Standard Technology Title: PRO-ACTIVE BIRD MORTALITY Unique … · 2018. 1. 20. · [1] Evaluating...

Standard Technology

Title: PRO-ACTIVE BIRD MORTALITY MITIGATION IN DISTRIBUTION

Unique Identifier: 240-115756171

Alternative Reference Number: ENV16-R223

Area of Applicability: Engineering

Documentation Type: Standard

Revision: 1

Total Pages: 35

Next Review Date: May 2022

Disclosure Classification: Public

Compiled by Approved by Authorized by

Rudi Kruger and Koos Kraftt

Envirotech CG

Deidre Herbst

Eskom Environmental Manager

Prince Moyo

Power Delivery Engineering GM

Date: Date: Date:

Supported by SCOT/SC

Riaz Vajeth

Power Delivery Engineering GM

Date:

Document Classification: Public

PRO-ACTIVE BIRD MORTALITY MITIGATION IN DISTRIBUTION


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ESKOM COPYRIGHT PROTECTED

When downloaded from the WEB, this document is uncontrolled and the responsibility rests with the user

to ensure it is in line with the authorized version on the WEB.

Content

Page

1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 5 1.1 Network performance: ........................................................................................................................ 5 1.2 Financial impact: ................................................................................................................................ 5 1.3 Reputational value:............................................................................................................................. 5 1.4 Environmental impact: ........................................................................................................................ 5 1.5 Legal liability: ...................................................................................................................................... 5

2. Supporting clauses ...................................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................. 5

2.1.1 Purpose .................................................................................................................................. 6 2.1.2 Applicability ............................................................................................................................ 6

2.2 Normative/informative references ...................................................................................................... 6 2.2.1 Normative ............................................................................................................................... 6 2.2.2 Informative ............................................................................................................................. 6

2.3 Definitions ........................................................................................................................................... 6 2.3.1 General .................................................................................................................................. 6 2.3.2 Disclosure classification ......................................................................................................... 6

2.4 Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................................... 6 2.5 Roles and responsibilities .................................................................................................................. 7 2.6 Process for monitoring ....................................................................................................................... 7 2.7 Related/supporting documents .......................................................................................................... 7

3. Document content ....................................................................................................................................... 7 3.1 Conclusions reached from Eskom / EWT research report to identify bird sensitive areas

(RES/RR/15/17850: An Avian Red-Listed Species Sensitivity Map Relevant to Eskom Distribution Powerlines in South Africa) ............................................................................................. 7 3.1.1 Sensitivity Map Criteria 1: Bird Species of interest (from Eskom / EWT research

project) ................................................................................................................................... 8 3.1.2 Sensitivity Map Criteria 2: Hazardous demographics ............................................................ 8 3.1.3 Organisation Constraints that compete with the bird mortality mitigation plan ...................... 9

3.2 Proposed Pro-Active Bird Mitigation Strategy .................................................................................. 10 3.2.1 Medium/Long Term .............................................................................................................. 10 3.2.2 Short Term ........................................................................................................................... 10

3.3 Tactical Interventions Required ........................................................................................................ 14 3.3.1 Reducing Bird Electrocutions ............................................................................................... 14 3.3.2 Reducing in-flight collisions with power lines ....................................................................... 25

3.4 Developing the action plan for the target CNC’s .............................................................................. 28 3.4.1 Identification of the High Risk Areas, problematic structures and retro-fitting plan ............. 28 3.4.2 Structure modification and/or replacement guide ................................................................ 30 3.4.3 Structure Review .................................................................................................................. 31

3.5 Stakeholder Management ................................................................................................................ 33 3.5.1 Distribution Executive and Senior Management .................................................................. 33 3.5.2 Distribution Zone and Sector Manager ................................................................................ 33 3.5.3 CNC Senior Supervisors and Staff ...................................................................................... 33

3.6 Incentive Scheme ............................................................................................................................. 33 3.7 Beneficiation Tracking ...................................................................................................................... 33

3.7.1 Project Milestone Tracking ................................................................................................... 33




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3.7.2 Organisational Performance ................................................................................................ 34

4. Authorization .............................................................................................................................................. 34

5. Revisions ................................................................................................................................................... 35

6. Development team .................................................................................................................................... 35

7. Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................... 35

Figures

Figure 1: Bird Sensitivity Map indicating Hot Spots for immediate attention ...................................................... 9

Figure 2: Distribution of Eskom Distribution HV lines (red) and MV lines (green)............................................. 9

Figure 3: Elliot CNC sensitivity pentads overlaid with the HV and MV power lines ........................................ 11

Figure 4: T-structure ........................................................................................................................................ 16

Figure 5: T-structure variant ............................................................................................................................ 16

Figure 6: Kite Structure .................................................................................................................................... 17

Figure 7: Terminal Structure with lighting arrestors and switchgear ............................................................... 18

Figure 8: Terminal Structure with switchgear .................................................................................................. 18

Figure 9: Terminal Structure with exposed jumper cables leading to transformer .......................................... 18

Figure 10: Delta Suspension Structure ............................................................................................................ 19

Figure 11: Staggered Vertical configuration used for 22kV powerlines .......................................................... 19

Figure 12: Wishbone Structure ........................................................................................................................ 20

Figure 13: The “A frame” suspension structure (photographed by Constant Hoogstad) ................................ 21

Figure 14: A frame strain structure: Exposed jumpers on the corner of a strain pole (photographed by Constand Hoogstad) .......................................................................................................................... 21

Figure 15: Syeel mno-pole structure (photographed by Constand Hoogstad) ................................................ 22

Figure 16: BIL Cut-away .................................................................................................................................. 23

Figure 17: Typical MVLC installed onto a jumper and on outer conductor ..................................................... 23

Figure 18: Typical MVLC installed onto a jumper ............................................................................................ 24

Figure 19: Lightning spike installed on a wood cross arm ............................................................................... 24

Figure 20: Suitability of structure and conductor configurations to avoid electrocutions ................................ 25

Figure 21: EBM Bird Flapper ........................................................................................................................... 26

Figure 22: Solar Charging LED systems ......................................................................................................... 27

Figure 23: Limitation of bird flight diverters on conductors .............................................................................. 27

Tables

Table 1: At risk bird species ............................................................................................................................... 8

Table 2: Geographical areas of vulnerability ..................................................................................................... 8

Table 3: Geographical areas of vulnerability ................................................................................................... 11

Table 4: Priority CNCs per Distribution Operating Units identified for rolling out pro-active mitigation strategy ............................................................................................................................................... 12

Table 5: Vulnerable species ............................................................................................................................ 15




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Table 6: Vulnerable species to collisions......................................................................................................... 26

Table 7: MV Structure Modification/Replacement matrix: Electrocutions ....................................................... 31

Table 8: Conductor impact avoidance ............................................................................................................. 31




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1. Introduction

A decision was taken by the Eskom Distribution SHEQ committee during the meeting of June 2013 to initiate a pro-active mitigation program to prevent electrocution and collision of birds on Eskom Distribution infrastructure (11-132kV). The decision was taken in response to numerous bird mortalities, despite the efforts made in terms of the re-active program to mitigate infrastructure when incidents are reported. The approach adopted by the committee was for the Endangered Wildlife Trust (EWT) to “identify areas for projects to be raised to mitigate bird unfriendly networks”.

