Stadtbusse in der Beschaffung/ Procuring Clean Buses 11. Dezember 2013 - Bremen 1 The role of urban...

Stadtbusse in der Beschaffung/ Procuring Clean Buses11. Dezember 2013 - Bremen

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The role of urban buses in the concepts of sustainable mobility, climate protection, air quality improvement and noise reduction

Falk Heinen

Section Transport and Environment, Electric Mobility (IG I 5)

13. Februar 2012


Challenges: Climate and Transport, Air quality, Noise

Sustainability concepts for transport

New buses in public transport

Hybrid bus projects

E-buses

Ongoing activities/ situation in Germany

Results on research of new bus concepts and projects- availability- fuel consumption- emissions/ noise

Overview

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First Global Reconstruction of Temperature for Past 11.300 years

the Past 11 300 Years

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Source:Marcott et al. Science 2013,aus: Schellnhuber, Klimakongress,2013


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Which reduction of GHG for 2-degrees-target?


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Calculations: McKinsey for BMU, 2010

Remark: -50% is lower “Safety line” for 2 degrees target

• All sectors with reductions except transport sector, e. g. Germany reduction of all sectors by 30 % between 1990 and 2010; transport: reduction only 9,8 %.

• Reductions for 2°C-target needs in-sector achievements, i. e. no shift of obligations between sectors

• Targets for Transport Sector in Germany: Reduction Final Energy Consumption by 10 % (2020) and 40 % (2050); discussion about national sectoral targets

• Transport EU: Reduction of CO2-emissions by 60 % compared to 1990 until 2050 (Concept Text Transport)

• Energy EU: Minimum share of 10 % renewable Energy in the Transport Sector until 2020

EU-wide emissions sectorsin CO2e, index. (1990=100), Eurostat

Global challenge for transport


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Notification of 57 air quality zones according to Art. 22

COM Decision 20 February 2013:33 cases denied (limit value will not be attained in 2015)17 allowed7 allowed on conditions (submission of final air quality plans)

Postponement of the attainment deadline for NO2


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total emissionstransport demand

[passenger km]

energy intensity

[joule per pkm]

CO2-intensity

[CO2e per joule]= x x

approachesAvoid traffice.g. reduce needs for mobility and distancesby means ofintegratedplanning

Shift traffic and push efficiencye.g. reduce fuelconsumptionof vehicles andshift traffic totowards moreefficient modes

Switch fuele.g. use lowcarbon fuels such assustainablebiofuels orrenewableelectricity

Source: Composition of total emissions in passenger transport, simplified display after Creutzig/Edenhofer in IVW

Hybrid buses Electric buses

How to reduce emissionsin passenger transport?


Stand: Dezember 2007

Instruments of sustainable mobility

Emission standards - Land transport EURO-standards - Environmental zonesReduction of transport noise- Innovation programmes for rail vehicles- EU-standards for tyres- International Noise standards for airplanes - Requirements of BImSchG (e. g. noise action plans)Taxes as environmental steering instrument- Reduction of fuel taxation for public transport- Benefits for refit with particulate filter- Tax exemptions for fuels with significat reductions of CO2 emissions

Support/ funding of environmental beneficial vehicles

New version of national transport plan (in preparation)

Environmental standards for public procurement in public transport

National cycling plan


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Key reasons for funding „better buses“

Main goalsReduction of CO2-emission, pollutants and noise within the sector of public transport

Support of Market penetration with existing, highly efficient transport technologies

Establishing new technology with lower emissions as permanent element in the fleet of transport companies

Stimulation of economy for bus industry and related suppliers

Increase attractiveness of Public Transport

Noise measurement (source: BMU)


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What are „better buses“?

