STABILIZATION OF SARAWAK PEAT BY DIFFERENT TYPES OF STABILIZER of Sarawak peat by... ·...

STABILIZATION OF SARAWAK PEAT BY DIFFERENT TYPES OF STABILIZER

Md Aminur Rahman

Master of Engineering 2010

PKHIDMAT MAKLUMAT AKADEMIK

111111111 IIimslll III 1III 1000246357

STABILIZAnON OF SARA W AK PEAT BY DIFFERENT TYPES OF STABILIZER

MD AMINUR RAHMAN

A thesis submitted in fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering

Faculty of Engineering UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAW AK

2010

----- ----- - -

Acknowledgement

I would like to acknowledge my supervisors Assoc Prof Dr Prabir Kumar Ko)ay and Dr Siti

Noor Linda Bt Hj Taib for their constant support and obligatory direction also their

perseverance with my some ideas and running hypothesis Special thanks to Prof Dr Kopli

Bujang and CGS staffs for their generosity advice and guidance From this I am beginning to

appreciate how a structured directed and enthusiastic approach to research such as this has many

benefits including success Although in saying that there are many walls encountered in research

and without perseverance and lateral thinking some ofthem would never be overcome

I also would like to acknowledge the Ministry of Science Technology and Innovation (MOSTI)

Malaysia and UNlMAS postgraduate scholarship (ZPU) for financial support Also [ would like

to express deep gratitude for the technical supports offered by the Geotechnical laboratory staff

and the Construction on Soft Soil Group members University Malaysia Sarawak

Finally I would like to acknowledge my beloved parents brothers and friends for their eternal

support and understanding my goals and aspirations It is from them that I have drawn all my

determination and perseverance as there have been many occasions where I have questioned my

direction and purpose Without help and appreciations I w~uld have not been able to complete

much of what I done and become who I am

ABSTRACT

The present research describes a study on tropical peat soil stabilization by using different

chemicals to improve physical and geotechnical properties The samples were collected from

eight different locations of Matang Sarawak Malaysia Among them two samples were selected

with higher percentage of organic content for geotechnical characterization and the remaining

samples were used only for physical characterization In this study ordinary Portland cement

(OPC) quick lime (QL) coal fly ash (FA) and different types of chemical namely C 1 (Mix of

2 sodium sulphate (Na2S04) 050 sodium chloride (NaCl) and 010 triethanolamine

(C6HJsN03raquo C2 (260 Calcium sulphate (CaS04raquo and C3 (260 Aluminum sulphate

(Ah(S04)3raquo and 2 NaOH were used with peat soil samples to check the strength gain The

amount of OPC QL and FA added to the peat soil sample as percentage of the dry soil mass

were in the range of 5 to 25 2 to 8 and 5 to 25 respectively The Unconfined Compressive

Strength (UCS) tests were carried out for curing period of 7 - 120 days and the California

Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests were carried out after 96 hours of soaking on treateduntreated peat

soil samples The result shows that UCS and CBR values increases significantly with the

increase of stabilizers used However in case of FA and QL the UCS value increases up to 20

amp 6 respectively with a curing period of 28 days but decreases or rather steady beyond this

percentage Comparing the performance of these stabilizers ordinary Portland cement is the most

suitable stabilizer but in case of 5 OPC and FA plus 26 CaS04 where the peat soil was first

treated with NaOH is better than only 5 OPC and FA stabilized peat soil Few UCS tests have

been conducted with the combination of FA and QL to study their combined effect The CBR

11

result for combination ofFA and ope shows better strength as compared with only FA and peat

soil The present research also establish few correlations between different physical and

geotechnical properties of tropical peat soils from Sarawak Malaysia and the results indicate

reasonably good correlations for this particular tropical peat soil A design chart has also been

developed on treated peat soil with different types of stabilizers Engineers can refer to these

correlations and design chart in order to comprehend the preliminary behavior and to determine

the ultimate bearing capacity of stabilized peat soil for long term curing period where the

geotechnical data are not readily available In addition few Scanning Electron Microscope

(SEM) studies were carried out on original and stabilized peat soil to investigate their

microstructure

111

ABSTRAK

Kajian ini membicangkan kaedah pemantapan tanah gambut tropika dengan menggunakan bahan

kimia yang berbeza untuk meningkatkan ciri-ciri fizikal dan geoteknikalnya Sampel tanah dikutip

dari lapan lokasi yang berbeza di Matang Sarawak Malaysia Antaranya dua sampel yang

mengandungi peratusan kandungan organik yang lebih tinggi dipilih untuk pencirian geoteknikal dan

sampel yang selebihnya digunakan untuk pencirian fizikal Dalam kajian ini simen Portland biasa

(OPC) kapur tohor (QL) abu batu arang (FA) dan bahan kimia yang lain iaitu Cl (Campuran 2

Natrium Sulfat (Na2S04) 050 Natrium Klorida (NaCl) dan 010 Trietanolamina (C6H 1sN03))

C2 (260 Sulfat Calcium (CaS04)) dan C3 (260 Sulfat Aluminum (Ah(S04h)) dan 2 Natrium

Hidroksida (NaOH) dicampurkan ke dalam tanah gambut untuk memeriksa kekuatan yang diperolehi

Jumlah OPC QL dan FA yang ditambahkan ke dalam sampel tanah gambut sebagai peratusan jisim

tanah kering berada dalam julat 5 - 25 2 - 8 dan 5 - 25 masing-masing Ujian Kekuatan

Mampatan Tak Terkurung (DCS) dijalankan bagi tempoh pengawetan 7 - 120 hari manakala ujian

California Bearing Ratio (CBR) dijalankan selepas 96 jam pengawetan pada tanah gambut asalltanah

gambut yang dirawat Keputusan UCS dan CBR menunjukkan peningkatan yang nyata dengan

peningkatan penstabil yang digunakan Walau bagaimanapun bagi pengunaan FA dan QL nilai UCS

meningkat sebanyak 20 dan 6 masing-masing bagi tempoh pengawetan 28 hari tetapi berkurang

atau agak stabil apabila peratusan ini dilepasi Dengan membandingkan prestasi penstabil ini simen

