Chapter 7Standards 6, 7 and 8

Standards 6,7 and 8• SSUSH6: The student will analyze the impact

of territorial expansion and population growth and the impact of this growth in the early decades of the new nation.

• SSUSH7: Students will explain the process of economic growth, its regional and national impact in the first half of the 19th century, and t he different responses to it.

• SSUSH8: The student will explain the relationship between growing north-south divisions and westward expansion.

Standard Elements• SSUSH6a: Explain the Northwest Ordinance’s

importance in the westward migration of Americans, and on slavery, public education, and the addition of new states.

• SSUSH6d: Describe the construction of the Erie Canal, the rise of New York City, and the development of the nation’s infrastructure.

• SSUSH6e: Describe the reasons for and importance of the Monroe Doctrine.

• SSUSH7a: Explain the importance of the Industrial Revolution as seen in Eli Whitney’s invention of the Cotton Gin and his development of interchangeable parts for muskets.

Standard Elements• SSUSH7b: Describe the westward growth of the

United States, include the emerging concept of Manifest Destiny.

• SSUSH7e: Explain Jacksonian Democracy, expanding suffrage, the rise of popular political culture, and the development of American nationalism.

• SSUSH8c: Describe the Nullification Crisis and the emergence of states’ rights ideology; include the role of John C. Calhoun and development of sectionalism.

Chapter 7: Nationalism & Sectionalism

• Section 1: Industry and Transportation (SSUSH7a)

• Section 2: Sectional Differences (SSUSH7a)

• Section 3: An Era of Nationalism (SSUSH6e, SSUSH7b)

• Section 4: Democracy and the Age of Jackson (SSUSH7e)

• Section 5: Constitutional Disputes and Cities (SSUSH7e)

Which of the following statements do you most agree?

• A) Most Americans feel more allegiance to their state than to the region in which they live or to the country as a whole.

• B) Most Americans feel more allegiance to the region in which they live than to their state or to the country.

• C) Most Americans feel more allegiance to the country than to their state or to the region in which they live.

What effort was made by some states to improve transportation in the early 1800’s? What was the National Road?

• Some states chartered companies to operate turnpikes or roads for which users had to pay a toll. The term came from the turnpikes or gates that guarded entrances to the roads. The profit from the roads were supposed to help improve the roads and ease travel.

• A decent route made from crushed rock which was funded by the federal government. The road extended west from Maryland to the Ohio River in present day West Virginia in 1818.

After the turnpike, what was the first major advance in transportation? How was it a major advance?

• The development of the steamboat. By burning wood or coal, the engine boiled water to create steam. The force of the steam turned a large, rotating paddle, which pushed the boat through the water. The steamboat made it much easier to travel upstream against the current. Steam powered ships revolutionized transatlantic travel.

Who is Robert Fulton?• The American who designed the first commercially

successful steamboat – named the Clermont.• He was from Pennsylvania who first worked as a

painter and then an inventor and engineer. He constructed canals and experimented with torpedoes and submarines.

• He was asked by President Thomas Jefferson to help build canals of which he declined to develop the steamboat.

• The first journey of the Clermont was from New York City to Albany.

Describe the construction of the Erie Canal, the rise of New York City, and the development of the nation’s infrastructure.

• The Erie Canal was one of the most impressive projects that developed out of the protective tariffs investments.

• The Erie Canal stretched 363 miles , it was nicknamed “the big ditch”, it took eight years to dig, and by 1825 it linked the Hudson River to Lake Erie-or in effect, the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes. Just 12 years after it opened, canal tolls had completely paid for its construction. New York had become the dominate port in the country.

The Erie Canal

What was the most dramatic advance in transportation in the 1800’s?

• The arrival of the new mode of transportation was railroads. The technology largely developed in Great Britain and began to appear in the US in the 1820’s. Horses pulled the first American trains, however clever inventors soon developed steam powered engines, which could pull heavier loads of freight or passengers at higher speeds than horses could manage.

