Date post: | 15-Jan-2016 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | violet-briggs |
View: | 227 times |
Download: | 0 times |
State StandardsState Standards
10.5.1, 10.5.2, 10.5.3, 10.5.4, 10.5.5, 10.5.1, 10.5.2, 10.5.3, 10.5.4, 10.5.5, 10.6.1, 10.6.2, 10.6.310.6.1, 10.6.2, 10.6.3
Causes of WW1Causes of WW11.1. Rise of Nationalism - Rise of Nationalism -
(devotion to one’s nation)(devotion to one’s nation) Caused intense competition Caused intense competition
among nations for materials among nations for materials & markets& markets
Led to territorial disputesLed to territorial disputes France upset over losing France upset over losing
Alsace-Lorraine to Alsace-Lorraine to GermanyGermany
2.2. Imperialism - Imperialism - seizure of a seizure of a country or country or territory by a territory by a stronger countrystronger country
Forces driving Imperialism
1. Belief in European Superiority
2. Racism – belief that one race is superior to others
3. Missionaries – people who convert people to Christianity.
4. Theory of Social Darwinism
Charles Darwin idea of natural selection
Strongest would survived Used to justify actions of
European imperialist
Division of Africa Berlin Conference
1884 – 1885Countries feared war.14 European nations
met to lay down rules for division of Africa.
Africa’s source of wealth – minerals
Agreed any country could claim land as long as they notified other countries & proved they could control the area.No African ruler invitedNo thought to division of ethnic or linguistic
groups. 1914, only Liberia & Ethiopia free.
Groups clashed over South Africa
Africans, Dutch & British clashed over land & resources.1816, Zulu chief, Shaka
created large centralized state
Fought with spears & shields against guns.
British took control in 1887
Boers - Dutch farmers took African land and established farms
Great Trek – Boers attempt to escape British Fought Zulu & other
African tribes
Boer War - British fought Boers First modern “total”
warBritish won in 1910Created Union of
South Africa (British controlled)
MilitarismMilitarism – policy of – policy of glorifying military glorifying military power & keeping an power & keeping an army prepared for wararmy prepared for warDidn’t trust each other Didn’t trust each other Started to fight over Started to fight over
coloniescolonies 1914, all the Great 1914, all the Great
Powers except Britain Powers except Britain had large standing had large standing armiesarmies
3.3. AlliancesAlliances Rivalries & mistrust led Rivalries & mistrust led
to military alliancesto military alliances Otto von BismarckOtto von Bismarck, ,
chancellor of Prussia chancellor of Prussia viewed France as viewed France as greatest threat to peacegreatest threat to peace
Triple AllianceTriple Alliance – – Germany, Germany, Austria/Hungary & Austria/Hungary & ItalyItaly
1881, made treaty with 1881, made treaty with RussiaRussia1890, 1890, Kaiser Wilhelm Kaiser Wilhelm
IIII (new leader of (new leader of Germany) Germany) let treaty with let treaty with Russia endRussia end
Russia responded with Russia responded with alliance with Francealliance with France
Germany started to build Germany started to build navy – alarmed Britain!navy – alarmed Britain!Triple Entente – Triple Entente –
Britain, France & RussiaBritain, France & Russia
4.4. Crisis in the BalkansCrisis in the Balkans Balkans - “Powder keg of Balkans - “Powder keg of
EuropeEurope”” Long history of ethnic Long history of ethnic
clashesclashes Serbia wanted to take over Serbia wanted to take over
all Slavic landsall Slavic lands Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary
opposed them, 1908, opposed them, 1908, annexed “took over” annexed “took over” Bosnia & Herzegovina.Bosnia & Herzegovina.
Serbian leaders Serbian leaders outraged!outraged!
The Shot that rings The Shot that rings through Europethrough Europe
Archduke Franz Archduke Franz Ferdinand becomes Ferdinand becomes Austro-Hungarian rulerAustro-Hungarian ruler
June 28, 1914, went to June 28, 1914, went to Sarajevo (capital of Sarajevo (capital of Bosnia) Bosnia)
Shot with wife Sophie Shot with wife Sophie & killed& killed
Killed by Serbian - Killed by Serbian - Gavrilo PrincipGavrilo Princip, , member of Black Hand - member of Black Hand - secret society committed secret society committed to ridding Bosnia of to ridding Bosnia of Austrian ruleAustrian rule
AustriaAustria used murders as used murders as excuse to punish Serbiaexcuse to punish SerbiaGave Serbia list of Gave Serbia list of
demandsdemands
Fearing war, Serbia Fearing war, Serbia agreed to most of themagreed to most of themOffered for others to be Offered for others to be
settled by international settled by international conference.conference.