A research project, completed in October 2015, was undertaken to identify bird sensitive areas throughout the nine provinces. The research resulted in bird sensitivity maps which informed the scope of the pro-active bird mitigation strategy as outlined in this document to mitigate the following organizational risks:

1.1 Network performance:

Electrocution of birds resulting from a phase-to-phase or phase-to-ground mechanism affects network performance, damage to equipment and quality of supply.

1.2 Financial impact:

Studies conducted showed a financial impact of bird electrocutions or collisions affecting loss of income from power interruptions; labour, material and transport cost to mitigate infrastructure and claims from landowners due to veld fires started from electrocuted birds.

1.3 Reputational value:

Eskom has been consistently receiving negative publicity due to continuous bird mortalities which is not enhancing Eskom’s image as being a company having due care about the environment and a responsible corporate citizen.

1.4 Environmental impact:

Continuous electrocution or collision of birds, some which are red data species and classified as protected in terms of legislation, contributes to environmental degradation. These mortalities can affect local and regional bird populations and some studies suggest power line mortalities as being the main contributor to local extinction of species due to their slow reproductive rate.

1.5 Legal liability:

Eskom has a duty of care in terms of Section 28 of the National Environment Management Act No.107 (Act No. 107 of 1998) to prevent significant environmental degradation from occurring, continuing or recurring. Directors, managers or employees may be liable if they:

unlawfully and intentionally or negligently committing any act or omission which causes significant pollution or degradation of the environment or is likely to cause significant pollution or degradation of the environment;

2. Supporting clauses

2.1 Scope

This strategy considers large bird vulnerability to electrocution and collision into power lines established, operated and maintained by the Eskom Distribution Division. It lays the foundation for tactical and operational plans to mitigate such incidents in specifically targeted portions of the networks in areas of high risk.




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2.1.1 Purpose

To establish and exhaustive review of data and information available on large bird mortality on account of Eskom power lines, identify the specific areas of interest and direct hazardous plant and its modification/replacement into a ‘bird friendly network. The document can serve to align the contribution of all participants in the electricity supply value chain towards the stated objective.

2.1.2 Applicability

This document shall apply throughout Eskom Holdings Limited: Distribution Division.

2.2 Normative/informative references

Parties using this document shall apply the most recent edition of the documents listed in the following paragraphs.

2.2.1 Normative

[1] Evaluating the bird electrocution risk of Eskom Distribution High (44 to 132 kV) and Medium Volt (22kV-132kV) structures - Rudi Kruger (Eskom unpublished document)

[2] RES/RR/15/17850. An Avian Red-Listed Species Sensitivity Map Relevant to Eskom Distribution Powerlines in South Africa. (Eskom research report).

2.2.2 Informative

None

2.3 Definitions

2.3.1 General

Definition Description

Habitat Habitat is an ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular species of animal, plant, or other type of organism.

Pentad A geographical grid overlaid on the earth surface that defines an area of 5 X 5 arc minutes

2.3.2 Disclosure classification

Public domain: published in any public forum without constraints (either enforced by law, or discretionary).

2.4 Abbreviations

Abbreviation Description

CNC Customer Network Centre

HV High Voltage (44 to 132 kV)

LV Low Voltage (50 to 999 Volt)

MV Medium Voltage (1 to 33 kV)




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2.5 Roles and responsibilities

Eskom Sustainability: Environmental management will continue to study the impact of the Eskom network and Operations on avifauna to review the impact.

Eskom - Engineering will in collaboration with Environmental Management develop and review all technology and its configuration to minimise the impact on the environment.

Eskom Distribution Operations and Maintenance managers will commission new networks with a duty of care to environmental preservation along this strategy and modify or replace technology that has proven problematic to birds at every reasonable opportunity.

2.6 Process for monitoring

See beneficiation in paragraph 3.7. Details of modifications and interventions to be captured on works management system.

2.7 Related/supporting documents

No reporting references apply.

3. Document content

Power line structures and conductors are elevated above most natural features in the rural landscape. In many cases these structures and conductors are the only prominent features on the landscape. Structures and conductors are used by birds for perching, roosting, and nesting.

Birds gravitate to power line structures for a variety of reasons. It provides bird of prey convenient high vantage points to observe and ambush the small land animals it prey on. It provides perching sites for scavengers waiting their turn at a carcass. Structures provide platforms, ideal for nesting. Roosting above the ground is preferred by birds where the structures provide a suitable basis for nesting, rather than on the ground or low trees.

Unfortunately these structures and conductors present hazardous conditions that can kill birds, through electrocution or by colliding with conductors during flight.

Electrocution of birds result from (especially the larger species) bridging free space: contact or close proximity (where the dielectric strength of air is compromised or direct contact is made) of high Voltage potential differences between different phase conductors, but more so between live conductors and earth conductors. The current required to kill birds’ measure in the order of milliamps. In some cases however, birds initiate the flow of large currents that will kill the bird.

Fatal, in-flight impact occurs mostly due to low visibility conductors spanned between towers. Conductors are visible when it is above the horizon from the vantage point of man or bird. Unfortunately in the varying flight height of birds, or during low visibility in fog, rain or snow, conductor is obscured. By the time that large birds (that is not as nimble as the smaller birds) see the conductor, avoidance becomes impossible. The outcome is devastating to the bird.

3.1 Conclusions reached from Eskom / EWT research report to identify bird sensitive areas (RES/RR/15/17850: An Avian Red-Listed Species Sensitivity Map Relevant to Eskom Distribution Powerlines in South Africa)

Sensitivity maps were created per Eskom Distribution Operating Unit in order to identify and delineate areas within South Africa where globally and regionally threatened bird species are potentially at risk of power-line mortality on overhead distribution power lines. The different areas were ranked according to sensitivity enabling Eskom to prioritise future proactive mitigation efforts within the different Operating Units.




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The Endangered Wildlife Trust (EWT) selected five Red-listed species for separate analyses of each Eskom Distribution Operating Unit according to a standardised selection protocol involving the number of previously-recorded incidents as well as the global and the regional threatened status of the species. Sensitivity maps relevant to the combined data for the five selected species per Operating Unit were then developed. This was according to the distribution of the different species, buffered nesting sites, modelled suitable habitat and the location of previously-recorded power line incidents.