• Compared to canals, railroads cost less to build and could more easily scale hills. They moved faster than ships and carried more weight.

What was the Industrial Revolution?

• Developments in technology also transformed manufacturing. This transformation became known as the Industrial Revolution, which changed not only the nation’s economy but also its culture, social life, and politics.

• This revolution began in Great Britain during the 1700’s with the development of machines powered by steam or flowing rivers, to perform work that had once been done by hand. The first machines spun thread and wove cloth more quickly and cheaply.

Who are Samuel Slater and Francis Cabot Lowell?• Samuel Slater defied the British ban of exporting

machinery as well as emigration of workers with knowledge of the industrial machine making advantage, by moving the United States.

• Slater used his detailed knowledge of textile machinery to build the nation’s first water powered textile mill in 1793 at Pawtucket, RI.

• Francis Cabot Lowell was a Boston merchant who developed an industrial system in Massachusetts. The industrial system they developed employed young, single women who were recruited and lived under strict rules of behavior and housed them in boardinghouses.

What changes occurred in the United States with the rise of industry in the early 1800’s? Why are factories important?

• The rise of industry increased the speed and volume of the production of goods such as cloth and shoes. It also reduced the amount of skill and training needed for workers who made those goods. Factories in cities grew because of the rise of industry.

What was the importance of interchangeable parts?

• Interchangeable parts were important to improve efficiency in factories. Interchangeable parts were identical components that could be used in place of one another.

Who are Samuel F.B. Morse and Cyrus McCormick? What were the key inventions between 1820 & 1860?

• Samuel F.B. Morse was an American who in 1837 invented the electric telegraph, which allowed electrical pulses to travel long distances along metal wires as coded signals. The code of dots and dashes is called Morse Code after its inventor.

• Cyrus McCormick was the inventor of the steel plow and the mechanical reaper which allowed farmers better methods of planting, tending and harvesting crops and for raising livestock.

• The key inventions included the system of interchangeable parts, the sewing machine, the telegraph, the plow, and the reaper.

How did the economies of the North, South and West diff er?

How did the economies of the North, South and West diff er?

• The North was becoming an industrial economy. The West—the Old Northwest Territory—was mostly agricultural. Farming was changing, though. Farm families began to raise livestock and crops for sale, using the cash they earned to buy supplies. The Old Northwest proves to be ideal for growing those cash crops such as corn, wheat, and other grains. The South was developing an agricultural economy based on raising cotton (single cash crop) with slave labor and plantations.

Tariff of 1816• A tariff or tax on imports designed to

product American industry. The tariff increased the price of imported manufactured goods by an average of 20 to 25 percent. The inflated price for imports encouraged Americans to buy products made in the United States. The tariff helped industry, but it hurt farmers, who had to pay higher prices for consumer goods.

Who invented the Cotton Gin? How was the cotton gin developed?

• Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Gin by using interchangeable parts from muskets. (old parts from the guns used in earlier wars). The cotton gin made it possible to clean cotton more quickly than before, and Britain’s and New England’s textile mills demanded more and more cotton than ever before.

Who invented the Cotton Gin?

How was the Cotton Gin developed?• The friction from the grooved rollers on Eli Whitney’s invention could remove seeds from short-staple cotton (short fibers of the cotton were best suited to the South’s climate and soil) as well as long-staple cotton. • Previous gins could only remove from long-staple cotton.

The Cotton Gin

How did the invention of the Cotton Gin affect cotton production and slavery in the South?

• The cotton gin increased the production of clean cotton with the growth of vast plantations. On the issue of slavery, the cotton gin led to a sharp increase in the number of slaves were brought to the southern United States to work on the plantations for picking the cotton. This occurred as a result of the development of the cotton gin. From 1790 to 1810 the number of slaves in the South jumped from 700,000 to 1,200,000.

