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Types of Maps
Physical • landforms, bodies of water, etc.
Political• Man made borders/boundaries
Historical Thematic Population Density Maps Resource or product maps
Latitude and Longitude Latitude -Horizontal, run parallel and measure
north and south Equator -Zero degrees latitude
Longitude –meet at the poles and measure east and west
Prime Meridian –zero degrees longitude
Using Latitude and Longitude-Find the Latitude 30°N
-Find the Longitude 95°W-What city is this point close to?
Earth’s Seven Continents
Antarctica North America South America Africa Europe Asia Australia
Oceans
Atlantic Pacific Indian Arctic *Southern
Major Seas & Gulfs
Mediterranean Black Sea Red Sea Persian Gulf Gulf of
Mexico
Major Mountain Ranges
Himalayas Rockies Andes Alps Urals Atlas Appalachians
Major Rivers
Mississippi Rio Grande St. Lawrence Amazon Nile Rhine
Danube Tigris Euphrates Volga Ganges Yangtze
The Nile’s periodic flooding provided invaluable siltfor the ancient Egyptians
Layers of the Earth Hydrosphere Atmosphere Biosphere Lithosphere or crust Mantle Outer Core Inner Core
Plate Tectonics
Moved by convection in the mantle
Plate Tectonic Theory: the Earth’s lithosphere is divided into large slabs of rock known as tectonic plates
Weathering
Mechanical• Breaking rock into
smaller rock
Chemical• Actually forming a
new substance (like rust)
Tides and Currents
Tides• Bulges in the
ocean caused by gravitational pull
Currents• Circulate warm
and cold water that regulate the Earth’s temp.
LAMECOWS
Latitude• Affects amount of sun radiation• Zones of latitude (high, mid, low)
Air Pressure• Caused by unequal heating of earth’s surface• High=cold• Low=warm
Mountain Barriers• Rain shadow Effect: Mountains block wind and rain
Elevation• Increase in elevation = Decrease in temperature
LAMECOWS
Continental Location• Coastline has a
stable temperature• Interior of continent
has extreme temperatures (hotter & colder)
Ocean Currents
Wind Belts
Storms• Occur during low
pressure conditions• Front = two air
masses with different temps meet
Wind Video
Seasons
The earth’s tilt and revolution cause different parts of the Earth, to receive different amounts of sunlight
Human-Environment Interaction
GIS and Disasters
Systems that merge info from satellites & land based sources
Helps pinpoint hazards & warncitizens/officialsof danger
GIS software commercial
What is Culture?
A peoples way of life… Customs Roles Institutions Religions Gender Roles Family Structure Language Technology
Institutions
Organizations developed to make social roles clear
World Religions
Religion Video
Southwest Asia Monotheistic Religions
Judaism • Oldest monotheistic• Founded by Abraham • Holy book is the Torah (1st 5 books of the old testament)
Christianity• Christians believe that Jesus was God’s son on Earth & died
for our sins• Holy book is the Bible (old & new testament)
Islam• Founded by the prophet Muhammad• Holy book is the Koran• Follow the 5 pillars of faith
South Asian Religions Hinduism
• Oldest major religion• Follows the caste system
Buddhism• No god is worshiped• The goal is to reach nirvana through the 8 fold
path• Founded by Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)
Sikhism• Monotheistic• Combine Hindu and Muslim beliefs(believe in reincarnation, but also in one god)
Animism
Belief that many things in nature have their own spirit
Native Americans Japanese – Shinto Central Africa
Social Structure Social mobility –how
easy is it to improve your social class?
Caste System
US Society
Multicultural Societies Ethnic Group
• Group sharing common ancestry & common culture
Homogeneous societies• Almost everyone belongs to the
same ethnic group Multicultural or heterogeneous
• Mix of people and cultures Minority
• A group other than the dominate group
• Ethnic prejudice• Genocide or ethnic cleansing
The former Yugoslavia
Regions Cultural
• Characteristics of the people living there
• Ex. The “middle east” Formal
• Clear boundaries/borders• Ex. The USA
Functional• An area that works together• Ex. Greater Houston area
Perceptual• Based on people’s attitudes
& emotions• Ex. “deep south” or “the
midwest”
Demography
The study of populations, where and why they settle
Factors• Landforms• Climate• Nearness to water• Natural resources• Economies• Technology
Industrialization & Urbanization
Pre-industrial• Nomads• Agriculture• Rise in urban-type cultures
After the industrial revolution• Rapid urbanization• Cities became more business oriented
Current Population Trends• Massive population growth after the start of
the industrial revolution (1700- 1800’s)• Spread of new and better medical practices
Population Density Maps
Dot Population Map
Always make sure you DOUBLE check you key!
