khi chng l nhng khi nim cng tn nhng c ngha khng hon ton ging nhau.* Ton cu ho c th dn n tng dn s thng nht v ngha ca cc thut ng, nhng vn tn ti nhng khi nim c tn ging nhau nhng li c ni dung khc nhau. v d, mt bn dch ngha en ca thut ng the state (nh nc) c th dn n s hiu sai do c nhng chnh lch gia khi nim nh nc theo quan nim phng Ty (l khi nim da trn nh ngha ca Weber, d ngi vit c trch dn ngm hay trch dn trc tip nh ngha ny) v cch gii thch khi nim nh nc ca nhng tc gi ph phn nghin cu v khoa hc x hi phng Ty khi chng c p dng vo cc t chc x hi ca cc nc khng thuc phng Ty. do , mt thut ng trng c v nh mang tnh quc t c th gy hiu nhm, v trong nhng trng hp cc oan c th tr thnh mt n lc p t ng ngha ca mt nn vn ho ny cho mt nn vn ho khc. Mt thut ng nh dn ch (democracy), mt t c v nh sn c t tng ng trong cc ngn ng khc nhau, c th li i hi c ch thch, hoc thm ch cn s gii thiu ca dch gi nu n nh hng n cch c gi hiu mt khi nim trong sut qu trnh c tc phm hay bi bo.


Khi nim cng tn khc ngha cng c th pht trin theo thi gian, bi v ni dung ng ngha c th thay i trong khi hnh thc tc l bn thn tn thut ng li khng thay i. y chnh l trng hp ang hin hnh cc nc cng sn trc y (cng nh nhng nc vn duy tr ch x hi ch ngha). do vy, thut ng ting Trung nongmin, trc y thng c dch sang ting Anh l peasant(s) (ngha l ngi lm rung) trong nhng vn bn cng sn, ngy nay c th c dch l farmer(s) (ngha l ngi lm c ngh trng trt v chn nui, v c quyn thu hay s hu t) phn nh hon cnh kinh t mi. i khi vn cn phc tp hn. Khi nim ting Trung fengjian trong cc vn bn cng sn, trc y thng c dch sang ting Anh l feudalism, ngha l ch ngha phong kin, s c ngha g trong cc vn bn c son tho hin nay? N c gi li ngha ca n theo cch hiu Marxist khng? Khi no th mt nh khoa hc x hi Nga dng t obektivno (ngha l mt cch khch quan) theo ngha Marxist, v khi no th theo ngha thng dng? iu nguy him y l dch gi c th phin din v a ra mt bnh lun ch khng phi mt nh ngha.

Nhng thay i v ni dung ng ngha ca khi nim cng ra i m khng cn c nhng thay i ln trn th gii. Mt nh trit hc c nh hng c th lm cho nhng thay i ny ra i. v d, Hegel p t mt ngha trit hc cho khi nim Aufhebung, mt t ra i t ng t aufheben c ngha en l nng ln v ngha bng l hy b. chuyn ti ngha ca Hegel, mt s dch gi dng thut ng sublation (ph nhn), mt s ngi khc dng thut ng supersession (s thay th) hay overcoming (vt qua); nhng mt s khc gi li thut ng ting c. Trong bt c trng hp no, nhng thut ng nh vy yu cu dch gi cn phi c ch thch, hoc nu c nhiu thut ng nh vy th cn c mt li gii thiu d hiu. dch gi nn c bit ch n nhng thut ng nh Aufhebung bi v chng c th tr thnh nhng thut ng chnh trong ngnh.

Di dng. Trong phn ln cc ngn ng, khoa hc x hi thng c xu hng di dng. Mt cch gii quyt vn ny l b i nhng t c chc nng ng php:

nhm to thun li cho vic thi hnh (in order to facilitate implementation) > to thun li cho vic thi hnh (to facilitate implementation)

Nhng ci cch m gn y c bt u (the reforms which have been recently introduced) > nhng ci cch c bt u gn y (the recently introduced reforms)

Nu vn bn c bit lp li v khng r rng, ngi dch nn ch ra vn ny cho cn b bin tp trc khi bt tay vo dch v hi cn b bin tp mun bn dch phn nh ng li ca bn gc hay hn ch nhc im ny. (Xem thm Trao i gia cn b bin tp v dch gi.)

Thut ng khng nht qun. Nhn chung, nu mt thut ng xut hin nhiu, th ln no cng phi c dch sang cng mt t, nhng ngi dch cn phi xc nh xem trn thc t ngha ca n nhng ch khc nhau c ging nhau khng. Nu khng, ngi dch c th chn nhng t khc nhng quyt nh ny phi l quyt nh c thc. m bo tnh nht qun, cn b bin tp c th ngh ngi dch lp ra mt bn ch gii nhng thut ng ring trong qu trnh dch.

Ngn ng gn vi mt giai on c th. trnh s lc hu v ngn ng v vn ho, ngi dch phi da vo hiu bit ca mnh v nhng khc bit trong t tng v cch s dng t gia thi im ra i ca bn gc v thi im dch tc phm. v d, ngi dch nn trnh p t ngc dng thi gian mt ngn ng chnh tr ng n (ng ng li) ca thi im dch cho mt tc phm ra i trong qua kh.


Gii quyt nhng kh khn v thut ng chuyn mn*

Khi a ra nhng khi nim mi, nhng nh khoa hc x hi thng din t chng bng nhng t hoc cm t c to ra cho chnh mc ch . (T capital culturel ca Bourdieu v protestantische Ethik ca Weber l nhng v d in hnh.) Nu c chp nhn rng ri, nhng t ny s tr thnh thut ng chuyn mn. Nhng khi nim v thut ng chuyn ti cc khi nim thng mang c th v vn ho cao. Tnh c th ny c th ph thuc c vo giai on thut ng ra i cng nh ph thuc vo c im ca tc ngi hay quc gia. Hn na, nhng thut ng ny d tr thnh nhng khi nim c cng tn nhng khc ngha.* iu ny c ngha l, thm ch trong cng mt truyn thng chng vn c th c ngha khc nhau i vi nhng tc gi khc nhau. S thay i thng xuyn ny ca cc khi nim l mt thch thc ln.

S xut hin ph bin ca cc thut ng chuyn mn l mt trong nhng c im trc nht ca ngn thuyt khoa hc x hi, nn ngi dch phi c bit ch khng ch n vic dch, m cn phi lm cho c gi bit v s tn ti ca nhng thut ng ny. Mc d khng c gii php thn k c th gii quyt c mi trng hp, hin nay c hai phng php c th thch qua thi gian gii quyt vn ny: 1) chp nhn thut ng nh l t vay mn.* iu ny c ngha l ly ton b t (v d, s dng t ting Nga cho nhng thut ng ca Lin bang X vit, v d dng t politburo trong ting Anh ly t t ting Nga politbiuro, vit tt ca t politicheskoe biuro, ngha l b chnh tr) v dng t gulag trong ting Anh (ly t t ting Nga gulag, l t vit tt ca gosudarstvennoe upravlenie lagerei, ngha l c quan nh nc qun l cc tri giam); v 2) a ra mt thut ng ng thi dng dch vay mn* nh trong ting Anh political instructor cho t ting Nga politruk (ngha l chnh tr vin). C hai cch tip cn u to ra nhng t v cch din t m khi mi nghe s thy l tai, bi v trong trng hp th nht th thut ng xut hin bng t nc

ngoi, trong trng hp th hai th v nhng thut ng ny p ngn ng ca bn dch vo khun mu ca ngn ng bn gc. Nhng cc ngn ng t xa n nay v ang chp nhn v thun ha nhng t vay mn v nhng cch dch vay mn. Ting Anh c lm giu thm bi nhng t vay mn t ting Php sau cuc xm chim ca ngi Norman v cho n ngy nay n vn tip tc nhp ni cc t ca nhng ngn ng khc. Nhn tin ly v d v cch dch vay mn, liu c bao nhiu ngi ni ting Anh bit c rng cm t kill time (git thi gian) l mt s dch vay mn t cm t ting Php tuer le temps ch?

d trong trng hp no, ngi dch vn cn dng ch thch khi h a vo bn dch mt thut ng m h mi to ra, hay khi h mun thay th mt thut ng c chp nhn bng mt thut ng ca chnh h. H khng cn phi ch thch nhng t c trong t in n ng c trung ca ngn ng bn dch (v d, The Concise Oxford Dictionary v Websters College Dictionary). do , c hai thut ng politburo v gulag u khng cn ch thch, nhng t political instructor li i hi ch thch. C th ch thch nh sau: Chng ti dng thut ng political instructor (chnh tr vin) dch thut ng politruk, mt t c ngun gc t thut ng politicheskii rukovoditel. T ny dng ch mt cn b ng c giao nhim v hng dn ng li v h t tng cho nhng ngi lnh trong qun i X vit. Ch thch cho t ting Php grandes coles (phn ln cc dch gi gi nguyn t ting Php ny trong bn dch, ngha l h dch t ny nh mt t mn ch khng dch thnh the great school (trng ln), mc d t coles trng c nhc n trong tn ca tt c cc trng hc) c th nh sau: Grandes coles l nhng hc vin hng u ca o to i hc Php, bao gm nhng trng nh cole Normale Suprieure, cole Polytechnique, cole Navale, v.v. . . . Ch thch nn ngn gn v i thng vo vn . Nhng bnh lun c tnh cht gii thch v di s tm thy ch ng thch hp phn gii thiu ca dch gi.


