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Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Restructuring the Postwar WorldChapter 17
1945- Present
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
The Cold War
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Section 1 Superpowers Face Off
• United Nations iron curtain
• Containment Truman Doctrine
• Marshall Plan Cold War
• NATO Warsaw Pact
• brinkmanship
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Allies Become Enemies
• Yalta Conference1. Feb. 1945 Allied
leaders meet at Yalta2. Divide Germany3. Reparations4. Soviets declare war
on Japan5. Stalin promises free
elections in E. Eur.
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Allies Become Enemies II
• United Nations1. June 1945- 50
nations2. General Assembly3. Security Council4. 5 permanent
members- G.B., China, France, U.S., Soviet Union
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Differing Goals
• Why did the United States and the Soviet Union split after the war?
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Soviets Build a Buffer
• Soviets fear invasion from the West
• Stalin ignores Yalta agreement
• Communist governments established in Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czech, Romania, Poland, Yugoslavia
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Post WWII Communist Nations
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Soviets Build a Buffer II
• July 1945 meeting at Potsdam, Ger.
• Stalin refuses to allow elections in E. Eur.
• Stalin declares that communism and capitalism cannot exist in same world
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
An Iron Curtain Divides East and West
1. Germany split
2. Soviets control East including E. Berlin
3. U.S., Fr, G.B. control West
4. Churchill coins the phrase “iron curtain”
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
United States TriesTo Contain Soviets
• Containment- policy of blocking Soviet influence and stopping the expansion of communism.
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
U.S. Contains Soviets II• Truman Doctrine• Support for countries
that reject communism• 1947 Congress sends
$400 million in aid to Turkey and Greece
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
U.S. Contains Soviets III
• Marshall Plan• Secretary of State
George Marshall proposes that U.S. provides aid to European nations
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
U.S. Contains Soviets IV
• Berlin Airlift• Soviet Union cuts off all supplies to West
Berlin. Why? What did Stalin hope to accomplish?
• How did the United States respond?• U.S. and British flew food and supplies into
West Berlin for 11 months• May 1949 Soviets lift the blockade
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Berlin Airlift
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Cold War Divides World
• Cold War- a struggle over political differences carried on by means short of war
• Examples- spying, propaganda, diplomacy
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Superpowers FormRival Alliances
• NATO v. Warsaw Pact
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Threat of Nuclear War• United States and Soviet Union develop
H- Bombs
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Threat of Nuclear War II
Brinkmanship
President Eisenhower
Secretary of StateJohn F. Dulles
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Cold War in the Skies• August 1957- Soviets
develop ICBM’s• Oct. 1957- Soviets
launch Sputnik
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Cold War in the Skies II• May 1960 Soviets shot
down U-2 spy plane and pilot Francis Powers was captured
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Section 2 CommunistsTake Power in China
Mao Zedong Jiang Jieshi
Commune Red Guards
Cultural Revolution
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Communists vs. Nationalists
• World War II in China
• Mao and Communists control most of northern China and use guerrilla warfare against Japan
• Jiang and Nationalists dominate southwestern China. Receive aid from U.S.
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Communists vs. Nationalists
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Civil War Resumes
• Civil War lasted from 1946 to 1949
• Nationalists have more soldiers and money
• Soldiers desert to Communist Party
• 1949 Nationalists flee to Taiwan
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Superpowers React
• U.S. helps Jiang set up Nationalist government in Taiwan
• Soviets give aid to Communist China
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
China Expands Under Communists• 1950 China attacks
Tibet• Dalai Lama flees to
India
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Mao’s Brand of Marxist Socialism
• 1950 Agrarian Reform Law – seized land from the rich and distributed to peasants
• Businesses are nationalized
• 1953- 5 year plan sets industrial goals
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
“The Great Leap Forward”
• Communes- large collective farms (1958)
• Peasants work land together, live in dormitories, profit goes to the state
• 1961 communes ended due to famine
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
New Policies and Mao’s Response
• China’s problems- failure of Great Leap Forward, disputes with Soviet Union
• China moves away from strict socialism
• Farmers allowed to sell crops, people can own homes
• Mao wants to revive the revolution
• Red Guards
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Cultural Revolution 1966
• Red Guards lead a Cultural Revolution
• The goal was to establish a society of peasants and workers in which all were equal.