Population Pyramids
Shows age and sex distribution
Migration - Push & Pull Factors
Social• Religious
persecution• Closer to family
Political• Wars• Citizens’ rights
Economic• New job• Factory shuts down
Environmental• Famine
Cultural Diffusion & Convergence
Spatial exchange• Ideas, products,
customs, etc. Spread from place to another.
Convergence• Different cultures
become more similar
Silk Road
Ancient trade route between east Asia and Europe
Columbian Exchange
Diffusion that resulted from European voyages to the Americas
Pandemics
Widespread exchange of diseases
Plague Video
Recent examples of diffusion and convergence
Democratic ideas• A large number of countries began to switch in the
mid 1980’s English
• Many countries learn English as a second language• More than a billion people understand English
New Technology• With the internet, more and more people have
access to technology Sports
• The Olympics and World cup soccer are just a few worldwide sporting events
Cultural Divergence
Different parts of a cultural region are exposed to different influences & become dissimilar• Ex. The split of the
Roman empire with exposure to the Germanic tribes
• Ex. Rwanda with the Belgium colonization
•
Innovations through technology Transportation
• In the 1700’s the steam engine powered ships and trains and drastically changed travel
• The transcontinental railroad gave safer, faster access to the west
• Cars and airplanes used the combustion engine which was developed in the early 1900’s
Types of Governments Monarchy
• Royal family• Constitutional Monarchy (Great Britain)
Republic • No king/queen or dictator• Democracy – people make decisions• Direct & representative Democracies
Dictatorships• Ruled by one person• Totalitarian – total control
Theocracy• Ruled by religious leaders
Nations Political Power
• Each government establishes clear boundaries over which it asserts its authority
Borders can change with conflict p.243• Ex. Poland• Ex. Israel and Palestine
Sovereign Government• A government has the
final control over what happens within it’s borders
International Relations
Balance of Power• The idea that if a country becomes too
strong, the other countries will band together against it
United Nations• The UN security council has the power
to send forces to areas of conflict European Union
• Created for ease of trade• Common currency & support
United Nations
European Union
Nationalism
The belief that each nation should have it’s own government
Strong sense of pride in your country Patriotism is the belief that we should
obey our nations laws and rally to it’s defense
Economic Systems
Traditional Socialist Communist Free Enterprise, Free Market, or
Capitalism Mixed Economies
Traditional
Based on how ancestors have meet their needs
Barter system Subsistence agriculture
• Farming enough to feed your family, not for selling
Amish Farmers
Free Enterprise
Supply and Demand drives the market• When demand is high, sellers charge more $
Little government regulation
Free Enterprise
Producers struggle for the dollars of consumers.
This competition regulates price and brings better quality products
It all happens without a government plan. This phenomenon is called “the invisible hand”
Adam Smith
Communism
All means of production are controlled by the government
Based off of Karl Marx’s idea that capitalism put the wealth in the hands of a few
Eliminates competition which makes innovation stagnate
Karl Marx
Socialism
Where the government controls some major industries, but leaves others for private business
Examples• CITGO is the national oil company of
Venezuela• Government run healthcare
Mixed Economies
There are very few, if any, economies that aren’t mixed in some form
Continuum of Mixed Economies
Communist Free Enterprise
Source: 1999 Index of Economic Freedom, Bryan T. Johnson, Kim R. Holmes, and Melanie Kirkpatrick
Iran
North Korea
Cuba
China
Russia Greece Peru United States
South Africa France United Kingdom
Canada Singapore
Hong Kong
Socialist
Human Development Index
Less• Countries with lower standards of living
and less and less advanced technologies Mid or Newly Industrialized
• On the move from less developed to more
High• Countries with more advanced
economies
Demographic Indicators
Life expectancy Mortality rates Birth rates Infant mortality rates
Countries that are less developed usually have a lower life expectancy
and higher infant mortality
Economic Indicators
GDP• Total value of good and services produced by a
country GDP per capita
• The average per person of the value of good and services produced by a country
Others• Cars• Phones• TVs• Computers
Social/Political Indicators
Literacy rates Voting rights Human rights Tolerance for different points of view
Levels of Economic Activity Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
Natural• A huge advantage for countries who are rich in
natural resources Human
• Some countries like China have a large number of workers who are willing to work for much lower wages
Capital• Goods used to make other goods or services• infrastructure
Entrepreneurship• People who bring together the productive
resources
Productive Resources
Trade
Trade Agreements• These reduce tariffs and
make trade easier• NAFTA (North American
Free Trade Association)• European Union
Common currency Members can live and
work in any EU country without restriction
Outsourcing
Hiring other companies, often overseas, to provide production services
outsourcing along with free trade agreements are a big part of what makes globalization possible