Portland biasa (OPC) adalah penstabil yang paling sesuai akan tetapi sekiranya 5 OPC dan FA

dicampurkan 26 CaS04 di mana tanah gambut diperawetkan dengan NaOH terdahulu menjadi

lebih baik jika dibandingkan dengan hanya 5 OPC dan FA yang digunakan untuk memantapkan

tanah gambut Beberapa ujian UCS dikendalikan dengan mengabungkan FA dan QL untuk

IV

mempelajari kesan pengabungan mereka Hasil ujian CBR bagi pengabungan FA dan OPC

menunjukkan kekuatan yang lebih tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan pengabungan FA dan tanah

gambut sahaja Kajian ini juga menjalinkan hubung kait antara perbezaan ciri-ciri fizikal dan

geoteknikal tanah gambut tropika dari Sarawak Malaysia dan keputusannya menunjukkan hubung

kait yang baik untuk tanah gambut tropika ini Satu carta rekabentuk tentang tanah gambut yang

dimantapkan dengan pelbagai penstabil juga dibina lurutera-jurutera boleh merujuk kepada hubung

kait dan carta rekabentuk untuk memahami tingkah laku awal dan menentukan keupayaan galas

muktamad bagi tanah gambut yang distabilkan untuk tempoh pengawetan jangka panjang di mana

data geoteknikalnya tidak mudah didapati Sebagain tambahan beberapa Scanning Electron

Microscope (SEM) juga dijalankan bagi tanah gambut asal dan yang dimantapkan untuk mengaji

mikrostruktur mereka

v

Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akadcmlk UNlVERSm MALAYSIA SARAWAK

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknow ledge me n t

Abstract

Table of Contents

List of Abbreviations and Notations

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

11 Background

12 Statement of the problem

13 Objectives ofthe study

14 Significance 0 f this research

15 Organization ofthe thesis

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

21 General

22 Highly organic or peat soil

23 Soil stabilization

23 1 Stabilization ofsoH using fly ash

232 Stabilization of soil using cement

1-1

ll-V

VI-XVlll

XVlll-XIX

1-4

4-6

6-7

7-7

7-8

9-9

10-12

13-18

19-22

VI

I

233 Stabilization of soil using lime

234 Stabilization of soil by other stabilizers

23 5 California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test

24 Correlation between different physical and geotechnical properties ofpeat

23 Summary

CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

31 General

32 Materials

321 Peat soil

322 Stabilizers

33 Methodology

331 Determination ofphysical properties

3311

3312

33 13

33 14

33 15

3316

3317

Moisture content

Degree ofdecomposition

Fiber content

Atterberg limits

Specific gravity

Loss on ignition (LOI) and organic content (OC)

pH test

332 Determination of Engineering Properties

3321 Standard Proctor test

Vll

22-24

24-27

28-28

28-29

29-30

31-31

31 -32

32-32

32-33

33-33

33-34

34-34

35-35

35-36

36-36

36-37

3322 Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test

33221 Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test37-37

33222 Sample preparation for UCS test 38-38

3323 California bearing ratio (CBR) test 38-39

3324 Quantity of Stabilizer and curing period 39-40

333 Scanning electron microscope (SEM) 40-41

CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

41 General 42-42

42 Physical Properties

421 Natural water content test 43-43

422 Degree ofdecomposition test 44-44

423 Fiber content test 44-45

424 Loss on ignition (N) and organic content (OC) test 45-46

425 Liquid limit (LL) test 46-47

426 Specific gravity (Gs) test 47-48

427 pH test 48-49

428 Effect of stabilizer on liquid limit (LL) and specific gravity (Gs) 49-51

43 Geotechnical Properties

431 Standard Proctor test 51-53

432 Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test 53-59

Vlll

43 2 1 Effect of chemical on OPC and FA stabilized peat

433 California bearing ratio (CBR) test


45 Correlation between UCS strength and different percentages of stabilizers

46 Morphological characteristics

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5l

52

53

Summary

Conclusion

Recommendation

REFERENCES

APPENDIX A

ALl Moisture content ofpeat samples

A12 Moisture content of coal ash samples

A13 Fiber conten t ofpeat soil samples

A 14 Loss on ignition and organic content ofpeat soil samples

A 15 Loss on ignition ofcoal ash samples

A16 Liquid limit test (Sample M 1)

A 17 Liquid limit test (Sample M2)

IX

59-62

62-63

63-67

67-69

70-72

73-74

74-75

75-76

77-90

91-92

92-92

93-93

93-94

94-95

95-95

95-96

A18 Liquid limit test (Sample M3)


A 11 0 Liquid limit test (Sample M5)


A1l2 Liquid limit test (Sample M7)


A1l4 Liquid limit test (Sample FA-Ol)

AIl5 Liquid limit test (Sample FA-02)

A1 16 Liquid limit test (Sample FA-03)

AU 7 Liquid limit test (Sample PA-C)

AU8 Liquid limit test (Sample PA-M)

AU9 Liquid limit test (Sample PA-F)

A120 Specific gravity ofpeat soil samples

A121 Specific gravity of Coal ash samples

APPENDIXB

BL1 Standard Proctor test ofpeat sample (M 1)

B12 Standard Proctor test of peat samples (M2-M8)

B13 Standard Proctor test of coal ash samples

96-97

97-97

97-98

98-98

99-99

99-100

100-100

100-101

101-101

101-102

102-102

103-103

104-104

105-105

106-106

107-107

107-107

x

APENDIX C

Cll California Bearing Ratio of original peat (MI sample)

Cl2 California Bearing Ratio of 10FA+Peat

Cl3 California Bearing Ratio of20 and 30FA+Peat

Cl4 California Bearing Ratio of 10 and 20OPC+Peat

Cl5 California Bearing Ratio of30OPC and combination of 5OPC+ IOFA

C16 California Bearing Ratio of combination of5OPC+20 and 30FA

APPENDIX-D

Dll UCS test ofpeat soil samples (36 mm 0 Mold)

Dlll Calculation for the mass of materials

Dl12 Sample S-I (Original Peat M I 50 rom 0)

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 11 Peat Soil Distribution Map in Sarawak Malaysia

