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Duan Weng , Lei Wang, Rui Ran, Xiaodong WuTsinghua University, Beijing 100084, Tel.: 010-6277-2726, E-mail: [email protected]
State-in-art of Ecomaterials in China
Environmental Engineering Materials;
Environmental-Friendly Materials;
Environmental Functional Materials;
US-China Bilateral Workshop2008, EVANSTON, USA
2008-9-22
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Contribution of materials for the society
Materials Energy Information
Materiality Driving Instruction
Real World
Materials: one of three supports for modern society!
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Challenges from Resources, Energy & Environment
Duan Weng, Ecomaterials (Chinese), Tsinghua University Press, Beijing, 2001, p.17
1990 2000 2050 2100
WasteGlobal Warming Potential
(Temp. 1
High, Sea Level 20cm High)
PopulationExplosion
Extreme Global Warming Potential(Temp. 3
High, Sea Level 60cm High)
Population6.2 billions
FoodCrisis Mineral
Exhaust
Population10 billions Oil & NaturalGas Exhaust
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Urban
trash
1900 1940 1980 2000
Microbial
pollution,COD
SO 2, PM,
Photochemicalreaction, acidrain, wateralimentation,
heavy metals,solid waste, etc.
GWP, PM, VOC,
acid rain, wateralimentation,aerosol, organicmetals, POPs,
nuclear scrap,hazardous castoff,etc.
China is facing the most serious and complex pollutions in the world!
Chinese environmental challenges
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What is ecomaterial
Ecomaterials
Performance Resource
Economy
M a t e r i a l s
Multi-Function
Lower cost
Environment-friendlyF u n c t i o n a l
M a t e r i a l s
To solve the contradiction between social development and ecological balance!
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Characteristics of Ecomaterials
Better performance;
No hazardous;
Lower emission;
Higher recycling
Ecomaterials
EnvironmentEnvironment
EconomyEconomy
FunctionalityFunctionality
ProductionApplication
Disposal
Environment compatibilityin the whole life cycle of
materials
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Framework of Ecomaterials
EnvironmentalImpact Assessment
(EIA)
Eco-design CleaningProduction
EnvironmentalEngineering
Materials
Environment-Friendly
Materials
EnvironmentalFunctionalMaterials
Key Technique
forEcomaterials
Consumption
WasteRecycling
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Environmental Engineering Materials
EnvironmentalEngineering
Materials
Solid WasteTreatment
DeNOx;TWC;
Photocatalyst;Absorption;Adsorption;
Filtration;
Recycling;
Air Pollution Control
Water PollutionControl
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NOx reduction for various technologies
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DeNOx: Selective Catalysis Reduction
Selective Catalysis Reduction
8NH 3 + 6NO 2 7N 2 + 12H 2O4NH 3 + 6NO 5N 2 + 6H 2O4NH 3 + 4NO + O 2 4N 2 + 6H 2O
4HC + 4NO + 3O 2 2N2 + 2H 2O + 4CO 2
Stationary DeNOx Catalyst
Automotive DeNOx Catalyst
Baffle
Sediment
Plate
Catalyst
Fluegas
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SCR Catalysts
Zeolite ion-exchange catalyst (Cu-ZSM-5);Precious metal composite catalyst (Pt/Pd/Rh/Au/Ag);Transition metal oxide catalyst (CuO, Co 3O4, V2O5, Perovskite);
Catalysts Characteristics
Pt-basedcatalysts
Pt/Pd/Rh;
Suitable for SCR with HC as reductant;Outstanding reduction ability, selectivity and at low temperature;Removal of NO X under lean burn condition;
Ag-basedcatalysts
Outstanding activity in HC-SCR reaction process;Low cost;The brightest catalyst in the removal of NOx for diesel engine;
Au-basedcatalysts Au particles in nano-size perform Excellent HC-SCR activity;
Comparison of precious metal composite catalysts
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SCR Catalysts: Zeolite Ion-exchange Catalyst
L. Li, N. Guan. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, Available online 19 July 2008
C3H8-SCR of NO in the absence (open symbols)
and presence (solid symbols) of H 2O
Cu-ZSM-5 exhibited the best deNOx activity, due to the highest oxidative activity.
The presence of 5% water vapor in the reaction system showed distinct negativeeffect on NO reduction
H2-TPR pro les of
Cu-ZSM-5, In-ZSM-5 and La-ZSM-5.