Ch thch cng c th c dng xc nh v gii thch cc trng hp chi ch, cch ngn, nhng tham chiu v vn hc hay vn ho ni chung, v.v. . . . Tuy nhin, nhng ch thch ch nn gii thch nhng g r rng i vi bn c ca vn bn gc nhng li khng r rng i vi bn c ca vn bn dch. Hn na, ch thch khng phi l cch duy nht lm sng t mt thut ng. v d, ngi dch c th thm vo mt hai t kn o mang tnh gii thch. Nu c th tin rng c gi ca vn bn c dch t mt bn ting Php hiu t grandes coles l nhng trng o to i hc ln ti Php nhng khng hiu rng nhng trng ny c uy tn (prestige) hn hn nhng trng khc, th ngi dch c th kn o thm mt t gii thch vo thnh prestigious grandes coles.

i khi, c th rt ngn hoc b ch thch bng cch chn thut ng trong vn bn gc vo trong ngoc n sau thut ng c dch ra trong vn bn dch. Hy quay li cch dng t tng ng ting Anh political instructor v t ting Nga politruk. Nu ng cnh ca thut ng gn n vi lc lng qun i r rng, th ngi dch c th cho t nguyn gc vo ngoc n ngay sau t c dch political instructor (politruk chnh tr vin), qua va ch ra rng y l mt thut ng, ng thi pht tn hiu v ngun gc pht sinh ca thut ng ny cho nhng c gi thng tho vi thut ng dng ban u. Tuy nhin, phng php ny khng c khuyn khch dng thng xuyn bi v n c th tr thnh mt ci nng. N cng c th lm gim tin tng vo kh nng ca ngi dch.

Nhng vn v k thut i vi dch gi v cn b bin tp

Php nh du cu phi tun theo quy tc s dng trong ngn ng ca bn dch.

dch a danh phi tun theo quy tc s dng trong ngn ng ca vn bn dch: ting Nga Moskva > ting Anh Moscow. Tn ng ph gi nguyn

nh trong ngn ng ca vn bn gc, nhng nhng t c ngha l i l, ph v.v. . . . th cn dch, c bit l khi dch t nhng ngn ng nhn chung l khng quen thuc vi vn ho ca ngn ng bn dch: ting Php Rue de Rivoli > ting Anh Rue de Rivoli (khng dch l Rivoli Street ph Rivoli), ting Ty Ban Nha Avenida de la Constitucin > ting Anh Avenida de la Constitucin (khng dch l Constitution Avenue i l Hin Php), ting Nga Nevskii prospekt > ting Anh Nevsky Prospect (i l Nhevski), nhng ting Nga ulitsa GorKogo > ting Anh Gorky Street (ph Gorky).

Tn bo v tp ch phi c gi nguyn nh trong ngn ng ca vn bn gc: Le Monde, The New York Times, Renmin ribao, Pravda. Tn sch v tn bi bo cng phi c gi nguyn nh trong vn bn/ngn ng gc nhng c phn dch trong ngoc n ngay sau . Nguyn tc ny cng c p dng cho tiu c trong vn bn v trong cc ch thch. vit hoa tn tiu tun theo nhng nguyn tc ca ngn ng tiu hoc ca ngn ng bn dch, v d: Le Contrat social (The Social Con-tract, Bn Kh c X hi), Literatura i revoliutsiia (Literature and Revolution, vn hc v Cch mng).

n v o lng mang tnh a phng c gi nguyn, sau chuyn i ra theo h mt v a vo trong ngoc n: nm mi dm (tm mi kilmt), mt trm mu (su mi by hcta). n v tin t ca a phng c gi nguyn v khng cn phi chuyn i.

Nhn chung, tn ca cc c quan hay t chc c gi nguyn nh trong ngn ng ca bn gc cole Normale


Suprieure, British Council, the duma tr khi n c dch theo truyn thng t trc (White House trong ting Php l Maison Blanche, trong ting vit l Nh Trng) hoc nguyn tc dch thut ca ngn ng dch bt phi dch nhng tn ny. Cng c th dch tn ca cc c quan, t chc, nhng thng th chng ch c dch khi xut hin ln u, khi ngha en ca n cc k quan trng.

Nhng t nc ngoi m tc gi dng nhn chung l c gi nguyn (v km theo n l phn dch nu ngi dch cho rng vic dch l cn thit). Nu t nc ngoi li chnh l t trong ngn ng ca vn bn dch (v d, nu tc gi dng mt t ting Anh v bn dch cng l dch sang ting Anh) th ngi dch cn ch ra iu ny bng cch t ny in nghing hoc trong phn ch thch. Nguyn tc ny khng c p dng cho nhng t vay mn quen trong ngn ng ca bn dch (nh t marketing trong ting Php, ting Nga, v nhiu ngn ng khc).

Phi chuyn t v phin m nhng tham chiu v t v tiu dng trong nhng h ch vit khc vi ch vit ca ngn ng bn dch. Ngi dch phi dng h thng phin m chun nu n tn ti. Mt s h thng nh Romanization pinyin ca Trung Quc phin m ch Trung Quc sang ch La tinh c hu ht cc ngn ng khc chp nhn; tuy nhin, nhng h thng khc li mang tnh c th cho tng ngn ng. H thng Library of Congress (xem Barry Randall, ALA-LC Romanization Table. Washington: Library of Congress, 1997) ang tr thnh chun mc phin m v chuyn t sang ting Anh, nhng khng ng i vi ting Php, c,

Ty Ban Nha v.v. . . . Khi h thng phin m mang tnh c th gn vi tng ngn ng, ngi dch phi chuyn h thng s dng trong bn gc sang h thng c s dng trong bn dch. (do , t Tchernobyl trong vn bn ting Php s xut hin trong vn bn dch ting Anh l Chernobyl.) i khi tnh hung ny tr nn phc tp do c hai h thng khc nhau song song tn ti: mt h thng ph thng c dng ch yu cho tn ngi v a danh (v d tn mt ngi hay thnh ph c tn l Gorky) v mt h thng hc thut c dng cho nhng nhm t vng, tiu , tham chiu, v trch dn (v d Gorkii). Nu cn bn khon v vic chn h thng no cho thch hp, ngi dch nn hi kin ca hip hi dch gi ca a phng.

Khi tc gi trch dn mt on c ngun gc c vit bng ting ca ngn ng ca bn dch, th ngi dch phi b nguyn xi on trng thi khi thy khi n c vit ra, ch khng c dch ngc li t on dch ca tc gi. Nu tc gi khng cung cp ngun trch dn, ngi dch phi t tm ngun trch ca on vn c trch dn da trn nhng c s d liu thch hp, hoc hi tc gi. Ngoi ra, ngi dch phi nu ra tt c nhng ti liu tham kho trong nhng ch thch tun theo cc quy nh trch dn hc thut ca ngn ng dch.

