Mesoamerican Civilizations
STANDARD WHI.11a, b The student will demonstrate knowledge of major civilizations of the Western Hemisphere, including the Mayan, Aztec, and Incan by a) describing geographic relationship, with emphasis on patterns of development in terms of climate and physical features. b) describing cultural patterns and political and economic structures
Aztec
Maya
Gulf of Mexico
Inca
Yucatan Peninsula
Andes Mountains
Caribbean Sea
Atlantic Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Tenochtitlan Chichen Itza
Machu Picchu
Amazon River
North America
Mesoamerican Civilizations
STANDARD WHI.11a, b The student will demonstrate knowledge of major civilizations of the Western Hemisphere, including the Mayan, Aztec, and Incan by a) describing geographic relationship, with emphasis on patterns of development in terms of climate and physical features. b) describing cultural patterns and political and economic structures
• STANDARD WHI.11a, b
• The student will demonstrate knowledge of major civilizations of the Western Hemisphere, including the Mayan, Aztec, and Incan by
• a) describing geographic relationships, with emphasis on patterns of development in terms of climate and physical features;
• b) describing cultural patterns and political and economic structures.
Essential Understandings
• The Mayan, Aztec, and Incan civilizations emerged in South America, Central America, and Mexico.
Olmec 1300 B.C.-
Olmec 1300 B.C.- The first civilization of Mesoamerica
Olmec 1300 B.C.- The first civilization of Mesoamerica They were located in the hot and swampy lowlands along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico south of Veracruz.
Olmec 1300 B.C.- The first civilization of Mesoamerica They were located in the hot and swampy lowlands along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico south of Veracruz. They had large cities that were centers for religious rituals.
Olmec 1300 B.C.- The first civilization of Mesoamerica They were located in the hot and swampy lowlands along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico south of Veracruz. They had large cities that were centers for religious rituals. They carved colossal stone heads
Olmec 1300 B.C.- The first civilization of Mesoamerica They were located in the hot and swampy lowlands along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico south of Veracruz. They had large cities that were centers for religious rituals. They carved colossal stone heads
Olmec 1300 B.C.- The first civilization of Mesoamerica They were located in the hot and swampy lowlands along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico south of Veracruz. They had large cities that were centers for religious rituals. They carved colossal stone heads They may have been to represent their ancestors or gods.
Teotihuacán
Teotihuacán Was the first major city in Mesoamerica
Teotihuacán Was the first major city in Mesoamerica Arose around 250 B.C. and collapsed about 800 A.D.
Teotihuacán Was the first major city in Mesoamerica Arose around 250 B.C. and collapsed about 800 A.D. May have had as many as 200,000 inhabitants at its height.
Teotihuacán Was the first major city in Mesoamerica Arose around 250 B.C. and collapsed about 800 A.D. May have had as many as 200,000 inhabitants at its height. Has a main thoroughfare, known as the Avenue of the Dead, had two main temples. The Temple of the Sun and the Temple of the Moon.
Mayan civilization
• Located in the Mexican and Central American
rain forest
• Represented by Chichén Itzá
• Group of city-states ruled by a king
• Economy based on agriculture and trade
• Polytheistic religion—Pyramids
Mayan civilization
• Located in the Mexican and Central American
rain forest
• Represented by Chichén Itzá
• Group of city-states ruled by a king
• Economy based on agriculture and trade
• Polytheistic religion—Pyramids
Yucatán Peninsula
-Maya were found in the Yucatan Peninsula and Part of Guatemala
in the Mexican and Central American rain forest
Mayan civilization
• Located in the Mexican and Central American
rain forest
• Represented by Chichén Itzá
• Group of city-states ruled by a king
• Economy based on agriculture and trade
• Polytheistic religion—Pyramids
Yucatán Peninsula
-Maya were found in the Yucatan Peninsula and Part of Guatemala
in the Mexican and Central American rain forest
Maya: Between 300 and 900 A.D.
-Flourished during this time. We do not know why it fell into
decline. The Maya abandoned their cities, we do not know why.
