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Standard in calculation
Wim Plokker rehva 2009
Energy and Indoor Environmental Simulation
Standard in calculation
Wim Plokker rehva 2009
Contents
• Introduction Vabi
• EPBD software
• Performance simulation
• Energy-> Co2-> PMV-> Productivity
Standard in calculation
Wim Plokker rehva 2009
Introduction Vabi
• Association 1972, 1800 unique customers• Combination of software company,
knowledge centre for calculations.• Software for sizing installation equipment
and assessing building performances• Strategic alliances with Ministry of housing,
ISSO, SenterNovem and TNO.
Standard in calculation
Wim Plokker rehva 2009
Introduction Vabi
• Developed over 25 calculation engines together with TNO.
• Involvement in (inter)national standardisation and research projects (IEA,EU,Cen and ISO)
Standard in calculation
Wim Plokker rehva 2009
EPBD SoftwareEnergy Performance Assessment
• Standard Certificate• Custom-made Advice
• Residential
• Non residential– 5.000 official certificates
Residential building stock
5000000
800000
200000
without labelrentalowner
Standard in calculation
Wim Plokker rehva 2009
EPBD Software optimisation
• Single dwelling – most efficient energy
saving measures• Housing corporations
– Database version– Building stock– Optimisation over the building stock
• Policy : CO2 reduction / Label steps
Standard in calculation
Wim Plokker rehva 2009
Performance Simulationand EPBD
• (9) The measures further to improve the energy performance of buildings should take into account climatic and local conditions as well as indoor climate environment and cost-effectiveness. They should not contravene other essential requirements concerning buildings such as accessibility, prudence and the intended use of the building.
Standard in calculation
Wim Plokker rehva 2009
Performance Simulation
• Energy – Energy Label– kWh Electricity– m3 Gas– Peak capacity / Year duration loads
• CO2 emission• Total cost of ownership• Comfort
– PMV / Fanger• Productivity
– ?????
Standard in calculation
Wim Plokker rehva 2009
Performance SimulationHuidig Adv ie s - W a rmte s tro me n w a rmte be ho e fte pe r ma a nd v o o r s e c to r 3
warm testroom [MJ]
-39000 -34300 -29600 -24900 -20200 -15500 -10800 -6100 -1400 3300 8000
-16478-20655 46345830
-16289-20418 463411640
-13555-16991 4196 24150
-11292-14155 4196 32720
-7615-9546 4196 43520
-4221-5291 3635 49670
-2807-3518 3635 42570
-3373-4227 3635 43760
-5824-7300 4196 30400
-8275-10373 419616620
-13178-16518 41966530
-15629-19591 46343260
Januari
Februari
Maart
April
Mei
Juni
Juli
Augustus
Septem ber
O ktober
Novem ber
Decem ber
transm iss ie ventilatie interne warm teproductie zon door ram en zonnecollec tor(en)
Typical EPBD softwareMonthly BuildingOutput
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
Time (hours)
Tem
pera
ture
ºC
-600
0
600
1200
1800
2400
3000
Ener
gy (
W)
Outside temperature
Air temperature
Comfort temperature
Air supply temperature
Local cooling
Cooling centraal
Local heating
Heating central
Insolation
Internal heating load
Typical BuildingPerformance SimulationHourly ZonalOutput
Standard in calculation
Wim Plokker rehva 2009
Predicted Mean Vote• Air temperature• Radiation• Humidity• Air velocity• Metabolism (effort)• Clothing
Performance PMV
Standard in calculation
Wim Plokker rehva 2009
Overheating risk assessment
• Comfort• Translation of a feeling in an actual assessable
performance• Counting of hours above 25 / 28 °C• PMV / PPD EN ISO 7730• CEN EPBD WI 31/EN 15251• Adaptive thresholds values
• > 90% of all office buildings are assessedin the Netherlands
- +3 Hot
- +2 Warm
- +1 Slightly warm
- +0 Neutral
- - 1 Slightly cool
- -2 Cool
- -3 Cold
- +3 Hot
- +2 Warm
- +1 Slightly warm
- +0 Neutral