Ngun tham kho chnh ca ngi dch l t in n ng (t in gii thch t v ng) ca ngn ng gc v ngn ng dch. T in song ng c ch trong hai trng hp: 1) khi ngi dch bit ngha ca mt t trong ngn ng gc nhng ti thi im khng th ngh ra c ngay t tng ng trong ngn ng dch. v 2) khi ngi dch, qua tra t in n ng, bit c t


cn dch trong bn gc c ngha l cy, ng vt, hay ci g tng t, tc l hon ton c th tm c mt t duy nht tng ng vi n trong ngn ng dch (khng phi l t nhiu ngha). T in ng ngha cung cp nhiu t ng ngha, thm ch cn hn c nhng t in song ng hon thin nht.

Khi khng th tham kho u c, ngi dch nn trao i vi mt ngi c hc thc v dng ngn ng gc l ting m , tt nht l ngi c chuyn mn v lnh vc ca vn bn cn dch. Nhng ngi l chuyn gia v lnh vc c dch v ni thnh tho ngn ng dch cng c th c thu c bn dch v cung cp nhng ch gii cho ngi dch v ngi bin tp. (Xem thm Trao i gia cn b bin tp v dch gi v nh gi.)

nh gi

Qu trnh nh gi s thay i ty vo vic ngi bin tp c bit ngn ng ca vn bn gc hay khng. Nhng ngi bin tp bit ngn ng gc c th tin hnh nh gi hiu qu nht nu h c vn bn dch mt cch c lp v ch quay li c vn bn gc khi mt on trong vn bn dch c vn , thay v c qua c li cng lc c bn dch v bn gc. Nhng ngi khng bit ngn ng gc s ri vo trong mt tnh th kh khn: lm th no h c th nh gi c cht lng ca sn phm dch? H c th chun b bng cch c nhng tc phm tng t c dch ca cng tc gi, c bit l nhng bn dch c nh gi cao. Cng nh i vi mt bn dch mi, h cng phi c n nh c mt tc phm c lp v nh gi xem cch lp lun ca n c chc chn khng. c cn thn th c th pht hin c nhng ch c th c vn , nhng bt c ngi bin tp no khng bit ngn ng gc u phi hi ngi dch khi cm thy mt on dch c v khng ng. Mt gii php khc l h c th thu mt ngi nh gi t bn ngoi gii c hai ngn ng v c chuyn mn v ch ca vn bn.

Kin ngh cui cng

Ngi dch cn c o to ch khng phi l bm sinh. Tt nhin, h phi c kin thc vng chc v hai ngn ng c lin quan, nhng o to chuyn nghip cng l mt yu t thit yu. Hnh thc o to ty thuc vo bn cht ca vn bn cn c dch.

Nhng vn bn khc nhau cn nhng ngi dch khc nhau: cc vn bn khoa hc x hi mang tnh hc thut c cc nh khoa hc x hi dch l tt nht, bi v kin thc chuyn mn trong lnh vc c cp trong vn bn l mt yu t thit yu dch tt; cn cc vn bn mang tnh i chng, vn bn do cc t chc chnh ph v phi chnh ph son tho tt nht nn nhng dch gi chuyn nghip, c o to v/hoc c kinh nghim v lnh vc ca vn bn dch. Chng ti ngh nhng ngi bin tp chu trch nhim thu dch tm ngi dch ph hp theo nguyn tc ny.

Tng i d tm mt ngi dch tt cho nhng vn bn c tnh i chng. C nhng dch gi chuyn nghip, c o to chuyn su v dch thut v/hoc l c kinh nghim trong lnh vc khoa hc x hi, v c th lin lc vi h qua nhng hip hi ca cc dch gi. (danh sch hi vin ca nhng hip hi dch thut c cng nhn c trong trang web ca International Translator Federation (Lin on dch gi Quc t) www.fit-ift.org/en/news-en.php.) Phn ln thnh vin ca hip hi thuc quc gia no l ngi ni ting m l ngn ng ca quc gia , v v th h thng dch cc vn bn sang ngn ng . Tuy nhin cng c nhng hi vin c ting m l mt ngn ng khc, c trnh dch t ngn ng ca quc gia ra ngn ng khc. H l nhng ngi u tin m ngi c nhu cu thu dch c th hi v nh gip.

Tm c mt ngi dch ph hp cho cc vn bn hc thut cn kh hn, v rt him cc nh khoa hc x hi t nht l trong cc nc ni ting Anh tinh thng v mt ngoi ng cho php h c kh nng dch mt vn bn t ngn ng


. S ngi c o to v k thut dch cn t hn na. Ngnh khoa hc x hi cn phi nh gi c tm quan trng mang tnh quyt nh ca qu trnh dch thut v nh hng ca n. Nu cc nh khoa hc x hi phi tr thnh nhng ngi dch cho ng nghip ca h v chc chn phi lm th th bn dch mi c th p ng c nhng tiu chun v hc thut th cc ngnh nghin cu ca h c trch nhim m bo rng trong gii khoa hc x hi phi ngy cng c nhiu lp o to ph hp v dch thut v vic o to ny phi ngy cng c nh gi cao.

Khuyn ngh sau y c th thc hin ngay: nhng gio s hng dn trong cc ngnh khoa hc x hi nn khuyn khch nghin cu sinh ca h ng k hc cc kha hc ngoi ng nng cao v nhng hi tho v dch thut. H c th khuyn khch sinh vin lm vic ny bng cch dng kinh ph cho tr l nghin cu tr th lao cho nghin cu sinh khi h dch cc cng trnh khoa hc thuc chuyn ngnh nghin cu ca mnh. Mt gi khc cn nhiu thi gian hn thc hin, l: ton ngnh cn cng nhn nhng tc

phm dch c nhng cng hin ln vo cc chuyn ngnh nh mt b phn khng kht, khng th tch ri trong cng trnh nghin cu ca cc ph gio s thuc din c b nhim sau xt thnh gio s vnh vin (trong bin ch cc trng i hc hay vin nghin cu). uy tn v danh ting c c t vic dch nhng tc phm quan trng nh tc phm ca Foucault v Habermans tc phm m mi ngi lm trong ngnh u c xng ng c cng nhn l c gi tr hc thut v chuyn mn.

Nu nhng kin ngh trn gip cho vic thc hin nhng mc tiu c t ra trong bn hng dn ny, n s lm tng s lng v cht lng ca nhng bn dch trong khoa hc x hi, v do pht trin ngnh ny c v b rng v chiu su. Nhng kin ngh ny cng khuyn khch cc nh khoa hc x hi vit bng ting m ca mnh (xem Ph lc I), t khuyn khch s ng gp ca nhng cng ng vn ho v ngn ng a dng vo trao i giao tip ton cu trong khoa hc x hi.


Principal Investigators Nhng nghin cu vin chnh

Michael Henry Heim Professor, Departments of Slavic Languages and Literatures and Comparative Literature, University of California, Los Angeles. Gio s Khoa Ngn ng v Vn hc Sla-v v Nghin cu So snh Vn hc, Trng i hc California ti Los Angeles (M)

Andrzej W. Tymowski Director of International Programs, American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS). Gim c Chng trnh Quc t, Hi ng cc T chc Hc thut Hoa K (ACLS)

Natalia Avtonomova Senior Research Fellow, Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences. Nghin cu vin cao cp, Vin trit hc, Vin Hn lm Khoa hc Nga

Chuanyun Bao Dean, Graduate School of Translation and Interpretation, Monterey Institute of International Studies. Hiu trng. Trng o to Dch thut v Phin dch, Hc vin Nghin cu Quc t Monterey (M)

Richard Brecht Director, Center for Advanced Study of Language, University of Maryland. Gim c Trung tm nghin cu cao cp v Ngn ng, Trng i hc Maryland (M)

Olga Bukhina Coordinator of International Programs, American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS). iu phi vin Chng trnh Quc t, Hi ng cc T chc Hc thut Hoa K (ACLS)

Leonora Chernyakhovskaya Director, Moscow International School of Translation and Interpreting. Gim c Trng Quc t v Dch thut v Phin dch Mtxcva (Nga)

E. Perry Link Professor, Department of East Asian Studies, Princeton University. Gio s Khoa Nghin cu ng , i hc Princeton (M)

Luo Xuanmin Director, Center for Translation and Inter-disciplinary Studies; Professor, Department of Foreign Languages, Tsinghua University. Gim c Trung tm Dch thut v Nghin cu Lin ngnh. Gio s Khoa Ngoi ng, i hc Thanh Hoa (Trung Quc)

Ph Lc A

Thnh vin ca D n Dch thut trong Khoa hc X hi


Ramona Naddaff Co-Director, Zone Books; Assistant Professor of Rhetoric, University of California, Berkeley. ng Gim c Zone Books; Ph gio s v Tu t hc, i hc California, Berkeley (M)

Bruno Poncharal Matre de conferences, Institut dEtudes Anglophones, Universite de Paris VII. Ph Gio s, Vin Nghin cu Anh ng, Trng i hc Paris VII (Php)

Janet Roitman Charge de recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Nghin cu vin, Trung Tm Nghin Cu Khoa Hc Quc Gia (Php)

Irina Savelieva Professor, Higher School of Economics, State University, Moscow. Gio s, Trng Kinh t, i hc Quc gia Mtxcva (Nga)

Lynn visson Staff Interpreter, United Nations, retired; Editor, Hippocrene Books. Phin dch Lin hp quc; Bin tp ca Hippocrene Books.