Figure 41 Variation of LL with curing periods

Figure 42 V ruiation of Gs with curing periods

Figure 43 Proctor Test for different location of peat soil samples

Figure 44 Proctor Test for different location of coal ash samples

Figure 45 UCS results on stabilized peat soil with different ofQL

Xl

108-109

109-110

110-111

111-112

112-113

113-114

115-115

116-116

6-6

50-50

50-50

52-52

52-52

54-54

Figure 46 ues results on stabilized peat soil with different ofQL 54-54

Figure 47 ues results on stabilized peat soil with different ofope 55-55


Figure 49 ues results on stabilized peat soil with different ofFA 55-55

Figure 410 Ues results on stabilized peat soil with di fferent of FA 55-55

Figure 411 ues results on stabilized peat with different of QL+5FA 56-56

Figure 412 ues results on stabilized peat with different of QL+5F A 56-56

Figure 413 ues results on stabilized peat with different of QL+ lOFA 57-57

Figure 414 ues results on stabilized peat with different ofQL+lOFA 57-57

Figure 415 ues results on stabilized peat with different ofQL+15FA 57-57






Figure 421 ues result ofuntreated ope stabilized peat soils 60-60

Figure 422 ues result of treated ope stabilized peat soils 60-60

Figure 423 ues result ofuntreated FA stabilized peat soils 61-61

Figure 424 ues result oftreated FA stabilized peat soils 61-61

Figure 425 eBR values on original peat and different types ofFA 62-62

Figure 426 eBR values for 5 ope and different FA with Peat soils 62-62

Figure 427 eBR values for different of ope with Peat soils 63-63

Figure 428 eBR values for different ope with Peat soils (Behzab and Huat 2009) 63-63

xu

Figure 429 Variation of specific gravity and loss on ignition

Figure 430 Variation ofLL and OMC with MDD

Figure 431 Variation of OMC and FC with OC

Figure 432 Variation ofMDD with OC

Figure 433 Variation of Os with OC

Figure 434 Relationship between UCS and different percentage of

stabilizer used

Figure 435 Relationship between UCS value and different

combination of FA and QL

Figure 436 SEM of Original peat soil sample (M2)

Figure 437 SEM of Original fly ash sample (F-01)

Figure 438 SEM ofStabilized peat soils with 20 FA (M2)

Figure 439 SEM of Stabilized peat soils with 20 FA and 6 QL (M2)

Figure 440 SEM image QL stabilized peat soil for 28 days curing period

Figure 441 SEM image OPC stabilized peat soil for 28 days cumg period

Figure 442 SEM image ofQL stabilized peat for 28 days curing period

Figure 443 SEM image ofOPC stabilized peat for 28 days curng period

Figure Al Liquid limit ofpeat soil

Figure A2 Liquid limit ofpeat soil

Figure A3 Liquid limit of fly ash

Figure A4 Liquid limit ofpond ash

Figure D1 Stress Vs Strain graph for M 1 sample (50 mm 0 Original Peat)

Figure D2 Stress Vs Strain graph for M2-M4 sample (38 mm 0 Original Peat)

Xlll

64-64

65-65

65-65

66-66

67-67

68-68

69-69

70-70

70-70

71-71

71-71

72-72

72-72

72-72

72-72

103-103

103-103

104-104

104-104

117-117

117-117

Figure 0 3 Stress Vs Strain graph for M5-M8 sample (38 mm 0 Original Peat) 118-118

Figure D4 Stress Vs Strain graph for 2- 8 QL 7 Days (38 mm 0) 118-118



Figure 0 7 Stress Vs Strain graph for 2- 8 QL 120 Days (38 mm 0) 120-120

Figure 08 Stress Vs Strain graph for 5 FA 7-120 Days (38 mm 0) 120-120

Figure 0 9 Stress Vs Strain graph for 10 FA 7-120 Days (38 nun 0) 121-121


Figure 0 11 Stress Vs Strain graph for 20 FA 7-120 Days (38 nun 0 ) 122-122


Figure 0 13 Stress Vs Strain graph for 5 ope 7-120 Days (38 mm 0) 123-123

Figure 014 Stress Vs Strain graph for 10 ope 7-120 Days (38 mm 0) 123-123




Figure 01 8 Stress Vs Strain graph for 2QL+5FA 7-120 Days (38 mm 0) 125-125




Figure 0 22 Stress Vs Strain graph for 2QL+I0FA 7-120 Days (38 rum 0) 127-127

Figure 0 23 Stress Vs Strain graph for 4QL+I0FA 7-120 Days (38 mm 0) 128-128



XIV

Figure 026 Stress Vs Strain graph for 2QL+15FA 7-120 Days (38 mm 0) 129-129

Figure D27 Stress Vs Strain graph for4QL+15FA 7-120 Days (38 mm 0) 130-130

Figure D28 Stress Vs Strain graph for 6QL+15FA 7-120 Days (38 mm 0) 130-130



Figure 0 31 Stress Vs Strain graph for4QL+20FA 7-120 Days (38 mm 0) 132-132







Figure 0 38 Stress Vs Strain graph for 5FA 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 135-135


Figure 040 Stress Vs Strain graph for 15FA 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 136-136



Figure 043 Stress Vs Strain graph for 2-8F A 7 Days (50 mm 0) 138-138

Figure D44 Stress Vs Strain graph for 2-8FA 14 Days (50 mm 0) 138-138

Figure 045 Stress Vs Strain graph for2-8FA 28 Days (50 nun 0) 139-139

Figure 0 46 Stress Vs Strain graph for 2-8FA 120 Days (50 mm 0) 139-139

Figure 047 Stress Vs Strain graph for 5OPC 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 140-140


xv

Figure 0 49 Stress Vs Strain graph for 15OPC 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 141-141

Figure D50 Stress Vs Strain graph for 20OPC 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 141-141



Figure 053 Stress Vs Strain graph for4QL+5FA 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 143-143




Figure 057 Stress Vs Strain graph for4QL+1OFA 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 145-145

Figure 058 Stress Vs Strain graph for 6QL+1OFA 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 145-145

Figure 059 Stress Vs Strain graph for 8QL+I0FA 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 146-146

Figure 060 Stress Vs Strain graph for 2QL+15FA 7-120 Days (50 mm 0raquo 146-146

Figure 0 61 Stress Vs Strain graph for 4QL+ 15FA 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 147-147








Figure 069 Stress Vs Strain graph for4QL+ 25FA 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 151-151


Figure D7 1 Stress Vs Strain graph for 8QL+25FA 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 152-152

XVI

---------- ------------------

Figure 072 Stress Vs Strain graph for 5FA+26 Acc UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 152-152

Figure 073 Stress Vs Strain graph for 5FA+26 Ab(S04)3

UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 153-153

Figure 074 Stress Vs Strain graph for 5FA+26 CaS04

UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 153-153

Figure 075 Stress Vs Strain graph for 5OPC+26 AccUT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 154-154


Figure 0 77 Stress Vs Strain graph for 5OPC+26 CaS04

UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 155-155

Figure 078 Stress Vs Strain graph for 5FA T 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 155-155

Figure 079 Stress Vs Strain graph for 5FA+Acc T 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 156-156

Figure 0 80 Stress Vs Strain graph for 5FA+Ah(S04)3 T 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 156-156

Figure 081 Stress Vs Strain graph for 5FA+CaS04 T 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 157-157

Figure 082 Stress Vs Strain graph for 5OPC T 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 157-157

Figure 082 Stress Vs Strain graph for 5OPC+Acc T 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 158-158