These data sets were imported as separate layers within a Geographical Information System (GIS) programme in order to conduct the analyses. Data from the SABAP2 project was used to map the distribution of Red-listed species and model suitable habitat using maximum-entropy (Maxent) modelling. Nest sites were buffered according to known and active datasets as well as histroical records recorded in peer-reviewed as well as popular literature. Power line incident locations involving Red-listed species were extracted and plotted from coordinates contained within the Central Incident Register of the EWT’s Wildlife and Energy Programme.

The EWT also included layers demarcating the location of Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs), as well as formally-protected areas in order to further enhance the priority of these biodiversity hotspots within the final maps. All of the different layers were resampled according to the pentad (5 min x 5 min) scale and merged as different binary columns within the attribute of the final shapefiles. The combined score for each pentad indicated the sensitivity for that particular area, relative to the other pentads in the Operating Unit.

Finally, sensitivity maps for each Operating Unit were merged in order to create a combined map for South Africa, and a hotspot analysis was conducted in order to simplify the representation of sensitive areas within the country.

Managing the technology selection, configuration and line route provides the most ideal opportunity to reduce the negative interaction between birds and power lines within the sensitive areas. The hot spots that will form the basis of the short term tactical plan were identified through processes that included the following focus areas:

3.1.1 Sensitivity Map Criteria 1: Bird Species of interest (from Eskom / EWT research project)

Table 1: At risk bird species

Popular Name of Bird Popular Name of Bird Popular Name of Bird

Bearded Vulture Blue Crane Greater Flamingo

Grey Crowned Crane Lapped-faced Vulture Lesser Flamingo

Ludwig Bustard Martial Eagle Secretary Bird

Southern Banded Snake Eagle Southern Ground Hornbill Verreauxs’ Eagle

Wattled Crane White-backed Vulture

3.1.2 Sensitivity Map Criteria 2: Hazardous demographics

Table 2: Geographical areas of vulnerability

Known Distribution of the target bird populations

Proximity to nest sites

Modelled Habitat Locations of known network related incidents (Electrocutions or in flight collisions)

The two variables listed above have been summarised in a sensitivity map where the coloured pentad identify the areas for specific focus in the short term to reduce the risk of bird mortalities by implementing the strategy as outlined in the following sections of this document.




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Figure 1: Bird Sensitivity Map indicating Hot Spots for immediate attention

3.1.3 Organisation Constraints that compete with the bird mortality mitigation plan

In the ideal world where there is no time and resource constraint, Eskom would immediately take the steps to remedy legacy network and operations to reduce all deaths and maiming of life. Reality is much different as is demonstrated in the next section.

Distribution power lines are distributed all over South Africa covering by default the sensitive bird areas. The following demonstrates:

1) Distribution MV Line Length = 289’482 km

2) Estimated number of MV Structures = 2’894’818

3) Distribution HV Line Length =49’518 km

4) Estimated number of HV Structures = 412’648

5) Estimated Distribution LV Line Length =402’00 km

6) Estimated number of LV Structures = 5’025’000 (fortunately the least impact due to the design choices made initially)

Figure 2: Distribution of Eskom Distribution HV lines (red) and MV lines (green)




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The cost of operations, maintenance, and system strengthening and refurbishing the network described above in a time of cash and capital constraint is a mammoth task that competes with other priorities. Any monies that can be set aside specifically for reducing the bird mortality will have to be well motivated and the spending tightly controlled. Hence the strategy proposed lever existing asset excursions, planned or unplanned. It calls for the effective identification, planning and close assistance in levering the current asset excursions optimally.

Establishing this asset base took approximately 60 years, in another 60 years most of it would most probably be replaced with more appropriate technology.

3.2 Proposed Pro-Active Bird Mitigation Strategy

The mitigation strategy is set at two parallel levels where the low hanging fruits will be harvested in the shortest time possible. The short term plan will inform the long term plan by the learning gained in the process.

3.2.1 Medium/Long Term

In the medium and long term a cultural shift must be facilitated to influence line design, route planning, asset selection and application, operations and maintenance by all participants in the Engineering and Operations and Maintenance sectors of the Distribution business. The culture modification should result in a large bird preservation paradigm that is core to decision making throughout the vertical and horizontal structures in the business. This should be achieved in the following processes:

a) In research that identify bird demographics, behaviour, vulnerability and preservation in the context of the technology choice.

b) In research, development, adoption, application, modification and retrofitting of preferred technology that can be classified as ‘Bird Friendly’.

c) Embedding work practices in Operations and Maintenance that ensures the application of ‘Bird Friendly’ technology and structure configurations is pursuit of optimal environmental preservation.

Above objectives will require close collaboration between the Distribution Group and the SCOT Enviro Tech structures. A critical success factor is the identification of the most suitable resources in those structures, routines that place the preservation of these birds as a primary objective. This phase has already started and may require constant improvement: ad-infinitum.

3.2.2 Short Term

3.2.2.1 Prioritisation criteria

The short-term strategy proposes a bottoms-up approach and implementation with the full support and approval of the top-down structures in Distribution. It is imperative that we tune business operations (the bolts and the nuts) to eliminate high risk assets and practices into a culture of “we care for the environment – birds” (we might link this to the Zero Harm value “zero harm to the environment – birds). The same way we care for our prime function of ‘we are keeping the lights burning’. It is in fact the same thing.

As the objectives outlined in this strategy compete with opposing objectives and resources, applying the Pareto principal is used to execute the pro-active bird mitigation strategy. This will require initially focussing on the critical (see sensitivity map) 20% of the Customer Network Centres to address 20% of the high risk networks and structures that occurs in these geographical areas that will rapidly reduce mortality risk with 80%. This will lay the foundation to standardise pro-active bird mitigation practices as part of normal maintenance practices on all existing powelines.

The method to prioritise this 20% requires an overlay of the sensitivity map and the Eskom asset base. Selection of the critical areas within the ranked CNC’s should follow the Elliot CNC example presented below.




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3.2.2.2 Elliot CNC: example of applying the criteria

Figure 3: Elliot CNC sensitivity pentads overlaid with the HV and MV power lines

The intersect points of the sensitive pentads and power lines identify the areas where the birds are most vulnerable to mortality. The different colours indicate the sensitivity score with red indicating the highest vulnerability. The red veins indicate MV and the brown, the HV lines.