Cotton Production in the South and Slavery

Nationalism•Glorification of the nation which swept the country in the early 1800’s.•Nationalism was a dominant political force in the years following the War of 1812. It affected economic and foreign policy and was supported by Supreme Court rulings.

Who is Henry Clay?• He was one of the leading advocates of the new

concept of the American System or economic nationalism. He supported the Tariff of 1816 as part of a larger ambitious federal program he called the American System.

• Clay and his supporters wanted the federal government to build new roads and canals to link the Atlantic states with the Midwest.

• Clay also favored reestablishment on a national bank. The charter of the First Bank of the US had expired in 1811. Clay stated a national bank would provide control over the nation’s money supply and banking practices.

The American System (Background)

• President James Madison presented a plan to Congress in 1815 with hopes of uniting different regions of the country and creating a strong, stable economy that would make the nation self-sufficient. The plan included these major points:

• Developing transportation systems and other internal improvements

• Establishing a protective tariff• Resurrecting the national bank (established

during Washington’s administration under Hamilton’s guidance, and ten much reduced in influence under Jefferson)

What was the intention of the American System?

• The American System, promoted regional interdependency, improved transportation among regions, and helped different sections of the nation work together by improving the nation's infrastructure (internal improvements), passing protective tariffs (promotes U.S. businesses) and continuing the national bank (united the country currency).

What was the intention of the American System?

• The American system united the nation’s economic interests by having the North produce manufactured goods that farmers in the South and West would buy, while South and West would raise the grain, livestock, and cotton needed in the North. The main goal of the American System was to unify a nation with diverse regional interests and create a strong, stable economy.

How did nationalism influence foreign affairs?

• A key figure in the development of the nation’s foreign policy affairs was John Q. Adams. Adams was James Monroe’s Secretary of State and son of the former President John Adams. Monroe and Adams hoped to reduce the nation’s great tensions by promoting national expansion.

How did nationalism influence foreign affairs?

• In 1819, American pressure and Adams’s diplomacy persuaded Spain to sell Florida to the United States.• The Adams-Onis Treaty of 1821 ended Spanish claims to the vast Pacific Coast Territory of Oregon. The treaty allowed Americans to begin to settle in Florida and pursue the fur trade in Oregon.

How was nationalism reflected in court decisions and diplomacy?

• Secretary of State John Quincy Adams pursued a foreign policy guided by nationalism. He negotiated treaties with Britain that reduced the number of navy ships on the Great Lakes and settled boundary disputes. In a treaty with Spain (Adams-Onis Treaty), Adams brought Florida into the United States.

• Adams-Onis Treaty the idea: Spain ceded Florida to the U.S., Spain disavowed any claims it had on the Oregon territory. Nationalism: expanded the nation’s territory.

How was nationalism reflected in court decisions and diplomacy?

• In Gibbons v. Ogden, the Court ruled that Congress—not the states—had the power over commerce between the states.• In McCulloch v. Maryland, the Court ruling extended federal power by creating a broad definition of commerce and by asserting the supremacy of the federal government over state law.

How did the spirit of nationalism fail to suppress regional differences in the United States?

• In 1819, the United States had an equal number of slave states vs. free states which meant equal regional power in the Senate. When Missouri, which was a slave state sought admission to the union as a new state, it would tip the balance in favor of the South. This alarmed Northerners.• A New York Congressman proposed

banning slavery in Missouri as the price for admission to the Union which caused outrage in the South.

What was the Monroe Doctrine?

• Adams formulated the famous foreign policy doctrine named by President Monroe which responded to threats by European powers, including France, to help Spain recover Latin American colonies that had declared their independence.

• In 1823, Monroe issued a written doctrine declaring that European monarchies had no business meddling with American republics. In return the United States promised to stay out of European affairs.

How did the foreign policies of John Q. Adams and James Monroe serve national interests with diplomacy?

• John Quincy Adams’s diplomacy settled disputes with Britain and acquired Florida from Spain.