Figure 0 84 Stress Vs Strain graph for 5OPC+Ah(S04)3 T 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 158-158

Figure 085 Stress Vs Strain graph for 5OPC+CaS04 T 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 159-159

LIST OF TABLES

Table 11 Peat lands ofthe earth surfaces (Mesri and Ajlouni 2007) 2-2

Table 12 Peat soils in Sarawak (Singh et aI 1997) 5-5

Table 31 Geographical position ofpeat soil samples 32-32

xvii

Table 32 Different percentages of stabilizers with peat soils 40-40

Table 41 Moisture content of peat samples 43-43

Table 42 Moisture content of coal ash samples 43-43

Table 43 Degree ofDecomposition ofpeat soil samples 44-44

Table 44 Fiber content ofpeat soil samples 44-44

Table 45 Loss on Ignition and Organic content ofpeat samples 44-44

Table 46 Loss on Ignition and Organic content coal ash samples 45-45

Table 47 Liquid limit ofpeat soil samples 46-46

Table 48 Liquid limit ofcoal ash samples 47-47

Table 49 Specific gravity of peat soil samples 47-47

Table 4 10 Specific gravity of coal ash samples 48-48

Table411 pH values ofpeat soil and coal ash samples 49-49

Table 412 pH values ofpeat soil and coal ash samples 49-49

Table 4 13 UCS values oforiginal peat soil samples 54-54

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND NOTATIONS

C Correction factor

CBR California Bearing Ratio

DID Department ofIrrigation and Drainage

FA Fly ash (FA-O to 03)

FC Fiber Content

Gs Specific gravity

XVlll

HI-HIO Degree ofhumification

LL Liquid Limi t

LOI Loss on Ignition

MI-8 Sampling location

MC Moisture content ()

MDD Maximum dry density (gcc)

OC Organic content ()

OMC Optimum moisture content ()

OP Original peat

OPC Ordinary Portland cement

PA-C Pond ash (Close)

PA-F Pond ash (Far)

PA-M Pond ash (Middle)

QL Quick lime

rac Temperature (OC)

UCS Unconfined Compressive Strength

w Natural water content

UT Untreated

T Treated

XlX

CHAPTERl

INTRODUCTION

11 Background

Highly organic soil or peat is a non-homogeneous soil which is generated from decomposition of

organic matter such as plant remains leaves and trunks The organic soil having organic matter

more than 75 is called peat soil as per ASTM D 2607-69 According to Magnan (1994) peat

soils have unique characteristic mainly due to different degree of decomposition which imposes

a serious impediment to accurate interpretation peat soil behavior at field and at laboratory When

a peat soil sample is collected from site its access to oxygen increases its pH and temperature

which is generally higher than that in the ground and consequently the biological degradation

rate is greatly enhanced (elymo and Hayward 1982 Ingram 1983 and Von der Heijden et aI

1994 Mesri et a1 1997) Organic or peat soil can be found anywhere on Earth except in barren

and arctic regions The peat deposit covers 5 to 8 of the land area of the Earth surfaces (Mesri

and Ajlouni 2007) Among them 8 to 11 are tropical peat soils deposited in Indonesia

Malaysia Brazil Uganda Zambia Zambia Venezuela and Zaire (Moore and Bellamy 1974

Shier 1984) Table 11 shows the percentage of peat land around the World In Malaysia there

are about 27 million hectare ofpeat and organic soils ie about 8 of the total land area Out 0 f

that more than half deposited in Sarawak which covers about 166 million hectare of land or

constituting 13 of the state (Mutalib et a1 1991)

Table 11 Peat lands of the Earth surfaces (Mesri and Ajlouni 2007)

Country Peat lands (lan2

)

land area


)

land area

Canada 1500000 18 Ireland 14000 USSR Uganda 14000 17

(The fonner) 1500000 Poland 13000 United States 600000 10 Falklands 12000

Indonesia 170000 14 Chile 11000 Finland 100000 34 Zambia 11000 Sweden 70000 20 26 other China 42000 countries 220 to 10000

Norway 30000 10 Scotland 10 Malaysia 25000 15 other Gennany 16000 countries 1 to 9

Brazil 15000

The peat or highly organic soil is a problem in the infrastructure development in Sarawak It is

generally considered as problematic soil in any construction project because of high

compressibility and very low shear strength However with the rapid industrialization and

population growth it has become a necessity to construct infrastructure facilities on peat-land as

well ie construction is planned almost everywhere including the area ofpeat-land

Previous cases revealed that several construction methods such as displacement method

replacement method stage loading and surface reinforcement method pile supported

embankment method light weight fill raft method deep in-situ chemical stabilization method and

thennal pre-compression method are available to improve the soft or peat soil (Edil 2003) Only

some of these methods have been employed in Sarawak It is observed that some of the projects

2

I were technically successful while others had excessive settlement and failure problems several

years after completion Out of several alternatives one of the promising methods of construction

on the peat soil is to stabilize the peat soil by using suitable stabilizer

According to Jarrett (1997) peat soils are subject to instability and massive primary and longshy

tenn consolidation settlements when subjected to even moderate load increment Stabilization

can improve the strength and decrease the excessive settlement of this higMy compressible soft or

peat soil Also soil stabilization can eliminate the need for expensive borrow materials and

expedite construction by improving wet or unstable soil Many types of admixtures are available

to stabilize the highly organic or peat soil Chemical admixtures involve treating the soil with

some kind of chemical compound when added to the soil would result a chemical reaction The

chemical reaction modifies or enhances the physical and engineering aspects of a soil such as

increase its strength and bearing capacity and decrease its water sensitivity and volume change

potential (Van Impe 1989) In geotechnical engineering soil stabilization is divided into two

sections These are

(1) Mechanical stabilization which improves the structure of the soil (and consequently the

bearing capacity) usually by compaction

(2) Chemical stabilization which improves the physical properties of the soil by adding or

injecting a chemical agent such as sodium silicate polyacrylamides lime fly ash cement

or bituminous emulsions

According to Brown (1999) soil stabilization is a procedure for improving natural soil properties

to provide more adequate resistance to erosion water seepage and the environmental forces and

more loading capacity

3

PKHIDMAT MAKLUMAT AKADEMIK

111111111 IIimslll III 1III 1000246357

STABILIZAnON OF SARA W AK PEAT BY DIFFERENT TYPES OF STABILIZER

MD AMINUR RAHMAN

A thesis submitted in fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering

Faculty of Engineering UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAW AK