The points of intersect identify the following power lines as urgent:

Table 3: Geographical areas of vulnerability

Line Name and Operating Voltage Designation number on Map (Fig 3)

Elliot Witkrans 1, 22 kV 1

Witkrans Rhodes 1, 22 kV 2

Ugie Maclear 1, 22 kV 3

Indwe Dordrecht 1, 22 kV 4

Cala Eliot 1, 66 kV A

Indwe Elliot 1, 66 kV B

Elliot Uggie 1, 132 kV C

3.2.2.3 Selection and Ranking of the CNC’s for implementation from the sensitivity analysis

An overlay of the scored pentads with the current CNC locations on the maps allowed the identification and ranking of the CNC’s for the project. The 21 top scoring CNC’s have a sensitivity score above 99. The highest ranked CNC have a tally of 1404 outranking the next on the list of 418 by almost 1000 points. It is therefore recommended that the top 73 CNC’s be targeted initially. A next batch of CNC’s can be prioritised for implementation thereafter. This phased approach is a resulting absence of dedicated resources to manage the project plan and drive the implementation through all its phases required for success. The use of the sensitivity map to prioritise the CNC’s is not absolute but provides and indexed departure point to roll out the strategy.




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Table 4: Priority CNCs per Distribution Operating Units identified for rolling out pro-active mitigation strategy

Operating Unit Zone Sector Customer Network

Centre National Ranking

Eastern Cape Aliwal North Aliwal Elliot 18

Eastern Cape Port Elizabeth Uitenhage Graaff-Reinet 48

Eastern Cape Mthata Lukhanji Queenstown 59

Eastern Cape Aliwal North Aliwal Aliwal North 63

Freestate Bethlehem Bethlehem Harrismith 8

Freestate Bethlehem Bethlehem Vrede 23

Freestate Bethlehem Bethlehem Bohlokong 36

Gauteng Vaal Randfontein Magalies 12

Gauteng Ekurhuleni Kathorus Zonkizizwe 54

Gauteng Lepha Modimolle Krugersdorp 65

Gauteng Vaal Randfontein Libanon 66

Gauteng Tshwane Tshwane Mothulung 67

Gauteng Johannesburg Midrand North Rand 68

Gauteng Pretoria Tshwane West Ga Rankuwa 20

Gauteng Johannesburg Sandton Lanseria 22

Gauteng Ekurhuleni Nigel Vosterkroon 28

Gauteng Pretoria Tshwane East Bronkhorstspruit 47

Kwa Zulu Natal Pietermaritzburg Kokstad Underberg 5

Kwa Zulu Natal Pietermaritzburg Kokstad Nottingham Road 6

Kwa Zulu Natal Pietermaritzburg Kokstad Kokstad 7

Kwa Zulu Natal Newcastle Ladysmith Estcourt 9

Kwa Zulu Natal Newcastle Ladysmith Bergville 21

Kwa Zulu Natal Pietermaritzburg Pietermaritzburg Howic 24

Kwa Zulu Natal Pietermaritzburg Margate Harding 39

Kwa Zulu Natal Pietermaritzburg Pietermaritzburg Edendale 44

Kwa Zulu Natal Pietermaritzburg Kokstad Ixopo 45

Kwa Zulu Natal Emphangeni Stanger Greytown 51

Limpopo Tzaneen Tzaneen Selati 1

Limpopo Thohoyandou Thohoyandou Malamulele 2

Limpopo Tzaneen Tzaneen Hoedspruit 4

Limpopo Thohoyandou Musina Musina 25

Limpopo Tzaneen Giyani Giyani 34

Limpopo Tzaneen Tzaneen Makhutswe 40

Limpopo Polokwane Polokwane Polokwane 41

Limpopo Thohoyandou Louis Trichart Alldays 42

Limpopo Lephalale Lephalale Thabazimbi 46

Limpopo Thoyoyandou Louis Trichardt Louis Trichardt 49




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Operating Unit Zone Sector Customer Network

Centre National Ranking

Limpopo Polokwane Mokopane Senwabarwana 50

Limpopo Lephalale Modimolle Belebela 53

Limpopo Thohoyandou Musina Mutale 55

Limpopo Lephalale Lephalale Lephalale 64

Limpopo Polokwane Mokopane Dendron 69

Limpopo Lepphalale Modimille Vaalwater 70

Mpumalanga Emalahleni Middelburg Machadodorp 16

Mpumalanga Ermelo Ermelo Volksrust 19

Mpumalanga Ermelo Ermelo Ermelo 43

Mpumalanga Mbombela Hazyview Lydenburg 56

Mpumalanga Ermelo Ermelo Piet Retief 57

Mpumalanga Ermelo Secunda Leslie 71

North West Platinum Mmabthaho Koster 11

North West Platinum Rustenburg Hennops 15

North West Vaal Rustenburg Mooinooi 26

North West Platinum Rustenburg Mogwase 27

North West Platinum Rustenburg Tlhabane 29

North West Platinum Rustenburg Brits 30

North West Platinum Rustenburg Vaalkop 31

North West Platinnum Rustenburg Rustenburg 32

North West Klerksdorp Vryburg Delareyville 33

North West Platinum Rustenburg Matooster 37

North West Platinum Mmabthaho Lichtenburg 60

Northern Cape Upington Kalahari Upington 3

Northern Cape Kimberly Karoo De Aar 10

Northern Cape Kimberley Harts Kimberley 14

Northern Cape Kimberly Harts Barkley West 35

Northern Cape Kimberly Karoo Colesberg 38

Northern Cape Kimberly Karoo Petrusville 52

Western Cape Protea Overberg Swellendam 13

Western Cape Protea Overberg Bredasdorp 17

Western Cape Atlantic West Coast Piketberg 58

Western Cape Protea Garden Route Beufort West 61

Western Cape Protea Overberg Caledon 62

Western Cape Atlantic West Coast Vredenburg 72

Western Cape Atlantic West Coast Vredendal 73




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3.3 Tactical Interventions Required

3.3.1 Reducing Bird Electrocutions

To understand the electrocution problem, the relationship between the body size of large birds and the design of installations must be considered. Electrocution of birds is directly related to power line design and more specifically spacing between elements that can result in phase-to-phase or phase-to ground contact (APLIC 1996). According to APLIC (1996) two design factors make a line hazardous to birds: (1) phase conductors separated by less than the wingspan of the bird that is landing, perching or taking off; and (2) a distance between grounded hardware and an energised conductor that is less than the wingspan of the bird or the distance from the tip of the bill to the tip of the tail. According to APLIC (1996) other factors such as age, experience, weather (rain, snow and wind), and time of the year also affect the susceptibility of birds to electrocution.

Birds are attracted to power lines which they utilise as hunting, roosting, nesting and feeding perches. Birds with large wingspans are vulnerable to electrocution on supporting poles and smaller birds while perching on poles supporting equipment such as transformers. In general, any design that encourages birds to perch near uninsulated hardware is dangerous. Other factors such as age, experience, weather, and time of the year can also affect the susceptibility of birds to electrocution.