Main elements – different stagesReduction of air pollutants, mainly NOx and PM: today SCR, particulate filter

Gas buses?: 1. CNG: no real CO2-benefit2. lower NOx/ PM emission3. Biogas: CO2-benefit dependent on well-to-wheel balance, waste problem, competition with food4. Noise problems remain

Hybrid buses: efficiency technology, introduces electric mobility to public transport

Electric buses: various technologies available, test phase, main challenges: battery and charging


BMU project 2010/ 11

12 companies:

– Stadtverkehr Lübeck GmbH

– Üstra Hannoversche Verkehrsbetriebe AG

– 10 transport companies in Saxony

Introduction of 50 hybrid buses in scheduled service

65 – 85 % of extra costs for hybrid elements and support

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Environmental criteria BMU project

Definition of ambitious environmental criteria in order to promote market entry and to save environmental standards:

– Reduction of CO2-Emissionen by 20 % compared to equivalent dieselbus

– NOX- and PM-emissions at EEV level

– Exhaust aftertreatment with closed particulate filter– Underscore EU-noise level

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Control of criteria with extensive research program: noise measurements on testing area, control of emissions on roller test bench, extensive additional analyses on practicability, technical problems, cost-benefit, acceptance


Continuation of support of hybrid buses

As of 2012 new project with financial support of the BMU-National Climate initiative (NKI)

Huge political support for promotion of new climate friendly technologies

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Environmental requirements (like 2010)- 20 % improvement compared to conv. veh.- EEV plus closed particulate filter, EuroVI 2014- underscore noise standards

Key issue: cost effectiveness/ profitabilityMain goal: closure of gap between costs and return

Result:- despite reduced funding rate about 60 buses in the programme as of today, e. g. in Hamburg, Wolfsburg, Ingolstadt


E-buses – a new perspective with potential

New trend- No local LAQ emissions- good climate balance, but only with renewables- reduction of noise emissions

Energy storage– Regular service of urban buses of 300 km and more with corresponding energy consumption

of about 500 kWh– Recharging in most cases necessary

Fast charging: – Due to limited stopping time high charging power necessary (200 kW or more)– Further work required on infrastructure

Auxiliary technology (heating, climatisation, …)– Extra energy source or significant increase in electric energy consumption

Further evolution- main challenges battery and recharging/ time for recharging- economic consideration- environmental performance towards climate

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* Quelle: Fraunhofer


E-buses in „Erneuerbar mobil“

E-buses in Hannover:

Pilot project with three E-buses in scheduled service

Fast charging at final station with electricity of overhead line of the üstra system

One circle line of inner urban area in Hannover

Additional research in order to analyse technical feasibility, cost effectiveness, acceptance, benefit for the environment

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Hamburg:

Service of three Plug-In-Hybrid- and three E-buses in scheduled service of Hamburger Hochbahn AG

Recharging at starting and endpoint of line with pantograph with high charging power (up to 300 kW)

Collection of information in context with practical day-to-day application, acceptance, reduction of emissions, cost-benefit analysis


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Gemeinsame AG Innovative Antriebe Bus

Common working group „Alternative options for public land transport“ of transport and environment ministry

Exchange of transport companies, manufacturers, scientific experts, associations

Goals:

– Exchange about technologies, practicability, environmental performance, cost-effectiveness

– Documentation and assessment of state-of-the-art

– Data collection and analysis of all projects with BMU/ BMVBS funding

– Identification of possible optimisation of technologies and application

KEY QUESTIONS: Which technology is promising, where and how?

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RegioHybrid• Döbeln, Freiberg -

Regiobus Mittelsachsen (10 S)• Dresden - DVB (3 S, 3 G)• Leipzig - LVB (3 G)

SaxHybrid • Dresden - DVB (10 G)• Leipzig - LVB (10 G)

SaxHybrid PlusStadt – Verkehrsbetrieb (1 G)

Linie 79Dresden – DVB (1 ME)

eBus BatterflyLeipzig – LVB (2 ME)

eBus SkorpionLeipzig – LVB (vorauss. 1 GE)

Hybridbus Wolfsburg Wolfsburger Verkehrsgesell. (3 S)

Primove Mannheim Mannheim - RNV GmbH (2 SE)

Hybridbusse für IngolstadtStadtbus Ingolstadt (3 S)

HybridbuserprobungMünchener Verkehrsgesellschaft (MVG) (2 S, 2 G)

Primove Road Pilsting (1 SE)

Stadtverkehr Lübeck (5 S, 5 G)

EMIL Braunschweiger Verkehrs-AG (1 SE, 5 GE)

EFBELVerkehrsverbund Rhein Ruhr• Krefeld - SWK Mobil (4 G)• Hagener Straßenbahn (2 S, 2 G)• Dortmund - TRD Reisen (2 S)• Bochum - BOGESTRA (5 G)

BMVBS

BMU

BMWi

Stand: 21.11.2013

Hub Osnabrück Stadtwerke Osnabrück AG (2 ME)