Wang Feng Professor, Department of Sociology, University of California, Irvine. Gio s, Khoa X hi hc, i hc California, Irvine. (M)

R. Bin Wong Director, Asia Institute; Professor, Department of History, University of California, Los Angeles. Gim c Vin nghin cu chu , Gio s khoa Lch s, i hc California, Los Angeles (M)


song ng (bilingual). Tho hai ting m . (Xem ting m )

dch cn ke (calque). dch theo ngha en mt t hay mt thnh ng c dng chuyn ti cng mt ngha. Cch dch vay mn nh vy mi u nghe thng thy l tai, nhng trong qu trnh s dng dn dn c chp nhn. T ting Anh false friend l mt t dch cn ke t t ting Php Faux ami (t ng m khc ngha trong nhng ngn ng khc nhau); t ting Anh kill time l mt t dch cn ke li t ting Php tuer le temps (git thi gian); t ting Php gratte-ciel l mt t dch cn ke li t t ting Anh skycrape (nh chc tri). Thut ng sc khe cng ng trong ting vit l mt t dch cn ke t t ting Anh public health. Thut ng calque (dch cn ke li) trong ting Anh cng l mt t c cn ke li t t ting Php calque. Cn c gi l dch vay mn. (Xem t vay mn)

ni a ho (domesticate). Lm cho mt bn dch c c tri chy trong ngn ng dch n mc lm m i xut x ca n trong vn ho gc. (Xem thm ngoi lai ho)

ngn ng thnh tho nht (dominant language). L ngn ng m ngi ni nhiu th ting dng thnh tho nht, v do thng y l ngn ng m h dch t ting khc sang. i vi s ng th y chnh l ting m , nhng i vi nhng ngi c nui dng v gio dc mt t nc c ngn ng khc vi ting m ca h, th ngn ng thnh tho nht ca h l ngn ng ca t nc ni h c nui dng. (Xem ting m , ngi ni ting m )

t ng m khc ngha trong cc ngn ng khc nhau (false friend). Mt t xut hin di cng mt hnh thc hoc gn nh c cng hnh thc trong hai ngn ng nhng li c ngha khc nhau

trong tng ngn ng: t ting Anh sympathetic (thng cm) v t ting Php sympathique (d thng) (tng ng vi t ting Anh likea-ble, nice ngha l d thng, d chu), t ting Anh gift (qu tng) v t ting c Gift (cht c). Chng thng l nhng t vay mn, v d nh t ting Nga killer (k git ngi) (tng ng vi t ting Anh hit man, hired assassin, ngha l k nh ngi, k m st), t ting Php pick-up (tng ng vi t ting Anh record-player, ngha l my ghi m). C th thy nhng khi nim cng tn nhng khc v ni dung khi nim (conceptual false friends.) Cch dch chun sang ting Anh, Php, v Nga ca t ting Trung Quc xuanchuan l propaganda/propagande, nhng trong ting Trung Quc thut ng ny khng mang tiu cc rt ph bin trong cc ngn ng kia. Cn thut ng democracy dn ch mc d c cng mt hnh thc tng t trong tt c cc ngn ng chu u, nhng ngha ca n thay i khng nhng t nn vn ho ny sang nn vn ha khc, m cn t ngi ny sang ngi khc. (Xem t vay mn, dch vay mn)

ngoi lai ho (foreignize). Lm cho mt bn dch c c theo mt kiu nhm ch ra hoc thm ch nhn mnh xut x ca n trong vn ho gc. (Xem ni a ha)

ngi ni ngn ng c k tha (heritage speaker). Mt ngi dng mt ngn ng trong gia nh khc vi ngn ng c dng ph bin trong x hi m ngi sng, v l ngi khng c gio dc chnh thc hoc c gio dc khng qu mc gio dc tiu hc bng ngn ng . Kh nng s dng ngn ng c k tha rt khc nhau nhng ngi khc nhau.

Ph lc B

Ch gii thut ng


phin dch/thng dch (interpreting, interpre-tation). S din t bng li ni mt thng tin qua mt ngn ng khc vi ngn ng m thng tin c ni ra ( phn bit vi dch thut l s din t mt vn bn bng ch vit c chuyn t mt ngn ng ny qua mt ngn ng khc). Phin dch c th din theo cch ni tip, ngha l ngi ni ni tng on v dng li ch dch, hoc phin dch c th din ra ng thi (dch ui) tc l ngi dch dch ngay cng lc khi ngi ni din t mnh. Mc d mt s k nng c th c dng c trong thng dch v dch thut, nhng mi hnh thc dch ny u c nhng yu cu v k nng ring.

t vng (lexicon). vn t hay tng s t tn ti trong mt ngn ng.

dch vay mn (loan translation). Ging nh dch cn ke (calque). Ngay t loan translation dch vay mn cng l mt t c dch cn ke t ting c Lehnubersetzung. (Xem t vay mn)

t vay mn (loanword). Mt t c mn mc nhiu hay t t mt ngn ng khc. Sputnik, politburo, glasnost, v perestroika l nhng t trong ting Nga m ting Anh vay mn; calque, savoir-faire, v sang froid l nhng t ting Php m ting Anh vay mn; fengshui v kungfu l t ting Trung m ting Anh vay mn; v Weltanschauung v Realpolitik l t ting c m ting Anh vay mn. Marketing, cracking (du m) l nhng t ting vit vay mn t ting Anh. (Xem dch vay mn)

ting m (native language). Ngn ng u tin m mt ngi hc ni, in hnh l hc t cha m. i vi a s th ng thi l ngn ng chnh (xem ngn ng thnh tho nht v song ng)

ngi ni ting m (native speaker). Ngi ni ting m ca mnh, hoc ngi ni th ting ca a phng ni h ln ln v c gio dc trong nn vn ha c ngn ng . Mt ngi ni mt th ting nh ting m khng ch trong trng hp ngi ny c sinh ra ti mt ni dng ngn ng , m cn trong trng hp h n sng a phng ni dng ngn ng trc khi h n tui dy th. (Xem ting m , ngn ng thnh tho nht, ngi ni ngn ng c k tha)

ngn ng gc (source language). Ngn ng m t mt bn dch c to ra, tri vi ngn ng dch, l ngn ng m mt bn gc c dch sang.

c php (syntax). S sp xp cc t chuyn ti chc nng v nhng mi quan h ng php ca chng.

ngn ng dch (target language). Ngn ng m qua mt vn bn c dch sang t bn gc, tri vi ngn ng gc, l ngn ng m t bn gc c to ra.

thut ng chuyn mn (technical term). Mt t hay mt cm t mang mt khi nim chuyn bit v i hi mt t tng tng chun trong ngn ng dch. Khi khng tn ti mt khi nim tng ng thch hp, th n phi c to ra. Bit ng (jargon) c sinh ra khi p lc ca s giao tip b ph thuc qu nhiu vo cc thut ng chuyn mn, c bit l khi ch yu ch c nhng ngi trong mt nhm chuyn su hiu c nhng thut ng .