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3.3.1.1 Identified species Vulnerable to electrocution (see Eskom / EWT research report)

Table 5: Vulnerable species

Cape Vulture Lapped Faced Vulture

Bearded Vulture

White Back Vulture

Martial Eagle

Southern Banded Snake Eagle




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3.3.1.2 Structures of concern

a) T-structures

Figure 4: T-structure

The T-structure used for 11kV-33kV power lines was found in various studies to be responsible for the largest number of bird electrocutions. In many cases, an earthed downwire for lightning protection runs up the pole and terminates in a spike between the middle and an outer insulator. The potential for phase to phase, or phase to earth electrocution on such structures is very likely (Ledger et al. 1993), especially to large birds and vultures (Kruger & Van Rooyen 1998; Kruger 1999). However, even small birds have been recorded electrocuted on this structure. The distance between the conductors supported by a 2.5 m cross-arm is 1.10 m, and 1.35 m for a 3.0 m cross arm.

Should there be an earth-spike extending between the two conductors, the distance between a phase and ground is reduced to 55 cm and 67.5 cm respectively. Even the smallest birds recorded electrocuted on this structure (the Barn Owl with a wingspan of 91 cm) can easily bridge this distance, hence explaining the lethalness of this structure to both small and large birds (Kruger 1999).

A variation to the T structure is the T structure Delta (Figure 5) where the cross arm is lowered. This design remains a risk to large birds such as vultures which bridge the distance between the outer conductors and the top conductor.

Figure 5: T-structure variant




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b) Kite Structure

Figure 6: Kite Structure

The problem of vulture electrocutions on Kite structures (Figure 6) in the western Transvaal was first documented in the early 1970s (Markus 1972). Ledger & Annergan (1981) reported 169 vultures being electrocuted between 1973 and 1977 on these structures. A later study revealed that between 1978 and 1981 another 246 vultures were electrocuted on Kite structures (Ledger 1984). It was thought that the problem was solved subsequent to the fitting of Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) spirals on the middle conductor and perches to the upper part of the tower (Ledger et al. 1993). The spirals were intended to prevent the wing-tips of the vultures from touching the conductor when alighting on the cross-arm (Van Rooyen & Piper 1998). Although Ledger et al. (1993) reported that the electrocution of vultures on these structures had largely been solved; subsequent reports of vulture electrocutions (Verdoorn 1996) indicated that the problem was not resolved. Verdoorn (1998) collected 86 dead vultures from June to August 1995 below a section of a power line constructed with Kite structures near Ventersdorp in the North West Province of South Africa.

Ledger (1984) found that the majority of electrocutions occurred when the birds perched on towers near a carcass, when they attempted to roost overnight, or because of unfavourable weather conditions. Vultures perch safely on the upper part of the steel Kite construction, but when many birds are present on the top of the tower; other individuals attempt to perch on the steel cross-arm, often with fatal results (Ledger 1984). Vultures are also very gregarious and will rather choose to perch lower down on a tower, when the top of a structure is occupied, than move to unoccupied towers (Ledger & Annergan 1981). Vultures also tend to roost on preferred sites and given the choice, prefer larger towers. Ledger & Annergan (1984) also suggested that electrocutions do not occur during overnight roosting, but rather while vultures perch on towers prior to feeding. Vultures were also electrocuted on the strain “H” pole by bridging the horizontal distance of the strain insulators on which arcing horns are fitted.




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c) Terminal Structures

Figure 7: Terminal Structure with lighting arrestors and

switchgear

Figure 8: Terminal Structure with switchgear

Figure 9: Terminal Structure with exposed

jumper cables leading to transformer

An unexpected finding during the study conducted by Smith (1993) was the extent to which birds were electrocuted on terminal structures in rural areas; also confirmed in other recent reports (see Bevanger 1994, Harness 1997, Van Rooyen 1998a). A study conducted by Kruger (1999) also showed that Terminal structures and Terminal structures supporting switchgear or surge arrestors, accounted for large numbers of electrocutions. Both small and large birds are electrocuted on these structures, due to the minimum clearance between elements comprising a phase-to-phase or phase-to ground. Jumper cables from these three conductors lead downwards to connect to the transformer, while another three jumper leads lead above the cross-arm to connect to the lightning arrestors.

Another variation is where the jumpers from the main conductors lead to cross-arm supporting switchgear, midway between the transformer and the top cross-arm (Figures 8,9), from where jumpers lead to the transformer (Figure 9). The top cross-arm is bonded and earthed, and any bird that perches on the cross-arms or transformer and touches an uninsulated jumper wire, is electrocuted.

Harness (1997) found that uninsulated jumper wires on pole mounted equipment pose a great threat to eagles, hawks and owls because of the minimal phase-to-phase and phase-to-ground separation between bare energised jumper wires. In a separate study, Harness (1996) reported that 57% of confirmed electrocutions were associated with transformers. Van Rooyen (1998b) found that Terminal structures were responsible for the greatest number of bird electrocutions in South Africa, particularly owls.

According to APLIC (1996) smaller birds are vulnerable to electrocution on structures with transformers, accounting for 55% of hawk and 64% of owl electrocutions. Small species with wingspans less than 100 cm generally cannot span the distance between conductors, and are therefore more at risk on Terminal structures (APLIC 1996).

d) Rural multi-phase transformer banks often serve remote irrigation or oil pumps and may be particularly harmful, because they are often situated near open agricultural fields which are likely to support numerous birds drawn to the surface water for drinking and bathing purposes (Harness 1998, Van Rooyen 1998a). A factor that may explain the high incidence of reports of birds electrocuted on terminal structures is that carcasses are more likely to be located and reported than those on other structures, since terminal structures are frequently visited by landowners, or Eskom personnel during maintenance work (Van Rooyen 1998a).




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e) Delta Suspension Steel Structure (Figure 10)

Figure 10: Delta Suspension Structure

The Delta Suspension steel structure used for 88kV and 132kV distribution lines is another pylon type that results in vulture mortalities. The structure is a steel lattice structure with two steel cross-arms on one side supporting the conductors with suspension insulators (Figure 10). The design of this structure is hazardous because of the small vertical distance (125 cm) between the bottom cross-arm and the suspended conductor immediately above it. Electrocutions occur, presumably when vultures take off from, or alight on, the lowest cross-arm (Van Rooyen & Piper 1998) and simultaneously touch the conductor immediately above the cross-arm and the cross arm itself. Another possibility is that the birds cause an electrical fault by excreting before taking off, thus bridging the gap between the conductor and the bottom cross arm (Van Rooyen & Piper 1998).

