State of the World Land and Water Resources and their Sustainable Use for Food

Security

PARVIZ KOOHAFKAN,

Land and Water Development Division

FAO, Rome

1. Assessment of The State 1. Assessment of The State of The Land& Water of The Land& Water

ResourcesResources In 2030 world population will double Majority of population will live in urban areas Arable land expansion will be restricted Water Scarcity will Arise at Local and Regional

Levels Natural Resources Degradation Will Accentuate

Growth in food and agricultural production would need:

– Sustainable land use intensification– environmental friendly technologies– maximising resource use efficiency

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

1990 2010 2030

Pop

ulat

ion

(mill

ion)

Rural population,developed countries

Rural population,developing countries

Urban population,developed countries

Urban population,developing countries

Evolution in Rural and Urbain PopulationEvolution in Rural and Urbain Population

Land per capita allocation and distribution

Agricultural water use Agricultural water use in percentage of water withdrawal - 93 developing countriesin percentage of water withdrawal - 93 developing countries

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Eff

icie

nc

y (

%)

sub-

Sahara

nAfr

ica

Lati

nAm

eric

a

Nea

r East

-N

ort

h A

fric

a

South

Asi

a

East

Asi

a

93

dev

elopin

gco

untr

ies

1996 2030

Irrigation efficiency 1996-2030

Water withdrawal in the Water withdrawal in the worldworld

(in percentage of water resources)(in percentage of water resources)

>25% >10% >5% <5%

Water Water scarcity?scarcity?

–Water scarcity is a local problem by nature

–Water scarcity is also a regional problem

–Water scarcity is not directly a global problem

Soil Degradation Severity by Region

Challenges for water and Challenges for water and foodfood

Increasing water productivityImproving water use efficiency Mitigating environmental effects of

irrigationExpanding small scale irrigation, mostly

in Africa Increasing water harvesting and water

conservation

Land degradation in drylands

Salt affected soilsSalt affected soils

Sand dune Enchrochement

Degradation of Rangelands

Desertification and migration

Sources of growth: all developing countriesSources of growth: all developing countries

Ag

ric

ult

ure

: T

ow

ard

s 2

01

5/3

0T

ech

nic

al I

nte

rim

Re

po

rt

Arable Land Expansion

20%

Cropping Intensity

10%

Yield increase

70%

2. Analysis of issues and programmes on:2. Analysis of issues and programmes on:

Food security (SPFS)Food security (SPFS) Soil fertility Soil fertility Initiative(SFI)Initiative(SFI) Desertification (CCD)Desertification (CCD)Climate Change(UNFCC)Climate Change(UNFCC)Biological Biological Diversity(CBD)Diversity(CBD)

Technologies &Practices

Policies&planning

Commonaltiesand cross cutting themes

•Water control

•Intensification

•Diversification

•National FS strategy

•Micro-credit

•South-Southcooperation

•IPNS

•Land husbandry

• crop rotations

•NAP

•Cost benefit analysis

• Fertilizer market regulations

SPFS SFI

• national plans/strategies • working with land users•Participatory and integrated approaches•Combined short and long term benefits•partnership building

UNCCD

Comparison between Strategies of Comparison between Strategies of ImplementationImplementation

Comparison between Strategies of Comparison between Strategies of ImplementationImplementation

UNFCC

•S&W conservation

•Agro-forestry

•Range land & livestock management

•Alternative energy

•M- tillage

•reforestation

•NAP & RAP

•Regional networks

•Inter-institutional arrangements

•Kyoto protocol

•CDM

• Forest Conservation

UNCBD

•In-Situ & Ex-Situ Conservation

•Ecosystem management

•IPM•National Assessment

•LPZ Plan of Action

SPFS: Status of SPFS: Status of ImplementationImplementationSPFS: Status of SPFS: Status of ImplementationImplementation

SFI: Status of SFI: Status of ImplementationImplementationSFI: Status of SFI: Status of ImplementationImplementation

under formulation

NAP prepared

CCD: Status of CCD: Status of ImplementationImplementationCCD: Status of CCD: Status of ImplementationImplementation

first NAP document

NDF launched

Source UNSO

COMPLEMENTARITY BETWEEN COMPLEMENTARITY BETWEEN SPFS/SFI/CCD/UNFCC/CBDSPFS/SFI/CCD/UNFCC/CBD

COMPLEMENTARITY BETWEEN COMPLEMENTARITY BETWEEN SPFS/SFI/CCD/UNFCC/CBDSPFS/SFI/CCD/UNFCC/CBD

Analysis shows that all these programmes have:Analysis shows that all these programmes have: – high inter-relation ; can not be treated separatelyhigh inter-relation ; can not be treated separately

– strong national ownership with international partnershipstrong national ownership with international partnership

– emphasis on resources but need to include more socio-emphasis on resources but need to include more socio-

economic aspectseconomic aspects

– rely generally on the same human resources at local and rely generally on the same human resources at local and national levelnational level

– Act on the same landAct on the same land

Integrated & participatory Integrated & participatory approach at all levels; optimising approach at all levels; optimising priorities and harmonising actionspriorities and harmonising actions

GLOBAL SOIL ORGANIC CARBON

Source: Natural Resource Conservation Service and Donald Reicosky

Restoring degraded soils globally Average C sequestration potential with Same as the atmospheric

net increase in CO2 !!

Soil Soil fertilityfertility

restorationrestoration

Soil Soil fertilityfertility

restorationrestoration

FoodFoodsecuritysecurity

FoodFoodsecuritysecurity

CombatingCombatingLand Land

degradationdegradation

CombatingCombatingLand Land

degradationdegradation

Crop & SoilCrop & Soil

biodiversitbiodiversityy

Time

Land use change

Biom

ass R

oots +

S

.O.M

.

Promising Avenues for Agriculture Promising Avenues for Agriculture Sustainable IntensificationSustainable Intensification Low-Cost/ Low-Risk Irrigation Techniques

Water Conservation and Water harvesting

Reliance on Local Genetic Resources and Carefully-Selected Biotechnology

Integrated Plant Nutrition Systems, Precision Farming,

use of solar and wind energy in agricultural production and processing

Integration and DiversificationIntegration and Diversification

Integrated Watershed Management, Conservation Agriculture

Urban and Peri-Urban Agriculture (greenhouse agriculture wastewater treatment and re-use, drip irrigation,..)

Export Crops, Organic Farming, Integrated Pest Management Agro-Tourism and Nature Conservation

ANIMAL HUSBAN

DRY

FARMER

CROP HUSBANDRY

SOIL, WATER AND PLANT NUTRIENT

MANAGEMENT

Landscape

Mar

ketsC

ulture

Integrated production systems