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STANDARD(S) ADDRESS:12.1 Students explain the fundamental principles
and moral values of American democracy as expressed in the Constitution.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT
1. Summarize the obligations that the Constitution places on the National Government with regard to the States.
2. Explain the process for admitting new States to the Union.
3. Examine the many and growing areas of cooperative federalism.
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 3Chapter 4, Section 2
Grants ……Grants ……
• Beer LAW 1984
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4Chapter 4, Section 2
Key TermsKey Terms
• enabling act: an act directing the people of a U.S. territory to frame a proposed State constitution
• act of admission: an act creating a new State
• grants-in-aid program: grants of federal money or other resources to the States and their cities, counties, and other local government units
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Key Terms, cont.Key Terms, cont.
• block grant: a grant given for a broadly defined purpose
• Revenue sharing: federal program 1972-1987, congress shared federal tax revenue with states
• categorical grant: a grant made for a specific, well-defined purpose
• project grant: a grant made to States, local governments, or private agencies that apply for funds to carry out a project or provide training
• Representative Government: a republican form of government.
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IntroductionIntroduction
According to the Constitution, what must the National Government guarantee to each State?
– Republican Form of Government– Invasion and Internal Disorder– Respect for Territorial Integrity
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Guarantees and ProtectionsGuarantees and Protections
• The Constitution guarantees each State a republican form of government.– This guarantee is interpreted to mean that each
State must have a representative government.
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GUIDED READINGGUIDED READING
The Nation’s Obligations to the States
1. A republican form of government is
representative government
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Guarantees and ProtectionsGuarantees and Protections
• The Federal government must protect the States from invasions and domestic violence. – Federal force has rarely been used to restore
order inside a State, though it happened in the 1960s during the civil rights movement.
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InvasionInvasion
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TurmoilTurmoil
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DisasterDisaster
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GUIDED READINGGUIDED READING
The Nation’s Obligations to the States2. Three obligations the Constitution places on the National Government for the benefit of the States are:a. to protect against invasion and domestic violenceb. to guarantee every State a representative governmentc. to recognize the boundaries and physical existence of each State
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Other ProtectionsOther Protections
• Presidents normally send in troops by State request, but if national laws, functions, or property are endangered, they do not need to wait for a request.
• The national government must recognize the legal existence and physical borders of each State. – Each State must be represented in the U.S.
Congress.
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Admitting New StatesAdmitting New States
• The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 set the rules for admitting new States. – It established the principle that U.S. territories could
become equal members of the nation once they had a high enough population.
• Only Congress can admit new States.– A new State cannot be made from the territory of any
existing States without their consent.
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Territorial Expansion of the U.S.Territorial Expansion of the U.S.
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Admitting New States, cont.Admitting New States, cont.
• Congress has admitted 37 States since the nation was founded.– Most States spent at
least 15 years as part of territories before admission.
– In 1959, Hawaii and Alaska became the last two States added to the Union.
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Admission ProcedureAdmission Procedure
– An area desiring Statehood first asks Congress for admission.
– If Congress agrees, it passes an enabling act. – The territory must then hold a convention to
write a proposed constitution. – This constitution must then be approved first
by territorial voters and later by Congress.– If Congress approves the State constitution, it
passes an act of admission, which the President must then sign to admit the new State.
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GUIDED READINGGUIDED READING
Admitting New States
3. A congressional act directing a territory that wants to become a State to frame a proposed State constitution is calledan enabling act
4. A congressional law that agrees to grant statehood isan act of admission
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Admission Procedure, cont.Admission Procedure, cont.
• Congress may require a State to meet certain conditions before being admitted.– For example, Utah was not admitted until it
outlawed polygamy (and women suffrage).
• These conditions cannot interfere with a State’s independent right to manage its own internal affairs.
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Federal GrantsFederal Grants
• grants-in-aid program: grants of federal money or other resources to the States and their cities, counties, and other local government units
• Congress began granting federal lands and money to the States early in the nation’s history.– Land grants were often used to establish schools, colleges,
and roads, while cash grants were less common until the 1930s.
• Today there are more than 500 grant programs offering about $300 billion.– States often depend on this money to fund services, which
increases the influence of the federal government in many policy areas.
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Grants ……Grants ……
• Beer LAW 1984
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Types of Federal GrantsTypes of Federal Grants
• Congress sets aside money for three types of grants-in-aid:
– Categorical grants must be used only for a specific purpose. They require States to contribute their own funds, have an agency monitoring the grant, and obey federal guidelines for using the grant money.
– Block grants have broader goals and fewer strings attached.
– Project grants fund various State and local projects.
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Types of Federal Grants, cont.Types of Federal Grants, cont.
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GUIDED READINGGUIDED READING
Cooperative Federalism5. The general term for federal money or resources granted to States or local governments isgrants-in-aid programs
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Other Types of AidOther Types of Aid
• Federal organizations help many State institutions do their jobs.– The FBI assists
State and local police.
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Other Types of AidOther Types of Aid
• Federal organizations help many State institutions do their jobs.– The U.S. military
trains and equips State National Guard Units.
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Other Types of AidOther Types of Aid
• Federal organizations help many State institutions do their jobs.– The federal
government also pays local governments the equivalent of property taxes on federal land.
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Other Types of AidOther Types of Aid
• State governments assist the national government in many ways.– State and local
governments pay for and organize the election process.
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Other Types of AidOther Types of Aid
• State governments assist the national government in many ways.– State court
regulate the naturalization process
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Other Types of AidOther Types of Aid
• State governments assist the national government in many ways.– State and local
police assists the FBI.
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GUIDED READINGGUIDED READING
Cooperative Federalism
6. An example of a way that States aid the National Government is State and local election officials conduct national elections, State courts supervise the naturalization process; State and local police cooperate with the FBI.
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GUIDED READINGGUIDED READING
B. Reviewing Key Terms7. federal money granted to a State for a specific purpose
categorical grant
8. federal money given to States or other local governments with fewer-than-usual strings attached
block grant
9. federal aid program in place from 1972–1987 in which Congress gave a share of federal tax revenue to the States
revenue sharing
10. federal money given to private agencies, States, or local governments that apply for it
project grant