Nga l nc c truyn thng lu i trong vic xut bn nhng cng trnh nghin cu mang tnh hc thut di hnh thc ng nhiu k c t chc theo ngnh, chuyn mn, giai on, vng, v.v. . . ., ty c tnh ca nh xut bn v chuyn mn ca ban bin tp. Gn y, mt nhm nhng hc gi ng u l Irina Savelieva i hc Kinh t thuc i hc Quc gia Mtxcva xut bn nhiu tp nhng bn dch cc cng trnh hc thut trong khoa hc x hi v nhn vn. Mc ch ca b sch mang tn universitetskaia biblioteka (Th vin i hc) ny l gip cho cng ng hc gi Nga lm quen vi nhng tc phm hc thut ca phng Ty ng i nhng tc phm khng c dch trong thi X vit. iu ny c ngha l b sch dch ny b p nhng mng hng r rt v cung cp nhng tc phm c bn m nu thiu chng th kh m ngh n chuyn hiu su mt ngnh nht nh. c s ti tr ca Soros Foundations Open Society Institute, trong hai nm (1998-2000), universitetskaia biblioteka xut bn 120 tp gy sng st v nhn c s c v cao.

Gio s Savelieva v ban iu hnh gm by thnh vin ca b bt u bng vic lp ra mt danh sch nhng tc phm d kin dch trong su chuyn ngnh (trit hc, x hi hc, l thuyt v lch s vn ho, l thuyt kinh t, lch s, v khoa hc chnh tr). v d, nhng hc gi c tc phm c dch v xut bn trong ngnh x hi hc gm Adorno, Baudrillard, Bourdieu, Castells,

dahrendorf, Elias, Giddens, Goffman, Mannheim, Parsons, Sennett, v Tonnies. Ban iu hnh v ngi dch u l nhng ging vin ti cc trng i hc hng u. Ngi dch c la chn da trn tc phm dch th ca h, v tt c cc bn dch u c cc chuyn gia c kin thc uyn thm v ngn ng gc v chuyn ngnh ph hp hiu nh.

B sch ny c nhiu nh xut bn khc nhau xut bn. Megaproject of the Open Society Institute thit lp h thng phn phi gip phn tch nhu cu, tp trung n t hng, m bo nhng tp sch ny n tay th vin ca cc trng i hc. Tuy nhin, mt khi lng khng l ca b sch ny li c bn trn th trng. Nhng ngi t chc d n phn on trc rng ging vin v sinh vin i hc l nhm c gi chnh. vo thi im , nhng hc vin o to i hc ti Nga tuyn dng trn su mi ngn ging vin, ch vn vn mi phn trm trong s h c kinh nghim lm vic bng mt ngoi ng khc. Hn na, rt t ngi Nga c tin mua sch c in ngoi nc Nga. vic bn c mt khi lng sch ln cho ging vin v sinh vin chng t l c tn ti lng c gi c nhu cu c cc bn dch ny.

Xem trang web www.hse.ru/science/igiti/article_ literature_eng.shtml c thm thng tin v b sch ny, v d n dch thut sinh ra n, v mt th mc y nhng tc phm c xut bn.

Ph lc C

Xut bn hng lot cc bn dch khoa hc x hi


S tay hng dn chung

Baker, Mona. In Other Words. London: Routledge, 1992.

Newmark, Peter. Textbook of Translation. New York: Prentice-Hall International, 1988.

(C hai u l nhng gii thiu chun v nhng mt yu v mt mnh ca qu trnh dch, v trong khi nhn mnh dch vn bn vn hc, hai cun sch ny a ra nhng k thut dch hon ton c th vn dng vo vic dch cc vn bn khoa hc x hi v nhn vn.)

Dch thut v khoa hc x hi

Argenton, Elena. The Translation of Culturebound Terms. Trieste: universita degli Studi di Trieste, 1983.

Barret-ducrocq, Francoise, Les sciences humaines au carrefour des langues. Traduire lEurope. Paris: Payot, 1992.

Katan, david. Translating Cultures: An Introduction for Translators, Interpreters and Mediators. Manchester, uK: St. Jerome Publishing, 1999.

Mossop, Brian. Translating Institutions and Idiomatic Translation. META: Translators Journal, 35(2), 1990, 342355 (revised version available at www.geocities.com/brmossop/mypage.html).

Wallerstein, Immanuel. Concepts in the Social Sciences: Problems of Translation. Translation Spectrum: Essays in Theory and Practice. Ed. M.G. Rose. Albany: State university of New York Press, 1981, 8898. (For excerpts see Appendix H.)

_. Scholarly Concepts: Translation or Interpretation? Translation Horizons. Ed. M.G. Rose. Binghamton, NY: Center for Research in Translation, 1996, 10717.

S tay hng dn v ngn ng

Meertens, Rene. Guide anglais-frangais de la traduction. Paris: Chiron, 2004.

visson, Lynn. From Russian Into English: An Introduction to Simultaneous Interpretation. Ann Arbor, MI: Ardis, 1991. (Mc d quyn ny nhn mnh vic dch hi ngh, ti liu trong sch cng thch hp cho vic bin dch.)

o to

Gile, daniel. Basic Concepts and Models for Translator and Interpreter Training. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1995.

Campbell, Stuart. Translation Into the Second Language. London: Longman, 1998.

Grosman, Meta, ed. Translation Into Non-Mother Tongues. Tubingen: Stauffenberg, 2000.

Kussmaul, Paul. Training the Translator. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1995.

Ph lc d

Mt s sch tham kho


European Association for Language Testing and Assessment Report, www.ealta.eu.org/resources.htm (See also www.ealta.eu.org/links.htm.)

American Translators Association. atanet.org/certification/eligibility_approved.php.

Hng dn dy ngh

Sofer, Morry. The Translators Handbook. 3rd rev. ed. Rockville, Md: Schreiber, 1999. (Cung cp nhng thng tin c ngi bin tp v ngi dch chuyn nghip quan tm: nh gi, phng tin, sch tham kho, mng Internet, ngun nhn lc, nhng hip hi ca ngi dch, o to ngi dch, v.v. . . .)

European Commission. ec.europa.eu/ translation/index_en.htm.

L thuyt

Bell, Roger. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice. London: Longman, 1991.

Bush, Peter and Bassnett, Susan. The Translator as Writer. London/New York: Continuum, 2006.

Chestman, Andrew and Emma Wagner. Can Theory Help Translation? Manchester: St. Jerome, 2002.

Gile, daniel. La Traduction: la comprendre, Vapprendre. Paris: PuF, 2005.

Hacking, Ian. Was There Ever a Radical Mis-translation? Historical Ontology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard university Press, 2002.

Dch my

Bass, Scott. Machine vs. Human Translation www.advancedlanguagetranslation.com/ articles/machine_vs_human_translation.pdf.

Bowker, Lynne. Computer-Aided Translation Technology: A Practical Introduction. Ottawa: university of Ottawa Press, 2002.

Hutchins, John. Computer based translation in Europe and North America, and its future prospects. JAPIO 20th anniversary. (Tokyo: Japan Patent Information Organization, 2005), 156160. http://ourworld.compuserve.com/ homepages/WJHutchins.

Nirenberg, Sergei et al., eds. Readings in Machine Translation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003.

OHagan, Minako and david Ashworth. Translation-Mediated Communication in a Digital World. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 2002.

Somers, Harold, ed. Computers and Translation: A Translators Guide. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2003.

Sch tra cu

Jean delisle et al. Terminologie de la traduction/Translation Terminology/Terminolgia de la traduccion/Terminologie der Ubersetzung. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1999. (Cun sch ny cung cp hai trm khi nim c nh ngha r rng trong bn ngn ng s gip ngi bin tp trao i vi ngi dch.)

Randall, Barry. ALA-LC Romanization Tables. Washington: Library of Congress, 1997.


Tp ch

ATA Chronicle. (American Translators Association. Monthly.)

BABEL. An International Journal on Translation. (International Federation of Translators. Quarterly.)

META. Journal des Traducteurs/Translators Journal. (Organe dInformation et de Recherche clans les domaines de la Traduction, de la Terminologie et de llnterpretation. Quarterly. Available on line: www.erudit.org/revue/meta.)

TTR Traduction, Terminologie, Redaction. (Association Canadienne de Traductologie/Canadian Association for Translation Studies. Biannual.)

Nhng v d v t in chuyn ngnh hu dng

Cassin, Barbara, ed. Vocabulaire europeen des philosophies dictionnaire des intraduisibles. Editions du Seuil. Paris, 2004.

Marshall, Gordon, ed. A Dictionary of Sociology. Oxford: Oxford uP, 1998.