2010

----- ----- - -

Acknowledgement

















ABSTRACT





















11










microstructure

111

ABSTRAK






















IV












v


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknow ledge me n t

Abstract

Table of Contents



11 Background






21 General





1-1

ll-V

VI-XVlll

XVlll-XIX

1-4

4-6

6-7

7-7

7-8

9-9

10-12

13-18

19-22

VI

I





23 Summary


31 General

32 Materials

321 Peat soil

322 Stabilizers

33 Methodology


3311

3312

33 13

33 14

33 15

3316

3317

Moisture content


Fiber content

Atterberg limits

Specific gravity


pH test



Vll

22-24

24-27

28-28

28-29

29-30

31-31

31 -32

32-32

32-33

33-33

33-34

34-34

35-35

35-36

36-36

36-37








41 General 42-42








427 pH test 48-49





Vlll







5l

52

53

Summary

Conclusion

Recommendation

REFERENCES

APPENDIX A








IX

59-62

62-63

63-67

67-69

70-72

73-74

74-75

75-76

77-90

91-92

92-92

93-93

93-94

94-95

95-95

95-96















APPENDIXB




96-97

97-97

97-98

98-98

99-99

99-100

100-100

100-101

101-101

101-102

102-102

103-103

104-104

105-105

106-106

107-107

107-107

x

APENDIX C







APPENDIX-D




LIST OF FIGURES







Xl

108-109

109-110

110-111

111-112

112-113

113-114

115-115

116-116

6-6

50-50

50-50

52-52

52-52

54-54
























xu







stabilizer used

















Xlll

64-64

65-65

65-65

66-66

67-67

68-68

69-69

70-70

70-70

71-71

71-71

72-72

72-72

72-72

72-72

103-103

103-103

104-104

104-104

117-117

117-117
























XIV
























xv
























XVI

---------- ------------------



UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 153-153


UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 153-153




UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 155-155









LIST OF TABLES




xvii
















C Correction factor




FC Fiber Content

Gs Specific gravity

XVlll


LL Liquid Limi t







OP Original peat



PA-F Pond ash (Far)


QL Quick lime




UT Untreated

T Treated

XlX

CHAPTERl

INTRODUCTION

11 Background



















)

land area


)

land area





Brazil 15000











2














sections These are









3

----- ----- - -

Acknowledgement

















ABSTRACT





















11










microstructure

111

ABSTRAK






















IV












v


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknow ledge me n t

Abstract

Table of Contents



11 Background






21 General





1-1

ll-V

VI-XVlll

XVlll-XIX

1-4

4-6

6-7

7-7

7-8

9-9

10-12

13-18

19-22

VI

I





23 Summary


31 General

32 Materials

321 Peat soil

322 Stabilizers

33 Methodology


3311

3312

33 13

33 14

33 15

3316

3317

Moisture content


Fiber content

Atterberg limits

Specific gravity


pH test



Vll

22-24

24-27

28-28

28-29

29-30

31-31

31 -32

32-32

32-33

33-33

33-34

34-34

35-35

35-36

36-36

36-37








41 General 42-42








427 pH test 48-49





Vlll







5l

52

53

Summary

Conclusion

Recommendation

REFERENCES

APPENDIX A








IX

59-62

62-63

63-67

67-69

70-72

73-74

74-75

75-76

77-90

91-92

92-92

93-93

93-94

94-95

95-95

95-96















APPENDIXB




96-97

97-97

97-98

98-98

99-99

99-100

100-100

100-101

101-101

101-102

102-102

103-103

104-104

105-105

106-106

107-107

107-107

x

APENDIX C







APPENDIX-D




LIST OF FIGURES







Xl

108-109

109-110

110-111

111-112

112-113

113-114

115-115

116-116

6-6

50-50

50-50

52-52

52-52

54-54
























xu







stabilizer used

















Xlll

64-64

65-65

65-65

66-66

67-67

68-68

69-69

70-70

70-70

71-71

71-71

72-72

72-72

72-72

72-72

103-103

103-103

104-104

104-104

117-117

117-117
























XIV
























xv
























XVI

---------- ------------------



UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 153-153


UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 153-153




UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 155-155









LIST OF TABLES




xvii
















C Correction factor




FC Fiber Content

Gs Specific gravity

XVlll


LL Liquid Limi t







OP Original peat



PA-F Pond ash (Far)


QL Quick lime




UT Untreated

T Treated

XlX

CHAPTERl

INTRODUCTION

11 Background



















)

land area


)

land area





Brazil 15000











2














sections These are









3

ABSTRACT





















11










microstructure

111

ABSTRAK






















IV












v


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknow ledge me n t

Abstract

Table of Contents



11 Background






21 General





1-1

ll-V

VI-XVlll

XVlll-XIX

1-4

4-6

6-7

7-7

7-8

9-9

10-12

13-18

19-22

VI

I





23 Summary


31 General

32 Materials

321 Peat soil

322 Stabilizers

33 Methodology


3311

3312

33 13

33 14

33 15

3316

3317

Moisture content


Fiber content

Atterberg limits

Specific gravity


pH test



Vll

22-24

24-27

28-28

28-29

29-30

31-31

31 -32

32-32

32-33

33-33

33-34

34-34

35-35

35-36

36-36

36-37








41 General 42-42








427 pH test 48-49





Vlll







5l

52

53

Summary

Conclusion

Recommendation

REFERENCES

APPENDIX A








IX

59-62

62-63

63-67

67-69

70-72

73-74

74-75

75-76

77-90

91-92

92-92

93-93

93-94

94-95

95-95

95-96















APPENDIXB




96-97

97-97

97-98

98-98

99-99

99-100

100-100

100-101

101-101

101-102

102-102

103-103

104-104

105-105

106-106

107-107

107-107

x

APENDIX C







APPENDIX-D




LIST OF FIGURES







Xl

108-109

109-110

110-111

111-112

112-113

113-114

115-115

116-116

6-6

50-50

50-50

52-52

52-52

54-54
























xu







stabilizer used

















Xlll

64-64

65-65

65-65

66-66

67-67

68-68

69-69

70-70

70-70

71-71

71-71

72-72

72-72

72-72

72-72

103-103

103-103

104-104

104-104

117-117

117-117
























XIV
























xv
























XVI

---------- ------------------



UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 153-153


UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 153-153




UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 155-155









LIST OF TABLES




xvii
















C Correction factor




FC Fiber Content

Gs Specific gravity

XVlll


LL Liquid Limi t







OP Original peat



PA-F Pond ash (Far)