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SCR Catalysts: Mn/TiO 2 catalyst system
Z. Wu et al. Catalysis Communications 9 (2008) 22172220
NO conversion of Ce modified MnOx/TiO 2 catalysts at different temperatures.Reaction conditions: 1000 ppm NO, 1000 ppm NH3, 3% O2, 3% water, and balance N2, GHSV = 40,000 h 1
NO conversion could be improved by doping Ce from 39% to 84% at 80 C
Ce-modified
MnOx/TiO 2
A i i i l Th l
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Automotive emission control: Three-way catalyst H2OCO 2
HCCO O O
O2 (O=O)
SubstrateWashcoating
Catalyst
N2NOx
Rare earth
Substrate/ Active layer
Catalyst
AdditiveApplication Subject
Regulation of air-to-fuel ratio
Main function
Improvement of thermal stability
Improvement of mechanical strength
Restrain the crystallite growth
Promotion of uniform distribution
Partial or complete replacement ofprecious metal
Structure
FunctionOxygen storage capacity
Application of rare earths in TWC
TWC process
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Automobile emission control: Ce-based catalyst
The oxygen storage capacity of Ce-based catalysts broadens the TWC operation window;
The addition of oxygen storage materials can decrease the quantity of precious metal andimprove the thermal stability and dispersion, and also can modify the reactivity on the interface;
The modification of rare earth or transition metal elements can enhance the oxygen storagecapacity;
Jun Fan, Duan Weng et al. Journal of Catalysis 258 (2008) 177186
Dynamic OSC values of Sr-modified samplesOperation Window
Sr-modifiedcatalyst
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0
20
40
60
80
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
T/
N O
c o n v e r s
i o n
r a
t e
/ %
1#
4#
5#
2#
3#
1# : LaMnO 3+ ,,2#: La 0.9 Sr 0.1 MnO 3+ , 3#: La 0.7 Sr 0.3 MnO 3+ ,4#: La 0.5 Sr 0.5 MnO 3+ , 5#: La 0.3 Sr 0.7 MnO 3+ , 750
NOx conversion with De-NO x catalyst La 1-XSr XMnO 3+
Duan Weng, Hongsheng Zhao, et al, J. Materials Science & Engineering A , 361(2003)173-178
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Dynamic OSC of aged Pr doped CZ
Liang Qing, Wu Xiaodong, Weng Duan, Journal of Rare Earth , 2006, 24: 549-553.
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CeZr catalyst for cleaning PM in diesel engine
TPO curves of aged K-supported catalysts in (a) tight and (b) loose contact conditions.
Xiaodong Wu, Dongxu Liu, Kai Li, Duan Weng, Catalysis Communications , in press
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Air Pollution Control: Filtration Materials
CeramicsCeramics
PolymerPolymer
MetalsMetalsFiltrationMaterialsFiltrationMaterials
CompositesComposites
FeCrAl, Stainless Steel
Metal-Ceramic, Organic-Inorganic,Ceramic-Organic Composites
Cordierite (2MgO2Al 2O35SiO 2), Carbon,Mullite, SiC, ZrO 2, TiO2, / -Al2O3, Al2TiO5
PVC
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Diesel Particular Filtration
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Air Pollution Control: Filtration Materials
DPF with catalyst caneffectively reduce theemission of CO, HC,NO X and PM;
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Ying Ma et al. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2008, 24(7): 1132 1136
VOCs pollution control: Catalytic Combustion
SEM images of different samples(A) 0.1%Pt/SSWM, (B) 0.1%Pt-0.5%Pd/SSWM,
(C) the enlargement of 0.1%Pt/SSWM,(D) the enlargement of 0.1%Pt-0.5%Pd/SSWM
T 98 of VOCs on different catalysts
A combustion catalyst of 0.1%Pt-0.5%Pd/stainless steel wire mesh (SSWM)was prepared via anodic oxidation treatment for purifying volatile organiccompound (VOC).
The total oxidation temperature for toluene, acetone, and ethyl acetate was at220, 260, and 280 C.
W P ll i C l Ph l
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Water Pollution Control: Photocatalysts
Environment-friendly
No poisonous;Lower emission;Higher stability;Long life cycle;
Schematic diagram of photocatalysis
TiO h l f
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TiO 2 as a photocatalyst for waste water treatment
production of TiO 2 (per 1kg)Fresh water 104kg V-Ti magnetite 5.58kg Energy 63.86MJ
Waste acid 6.4kg Waste water 70kg CO 2 7.87kg
FeSO 47H 2O 3.5kg Waste solid 10.5kg Dust 0.3kg
Powder:more efficient(cheap)
Thin film:less environmental impact
Environmental informationsupports decision-makingin material research
It means totallydifferent formaterial research
Water Pollution Control: Membrane Material s
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Suspended particlesMicrofiltration
Ultrafiltration
Nanofiltration
reverse osmosis
Macromolecular organiccompounds
Carbohydrate etc.
