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Stargazingon MarsStargazingon Mars
Cover PageEnvironmentConstellationsPolar AxisObserving MoonsObserving MarsMoon to MoonSolar EclipsesEarth from MarsImaging on MarsBack to Earth
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Your imaginary observatory location, 360 degrees unobstructed view, True dark sky.
Stargazingon
MARS
Stargazingon
MARS
Stargazingon MarsStargazingon Mars
Cover PageEnvironmentConstellationsPolar AxisObserving MoonsObserving MarsMoon to MoonSolar EclipsesEarth from MarsImaging on MarsBack to Earth
Environment on MarsEnvironment on Mars
• Thin atmosphere, no industrial smog, no light pollution,• Excellent seeing and transparency (in absence of sand storms, etc.).
• Average temperature on Mars is -63ºC/-81.4ºF• Atmosphere is composed of 95.32% carbon dioxid and 7.2% nitrogen• Average atmospheric pressure is 0.007 bars (about 1/100th of Earth)• Gravity is 0.379 of Earth's.• A year on Mars is 1.881x of Earth, a day is about 40 minutes longer.
Stargazingon MarsStargazingon Mars
Cover PageEnvironmentConstellationsPolar AxisObserving MoonsObserving MarsMoon to MoonSolar EclipsesEarth from MarsImaging on MarsBack to Earth
Different Constellations?Different Constellations?
It’s only a small step to Mars, but no giant leap into space.Therefore, the constellations appear like as seen from Earth.
Mars Rover Spirit’s image of Orion as viewed from 15 deg southern latitude on Mars.
Parallax angles to Proxima Centauri:on 1 AU base (Earth orbit): 0.773”on 1.524AU base (Mars orbit): 1.178”
Reason being:
Stargazingon MarsStargazingon Mars
Cover PageEnvironmentConstellationsPolar AxisObserving MoonsObserving MarsMoon to MoonSolar EclipsesEarth from MarsImaging on MarsBack to Earth
Mars’s Polar AxisMars’s Polar Axis
• The orientation of Mars’s axis is different from Earth,• Mars has no obvious Pole Stars,• Inclination to ecliptic is 1.85º – same zodiac constellations, but different equinoxes and solstices,• Mars, too, is subjected to precession and axial tilt variation.
North
RA: 21h10m43s, Dec: 52º53’09
South
RA: 09h10m43s, Dec: -52º53’09
Stargazingon MarsStargazingon Mars
Cover PageEnvironmentConstellationsPolar AxisObserving MoonsObserving MarsMoon to MoonSolar EclipsesEarth from MarsImaging on MarsBack to Earth
Observing the Martian MoonsObserving the Martian MoonsMoon Orbits to-scale
Stargazingon MarsStargazingon Mars
Cover PageEnvironmentConstellationsPolar AxisObserving MoonsObserving MarsMoon to MoonSolar EclipsesEarth from MarsImaging on MarsBack to Earth
Observing the Martian MoonsObserving the Martian Moons
Influence of latitude
Influence of altitude
Apparent Angular Sizes
Stargazingon MarsStargazingon Mars
Cover PageEnvironmentConstellationsPolar AxisObserving MoonsObserving MarsMoon to MoonSolar EclipsesEarth from MarsImaging on MarsBack to Earth
Dimensions
Surface distance
Center distance
Apparent size*
Visual magnitude
Orbit periodAxial rotation of Mars: 1.026 days
Observing the Martian MoonsObserving the Martian Moons
Fact Sheet
27 x 22 x 18 km
5,980 km
9,378 km
12.58’
-9mv max.
0.32 daysrises in the west
15 x 12 x 11 km
20,060 km
23,459 km
2.43’
-5.5mv max.
1.26 days
Phobos (‘fear’) Deimos (‘panic’)
*In the meridian on 45º latitude,measured on longest axis.
Angular size variations:Phobos: 45%,Deimos: 1.8’ to 2.6’
Image: Phobos-2, Feb 28, 1989 Image: Viking 2, h=30km, 1.2km wide
Image: Viking 2 Orbiter Image: Viking Orbiter
Stargazingon MarsStargazingon Mars
Cover PageEnvironmentConstellationsPolar AxisObserving MoonsObserving MarsMoon to MoonSolar EclipsesEarth from MarsImaging on MarsBack to Earth
Observing Mars from its MoonsObserving Mars from its Moons
From Phobos
Simulated view on Valles MarinerisFOV: 120ºMars’ angular size: 42.5º (85x the full Earth moon)
From Deimos
Simulated view on the Hellas regionFOV: 120ºMars’ angular size: 16.7º (33x the full Earth moon)
Stargazingon MarsStargazingon Mars
Cover PageEnvironmentConstellationsPolar AxisObserving MoonsObserving MarsMoon to MoonSolar EclipsesEarth from MarsImaging on MarsBack to Earth
Influence of relative orbit position
From Moon to MoonFrom Moon to Moon
• An exciting performance of fast changes,• Observing Phobos from Deimos is most dynamic• Phobos - Deimos minimum distance is 14,081km,• Phobos - Deimos maximum distance is 32,837km.