QL Quick lime




UT Untreated

T Treated

XlX

CHAPTERl

INTRODUCTION

11 Background



















)

land area


)

land area





Brazil 15000











2














sections These are









3










microstructure

111

ABSTRAK






















IV












v


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknow ledge me n t

Abstract

Table of Contents



11 Background






21 General





1-1

ll-V

VI-XVlll

XVlll-XIX

1-4

4-6

6-7

7-7

7-8

9-9

10-12

13-18

19-22

VI

I





23 Summary


31 General

32 Materials

321 Peat soil

322 Stabilizers

33 Methodology


3311

3312

33 13

33 14

33 15

3316

3317

Moisture content


Fiber content

Atterberg limits

Specific gravity


pH test



Vll

22-24

24-27

28-28

28-29

29-30

31-31

31 -32

32-32

32-33

33-33

33-34

34-34

35-35

35-36

36-36

36-37








41 General 42-42








427 pH test 48-49





Vlll







5l

52

53

Summary

Conclusion

Recommendation

REFERENCES

APPENDIX A








IX

59-62

62-63

63-67

67-69

70-72

73-74

74-75

75-76

77-90

91-92

92-92

93-93

93-94

94-95

95-95

95-96















APPENDIXB




96-97

97-97

97-98

98-98

99-99

99-100

100-100

100-101

101-101

101-102

102-102

103-103

104-104

105-105

106-106

107-107

107-107

x

APENDIX C







APPENDIX-D




LIST OF FIGURES







Xl

108-109

109-110

110-111

111-112

112-113

113-114

115-115

116-116

6-6

50-50

50-50

52-52

52-52

54-54
























xu







stabilizer used

















Xlll

64-64

65-65

65-65

66-66

67-67

68-68

69-69

70-70

70-70

71-71

71-71

72-72

72-72

72-72

72-72

103-103

103-103

104-104

104-104

117-117

117-117
























XIV
























xv
























XVI

---------- ------------------



UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 153-153


UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 153-153




UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 155-155









LIST OF TABLES




xvii
















C Correction factor




FC Fiber Content

Gs Specific gravity

XVlll


LL Liquid Limi t







OP Original peat



PA-F Pond ash (Far)


QL Quick lime




UT Untreated

T Treated

XlX

CHAPTERl

INTRODUCTION

11 Background



















)

land area


)

land area





Brazil 15000











2














sections These are









3

ABSTRAK






















IV












v


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknow ledge me n t

Abstract

Table of Contents



11 Background






21 General





1-1

ll-V

VI-XVlll

XVlll-XIX

1-4

4-6

6-7

7-7

7-8

9-9

10-12

13-18

19-22

VI

I





23 Summary


31 General

32 Materials

321 Peat soil

322 Stabilizers

33 Methodology


3311

3312

33 13

33 14

33 15

3316

3317

Moisture content


Fiber content

Atterberg limits

Specific gravity


pH test



Vll

22-24

24-27

28-28

28-29

29-30

31-31

31 -32

32-32

32-33

33-33

33-34

34-34

35-35

35-36

36-36

36-37








41 General 42-42








427 pH test 48-49





Vlll







5l

52

53

Summary

Conclusion

Recommendation

REFERENCES

APPENDIX A








IX

59-62

62-63

63-67

67-69

70-72

73-74

74-75

75-76

77-90

91-92

92-92

93-93

93-94

94-95

95-95

95-96















APPENDIXB




96-97

97-97

97-98

98-98

99-99

99-100

100-100

100-101

101-101

101-102

102-102

103-103

104-104

105-105

106-106

107-107

107-107

x

APENDIX C







APPENDIX-D




LIST OF FIGURES







Xl

108-109

109-110

110-111

111-112

112-113

113-114

115-115

116-116

6-6

50-50

50-50

52-52

52-52

54-54
























xu







stabilizer used

















Xlll

64-64

65-65

65-65

66-66

67-67

68-68

69-69

70-70

70-70

71-71

71-71

72-72

72-72

72-72

72-72

103-103

103-103

104-104

104-104

117-117

117-117
























XIV
























xv
























XVI

---------- ------------------



UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 153-153


UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 153-153




UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 155-155









LIST OF TABLES




xvii
















C Correction factor




FC Fiber Content

Gs Specific gravity

XVlll


LL Liquid Limi t







OP Original peat



PA-F Pond ash (Far)


QL Quick lime




UT Untreated

T Treated

XlX

CHAPTERl

INTRODUCTION

11 Background



















)

land area


)

land area





Brazil 15000











2














sections These are









3












v


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknow ledge me n t

Abstract

Table of Contents



11 Background






21 General





1-1

ll-V

VI-XVlll

XVlll-XIX

1-4

4-6

6-7

7-7

7-8

9-9

10-12

13-18

19-22

VI

I





23 Summary


31 General

32 Materials

321 Peat soil

322 Stabilizers

33 Methodology


3311

3312

33 13

33 14

33 15

3316

3317

Moisture content


Fiber content

Atterberg limits

Specific gravity


pH test



Vll

22-24

24-27

28-28

28-29

29-30

31-31

31 -32

32-32

32-33

33-33

33-34

34-34

35-35

35-36

36-36

36-37








41 General 42-42








427 pH test 48-49





Vlll







5l

52

53

Summary

Conclusion

Recommendation

REFERENCES

APPENDIX A








IX

59-62

62-63

63-67

67-69

70-72

73-74

74-75

75-76

77-90

91-92

92-92

93-93

93-94

94-95

95-95

95-96















APPENDIXB




96-97

97-97

97-98

98-98

99-99

99-100

100-100

100-101

101-101

101-102

102-102

103-103

104-104

105-105

106-106

107-107

107-107

x

APENDIX C







APPENDIX-D




LIST OF FIGURES







Xl

108-109

109-110

110-111

111-112

112-113

113-114

115-115

116-116

6-6

50-50

50-50

52-52

52-52

54-54
























xu







stabilizer used

















Xlll

64-64

65-65

65-65

66-66

67-67

68-68

69-69

70-70

70-70

71-71

71-71

72-72

72-72

72-72

72-72

103-103

103-103

104-104

104-104

117-117

117-117
























XIV
























xv
























XVI

---------- ------------------



UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 153-153


UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 153-153




UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 155-155









LIST OF TABLES




xvii
















C Correction factor




FC Fiber Content

Gs Specific gravity

XVlll


LL Liquid Limi t







OP Original peat



PA-F Pond ash (Far)