• Monroe Doctrine the idea: European powers were not to interfere in the Western Hemisphere by establishing colonies or attempting to overthrow newly independent republics. Nationalism: it promoted the idea of America’s right to self-determination and by having the U.S. take an important step onto the world stage; by asserting national interest in international affairs. Both John Quincy Adams and James Monroe served national interests due to their policies expanding the nation’s territory, settled boundaries, and warned European powers against intervening in the Western Hemisphere.

John Q. Adams and James Monroe

What was the importance of the Monroe Doctrine?

• The importance of the Monroe Doctrine was to ensure that the United States would not interfere in the internal affairs of established European colonies in the Americas. Also, the United States would use military force to oppose any European attempt to colonize or exert influence in non-colonial countries in the Americas. Filled with nationalistic feelings, United States citizens supported the Monroe Doctrine with pride.

What was the Missouri Compromise?

• This compromise was crafted by Henry Clay which stated that the northern district of Massachusetts would enter the Union as the free state of Maine to balance admission of Missouri as a slave state.

• To discourage future disputes over state admissions, the compromise also drew a line across the continent from the southwestern corner of Missouri to the nation’s western boundary. Territories south of that line would enter as slave states and those to the north would become free states.

How did the Missouri Compromise temporarily settle the debate over slavery?

• The Missouri Compromise managed to temporarily resolve the crisis with a series of agreements for the rest of the Louisiana Territory into 2 sections 1.)(at the north 36○ 30’ latitude line); Free (slavery banned in North) and 2.)slavery (allowed/ legal in the South).

• Maine was admitted as a free state and Missouri as a slave state, thus preserving the sectional balance in the Senate and preventing the nation from collapsing into SECTIONALISM.

Who is Andrew Jackson?

• 7th US President at age 61 (1829-1837)• He was born in poverty in N.Carolina. Had

no college education.• Politician, lawyer and army general who

defeated the Creek Indians at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend(1815) and the British in the Battle of New Orleans (1813).

• He had a fiery temper and had engaged in several duals in which he killed a man Charles Dickinson.

• Considered himself a “man of the people”.

Who is Andrew Jackson?• Had several “nicknames”: King

Andrew, Old Hickory, King Mob, The Hero of New Orleans.

• Founder of the Democratic Party.• Opposed the National Bank of the

United States.• Supported the displacement and

dispossession of Native Americans.• He proposed the Indian Removal Act

to Congress.

Explain Jacksonian Democracy.• Jacksonian Democracy refers to the political

philosophy of U.S. President Andrew Jackson and his supporters (Jackson's policies followed in the footsteps of Thomas Jefferson).

• Jackson's democratic party was resisted by the rival Whig party.

• Jacksonian era saw a great increase of respect and power for the common man, as the electorate expanded to include all white male adult citizens, rather than only land owners in that group.

• Jacksonian democracy promoted the strength of the executive branch and the presidency at the expense of congressional power, while also seeking to broaden the public's participation in government.

• Jacksonians believed in enfranchising all white men, rather than just the propertied class.

What is the Spoils System?• A system of government in which leaders of

the incoming government throw out the appointees of the previous government and replace them with their own appointees. The current practice of replacing high-ranking members of the executive branch when a new president takes office. This began under Andrew Jackson. By allowing politicians to appoint their supporters into administrative offices, Jackson argued it would reduce the power of elites and prevent aristocracies from emerging. He demanded elected (not appointed) judges and rewrote many state constitutions to reflect the new values.

What was the Indian Removal Act of 1830?

• The federal government would provide funds to negotiate treaties that would force Native Americans to move West, which established the Indian Territory (Oklahoma), a plan for the removal of Native Americans living east of the Mississippi River, and set aside funds for housing, supplies, and farming tools for that purpose. Jackson supported it because he believed it was a favorable solution that would enable Native Americans to maintain their way of life.

Trail of Tears

How did the Cherokee react to the Indian Removal Act of 1830?