• Intellectual and artistic activity considered dangerous
• 1968 Mao orders the revolution stopped
•
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Section 3 Wars in Korea and Vietnam
38th parallel Douglas MacArthurHo Chi Minh domino theoryNgo Dinh Diem VietcongVietnamization Khmer Rouge
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Setting the Stage
• Korea divided at 38th parallel
• North- Japanese surrender to Soviets and becomes Communist
• South- Japanese surrender to Americans and becomes Democratic
38th parallel
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
War in Korea
• Soviets provide N. Korea with military aid
• June 25, 1950 N. attacks S.
• United Nations sends troops to Korea under command of Douglas MacArthur
• Why didn’t the Soviets use their veto power?
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
War in Korea II
• Sept. 1950 North Korea controls most of the South
• Surprise attack at Inchon
• Pincers strategy
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
War In Korea III
• United Nations forces pursue retreating North Korean soldiers
• Chinese send 300,000 soldiers into N.Korea
• Jan. 1951 Chinese push back UN forces into S. Korea and capture Seoul
• Truman fires MacArthur
Bomb theChinese!
NO!You’re fired!!
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
War in Korea IV
• 1952- UN regains control of S. Korea
• July 1953- cease fired signed
• 4 million deaths
DMZ
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Aftermath of Korean War
• North Korea• Kim Il Sung-
collective farms and military build up
• Kim Jung Il- nuclear weapons
• South Korea• Democratic• Focus on technology
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Vietnam War I
• Ho Chi Minh starts Vietminh Independence League
• Japanese leave in 1945 and Ho expects independence from France
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Vietnam War II
• Vietminh fight French forces
• 1954 French suffer defeat at Dien Bien Phu and surrender to Ho
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Vietnam War III
• President Eisenhower and the
• Domino theory
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Vietnam War III
• International conference at Geneva
• Vietnam divided at 17th parallel
• North- communist under Ho Chi Minh
• South- dictatorship under Ngo Dinh Diem supported by U.S. and France
17th
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Vietnam War IV
• Vietcong- communist guerrillas in South Vietnam who oppose Diem
• 1963 Diem assassinated
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Vietnam War V
• U.S. Troops Enter Fight
• Aug. 1964- Pres. Johnson says U.S. ships attacked in Gulf of Tonkin
• 1968- 500, 000 Americans in Vietnam
Gulf of Tonkin
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Vietnam War VI
• U.S. Difficulties1. Guerrilla warfare in
the jungle2. Lack of support for
S. Vietnamese government
3. Vietcong supported by Ho, Soviets, China
•
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Vietnam War VII• U.S. turns to bombing
forest and farms to destroy enemy hideouts
• U.S. loses peasant support
•
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Vietnam War VIII
• Protests rise against Vietnam War in U.S.
• Vietnamization- Nixon allows gradual withdrawal of troops
• S. Vietnamese increase their role
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Vietnam War VIX
• Nixon orders bombing of N. Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos to destroy Vietcong hideouts
• Last U.S. troops leave in 1973
• 1975 N. Vietnam captures S. Vietnam
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Cambodia
• 1975- Khmer Rouge set up communist govt. under Pol Pot
• 2 million die• 1978 Vietnam invades
and overthrows Pot• Vietnamese leave in
1989
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Vietnam After the War
• “reeducation camps”• Nationalization• Saigon renamed Ho
Chi Minh City• 1.5 million people flee
Vietnam
•
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Section 4 Cold WarDivides the World
Third World nonaligned nations
Fidel Castro Anastasio Somoza
Daniel Ortega
Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Setting the Stage
• Nations grouped into 1 of 3 “worlds”
1. Industrialized capitalists- U.S.
2. Communist- U.S.S.R.
3. Third World – developing nations, “nonaligned” with U.S. or U.S.S.R.
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Fighting for 3rd World
• Latin America, Africa, Asia
• Poor, politically unstable
• Former European colony
• Ethnic conflicts, lack of technology, education
• Which world would they choose?