Divalent salt or multivalent salt
Monovalent salt
H2O
Water Pollution Control: Membrane Material s
En ironment Friendl Materials
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Environment-Friendly Materials
Environmental
-FriendlyMaterials
Bio-degradable materials;
Green packaging materials;
Alternatives for hazard elementslike Pb, Hg & Organics;
Cleaning production;
Environment friendly materials: Degradable plastics
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Degradableplastics
photodegradableplastics
biodegradableplastics
photo-biodegradableplastic
microbial synthesis
chemical synthesis
natural polymer
blending type
Environment-friendly materials: Degradable plastics White Pollution
Plastic pollution Other pollution
Weightpercentage 7% 93%
Volumepercentage 20% 80%
Degradable plastics
Plastic pollution in China
Environment friendly materials: Green Packaging Materials
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Environment-friendly materials: Green Packaging Materials
Category Content
Green substitutepackaging materials
To replace aluminum with steel;To replace aluminum plating with silicon plating;To replace wood with bamboo;To replace pulp paper with recycled paper;
To replace plastic with edible wrapping paper;To replace ordinary plastic with biodegradable plastic;
Green modifiedpackaging materials
Plastic modified material;Glass modified material;
Foldable container;Mildew bags;Modified steel drums;
New greenpackaging materials
Natural packaging materials;
The comprehensive utilization of natural chitin;Edible packaging materials;Green packaging printing inks;
Environment-friendly materials: Comprehensive utilization of rice chaff
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Environment-friendly materials: Comprehensive utilization of rice chaff
ChaffHydrolization
for xylitol
RinsingPower/heating
Vacuum burn
Pure SiO 2
Activated carbon& soluble glass
Ecologicalbuilding
materials
Disposable greentableware
Chaff ash Reaction Filtration Washingpickling
NaOH
liquild
Dry & active
water
Activatedcarbon
solid
Rice chaff : 18 22 of rice weight;
Process 1:
Process 2:
2 tons chaff ~ 1 ton coal
1.0 kg chaff ~ 2.6 steam ~2.5 kg chaff ~ 1 KWh power
Environmental Functional Materials
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Environmental Functional Materials
Environmental
FunctionalMaterials
Self-cleaning Materials;
Phase Change Materials;
Smart Materials for building;
Environmental functional materials: Low emissivity glass
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Environmental functional materials: Low emissivity glass
Ag~10nmSnO2~40nm
LOW-E
Double-layer glass, low emissivity
Higher the visible light transmission;
Low solar energy transmission;
Lower U-value;
Environmental functional materials: ETFE
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Environmental functional materials: ETFE ETFE ( Ethylene Tetrafluoethylene copolymer)
Easy processingTolerance of dissolution and radiation
Anti-agingnatural
ability
Better anti-
fracture tearstrength
Transmittance> 95%
Tolerance ofcorrosion and
abrasion resisting
Low surfacetension
Fire-retardantproperty and
insulation
WaterCube
Environmental functional materials: Phase Change Materials (PCM)
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Phase change floor is made ofhigh-density polyethylene packagingbetween paraffin and concrete;
When the outdoor temperature in 5 ~20C, the indoor temperature can becontrolled at 15 ~ 20 C. This applies tothe use of cold winter weather.
Environmental functional materials: Phase Chang Materials (PCM)
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SSPCM plates could decrease the dailymaximum temperature by up to 2C due tothe cool storage at night.
Indoor temperature history with different thermal
conductivity of SSPCM (812 June).
Indoor temperature of the room with and without
SSPCM plates (1 May30 September).
G. Zhou et al. Applied Energy 86 (2009) 5259
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Summary
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Catalyst, photocatalyst, filtration, adsorption and absorptionmaterials were concentrated for environmental engineering materialsat moment;
Biomass resource, bio-degradable polymer and green packagingmaterials were developed for environment-friendly materials in China;
Self-cleaning materials, phase change materials and smartmaterials for building were hot-spots of environmental functionalmaterials for our development;
Acknowledgement
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It is grateful to NSFC for the financial support in theproject 50572045;
We would like to thank NSF to host this Workshop;
Thanks a lots for Prof. Chang and MRI colleagues fromNorthwestern University to organize the Workshop;
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Thank You for Your Attention!