Mayan civilization
• Located in the Mexican and Central American
rain forest
• Represented by Chichén Itzá
• Group of city-states ruled by a king
• Economy based on agriculture and trade
• Polytheistic religion—Pyramids
Tikal, Guatemala
Yucatán Peninsula
-Maya were found in the Yucatan Peninsula and Part of Guatemala
in the Mexican and Central American rain forest
Maya: Between 300 and 900 A.D.
-Flourished during this time. We do not know why it fell into
decline. The Maya abandoned their cities, we do not know why.
Political and Social Structure
Cities-Were built around a central pyramid
Pyramid-Was topped with a shrine to the gods.
City-States-Each governed by a hereditary ruling class
Mayan Kings
-Ruled the Mayan Kingdom
They claimed they were divine
Were assisted by nobles and a class of scribes
Made special blood sacrifices to maintain the kingdom.
Mayan Kings
-Ruled the Mayan Kingdom
They claimed they were divine
Were assisted by nobles and a class of scribes
Made special blood sacrifices to maintain the kingdom.
People
-Included townspeople, skilled artisans, officials, and
merchants.
Many people were peasant farmers who worked on
terraced hillsides farming.
Men did the fighting and hunting, women made cornmeal
and were responsible for homemaking and raising children.
Religion
Religion
Religion The Maya were Polytheistic.
They believed that all of life was in the hands of a divine power.
They were responsible for pleasing the gods.
Religion The Maya were Polytheistic.
They believed that all of life was in the hands of a divine power.
They were responsible for pleasing the gods.
Their gods were ranked in order of importance, the Jaguar was the
god of night and was seen as evil.
Religion The Maya were Polytheistic.
They believed that all of life was in the hands of a divine power.
They were responsible for pleasing the gods.
Their gods were ranked in order of importance, the Jaguar was the
god of night and was seen as evil.
The Maya practiced human sacrifice to appease their gods.
Religion The Maya were Polytheistic.
They believed that all of life was in the hands of a divine power.
They were responsible for pleasing the gods.
Their gods were ranked in order of importance, the Jaguar was the
god of night and was seen as evil.
The Maya practiced human sacrifice to appease their gods.
Human sacrifice was also used to mark special occasions.
When a king ascended to the throne war captives were tortured and
beheaded to mark the occasion.
Accomplishments
Language
The Maya developed an independent
Hieroglyphic language.
The Spanish destroyed most of the Mayan
writings. They were not seen as having any
value. Their language was not translated
until the 20th century.
Calendar
The Maya developed a calendar that
had two different parts.
It had a solar calendar with 365 days,
divided into 18 months with 20 days
each with 5 extra days at the end.
A Lunar calendar and a Calendar based
on the movement of the Planet Venus.
This was a sacred calendar with 260
days and 13 weeks of 20 days each.
The Mayan calendar says our present
world was created in 3114 B.C. and the
current world will end on December 23
2012 A.D.
Aztec civilization • Located in arid valley in central Mexico • Represented by Tenochtitlan • Ruled by an emperor • Economy based on agriculture and tribute from conquered peoples • Polytheistic religion with pyramids/rituals
The Aztec began c. 12th century A.D. Began a long migration that brought them into the Valley of Mexico. They established their capital city at Tenochtitlán.
Tenochtitlán An Aztec legend said that when the people found their new home they would see an eagle perched on a cactus holding a snake. They saw this in lake Texcoco.
Their city was built up on rafts made from reeds and covered with dirt. They were called chinampas. Present-Day Mexico-City is built on top of this city. The original was destroyed by the Spanish.
Lake Texcoco-Swampy lake that was the home of the capital city. Tenochtitlán means the Place of the Prickly Pear Cactus.
Political and Social Structure
By 1500 there were about 4 million people in the Aztec Empire.
Aztec Emperor
Ruled over the Aztec Empire.
Was the supreme leader of the people.
He claimed that he was divine.
People
Made up of commoners, indentured workers, and slaves.
Most people were farmers, but they also traded with people in the
surrounding areas.
Men were to be the warriors, while a woman’s role was to be in the
home. Women were allowed to own and inherit property and enter
contracts. Women wove textiles and raised children. They could
also be priestesses.
Religion
Had a polytheistic religion based on warfare.
Huitzilopochtli
Their chief god. He was the god of the sun. The Aztec
offered him human sacrifice to give him strength to battle the forces
of darkness each night so that he could rise each morning.