28 Projekte 146 Dieselhybridbusse

• 70 Solobusse• 76 Gelenkbusse

25 Elektrobusse 8 BZ Busse

FREEKassel - Regionalmanagement Nordhessen (1 ME) ElvoDrive

Voith AG (1 S)

AG Bus - ProjektübersichtG = GelenkS = SoloM = Mini-/Midi- Suffix E = Elektro-Suffix BZ = BrennstoffzelleSuffix P = Plug-In Hybrid

Inmod Mecklenburg-Vorpommern GBB (1 ME), BBW (1 S), HS Wismar (1 S)

E-bus BerlinBVG (5 SE)

Hybridbusse in Hannover üstra (10 G)

Hyline S Stuttgart - SSB (5 GP)

S pressoStuttgart - SSB (4 S BZ)

VB Hamburg-Holstein (10 S)

eBTO Hamburger Hochbahn (5 G)

ErPaD Hamburger Hochbahn (5 S, 15 G)

HeldHamburger Hochbahn (3 SP, 3 SE)

SaHyb Jasper (10 S), Süderelbe Bus (5 S)

NaBuZ demoHamburger Hochbahn (4 S BZ)

Source: PE International, AG Bus

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Some results


Technical evaluationPerformance and time of operation

Collection data of 57 Hybridbussen

Performance

Sum: 1,3 Mio. km

Performance per vehicle: 6.700 – 29.800 km, (Ø ca. 22.200 km)

Average daily performance: 229 km

Time of operation

overall: 77.000 hours

Daily average: 15,3 h

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Availability Hybrid vs. Diesel

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Period: Jan - September 2013

Com

p. 1

Com

p. 2

Com

p. 3

Com

p. 4

Com

p. 5

Hyb

rid

Die

sel

79% 77%69% 70% 64%

92%98%100%

71% 77%

Average availability BMU project (2011/ 2012:

Hybrid buses: 81%Reference buses: 92%

Hybrid elements: availability 93 %

Lower availability in cold months January/ February

Increased availability over period; nearly equal to conventional buses



Fuel consumption: first results

Comparison with comparable conventional diesel vehicles (Euro V/EEV)

BMU-Projekt - 12 projects with fuel savings of up to 19% (average > 10 %)- dependency on route characteristics, technology, energy

storage, manufacturer (some at the beginning with extra fuel consumption)- variations over the year: better results over summer

WG buses (only few months, statistical uncertainties)- 12 m: up to 34 %, 18 m: up to 21 % (some below 10 %)- average between 10 and 20 % currently- parallel hybrids significantly better, robust results over 20 %- first companies expect break-even during lifetime (!)- complete restart of cost-benefit analysis

-> FURTHER DETAILED ANALYSIS NECESSARY

2110.04.23


Test bench measurements/ noise

All buses within BMU project achieved requirements for NOx/ PM (PM below detection limit)

Exhaust temperature higher than concv. Engines (SCR)

CO2 reductions between 20 and 30 %

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Gelenkbus auf dem Rollenprüfstand (Diesel-Referenz), (Quelle: TÜV NORD)

Geräuschmessung auf der ISO-Messstrecke in Papenburg (Quelle: TÜV NORD)

Significant reductions of noise in particular in front part of the bus

Perception of passengers and among pedestrians: much lower noise, very important element of acceptability


Some conclusions

Significant GHG reductions in transport sector required to achieve 2°-target

Other important requirements: air quality and noise reduction

Public transport one important element but further improvement of technology necessary

Technological evolution started and is accelerating: more electricity (with all suboptions) and less conventional fuel.

Hybrid buses as new element in German and European fleets introduced

Various projects on different paths: hybrid buses, plug-in hybrid buses and electric buses

E-buses as new element with main challenges „battery“, „charging“ and „costs“

High acceptance of new technologies among passengers and pedestrians, but also drivers

New bus trends lead to more sustainability: less emissions, less noise

Economic questions/ cost effectiveness will remain as one key issue

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Vielen Dank für Ihre Aufmerksamkeit!

Thank you for your attention!

[email protected]

1) http://www.bmu.de/verkehr/foerderprojekte/hybridbusse/doc/45346.php

2) http://www.pt-elektromobilitaet.de/projekte/hybridbusse

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