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Cold War Strategies (p.549)
1. Foreign Aid
2. Espionage (CIA, KGB)
3. Multinational Alliances
4. Propaganda
5. Brinkmanship
6. Surrogate Wars
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Association of Nonaligned Nations
• Not all 3rd World nations wanted to be involved in the Cold War• 1955 Bandung, Conference of nonaligned nations led by India
and Indonesia•
Bandung
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Confrontations in Latin America
• Issues- population growth, gap between rich and poor, unstable governments
• American businesses support leaders who protect their investments
• Communist revolutions supported by Soviets
• Consequently, U.S. supports anti-Communist dictators
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Aim: How did the cold war affect Cuba and the U.S.?How did the cold war affect Cuba and the U.S.?
1. Cuba was a colony of Spain since colonial times.
2. Cuba became independent from Spain after the Spanish-American War in 1898.
3. After their independence, Cuba was ruled by dictators, who were supported by the U.S. because of the U.S. business interests in Cuba.
4. Many Cubans hated the dictators and the poor Conditions that existed in Cuba.
I. Background of Cuban History
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Aim: How did the cold war affect Cuba and the U.S.?Aim: How did the cold war affect Cuba and the U.S.?
II. Fidel Castro and events leading up to the “Revolution”?
2. For almost 10 years, Castro and his revolutionary forces lived and fought against the dictator Batista from the jungles of Cuba.
1.Castro organized a revolution against the Cuban dictators.
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Fidel Castro andCuban Revolution
• 1950’s Cuba ruled by dictator Fulgencio Batista
• 1959 Fidel Castro leads revolution
• Suspends elections, controls press, jails opponents
• Nationalized industries
• U.S. loses businesses• Castro turns to Soviets
for aid
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Bay of Pigs Invasion
• 1960- CIA trains anti-Castro exiles
• April 1961- they invade Cuba
• Cuba defends themselves
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Cuban Missile Crisis• July 1962 – Soviet leader Nikita
Khrushchev builds missiles in Cuba
• Oct. 1962- President Kennedy demands their removal and begins naval blockade
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Cuban Missile Crisis II
• Khrushchev agrees to remove missiles in exchange for U.S. promise not to invade Cuba
• Cuba dependent on Soviet aid
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Civil War in Nicaragua
• U.S. supports dictator Anastasio Somoza
• 1979 Communist Sandinista rebels take control
• Daniel Ortega receives aid from both U.S. and Soviet Union
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Civil War in Nicaragua II
• Sandinistas provide aid to Communist rebels in El Salvador
• U.S. then supports Contras
• 1990 Nicaragua holds free elections
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Ruholla Khomeini
1. What is an ayatollah?
2. How did The Republic affect him?
3. Why did he dislike the Shah?
4. What did Khomeini ban during his rule of Iran?
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Confrontations in Middle East
• Religious and Secular Values Clash in Iran
• After WWII Shah Mohammed Pahlavi welcomes Western oil companies
• Iranian nationalists unite under Prime Minister Muhammed Mossadeq
• 1953 Shah Pahlavi flees
• U.S. helps Shah to return
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
U.S. Supports Secular Rule
• Shah continues to westernize Iran
• Conservative Muslim leaders led by Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini overthrows Shah in 1979
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Khomeini’s Anti-U.S. Policies
• 1979 U.S. embassy in Tehran seized
• Americans taken hostage for 444 days
• Khomeini encourages Muslim radicals to overthrow secular governments
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Iran and Iraq
• 1980- 1989 Iran and Iraq go to war
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Afghanistan II
• Why did the U.S. arm the mujahideen?