Quetzalcoatl
The feathered Serpent
He believed he had left the valley of
Mexico and promised to return in triumph.
Human Sacrifice
Each Aztec city contained a pyramid where they
practiced human sacrifice as a way to postpone
the end of the world.
Destruction of the Aztec
The subjugation of the people of the Aztec
Empire bred hatred and discontent among the
people. When the Spanish arrived they did
not have a difficult time finding allies to fight
the Aztec.
Hernán Cortés 1519
Spanish Conquistador who came to the valley of Mexico in 1519
with 550 soldiers and 16 horses. He was at first greeted by the Aztec
Emperor Montezuma (Moctezuma). The Spanish later kidnapped
the Emperor and made him a puppet. The people rebelled and the
Emperor was killed. The Spanish barely escaped.
The Spanish returned several months later. Many of the natives had
fallen ill with Smallpox. Cortés and his allies destroyed the Aztec
capital and subjugated the Aztec people.
Destruction of the Aztec
The subjugation of the people of the Aztec
Empire bred hatred and discontent among the
people. When the Spanish arrived they did
not have a difficult time finding allies to fight
the Aztec.
Hernán Cortés 1519
Spanish Conquistador who came to the valley of Mexico in 1519
with 550 soldiers and 16 horses. He was at first greeted by the Aztec
Emperor Montezuma (Moctezuma). The Spanish later kidnapped
the Emperor and made him a puppet. The people rebelled and the
Emperor was killed. The Spanish barely escaped.
The Spanish returned several months later. Many of the natives had
fallen ill with Smallpox. Cortés and his allies destroyed the Aztec
capital and subjugated the Aztec people.
Destruction of the Aztec The subjugation of the people of the Aztec Empire bred hatred and discontent among the people. When the Spanish arrived they did not have a difficult time finding allies to fight the Aztec. Hernán Cortés 1519 Spanish Conquistador who came to the valley of Mexico in 1519 with 550 soldiers and 16 horses. He was at first greeted by the Aztec Emperor Montezuma (Moctezuma). The Spanish later kidnapped the Emperor and made him a puppet. The people rebelled and the Emperor was killed. The Spanish barely escaped. The Spanish returned several months later. Many of the natives had fallen ill with Smallpox. Cortés and his allies destroyed the Aztec capital and subjugated the Aztec people.
Incan civilization • Located in the Andes Mountains of South America • Represented by Machu Picchu • Ruled by an emperor • Economy based on high-altitude agriculture • Polytheistic religion • Road system
Late 1300's Inca The Inca started as a small group that were located in Cuzco. They did not begin to become powerful until after the fall of the Moche of Peru. Pachacuti Unified the Inca and established the Inca Empire.
Organization of the Empire
Incan state was built on war.
The conquered peoples were all taught the same
language.
Each region was appointed a governor who
answered to the Emperor.
Road System: 24, 800 miles of Road
The Inca built roads to unify their people.
Roads made travel and communication
throughout the empire more efficient.
There were rest houses and storage depots along
with bridges to span ravines and waterways.
Culture
Were required to marry from within their own social group.
Women were expected to live at home, the only alternative was to
be a priestess.
Most people were farmers, they also herded llamas and alpacas.
Quipu-A system of knotted strings used by the Inca to keep records.
Culture
Were required to marry from within their own social group.
Women were expected to live at home, the only alternative was to
be a priestess.
Most people were farmers, they also herded llamas and alpacas.
Quipu-A system of knotted strings used by the Inca to keep records.
Great Builders
They had great buildings made of stone
held without mortar. Their roads also
show their ability as great builders.
Machu Picchu
City built at 8,000 ft above sea level.
Urubamba River
River below Machu Picchu
Defeat
The Spanish arrived in 1531
1531: Francisco Pizarro
Spanish Conquistador led a band of 180 men with
superior weapons.
The Inca, like the Aztec, were devastated by disease.
Smallpox
Devastated the Population
Civil War
After the death of the Inca Emperor a civil war broke out, Pizarro took
advantage and defeated the people.
Defeat
Pizarro and his men established Lima as the new capital of the Spanish
Colony in 1535.
Achievements of Mayan, Aztec, and
Incan civilizations
• Calendars
• Mathematics
• Writing and other record-keeping
systems