QL Quick lime




UT Untreated

T Treated

XlX

CHAPTERl

INTRODUCTION

11 Background



















)

land area


)

land area





Brazil 15000











2














sections These are









3


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknow ledge me n t

Abstract

Table of Contents



11 Background






21 General





1-1

ll-V

VI-XVlll

XVlll-XIX

1-4

4-6

6-7

7-7

7-8

9-9

10-12

13-18

19-22

VI

I





23 Summary


31 General

32 Materials

321 Peat soil

322 Stabilizers

33 Methodology


3311

3312

33 13

33 14

33 15

3316

3317

Moisture content


Fiber content

Atterberg limits

Specific gravity


pH test



Vll

22-24

24-27

28-28

28-29

29-30

31-31

31 -32

32-32

32-33

33-33

33-34

34-34

35-35

35-36

36-36

36-37








41 General 42-42








427 pH test 48-49





Vlll







5l

52

53

Summary

Conclusion

Recommendation

REFERENCES

APPENDIX A








IX

59-62

62-63

63-67

67-69

70-72

73-74

74-75

75-76

77-90

91-92

92-92

93-93

93-94

94-95

95-95

95-96















APPENDIXB




96-97

97-97

97-98

98-98

99-99

99-100

100-100

100-101

101-101

101-102

102-102

103-103

104-104

105-105

106-106

107-107

107-107

x

APENDIX C







APPENDIX-D




LIST OF FIGURES







Xl

108-109

109-110

110-111

111-112

112-113

113-114

115-115

116-116

6-6

50-50

50-50

52-52

52-52

54-54
























xu







stabilizer used

















Xlll

64-64

65-65

65-65

66-66

67-67

68-68

69-69

70-70

70-70

71-71

71-71

72-72

72-72

72-72

72-72

103-103

103-103

104-104

104-104

117-117

117-117
























XIV
























xv
























XVI

---------- ------------------



UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 153-153


UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 153-153




UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 155-155









LIST OF TABLES




xvii
















C Correction factor




FC Fiber Content

Gs Specific gravity

XVlll


LL Liquid Limi t







OP Original peat



PA-F Pond ash (Far)


QL Quick lime




UT Untreated

T Treated

XlX

CHAPTERl

INTRODUCTION

11 Background



















)

land area


)

land area





Brazil 15000











2














sections These are









3

I





23 Summary


31 General

32 Materials

321 Peat soil

322 Stabilizers

33 Methodology


3311

3312

33 13

33 14

33 15

3316

3317

Moisture content


Fiber content

Atterberg limits

Specific gravity


pH test



Vll

22-24

24-27

28-28

28-29

29-30

31-31

31 -32

32-32

32-33

33-33

33-34

34-34

35-35

35-36

36-36

36-37








41 General 42-42








427 pH test 48-49





Vlll







5l

52

53

Summary

Conclusion

Recommendation

REFERENCES

APPENDIX A








IX

59-62

62-63

63-67

67-69

70-72

73-74

74-75

75-76

77-90

91-92

92-92

93-93

93-94

94-95

95-95

95-96















APPENDIXB




96-97

97-97

97-98

98-98

99-99

99-100

100-100

100-101

101-101

101-102

102-102

103-103

104-104

105-105

106-106

107-107

107-107

x

APENDIX C







APPENDIX-D




LIST OF FIGURES







Xl

108-109

109-110

110-111

111-112

112-113

113-114

115-115

116-116

6-6

50-50

50-50

52-52

52-52

54-54
























xu







stabilizer used

















Xlll

64-64

65-65

65-65

66-66

67-67

68-68

69-69

70-70

70-70

71-71

71-71

72-72

72-72

72-72

72-72

103-103

103-103

104-104

104-104

117-117

117-117
























XIV
























xv
























XVI

---------- ------------------



UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 153-153


UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 153-153




UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 155-155









LIST OF TABLES




xvii
















C Correction factor




FC Fiber Content

Gs Specific gravity

XVlll


LL Liquid Limi t







OP Original peat



PA-F Pond ash (Far)


QL Quick lime




UT Untreated

T Treated

XlX

CHAPTERl

INTRODUCTION

11 Background



















)

land area


)

land area





Brazil 15000











2














sections These are









3








41 General 42-42








427 pH test 48-49





Vlll







5l

52

53

Summary

Conclusion

Recommendation

REFERENCES

APPENDIX A








IX

59-62

62-63

63-67

67-69

70-72

73-74

74-75

75-76

77-90

91-92

92-92

93-93

93-94

94-95

95-95

95-96















APPENDIXB




96-97

97-97

97-98

98-98

99-99

99-100

100-100

100-101

101-101

101-102

102-102

103-103

104-104

105-105

106-106

107-107

107-107

x

APENDIX C







APPENDIX-D




LIST OF FIGURES







Xl

108-109

109-110

110-111

111-112

112-113

113-114

115-115

116-116

6-6

50-50

50-50

52-52

52-52

54-54
























xu







stabilizer used

















Xlll

64-64

65-65

65-65

66-66

67-67

68-68

69-69

70-70

70-70

71-71

71-71

72-72

72-72

72-72

72-72

103-103

103-103

104-104

104-104

117-117

117-117
























XIV
























xv
























XVI

---------- ------------------



UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 153-153


UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 153-153




UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 155-155









LIST OF TABLES




xvii
















C Correction factor




FC Fiber Content

Gs Specific gravity

XVlll


LL Liquid Limi t







OP Original peat



PA-F Pond ash (Far)


QL Quick lime




UT Untreated

T Treated

XlX

CHAPTERl

INTRODUCTION

11 Background



















)

land area


)

land area





Brazil 15000











2














sections These are









3







5l

52

53

Summary

Conclusion

Recommendation

REFERENCES

APPENDIX A








IX

59-62

62-63

63-67

67-69

70-72

73-74

74-75

75-76

77-90

91-92

92-92

93-93

93-94

94-95

95-95

95-96















APPENDIXB




96-97

97-97

97-98

98-98

99-99

99-100

100-100

100-101

101-101

101-102

102-102

103-103

104-104

105-105

106-106

107-107

107-107

x

APENDIX C







APPENDIX-D




LIST OF FIGURES







Xl

108-109

109-110

110-111

111-112

112-113

113-114

115-115

116-116

6-6

50-50

50-50

52-52

52-52

54-54
























xu







stabilizer used

















Xlll

64-64

65-65

65-65

66-66

67-67

68-68

69-69

70-70

70-70

71-71

71-71

72-72

72-72

72-72

72-72

103-103

103-103

104-104

104-104

117-117

117-117
























XIV
























xv
























XVI

---------- ------------------



UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 153-153


UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 153-153




UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 155-155









LIST OF TABLES




xvii
















C Correction factor




FC Fiber Content

Gs Specific gravity

XVlll


LL Liquid Limi t







OP Original peat



PA-F Pond ash (Far)