1. Stop Communism
2. Protect oil of the Middle East
• Soviet President Gorbachev gradually withdraws troops until 1989
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Afghanistan
• 1979 Soviets invade Afghanistan to protect against Muslim revolt
• U.S. sends weapons to mujahideen to fight Soviets
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Section 5 Cold War Thaws
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Setting the Stage
• Soviet Union controls its’ satellite countries
• Poland, Czech., Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, E. Germany
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Soviet Policy in Eastern Europe and China
• 1950s and 60’s protests in Eastern Europe threatened Soviet power
• Tension with China
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Destalinization
• 1956 – Nikita Khrushchev initiates destalinization
• Eliminate Stalin’s memory
• “peaceful competition”
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Rumblings of Protest• October 1956- Hungarian army
and protesters overthrow government
• Imre Nagy promises free elections and demands that Soviet soldiers leave
• November 1956- Soviets invade take control of government and execute Nagy
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Revolt in Czechoslovakia
• 1964- Leonid Brezhnev replaces Khrushchev
• 1968- Alexander Dubcek desire socialism with “a human face”
• Prague Spring
• Aug. 20, 1968- Warsaw Pact nations invade
• Brezhnev Doctrine
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Soviet-Chinese Split
• 1959- Khrushchev refuses to share nuclear secrets and ends aid to China
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Yellow- ChinaRed- Soviet UnionBlack- non-aligned
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Brinkmanship Breaks down• NUCLEAR WAR!!!!
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
U.S. Turns to Detente
• President Nixon replaces brinkmanship with détente
• 1972- 1st president to visit China
• SALT I treaty signed by Nixon and Brezhnev limiting # of ICBM’s
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Collapse of Detente
• 1979 President Carter and Brezhnev sign SALT II
• Congress does not ratify agreement due to Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Reagan Takes Anti-Communist Stance
• President Reagan- increases defense spending
• 1983 – Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Chapter 19
Section 3
The Collapse of the Soviet Union
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
A Younger Leader
• Mikhail Gorbachev
• Glasnost – “openness”
1. Churches reopen
2. Political prisoners released
3. Freedom of speech
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Gorbachev Moves Toward Democracy
• Politburo- ruling committee of Communist party
• Censorship, restrict freedom of speech
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Reforming Economy and Politics
• Issues
1. Inefficient system of central planning
2. No motivation
• Perestroika – economic restructuring
• Small businesses allowed
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Democratization Opens Political System
• Democratization – gradual opening of the political system
• Election of a new legislative body
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Foreign Policy
• Dec. 1987 – Gorbachev and Reagan sign INF treaty.
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Soviet Union Faces Turmoil
• Glasnost, Perestroika, and Democratization reform leads to Soviet Union Break up
• Minority groups demand self-rule
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Lithuania Defies Gorbachev
• March 1990 Lithuania declares independence
• Jan. 1991 Soviets attack
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Yeltsin Denounces Gorbachev
• June 1991 Boris Yeltsin elected president of Russia
• “Hardliners” upset
• August Coup• Aug. 18, 1991-
hardliners demand Gorbachev resign
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
End of Soviet Union
• Gorbachev resigns on Dec. 25, 1991
• The Soviet Union collapses
• Republics declare independence
•
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Chapter 19 Section 4
Changes in Central Europe
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Germany Reunifies
• Fall of the Berlin Wall• 1989 East Germany
completely closes borders
• Protestors demand free travel and elections
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this
wall!
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Berlin Wall Opens• November 9, 1989 Egon Krenz opens Berlin Wall
Standard 10. 9 Analyze the causes of the Cold War
Reunification
• fear of a united Germany
• Helmut Kohl assures world leaders of a democratic nation
• October 3, 1990