The vertical clearance on new designs of the delta suspension structure type, or designs where large birds like vultures can bridge the vertical distance between phase to-earth, should be a minimum of 170 cm to provide sufficient space for a bird to perch. The following approach is followed to determine the minimum vertical clearance. The perching height of a Cape Griffon is 95 cm (Kemp & Kemp 1998, G.H. Verdoorn pers. comm.), and the height to the attachment point of the wing to the body is 70 cm (G. H. Verdoorn pers. comm.). Length of the wing from the attachment point to the body, to the tip of the primary feathers is taken as 100 cm (G. H. Verdoorn pers. comm.). Thus, the maximum vertical distance that a bird can bridge is 170 cm if the wing is fully extended to a vertical position (70 cm plus 100 cm).

f) Staggered Vertical Configurations for 22 kV power lines (Figure 11)

Figure 11: Staggered Vertical configuration used for 22kV powerlines




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In February 1999 the electrocution of two African Whitebacked Vultures Gyps africanus was reported on a 22kV single phase, vertically configured power line in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa (Figure .11). Up until that time, vertically configured medium voltage designs were considered to be safe for vultures, because it was assumed that the birds will always perch on the pole top, away from the potentially lethal conductors (Kruger et al 2004). A year later, a landowner discovered several vulture carcasses below a similar line in the Northern Cape Province. Subsequently, two other landowners also reported dead Cape Griffons Gyps coprotheres, African Whitebacked Vultures and Lappet-faced Vultures Torgos tracheliotos under 22kV vertically configured lines on their properties. By September 2002, the electrocution of 46 Lappetfaced Vultures, 24 African Whitebacked Vultures, 4 Cape Griffons and 12 unidentified vultures had been recorded on these designs. Initially, investigations concluded that the most likely cause of death of the vultures was phase to phase electrocution (Kruger et al 2004).

The reason why specifically vultures were being electrocuted was thought to be related to (a) their size (b) their gregarious nature (c) limited alternative natural perching substrate and (d) the small size of pole-top and hence limited perching area. Mitigation measures seemed to initially reduce the mortality, but electrocutions continued. It became increasingly clear that that there was some unexplained, unrecorded behaviour that was causing the mortality of the vultures, especially those that were found away from the actual pole. An experiment was conducted by placing a sheep carcass near a power line and recording the behaviour of the vultures. The experiment proved that birds expose themselves to electrocution by perching on the conductors and by aggressively interacting on the pole top and insulators. As a result of this information becoming available, Eskom, the South African national electricity utility, has stopped building vertically configured medium voltage designs in areas where vultures occur. The only solution to mitigate existing structures is to replace the design with a bird friendly design where the two outer conductors are suspended below a cross-arm (see Figure 20, drawing D-DT-1870).

g) Wishbone Structure

Figure 12: Wishbone Structure

Although originally thought to be a safe structure for birds, vultures were recorded electrocuted on the wishbone structure used for old 11-33kV power lines in rural areas. This was as a result of an earth down lead that was bonded along the top of the bottom wooded cross arm. Vultures were being electrocuted while trying to perch on the bottom cross arm and then bridging the gap between the bonded earth wire and the live top conductor. The problem can be eliminated by cutting a 500mm gap in the earth down lead.




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h) Wood poles with steel cross arms

Figure 13: The “A frame” suspension structure (photographed by Constant Hoogstad)

Figure 14: A frame strain structure: Exposed jumpers on the corner of a strain pole (photographed by Constand Hoogstad)

Bird electrocutions were recorded on the so-called A-frame design used extensively in the southern and western parts of Eskom. The design consists of a wooden pole and a steel frame. Kruger and Anderson found during an investigation during the 1990s that small raptors were electrocuted on this structure due to the down lead being coiled around the bolt which attaches the steel frame to the wooden pole. The problem was solved by cutting a 500 mm gap in the down lead.

During May 2013 a total of 36 medium to large sized raptors were recorded electrocuted by the same design on a newly constructed power line in the Western Cape Province. The earth down lead was gapped according to the specification.

Further investigation and subsequent testing informs that the moisture content of new unseasoned poles can provide a relatively conductive path between the frame attachment bolts and the earth wire (effectively a low resistance path across the installed gap). The impedance value of birds as well as the minimum current threshold to cause bird electrocution is currently being researched by Eskom however; there is a high confidence that this was the cause of the bird fatalities in this case. Research is continuing into this aspect, however, based on initial findings, mitigation methods are being considered for implementation by Eskom. The mitigation considerations include, inter alia, relative pole moisture retention in humid areas, pole quality (dryness after treatment), insulation of components (including insulated bolt sleeves), external clamping of components.




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i) Steel Poles

Figure 15: Steel mono-pole structure (photographed by Constand Hoogstad)

A potential problem emerging in North America (Harness 1998) and in South Africa (Van Rooyen 1998a) is the use of steel poles on new distribution lines because of their strength, durability and resistance to insect, animal and bird damage. Vultures were recorded electrocuted on 132kV Steel structures in Polokwane during 2016, confirming the concerns raised in earlier studies

Unfortunately, steel poles can be potentially lethal to birds (Harness 1998). A design that is becoming increasingly popular in South Africa for 88 kV and 132 kV feeders is the new 259 series (Van Rooyen 1998a). This design consists of a single, earthed steel pole with three staggered insulators, each 1.5 metres in length. Birds will almost certainly attempt to perch on the poles and specifically the insulators. Given the length of the insulator relative to the wingspan of large birds, the chances of a phase to earth fault are considerable, not only causing electrocution of the bird, but also a momentary fault or trip.

Steel pole construction requires alternative construction materials including the use of fibreglass cross-arms, pole-top extensions, perch guards and pole top insulating material to mitigate potential electrocutions (Harness 1998). An alternative to constructing lines in the traditional manner is by suspending two of the energised conductors below the cross-arm (Harness 1998). Alternative perching sites do not appear to be effective on metal pylons with six Spanish Imperial Eagles Aquila adalberti having died on pylons supposedly fitted with perches (Ferrer et al. 1991). In terms of steel poles, Ferrer et al. (1991) recommended that: · only power lines with suspended insulators should be considered; pylons with an exposed loop of wire above the insulator should never be used.

3.3.1.3 General Line Construction Practices to be Adopted (Bird friendlier)

a) Insulation Coordination on Structure

Eskom design defined in D-DT-0310: Insulation Coordination Wood and Concrete strain and intermediate poles direct the cutting of the earth down wire on structures meant to improve network performance. This engineering requirement also assists to reduce the electrocution of large birds landing, perching and taking off from these structures.




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Establishing an earth wire BIL gap has been adopted as the standard design assuring continuation of the benefits listed. These earth wires should be cut at every opportunity. A live work-work procedure has been developed and can be applied to eliminate this risk in the very short term.

Figure 16: BIL Cut-away

b) Insulation of conductors/jumpers

There are instances where conductor clearance and conductor attachment configurations that risk large bird cannot be avoided on power line structures. In these cases specific provision is made by Engineering Design to insulate conductors in the identified sensitive areas.

1) 10TB-017: High Volt Insulation Cover Application for existing Distribution towers (44 – 88 kV) direct the technology selection and application meant to introduce such insulation.

Figure 17: Typical MVLC installed onto a jumper and on outer conductor

2) 02TB 023: Covering of jumpers on MV auxiliary structures, also provide for a low cost/effort technology and practice for Medium Volt power line jumpers.