Min Distance
Max Distance
Phobos
6.59’ 2.83’
Deimos 3.66 1.57
Apparent Sizes
Phobos: 8.2º E/W elongationDeimos: 20º E/W elongation
Visibility Condition
Stargazingon MarsStargazingon Mars
Cover PageEnvironmentConstellationsPolar AxisObserving MoonsObserving MarsMoon to MoonSolar EclipsesEarth from MarsImaging on MarsBack to Earth
Solar Eclipses on MarsSolar Eclipses on Mars
Phobos eclipse shadowMars Global Surveyor. August 26, 1999 overWestern Xanthe Terra. 250km (155mi across)
Phobos EclipseMars Rover OpportunityOn March 10, 2004
• Sun size is 2/3rd• Phobos’s is half of Earth Moon
Deimos EclipseMars Rover OpportunityOn sol 39 of its mission
• Sun size is 2/3rd• Deimos size is half of Phobos
• Eclipses occur several times a day • No total eclipses on Mars• Less spectacular than on Earth
Stargazingon MarsStargazingon Mars
Cover PageEnvironmentConstellationsPolar AxisObserving MoonsObserving MarsMoon to MoonSolar EclipsesEarth from MarsImaging on MarsBack to Earth
Observing Earth from MarsObserving Earth from Mars
• Earth is an inner planet,• Shows phases like Venus/Mercury,• Mean greatest elongation is 41º,• Earth transits observable but rare. (last: May 11, 1984; next: Nov 10, 2084)
Mars Global Surveyor. May 8, 2003 13:00 UTC
Earth of the Past• Earth-Mars light time varies between 3 and 22 minutes. • In 22 minutes Earth rotates 5.5º towards East (1º in 4 minutes).
Venus transit in 2004. Courtesy K. Spencer.
Stargazingon MarsStargazingon Mars
Cover PageEnvironmentConstellationsPolar AxisObserving MoonsObserving MarsMoon to MoonSolar EclipsesEarth from MarsImaging on MarsBack to Earth
Imaging on MarsImaging on Mars
Mars Rover Spirit Spirit’s two panoramic CCD cameras.
Our Mars Observatory
• Location: Gusev Crater, 15º south of equator• Mounting: altazimuth, no tracking• Pixel area: 1,024 x 1,024 pixels• Field of view: 16.8º• Resolution: 59” per pixel• Equivalent: 35mm SLR with 125mm lens• Cost: 400 million US$, excluding shipment
Spirit’s field of view
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Cover PageEnvironmentConstellationsPolar AxisObserving MoonsObserving MarsMoon to MoonSolar EclipsesEarth from MarsImaging on MarsBack to Earth
Imaging on MarsImaging on Mars
Orion
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Cover PageEnvironmentConstellationsPolar AxisObserving MoonsObserving MarsMoon to MoonSolar EclipsesEarth from MarsImaging on MarsBack to Earth
Imaging on MarsImaging on Mars
Phobos and Deimos
Stargazingon MarsStargazingon Mars
Cover PageEnvironmentConstellationsPolar AxisObserving MoonsObserving MarsMoon to MoonSolar EclipsesEarth from MarsImaging on MarsBack to Earth
Imaging on MarsImaging on Mars
Phobos and Deimos
Stargazingon MarsStargazingon Mars
Cover PageEnvironmentConstellationsPolar AxisObserving MoonsObserving MarsMoon to MoonSolar EclipsesEarth from MarsImaging on MarsBack to Earth
Imaging on MarsImaging on Mars
Phobos Lunar Eclipse
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Cover PageEnvironmentConstellationsPolar AxisObserving MoonsObserving MarsMoon to MoonSolar EclipsesEarth from MarsImaging on MarsBack to Earth
Imaging on MarsImaging on Mars
South Celestial Pole Region
Stargazingon MarsStargazingon Mars
Cover PageEnvironmentConstellationsPolar AxisObserving MoonsObserving MarsMoon to MoonSolar EclipsesEarth from MarsImaging on MarsBack to Earth
Back to Earth – Thank You!Back to Earth – Thank You!