- - 1 Slightly cool
- -2 Cool
- -3 Cold
Standard in calculation
Wim Plokker rehva 2009
Thermal performanceCEN WI 31 Criteria for the Indoor Environment including thermal, indoor air quality, light and noise
EN 15251
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 3015
18
21
24
27
30
Te,ref (ºC)
Ti (
ºC)
Period:Utilization period only
Temperature:Comfort temperature
Type of building:Alpha
Class A: 90%Class B: 80%Class C: 65%
Undercooling: Overheating:87340
13315920
ATG
Standard in calculation
Wim Plokker rehva 2009
Productivity PerformanceShort sick leave versus ventilation rate per person
(Rehva guideline no 6 fig 12)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Ventilation rate (l/s per person)
Sic
k L
ea
ve
re
lati
ve
to
w
ith
no
ve
nti
lati
on
Milton-offices
Relative Productivity versus indoor air temperature(rehva guidebook no 6 fig 20)
75.0
80.0
85.0
90.0
95.0
100.0
15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0
Indoor air temperature (°C)
Re
lati
ve
Pro
du
cti
vit
y
(%)
Standard in calculation
Wim Plokker rehva 2009
Productivity
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 3015
18
21
24
27
30
Te,ref (ºC)
Ti (
ºC)
Period:Utilization period only
Temperature:Comfort temperature
Type of building:Alpha
Class A: 90%Class B: 80%Class C: 65%
Undercooling: Overheating:87340
13315920
Minimum ventilation rate Double ventilation rate
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 3015
18
21
24
27
30
Te,ref (ºC)
Ti (
ºC)
Period:Utilization period only
Temperature:Comfort temperature
Type of building:Alpha
Class A: 90%Class B: 80%Class C: 65%
Undercooling: Overheating:51000
1461472319
Standard in calculation
Wim Plokker rehva 2009
Productivity
Productivity loss over a day
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Hour of the day (h)
Pro
du
ctiv
ity
loss
(%
)
short seak leave
Productivity Ventilation
Productivity Temperature
Productivity - Total
Standard in calculation
Wim Plokker rehva 2009
Productivity
• Annual cost per m2 office
• 3000 Euro Personnel• 300 Euro Rent• 30 Euro Energy costs• 3 Euro 10% Energy savings
Standard in calculation
Wim Plokker rehva 2009
ProductivityEnergy consumption Old New New - Old Price Increase of Costs
kWh kWh kWh €/kWh € €/pp
Heating 10803 17213 6410 x 0.072 = 462Cooling 1485 545 -940 x 0.081 = -76
Electricity consumption - fans 3569 6895 3326 x 0.181 = 602Electricity consumption - pumps 458 514 56 x 0.181 = 10Total 998 83
Loss in Productivity 2) Labour cost
costs gain% % % hours €/pph €/pp
Short sick leave at actual Ventilation Rate 3) 1.94 1.07 0.87
Loss in Productivity at actual Ventilation Rate 4) 1.48 0.50 0.98
Loss in Productivity at actual Indoor Air Quality 4) 0.00 0.00 0.00Loss in Productivity at actual Indoor Air Temperature 1.37 1.27 0.10
Total 5) Minimum 1.85 x 1872 x 30 1039Maximum 1.95
Remarks:1) At fresh air amount of 0,0 l/s per person2) Loss in Productivity withrespect to 'ideal' (ventilation rate infinitive, indoor air temperature 22 oC; indoor air quality 0 PPD)3) Short Sick Leave is only applicable for cases with office gardens or for cases with high a recirculation rate of the return air4) The maximum of these two values is taken. The other value is taken 0,05) Minimum: PL-Short Time Sick Leave + PL-indoor air quality + Maximum (PL-ventilation,PL-temperature)
Maximum: PL-Short Time Sick Leave + PL-indoor air quality + PL-ventilation + PL-temperature PL stands for Productivity Loss
Standard in calculation
Wim Plokker rehva 2009
Concluding Remarks
• Rehva Guidebook 6“Indoor Climate and Productivity in Offices” is a big step towards Productivity as a performance indicator
• Integrating Productivity in Building Performance Simulation makes a balanced trade-off between Investment / Energy performance / Productivity possible