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Figure 18: Typical MVLC installed onto a jumper

c) Structure configurations and conductor clearances

Bird mortality is not only driven by the phase to earth clearance and configuration as discussed above, the clearance and configuration of phase conductors can also result in bird electrocutions under certain conditions. Gregarious birds that perch and roost together on high structures are especially vulnerable to the clearance between phases and the perching and roosting opportunity created by the structures and cross arms that retain the conductors in position. It has been proven that separating the phases to a position above and below the cross arms to be less hazardous to these birds. A multiple number of cross arms parallel to one another has proven just as lethal.

d) Lightning Spike Removal

Figure 19: Lightning spike installed on a wood cross arm

A non-standard practice adopted in some Operating Units involves extending the bonding wire across the cross-arm to above the highest point of the structure. This practice is assumed to cause a dielectric stress point to cause the static voltage built-up to discharge down the earth wire. This reduces the conductor to earth wire clearance that may cause bird electrocutions. This electrocution risk may be reduced by cutting the earth downwire in accordance with D-DT-0310.




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Bird Friendly Structure D-DT-1870

Not a bird friendly structure (conductors above cross arm)

Figure 20: Suitability of structure and conductor configurations to avoid electrocutions

Most recent structure designs meet this “bird friendly” recommendation, unlike previous designs which did not factor in bird electrocution risks (which was an unknown factor at the time). The fact is that legacy structure designs and conductor configurations unfortunately dominate the current network. It has become critical to modernise structures in the areas identified in the sensitivity areas as a first priority.

3.3.2 Reducing in-flight collisions with power lines

Large birds are not as nimble in the air as the small species and are therefore not able to avoid collision with power line conductors at the last minute of approach. This is especially when visibility is constraint during adverse atmospheric conditions. This will include fog, rain and night time flying and when background objects mask the conductor (especially at mid span).




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Table 6: Vulnerable species to collisions

The following mitigation tactics shall be introduced in the identified sensitive areas.

a) Bird Flight Diverters

A variety of devices has been adopted by Eskom Engineering and standardised as part of the business to increase line visibility. 04TB-05: EBM Bird flapper is one such example. This technology is to a large extent emergent and the product development is by no means mature. The optimal technology is still in some innovators mind. However, current technology needs to be adopted in high risk areas while research, trial and error develop the most suitable products.

Figure 21: EBM Bird Flapper

Blue Crane Wattled Crane Grey Crowned Crane

Secretary Bird Lesser Flamingo Greater Flamingo

Ludwig’s Bustard

Southern Ground Hornbill




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The current designs of technology that increase conductor visibility is only effective when atmospheric conditions are optimal. Night time flight is still a challenge for these large birds and suitable (low cost and rapid installation) technology still need refinement and standardisation. An example of line illumination by means of the “OWL” bird flight devertor at night is shown below. This device is currently being tested by the Envirotech Care Group.

Figure 22: Solar Charging LED systems

b) Power line route Management:

In some instances, no amount of technology can effectively and reasonably prevent bird collisions. The photo below shows the extent to which the mid span conductors on a line have been endowed with bird flight diversion technology, with minimal success. In instances such as illustrated below, the only long term solution is to ovoid, or reroute the powerline away from waterbodies which support large number of birds.

Figure 23: Limitation of bird flight diverters on conductors

The undeniable fact is lines routed directly in the birds’ line of take-off and landing will always pose a collision threat to birds. Line routing should critically avoid these conditions and where such areas exist along the route of existing powerlines, the EWT should be consulted to recommend the appropriate anti-collision device, or possible re-routing the powerline should be considered.




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3.4 Developing the action plan for the target CNC’s

While some technology improvement initiatives are still considered by the Envirotech Care Group for adoption and standardisation in the Eskom Distribution business, many standard practices has already been adopted but not retrofitted on the current structures. In the short term the low hanging fruits available to reduce large bird mortality are demonstrated above. Other practices that may exist will surface in the implementation of the obvious choices and must be introduced by the project team. It is a simple matter of a facilitated culture/mind set change.

Research done by the Endangered Wild Life Trust identified high risk areas for bird electrocution and collisions. Planning feature lines routes reduce the risk and similarly existing lines may need to be rerouted if suitable technology changes can render the desired results.

3.4.1 Identification of the High Risk Areas, problematic structures and retro-fitting plan

3.4.1.1 Planning Agenda

A map is provided in the resource pack for every CNC and Line that is targeted by this initiative (Example below). With reference to the marked up maps provided for the target CNC’s the following must be done:

a) Identify the lines in the CNC for first attention.

b) For each of these lines, identify the line segments for first attention.

c) Identify the dominant and unfriendly bird structure types occurring in these sections (see illustrations in section 3.5.3 to be used as a reference guide).

d) Identify the structure modifications required to incrementally make these structures bird friendly (perform ground clearance checks if line/structure modifications are considered).

e) List the target structures by number, the progressive modifications required and the most opportune plan excursion type as guided in the retro-fitting matrix below.

f) Introduce the plan and modification instructions to the staff that will visit these structures during the various plant excursions listed and direct reporting of every structure and every corrective activity performed.

g) Report modifications to the OU Environmental Manager and maintain progress to the plan

3.4.1.2 Line Identification

Maps are provided for the target CNC’s. These maps identify the CNC boundaries, HV and MV power lines with critical beacons to assist line identification. Also on these maps are Pentads that demarcate 5 km by 5 km square areas especially sensitive to large bird mortality. The ranking has been done by the Eskom and Endangered Wildlife Trust research and consider a suite of criteria deemed critical to the ranking. The colouring of the pentads is not important for this purpose.

The critical power lines will be those for which sections of the line coincide with a pentad.

Note: Please complete Line Structure Action Plan - Excel Spread sheet in project jacket Colum A to E

3.4.1.3 Sensitive line segments for attention

Sections of the lines identified above present more risk to large birds than others. These are the sections where the line and the pentads overlap. These sections will be the object of the short term retro-fitting as first priority. Eventually all segments of all lines will be turned bird friendly. This prioritisation aims to address 20% of the lines that will result in a 80% bird mortality reduction.

The sensitive areas can be marked up on the associated single line diagram to remind operating and maintenance staff of the first priorities.

Note: Please complete Line Structure Number in “Plan” - Excel Spread sheet in project jacket Colum F




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3.4.1.4 Hazardous structure identification

Some powerline structures and conditions on such structures are more hazardous to birds than others. Modification or retro-fitting of these structures are critical to the 20/80% objective. With reference to the structure design review sections of this plan, the hazardous structures will be identified and targeted for first attention.

It is also critical to identify the critical retrofitting, modification and change plan for the structure. For instance: if the conductors are placed on vertical pins in a horizontal cross arm configuration, the first modification is the 500 mm BIL cut, supported by insulating the two outer phases (e.g. by installing a raptor protector on the two outer phases), or inverting the phase configuration by placing the two outer conductors on suspension insulators to increase the phase separation. No further modification or change is required for the natural life of this line or technology.