• The Cherokee Nation fought back in the courts with the court case Worcester v. Georgia, the Supreme Court Chief Justice Marshall ruled in the Cherokee’s favor and declared that the Cherokee Nation was a distinct political community that Georgia is not entitled to regulate or invade. Jackson refused to comply and refused to enforce the court ruling. Later, President Martin Van Buren orders the forced removal of all Cherokee from Georgia along the Trail of Tears.

Who were the “Five Civilized Tribes”?

• Cherokee• Chickasaw• Choctaw• Creek• Seminole

Indian Removal Act/Cherokee Nation of Georgia

Who is John C. Calhoun?• A leading politician and political

theorist from South Carolina who served on the South Carolina legislature.

• He was elected to and served on the House of Representatives for 3 terms.

• He was a “War Hawk” or one who in the 1800’s demanded that the US declare war on Great Britain because of disrupted trade activities between the US and Europe.

• He served as Secretary of War under President James Monroe.

Who is John C. Calhoun?• He ran for president of the US in 1824

against Andrew Jackson, but withdrew due to the enormous support that Jackson had and ran for Vice President instead.

• He served as Vice President twice (1824 & 1828) for John Q. Adams and Andrew Jackson.

• He supported the Tariff of 1828 or “Tariff of Abominations” which caused him to be opposed to the views of Andrew Jackson. He resigned as Vice President in 1832.

What was the purpose of John C. Calhoun’s nullification theory concerning protective tariffs?

• John C. Calhoun of South Carolina came to oppose protective tariffs bitterly because he seen it as a threat to the South and to states’ rights. Southerners felt that they were paying to build industry in the North. Calhoun argued that states could nullify—or declare void—any federal law that they opposed. Calhoun’s nullification theory, promoted the concepts of states’ rights and encouraged South Carolina to consider secession.

What was Calhoun’s nullification theory?

• Calhoun’s nullification theory argued that since the United States Constitution was based on a compact among sovereign states then the states must still be sovereign and had the right to determine whether an act by Congress was unconstitutional and if it was, to declare it illegal within its borders.

John C. Calhoun

Tariff of 1828 or Tariff of Abominations.

• Tariff of 1828 – was passed by Congress on May 9, 1828 which was designed to protect industry in the Northern United States.• This tariff was also called the “Tariff of Abominations” by United States southerners because of the effects it had on the antebellum Southern economy.

What were Jackson’s and Calhoun’s differing opinions on states’ rights versus federal authority?

• Jackson thought that the federal authority was supreme.

• Calhoun thought that states’ rights were supreme.

What were some of Jackson’s reason’s for opposing the Second Bank of the United States?

• Jackson was very suspicious of big banks. He thought the national bank was a symbol of big business. He saw the bank as a tool of the upper classes which symbolized eastern wealth and a threat to American democracy. The charter of the bank was not renewed by Jackson, and it closed its doors.

What was the Panic of 1837?

•The Panic of 1837 – an incident of bank closings and the collapse of the credit system that cost most people their savings, bankrupted hundreds of businesses and put more than a 1/3 of the population out of work.

What prompted the Panic of 1837?

• Andrew Jackson had funds deposited in pet banks which were other wildcat banks and made specie the only acceptable form of payment for public land. The economic policies of President Andrew Jackson, who created the specie circular by executive order and also refused to renew the charter of second bank of the United States, resulting in the withdrawal of government funds from the bank.

Who were the Whigs?• .• A new political party that formed as a result of the

Bank’s supporters denouncing Jackson as a power hungry tyrant who trampled on the rights of Congress. Jackson vetoed the bank and this shocked the supporters because previous Presidents had so rarely used the veto power.

• The Whigs were a group who formed a political party which was led by Henry Clay and Daniel Webster . The Whigs were nationalists who wanted a strong federal government to manage the economy.

• The Whigs ushered in the presidency of William Henry Harrison.