QL Quick lime




UT Untreated

T Treated

XlX

CHAPTERl

INTRODUCTION

11 Background



















)

land area


)

land area





Brazil 15000











2














sections These are









3















APPENDIXB




96-97

97-97

97-98

98-98

99-99

99-100

100-100

100-101

101-101

101-102

102-102

103-103

104-104

105-105

106-106

107-107

107-107

x

APENDIX C







APPENDIX-D




LIST OF FIGURES







Xl

108-109

109-110

110-111

111-112

112-113

113-114

115-115

116-116

6-6

50-50

50-50

52-52

52-52

54-54
























xu







stabilizer used

















Xlll

64-64

65-65

65-65

66-66

67-67

68-68

69-69

70-70

70-70

71-71

71-71

72-72

72-72

72-72

72-72

103-103

103-103

104-104

104-104

117-117

117-117
























XIV
























xv
























XVI

---------- ------------------



UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 153-153


UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 153-153




UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 155-155









LIST OF TABLES




xvii
















C Correction factor




FC Fiber Content

Gs Specific gravity

XVlll


LL Liquid Limi t







OP Original peat



PA-F Pond ash (Far)


QL Quick lime




UT Untreated

T Treated

XlX

CHAPTERl

INTRODUCTION

11 Background



















)

land area


)

land area





Brazil 15000











2














sections These are









3

APENDIX C







APPENDIX-D




LIST OF FIGURES







Xl

108-109

109-110

110-111

111-112

112-113

113-114

115-115

116-116

6-6

50-50

50-50

52-52

52-52

54-54
























xu







stabilizer used

















Xlll

64-64

65-65

65-65

66-66

67-67

68-68

69-69

70-70

70-70

71-71

71-71

72-72

72-72

72-72

72-72

103-103

103-103

104-104

104-104

117-117

117-117
























XIV
























xv
























XVI

---------- ------------------



UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 153-153


UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 153-153




UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 155-155









LIST OF TABLES




xvii
















C Correction factor




FC Fiber Content

Gs Specific gravity

XVlll


LL Liquid Limi t







OP Original peat



PA-F Pond ash (Far)


QL Quick lime




UT Untreated

T Treated

XlX

CHAPTERl

INTRODUCTION

11 Background



















)

land area


)

land area





Brazil 15000











2














sections These are









3
























xu







stabilizer used

















Xlll

64-64

65-65

65-65

66-66

67-67

68-68

69-69

70-70

70-70

71-71

71-71

72-72

72-72

72-72

72-72

103-103

103-103

104-104

104-104

117-117

117-117
























XIV
























xv
























XVI

---------- ------------------



UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 153-153


UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 153-153




UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 155-155









LIST OF TABLES




xvii
















C Correction factor




FC Fiber Content

Gs Specific gravity

XVlll


LL Liquid Limi t







OP Original peat



PA-F Pond ash (Far)


QL Quick lime




UT Untreated

T Treated

XlX

CHAPTERl

INTRODUCTION

11 Background



















)

land area


)

land area





Brazil 15000











2














sections These are









3







stabilizer used

















Xlll

64-64

65-65

65-65

66-66

67-67

68-68

69-69

70-70

70-70

71-71

71-71

72-72

72-72

72-72

72-72

103-103

103-103

104-104

104-104

117-117

117-117
























XIV
























xv
























XVI

---------- ------------------



UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 153-153


UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 153-153




UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 155-155









LIST OF TABLES




xvii
















C Correction factor




FC Fiber Content

Gs Specific gravity

XVlll


LL Liquid Limi t







OP Original peat



PA-F Pond ash (Far)


QL Quick lime




UT Untreated

T Treated

XlX

CHAPTERl

INTRODUCTION

11 Background



















)

land area


)

land area





Brazil 15000











2














sections These are









3
























XIV
























xv
























XVI

---------- ------------------



UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 153-153


UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 153-153




UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 155-155









LIST OF TABLES




xvii
















C Correction factor




FC Fiber Content

Gs Specific gravity

XVlll


LL Liquid Limi t







OP Original peat



PA-F Pond ash (Far)


QL Quick lime




UT Untreated

T Treated

XlX

CHAPTERl

INTRODUCTION

11 Background



















)

land area


)

land area





Brazil 15000











2














sections These are









3
























xv
























XVI

---------- ------------------



UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 153-153


UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 153-153




UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 155-155









LIST OF TABLES




xvii
















C Correction factor




FC Fiber Content

Gs Specific gravity

XVlll


LL Liquid Limi t







OP Original peat



PA-F Pond ash (Far)


QL Quick lime




UT Untreated

T Treated

XlX

CHAPTERl

INTRODUCTION

11 Background



















)

land area


)

land area





Brazil 15000











2














sections These are









3
























XVI

---------- ------------------



UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 153-153


UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 153-153




UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 155-155









LIST OF TABLES




xvii
















C Correction factor




FC Fiber Content

Gs Specific gravity

XVlll


LL Liquid Limi t







OP Original peat



PA-F Pond ash (Far)


QL Quick lime




UT Untreated

T Treated

XlX

CHAPTERl

INTRODUCTION

11 Background



















)

land area


)

land area





Brazil 15000











2














sections These are









3

---------- ------------------



UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 153-153


UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 153-153




UT 7-120 Days (50 mm 0) 155-155









LIST OF TABLES




xvii
















C Correction factor




FC Fiber Content

Gs Specific gravity

XVlll


LL Liquid Limi t







OP Original peat



PA-F Pond ash (Far)


QL Quick lime




UT Untreated

T Treated

XlX

CHAPTERl

INTRODUCTION

11 Background



















)

land area


)

land area





Brazil 15000











2














sections These are









3
















C Correction factor




FC Fiber Content

Gs Specific gravity

XVlll


LL Liquid Limi t







OP Original peat



PA-F Pond ash (Far)


QL Quick lime




UT Untreated

T Treated

XlX

CHAPTERl

INTRODUCTION

11 Background



















)

land area


)

land area





Brazil 15000











2














sections These are









3


LL Liquid Limi t







OP Original peat



PA-F Pond ash (Far)


QL Quick lime




UT Untreated

T Treated

XlX

CHAPTERl

INTRODUCTION

11 Background



















)

land area


)

land area





Brazil 15000











2














sections These are









3

CHAPTERl

INTRODUCTION

11 Background



















)

land area


)

land area





Brazil 15000











2














sections These are









3





)

land area


)

land area





Brazil 15000











2














sections These are









3














sections These are









3

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STABILIZATION OF SARAWAK PEAT BY DIFFERENT TYPES OF STABILIZER of Sarawak peat by... ·...

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