In some cases the only mitigation to the hazard is structure replacement. It is critical that the preferred replacement structures be identified for replacement at the end of the structure life or network replacement plan.

3.4.1.5 Critical Retrofitting actions during plant excursions (every time the plant is visited)

This guide aim to retro-fit the current standards during normal operations (Typical plant excursions) to serve as a structure and installation check lists that will be used during preventative and reactive maintenance excursions on the network, planned and unplanned. The matrix below identifies the modification opportunities against the various plant excursions.

The idea is to use the matrix in developing the initial action plan for the identified structures in the high risk areas. Every opportunity of casual and planned visit to the plant will be utilised for structure modification as proposed in the matrix. Note: Modifications must undergo design checks.

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Unplanned maintenance (Supply loss calls on a structure where component failed)

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√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

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√ √ √ √ √

Caution: It is imperative that none of the retro-fitting, modification or change of any sort compromise plant safety or network performance any way. Should the options be limited by the above safety and plant performance criteria, the replacement of the structure be considered as alternative.

Note: Please complete Structure Modifications required in Excel Spread sheet in project jacket Colum H to K

3.4.2 Structure modification and/or replacement guide

Changing the ‘bird unfriendly structures discussed in paragraph 3.4 above will not happen overnight as for the project constraints listed. It is anticipated that where possible turning these structures into ‘bird friendly’ ones, it should be done. In most cases however the process will be more progressive. Modifying the structures could be an opportunistic approach as reflected in the matrix below:




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Table 7: MV Structure Modification/Replacement matrix: Electrocutions

Structure Type Quick Fix (Live or Dead

work)

Structure Modification (to be subject to design and

clearance checks) Structure Replacement

T-structures Cut BIL gap in accordance with D-DT- 0310

Replace outer phase posts with suspension long rods

Any structure in the current designs portfolio

T-structure variant (delta)

Cut BIL gap in accordance with D-DT- 0310

Replace outer phase posts with suspension long rods

Terminal structures

Conductor insulation as per 02TB 023 None

Wishbone structures

Cut BIL gap in accordance with D-DT- 0310 None

Lightning spikes on cross arms

Remove lightning spikes None

Kite structures Conductor insulation None Any structure in the current designs portfolio Delta suspension Conductor insulation None

Transformer Jumpers

Conductor Insulation as per 02TB 023 None

Table 8: Conductor impact avoidance

Structure Type Quick Fix Structure Modification Line Re-routing

Note 1: A pamphlet containing a bird friendly modification/replacement checklist will be developed and handed to every staff member in the CNC to guide incremental modification and structure replacement at every casual opportunity that arise.

Note 2: A brief and concise report form shall be developed to communicate progress with structure and mid-span modifications/replacement by staff. This shall be reviewed on every Monday Morning Meeting.

Note 3: A scoring systems will be developed to acknowledge the contribution made for every member that will add up to their individual incentive score as anticipated in paragraph 3.6 below.

3.4.3 Structure Review

The diagram below is a guide to be used to identify the type of structures on existing feeders.


PRO-ACTIVE BIRD MORTALITY MITIGATION IN DISTRIBUTION Unique Identifier: 240-115756171

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3.5 Stakeholder Management

3.5.1 Distribution Executive and Senior Management

The Distribution Business Partner for environmental management for shall develop a system and methodology to update the Distribution Executives and Senior Managers on the trials and tribulations of the program. Par 3.6

a) Project approval was obtained from DEXCO

b) DEXCO mandated a member to sponsor and oversee the implementation of the project

c) Presentation at the nine DX OUs to be performed

d) Presentations at Operating Unit Senior Management Meetings as well as Distribution O&M and Asset Creation forums

3.5.2 Distribution Zone and Sector Manager

The Distribution Business Partner for environmental management and OU Environmental Managers shall develop a system and methodology to update the Zone and Sector managers on the trials and tribulations of the program. The Maintenance and Operating and Asset Creation Committees will be the knowledge trading centres for the project.

3.5.3 CNC Senior Supervisors and Staff

The project Team shall in accordance with the CNC prioritisation established, directly or via WebEx, engage the staff employing standard Monday Morning Meetings to update progress, next steps and iron out difficulties experience in the implementation.

3.6 Incentive Scheme

A non-financial incentive that remains a sought after accolade needs to be developed and implemented by the Environmental Fraternity for the enduring endeavour to reduce large bird mortality as a category in Environmental Preservation Circles. A certificate and/or pin can be developed that associate the individual with EWT and Eskom Environmental Preservation. A floating trophy can be procured and allocated to the best CNC in any given period. This hand over can coincide with a suitable gathering at Distribution Executive Level and communicated in Eskom media.

3.7 Beneficiation Tracking

3.7.1 Project Milestone Tracking

a) The number of target CNC’s induced into the program per period (Lines Study committee)

b) The number of bird mortality mitigation technologies adopted per annum (Envirotech)

c) CNC Progress tracking

Tracking the relationship between structures normalised and the number of incidents per CNC will direct strategy adjustment or verification that the strategy works.

The following factors need to be measured to assess conformance to the plan and the benefit of implementation.




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3.7.2 Organisational Performance

Organisation Mortality

OU Zone CNC Bird

Species Last 3 years

Last 12 months

Last Month

4. Authorization

This document has been seen and accepted by:

Name and surname Designation

Warren Funston Sustainability Division: Biodiversity Centre of Excellence Manager

Constant Hoogstad Eskom / Endangered Wildlife Trust Strategic Partnership: Project Manager

Astrid October DX WCOU; Environmental Manager

Lindelwa Nqcaba DX ECOU; Environmental Manager

Troy Govender DX KZNOU; Environmental Manager

Benito Williams DX FSOU; Environmental Manager

Shamaine Thulasaie DX GOU; Environmental Manager

Cate Rapudi DX LOU; Environmental Manager

Adeline Manake DX MOU; Environmental Manager

Lusanda Ngesi DX MWOU; Environmental Manager

Andrea van Gensen DX NCOU; Environmental Manager




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5. Revisions

Date Rev Compiler Remarks

May 2017 1 Rudi Kruger and Koos Kraftt

New document compiled.

6. Development team

The following people were involved in the development of this document:

Constant Hoogstad (EWT)

Matt Pretorius (EWT)

7. Acknowledgements

The compilers wish to thank Matt Pretorius and Constant Hoogstad for the literature, guidance and bird sensitivity maps and data that they contributed. The Biodiversity Centre of Excellence, Deidre Herbst and all who contributed during the workshop hosted in the Distribution Free State Operating Unit and via Webex sessions are thanked for their valuable contributions. Without this assistance, this strategy would not have seen the light of day.

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