Pearce, david, ed. Macmillan Dictionary of Modern Economics. London: Macmillan, 1992.

Ritter, Harry. Dictionary of Concepts in History. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1986.


Lm vic vi mt dch gi cha c kinh nghim

Khi mi c gng tm mt ngi dch c kinh nghim v c kin thc chuyn mn thch hp khng dn n kt qu g, nh xut bn ca chng ti quyt nh tuyn dng mt nghin cu sinh cng chuyn ngnh. Ch ny tng lm phng vin ti nhng nc m nghin cu ny cp n v ang vit lun n tin s v ch gn vi vn bn cn dch, nhng cha bao gi lm cng vic dch thut c. Ti c vi bui lm vic ban u vi ch. Trong nhng bui gp mt ny, ti gii thch cho ch cc th tc trong qu trnh dch v ch cho ch nhng v d ca nhng bn dch c li m ti pht hin trong qu trnh lm bin tp: dch qu bm st ngha, c ngha l, nhng bn dch qu l thuc vo ngha ca tng t, nhng vn bn cha y nhng cu v nhng on vn phc tp v qu di c th chp nhn c trong ting Php nhng khng th chp nhn c trong ting Anh, v.v. . . . Ti ch cho ch s cn thit phi ti to li ging ni v phong cch nhng khng m qung bt chc vn bn gc. Ti cng trao i vi ch v nhiu ti liu nghin cu v k thut dch: s dng t in ng ngha, c nhng sch vit v cng ch bng ting Anh, v.v. . . . Ti nhn mnh s quan trng

ca vic thit lp v duy tr mi lin h vi tc gi v ngi bin tp, gi mt danh sch nhng cu hi c th cho hai ngi ny, to mt bn ch gii cc t c dch t nhng thut ng chuyn mn, tm nhng bn dch ting Anh chun cc ti liu c trch dn v xc nh ngay nhng trng hp khi nhng bn dch ny cn c sa i, v.v. . . . Qu trnh trao i ny bin thnh mt hi tho nh v k thut dch. Nh c qu trnh di v gian nan ny cng nh tinh thn trch nhim, tr thng minh, v lao ng cn c ca ngi dch m mt bn dch c cht lng xut sc ra i.

Khi ti chia s kinh nghim ny vi mt s ng nghip, h cho rng mc d kt qu c thnh cng n u, th nhng c gng cn c o to ngi dch ti ch vn qu phin toi. Tt nhin l ti khng ng vi vic phi lm mt hi tho nh tng t vi tt c nhng ngi dch mi khi cn dch. Nu nhng nh khoa hc x hi nhn thc c yu cu cn xy dng nhng th h cc nh khoa hc x hi trong tng lai khng nhng c o to tt v ngn ng m cn c o to tt v dch thut th s tt hn rt nhiu.

Ph lc E

Nghin cu tnh hung ca mt ngi bin tp


Gii quyt mt bn dch khng s dng c

vic mt cng trnh nghin cu lin ngnh cn mt ngi dch c th dch c mt vn bn mang c tnh vn hc, lch s, chnh tr hc, phn tm hc, y hc, v nhn hc t th k mi tm n th k hai mi y nh xut bn ca chng ti n ch k hp ng vi mt ngi dch c kinh nghim tng cng tc dch thnh cng cc tc phm vn hc cho chng ti trc . Tuy nhin, sau khi c bn dch th, ti nhn ra rng ngi dch khng c kh nng hiu c, cha ni g n vic ti to li, mt vn bn c ngn ng v cch lp lun khng phi l theo kiu vn hc. Ti gii thch k ton b vn bn cho ngi dch v ngh ngi dch cung cp mt bn dch mi. Ti i chiu vn bn dch mi vi vn bn gc v thy rng kt qu vn cha chp nhn c. do , ti thu mt ngi dch th hai lm li cng vic dch ny. Sa li mt bn dch km cha chc ha hn cho ra mt bn dch hay, nhng trong trng hp ny ng dch gi lm vic tt vi chng ti v cui cng to ra mt bn dch tt. C hai ngi dch ny ng cng k vo bn dch cui cng.

a tc gi vo cuc: cu chuyn cnh bo

Tc gi c th l mt i tc c ch trong qu trnh dch, tr li nhng cu hi ca ngi dch v ngi bin tp, cung cp xut x ca nhng ti liu tham kho, v.v. . . . Tuy nhin, ti nh li mt tnh hung, khi tc gi i qu xa n mc t chn ngi dch, ni rng ch ny trc y tng dch nhng bi tp ch ca tc gi v lm tc gi hi lng. Hn th na, tc gi cn ni rng mnh thnh tho c hai th ting. Nhng trong qu trnh dch chng ti phi lm cho tc gi thy rng ng ta khng phi l mt quan ta c thm quyn nh gi v phong cch hay v vic dch nhng thut ng chuyn mn. Cui cng, tc gi chp nhn rng s lo lng ca chng ti l ng, sau khi c bn nhn xt ca hai chuyn gia v bn dch. Hai chuyn gia ny ph bnh rng bn dch lm ti ngha nhng pht hin mi v mt l thuyt trong tc phm ca tc gi.


Li ph bin nht ca nhng ngi dch cha c kinh nghim l to ra nhng vn bn dch qu l thuc vo nhng yu t hnh thc ca ngn ng gc v t nhiu to ra nhng bn dch theo tng ch mt. Nhng on in thng di y l v d v cch dch ny; nhng on in nghing k theo l bn dch d chp nhn hn. (ch thch: Chng ti khng a ra vn bn gc bi v nhng ngi bin tp khng bit ngn ng gc phi hon ton da trn ngn ng dch.)

* * *

S phn ng ca nhng nh trit hc chuyn nghip i vi ch ngha hin sinh l thun mt hin tng ca s cm t ca h trong mt s hn hp ca nguyn l ca h. Cha bao gi l s mo m ngh nghip r rng hn th. S li d ca u c t cuc sng l mt ci g m xy ra i vi nhng nh trit hc mt cch n gin trong s theo ui ca nhng vn chuyn mn ca chnh h.

S phn ng ca cc nh trit hc chuyn nghip i vi ch ngha hin sinh ch thun tu l mt triu chng ca s cm t trong tnh hn hp ca nguyn l ca h. Cha bao gi s phin din ngh nghip li r n nh vy. S tch ri gia l thuyt v i sng xut hin trong qu trnh cc nh trit hc theo ui nhng vn chuyn mn su.

*

5vn bn gc ting Anh c ngi dch trch t cun sch ca William Barrett, Irrational Man: A Study in Existential Philosophy, doubleday Anchor Book: New York, 1958, trang 9.

Bi v nu con mt ca con vt th linh hn ca n l nh mt bi v y l bn cht nh l mt khi nim v con mt. Con mt l vt cht ca nh mt, v nu nh b tch ri khi iu ny th n khng cn l mt con mt na-hay ch theo mt ngha c bit no thi, nh l mt con mt trn hay trong mt bc tranh.

nh mt l linh hn ca con mt ca con vt v n l thuc tnh bn cht ca khi nim con mt. Con mt l vt cht ca nh mt. Nu tch ri con mt v nh mt th con mt khng cn l mt con mt na hoc n ch cn l con mt theo mt ngha c bit nh l mt con mt trn hay trong mt bc tranh.

*

Bn hng dn m tip theo y c tin ha t d n dch thut Khoa hc X hi, mt sng kin ca Hi ng cc T chc Hc thut Hoa K vi s ti tr t Qu Ford. Chng c mc ch thc y s giao tip trong cc ngnh khoa hc x hi xuyn qua cc bin gii ngn ng.

Nhng hng dn sau y l sn phm ca D n Dch thut trong Khoa hc X hi mt sng kin ca Hi ng cc T chc Hc thut Hoa K do qu Ford ti tr. Nhng hng dn ny nhm thc y s giao tip trao i thng tin xuyn bin gii gia cc ngn ng khc nhau trong lnh vc khoa hc x hi.

*

Ph lc F

V d v nhng on c dch tng ch mt


Lut Trung quc l rt d hiu nhm. N hon ton khng chc rng c ai ngi Trung quc hay ngi nc ngoi hiu c n. L do ca iu ny l khi chng ta ngh v lut, chng ta ngh v mt h thng lut chnh thc ca phng Ty.

Lut Trung quc rt d b hiu sai. Khng hon ton chc l c ngi hiu ng lut Trung quc d l ngi Trung quc hay ngi nc ngoi. L do l khi chng ta ngh v lut php, chng ta ngh v mt h thng lut chnh thng theo kiu phng Ty.

*

Cc bn vit khoa hc x hi c khc bit m bo mt cch tip cn n dch thut khc vi cch dng cho cc bn vit khoa hc t nhin v cc bn vit k thut mt bn, v cc bn vit vn hc bn kia, khng?

Liu cc vn bn khoa hc x hi c tnh c trng i hi mt cch tip cn ring v dch thut, m v mt ny hay mt kia s khc vi cch c p dng vi cc vn bn khoa hc t nhin v nhng vn bn chuyn mn, hay tc phm vn hc, hay khng?

*

Mt cch l tng, v th, ngi dch phi l ngi khng ch thun ty c k nng dch nh mt k nng chung m quen vi vn hc ca chuyn ngnh nh trong thi gian di, v tt hn l mt ai vi mi quan tm trc tip n ti liu ang bn n trong bn vit.

Do , trng hp l tng l ngi dch phi l ngi khng ch thun tu c k nng dch nh l mt k thut chung, m phi l ngi quen vi ti liu v ngn ng chuyn mn ca vn bn cn dch qua mt thi gian lm vic di, v cng tt hn nu l ngi quan tm trc tip n ni dung ang c bn lun trong vn bn.

*

Ba mi nm sau, nc Nht m trong nhng ngi n ng m v t ch c nhn v tranh lun v ngha ca t do v hin i vi cc l hng trong giy ca h v ci i c xoa du bng qu mp t nhng vn b t ng sau v m lm t la m t thin ca M nc Nht ra i t vnh vin.

Ba mi nm sau, vnh vin khng cn ci nc Nht ni nhng ngi n ng m c v t ch c nhn v tranh lun v ngha ca t do v hin i trong khi chn i giy thng v chng c vi cn i bng nhng qu mp hi t mnh vn sau nh v m vin tr ca M.


Mc d trong nhng nm 1950, vo bui bnh minh ca k nguyn my tnh, nhng ngi xng dch my (dM) d on rng my tnh s nhanh chng c kh nng to ra nhng sn phm dch ch bng cch n gin l bm nt, nhng n nhng nm 1960 v 1970 h bt u nghi ng kh nng ny. Tuy nhin, c hai din bin quan trng xy ra trong hn hai thp nin va qua: my tnh bt u c kh nng gii quyt c cng vic dch thut, v ngnh dch thut hiu y hn v vic my tnh c th lm c g v khng lm c g.

Khi cn nhng sn phm dch t cht lng xut bn th mi cch dch cch dch dng ngi dch (dN) v dch bng my (dM) u c vai tr ring ca n. dM chng t n c hiu qu so vi chi ph b ra (r) khi cn dch khi lng ln v/hoc dch nhanh nhng ti liu k thut (chn ngt), nhng hng dn x dng phn mm (c nhiu t lp i lp li), cng nh trong nhiu tnh hung khc, khi chi ph ca dM cng vi s chun b v hiu nh thit yu ca con ngi hay chi ph cho vic s dng nhng cng c dch c my tnh ho (my tnh bn, v.v. . . .) r hn ng k so vi cch dN truyn thng thiu h tr ca my vi tnh. Tri li, khi cn dch nhng vn bn khng c nhiu t lp li v s dng ngn ng rt tinh vi phc tp (v d vn hc v lut), v

thm ch c khi cn dch nhng vn bn c nht vi nhng ch c bit c tnh chuyn mn cao, th vn khng c g c th thay th c dN.6

Nhng din bin ny xy trong thi gian rt ngn. Cc chnh ph, t chc phi chnh ph, gii truyn thng, v cc hc gi ang i u vi nhng hu qu v ngn ng ca qu trnh ton cu ho, tc v phm vi ca s giao lu ton cu ang bng n. Nu bo in ca Gutenberg xo b cn tr ca thi gian, th Internet xo b khong cch khng gian. S thiu thn nhng dch v dch thut hu hiu tr thnh ro cn cui cng i vi vic giao lu t do gia cc dn tc khc nhau trn th gii.

Ngun ti liu tim nng nhiu n mc khng phi tc phm no cng c th c chuyn i mt cch hon ho t mt ngn ng ny sang mt ngn ng khc. dch mt cch hon ho cho n gn y vn c coi l tiu chun ch nm mt u ca mt biu biu din cc kh nng dch c th xy ra. dch mt cch hon ho vn l chun mc khi dch cc cng c quc t v hip nh gia cc chnh ph, kt qu thm d kin, kho st, n xin kinh ph, v.v. . . . nhng vn bn m c khi c dch ra mt ngn ng mi vn phi c xem l vn bn chnh thc v nhng tc phm hc thut. vi nhng vn bn ny, nhng gi tr (tiu ch) thng c s dng nh gi bn dch, nh tnh chnh xc (khi ti to li ni dung) v tin cy (khi ti to li hnh thc) vn rt thch hp. u kia ca biu ny l cc loi

6John Hutchins. Computer based translation in Europe and North America, and its future prospects. JAPIO 20th anniversary. (Tokyo: Japan Patent Information Organization, 2005), 156160. http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/WJHutchins.

Ph lc G

Dch my


bn dch ri rc tng mnh khc, m mc ch ca chng ch l c thng tin v mt ch hay thm ch n gin l v mt ch th no , ngha l ch cn c c thng tin t bn gc tr li nhng cu hi ai, lm g, khi no, v u. y, mi quan tm chnh l v ni dung. Khi nhng t chc chnh ph hoc nhng ngi tm kim thng tin trn mng internet cn bit, mt vn bn (hoc mt trang web) c phc v c nhu cu ca h hay khng, y chnh l lc dch my tr thnh phng n ti u. dM cng c th phc v vic tm kim v dch nhng t chnh hoc cung cp mt bn dch th ca cc bn tm tt bn gc (i khi c th gi l nhng chnh). Ni chung, ch ng ca dM l bc khi u ca qu trnh dch, l mt phng tin tin ti mc ch ch bn thn n khng phi l sn phm cui cng.

dch vi s tr gip ca my tnh l mt tin b ln trong thi gian gn y trong qua trnh phi hp gia dM v dN. Phn ln nhng ngi dch s dng cc cng c tham chiu nh t in v t in ng ngha trn mng. dch vi s tr gip

ca my tnh cn tin xa hn, bng cch kt hp dng phn mm c nhng kh nng v d nh t ng ghi v lu li mt s cu trc ng php hoc cch sp xp t nht nh (cng c ny c bit hu dng m bo s nht qun khi dch cc thut ng chuyn mn) trong c ngn ng gc v ngn ng dch, v gi cho ngi dch khi h gp li nhng t hay cu trc ng php ny trong vn bn. Xem thm Scott Bass, Machine vs. Human Translation www.advancedlanguagetranslation.com/articles/machine_vs_human_translation.pdf.

d ni vy, nhng s c gng i hi t pha nhng ngi dch chuyn cc bn tho dch my hay thm ch bn dch vi s h tr ca my vi tnh thnh nhng bn dch c th xut bn c c th cng vn s gian nan ngang vi cch dch theo phng php truyn thng. Kt qu l, trong thi gian ti, nhng vn bn tinh vi phc tp v ngn ng dnh cho c gi tinh tng vn s tip tc i hi mt qu trnh dch nh c m t trong bn hng dn ny.


Trch t bi Concepts in the Social Sciences: Problems of Translation ca Immanuel Waller-stein, in trong tp Translation Spectrum: Essays in Theory and Practice do Marilyn Gaddis Rose bin tp (Albany: State university of New York Press, 1981), trang 8889.

Mt vn bn khoa hc x hi s dng cc khi nim vi t cch l phng thc chnh truyn t trao i thng tin. Nhng khi nim ny nhiu t c tc gi nh ngha v vn dng mt cch r rng. Mt mt, nhng khi nim ny l nhng tham chiu v ngha, nhng tng hp d kin hay cch phn loi c thng nht s dng chung. vn bn s tr nn v ngha nu thut ng ca n khng phi l nhng khi nim c mt s ngi khc thng nht cng s dng. Mt khc, nhng khi nim ny khng mang tnh ph qut (khng c tt c mi ngi chp nhn v s dng) v thng l i tng ca nhng bt ng cng khai v d di. dch mt khi nim tht tt, ngi dch phi bit (a) mc khi nim thc s c chp nhn cng s dng (v nhng ai chp nhn cng s dng) ti thi im khi nim c vit ra cng nh khi c dch, v (b) nhng khc bit trong cc cng ng nhng ngi thng nht s dng khi nim ny trong mi ngn ng (Nd. ngn ng gc v ngn ng dch). Ngi dch cng nn c kh nng on c tc gi hiu bit n mc no v mc khi nim ny c thng nht s dng ngha l tc gi c bit v cuc tranh lun din ra xung quanh khi nim khng, hay c mun cng nhn rng mt cuc tranh lun nh th l chnh ng hay khng.

y l mt yu cu cao, v hu nh khng c mt tp sch tham kho no c th cung cp nhng thng tin nh vy. Mt cun t in, ngay c cun t in tt nht, th cui cng cng khng gip c g nhiu. Thng th bch khoa ton th c tc dng hn. Tht s l cch duy nht c c kin thc ny l c rng trong nhng lnh vc chuyn su lin quan v c bng c hai ngn ng.

do , trng hp l tng l ngi dch phi l ngi khng ch thun tu c k nng dch nh l mt k thut chung, m phi l ngi quen vi ti liu v ngn ng chuyn mn ca vn bn cn dch qua mt thi gian lm vic di, v cng tt hn nu l ngi quan tm trc tip n ni dung ang c bn lun trong vn bn. Trng hp l tng ny s khng tr thnh hin thc cho n khi chng ta tin n xy dng c mt tp th nhng dch gi chuyn v khoa hc x hi v c o to v k thut dch v khoa hc x hi. y ti s khng bn n nhng iu kin tin quyt v mt t chc thnh lp mt i ng cn b nh vy. Ch cn ni rng vn cha c nhng ngi dch nh vy. Hu ht vic dch thut trong lnh vc khoa hc x hi u c thc hin bi cc nh khoa hc x hi, nhng ngi khng gii lm vi t cch l nhng ngi dch, hoc bi nhng ngi dch c kin thc v vn hc hn l v khoa hc x hi. Kt qu tht kinh khng (tt nhin cng c mt s ngoi l ng lu , nhng rt him).

Ph lc H


Ting Anh ngy cng tr thnh ngn ng tin hnh trao i hc thut quc t trong khoa hc x hi. S lng vn bn c dch t ting Anh ln hn rt nhiu s lng vn bn c dch sang ting Anh. Hn na, cc nh khoa hc x hi ca nhng cng ng khng ni ting Anh khp ni trn th gii v ang chuyn sang vit bng ting Anh. Chng ti tin rng thc tin ny gy ra nhng vn kh khn cho khoa hc x hi, v chng ti ku gi cc nh khoa hc x hi khng nn t b vic vit bng ngn ng ca dn tc mnh.

Cc khi nim trong khoa hc x hi v nhng thut ng c dng chuyn ti chng c nh hnh bi nhng c tnh ca ngn ng m khi nim ny c hnh thnh ln u, v kt qu l chng chu nh hng ca nhng tri nghim lch s v vn ho ca ngi s dng ngn ng ny. Trong tc phm Fragments of a Monograph on the Basques (Mt s phn trong chuyn kho v ngi Basque), Humboldt vit: Tnh a dng ca cc ngn ng khng th b quy gin v tnh a dng ca nhng tn gi ca mt s vt. Chng l nhng gc nhn nhn khc nhau v s vt . . . . do vy, s phong ph ca th gii v ca nhng g chng ta nhn thc trong th gii tng t l thun vi tnh a dng ca ngn ng, v chnh s a dng ny li m rng gii hn s tn ti ca loi ngi v em li cho chng ta cch cm ngh mi (Gesammelte Schriften, vII: 602). Xu hng ting Anh tr thnh ngn ng quc t (the lingua franca) trong khoa hc x hi (ting Anh tr thnh ngn ng quc t ca khoa hc t nhin ri) lm hn ch kh nng to ra nhng gc nhn nhn khc nhau ca nhng khoa hc ny m Humboldt cp.

Xu hng thng tr ca mt ngn ng duy nht v ang gy ra nhng hu qu c hi khn lng. Mt l, nhng ngi vit bng ngoi ng, d h thng tho n u, cng kh m din t tng ca mnh trong sng v tinh t c nh nhng ngi vit bng ting m . Hai l, s thiu vng nhng tc phm nghin cu khoa hc x hi c pht trin tt trong mt ngn ng no s lm gim c s trao i tho lun v nhng vn chuyn mn trong cng ng ngn ng . Th ba, nhng hnh thc t duy v lp lun ca cng ng khoa hc x hi Anh M tr thnh tiu chun cng nhc (Procrustean bed) theo mi hnh thc t duy v lp lun khc phi g mnh cho ph hp. iu ny lm tng s n iu v ngho nn ca trao i hc thut trong khoa hc x hi.

T nhng quan st ny, v t bn hng dn ca chng ti, c th ni rng cc bn dch tinh t cc nghin cu c vit da trn nhng gc nhn nhn khc nhau qua nhng ngn ng v nn vn ho khc nhau c th gip thc y mt cuc i thoi su hn gia cc nn vn ho, v tip thm sc sng cho khoa hc x hi. do vy, cc hc gi cn quan tm nhiu hn ti vai tr ca dch thut trong nhng chuyn ngnh ca mnh. H cn phi thc hin nhng bc i c th nhm khuyn khch ng nghip lu nm cng nh tr tui ca mnh dch cc tc phm quan trng c vit bng ngoi ng, v thng bo cho cc t chc cp hc bng/kinh ph nghin cu cng nh hi ng xt cng nhn gio s bit v tnh cht hc thut v tm quan trng ca nhng cng trnh dch .

Ph lc I

Cc nh khoa hc x hi cn phi vit bng ngn ng ca dn tc mnh

Hng dn dch vn bn khoa hc x hiMc tiuBn hng dn ra i nh th no?Ti sao nht thit phi c hng dn?Nt c th ca vn bn khoa hc x hiTi tr cho mt bn dchAi l ngi dch?Chn ngi dchTrao i gia cn b bin tp v dch giTrao i gia tc gi v dch giNi a ha* v ngoi lai hoNhng cm by trong vic dch vn bn khoa hc x hiSa li trong vn bnXa b nhng c tnh ring trong phong cchThay i phng php lp lunNhng t ng m khc nghaKhi nim cng tn nhng khc nghaDi dngThut ng khng nht qunNgn ng gn vi mt giai on c th

Gii quyt nhng kh khn v thut ng chuyn mnnh giKin ngh cui cng

Ph Lc A Thnh vin ca D n Dch thut trong Khoa hc X hiPh lc B Ch gii thut ngsong ng (bilingual)dch cn ke (calque)ni a ho (domesticate)ngn ng thnh tho nht (dominant language)t ng m khc ngha trong cc ngn ng khc nhau (false friend)ngoi lai ho (foreignize)ngi ni ngn ng c k tha (heritage speaker)phin dch/thng dch (interpreting, interpretation)t vng (lexicon)dch vay mn (loan translation)t vay mn (loanword)ting m (native language)ngi ni ting m (native speaker)ngn ng gc (source language)c php (syntax)ngn ng dch (target language)thut ng chuyn mn (technical term)

Ph lc C Xut bn hng lot cc bn dch khoa hc x hiPh lc D Mt s sch tham khoS tay hng dn chungDch thut v khoa hc x hiS tay hng dn v ngn ngo toHng dn dy nghL thuytDch mySch tra cuTp chNhng v d v t in chuyn ngnh hu dng

Ph lc E Nghin cu tnh hung ca mt ngi bin tpLm vic vi mt dch gi cha c kinh nghimGii quyt mt bn dch khng s dng ca tc gi vo cuc: cu chuyn cnh bo

Ph lc F V d v nhng on c dch tng ch mtPh lc G Dch myPh lc HPh lc I Cc nh khoa hc x hi cn phi vit bng ngn ng ca dn tc mnh

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