AustriaAustria rejects offer & rejects offer & declares war on July 28declares war on July 28
Russia (ally of Serbia) Russia (ally of Serbia) sent troops toward sent troops toward Austrian border.Austrian border.
British foreign minister, British foreign minister, Italian government & Italian government & Kaiser Wilhelm urged Kaiser Wilhelm urged Russia & Austria to Russia & Austria to negotiate…negotiate…
““The lamps are going out The lamps are going out all over Europe. We shall all over Europe. We shall not see them again in our not see them again in our
lifetime”lifetime”
Europe plunges into warEurope plunges into war August 1, GermanyAugust 1, Germany
(allied with Prussia) (allied with Prussia) declares war on Russiadeclares war on Russia
2 days later, Germany 2 days later, Germany declares war on Francedeclares war on France
Great Britain declares Great Britain declares war on Germanywar on Germany
vv
vv
vv
Central Powers Central Powers – Germany & Austria-Hungary plus – Germany & Austria-Hungary plus Bulgaria & the Ottoman EmpireBulgaria & the Ottoman Empire and… and…
AlliesAllies – Great Britain, France, Russia and Japan and – Great Britain, France, Russia and Japan and ItalyItaly – member of Triple Alliance - joined Allies after – member of Triple Alliance - joined Allies after
accusing partners of unjustly starting the waraccusing partners of unjustly starting the war French & British recruited their colonies to help in fightFrench & British recruited their colonies to help in fight
India provided 1.3 millionIndia provided 1.3 millionBrazil, Australia, New Zealand, colonies in Africa and Brazil, Australia, New Zealand, colonies in Africa and
Asia also joinedAsia also joined Most thought war would be short…Most thought war would be short…
Germany battle strategy Germany battle strategy ““Schlieffen PlanSchlieffen Plan””
1.1. Attack & defeat France in Attack & defeat France in the westthe west
2.2. Rush east to fight RussiaRush east to fight Russia Felt they could do this Felt they could do this
because:because: Russia behind rest of Russia behind rest of
Europe in development Europe in development of railroadof railroad
Felt they could win a Felt they could win a quick victory over quick victory over France.France.
September 5, Allies use taxi September 5, Allies use taxi cabs to get to the front cabs to get to the front
4 days of fighting, Germans 4 days of fighting, Germans retreatedretreated
Battle of MarneBattle of Marne - single - single most important event of the most important event of the war.war.Schlieffen PlanSchlieffen Plan defeateddefeatedRussians invaded Russians invaded
Germany forcing troops to Germany forcing troops to be split between Western be split between Western and Eastern fronts.and Eastern fronts.
War turned into stalemate = “deadlock”War turned into stalemate = “deadlock” Deadlocked region along northern France known as Deadlocked region along northern France known as
““Western FrontWestern Front””
Battlefield along the German & Russian border Battlefield along the German & Russian border called “called “Eastern Front”Eastern Front”
Russians & Serbs battled Germans & Austro-Russians & Serbs battled Germans & Austro-Hungarians.Hungarians.
““Trench warfareTrench warfare” – ” – fighting from trenchesfighting from trenchesLand between the Land between the
trenches known as trenches known as ““No-mans landNo-mans land””
Western front Western front stretched stretched nearlynearly 500 miles from 500 miles from North Sea to the Swiss North Sea to the Swiss borderborder
New WeaponsNew Weapons Machine GunsMachine Guns
Fires ammunition automatically Fires ammunition automatically Could wipe out waves of attackers Could wipe out waves of attackers Made it difficult for forces to advance.Made it difficult for forces to advance.
Poison GasPoison GasIntroduced by the Germans, but used by both sidesIntroduced by the Germans, but used by both sidesChlorine gasChlorine gas – caused burning sensation in throat – caused burning sensation in throat
& chest pains& chest pains. Death through suffocation.. Death through suffocation.
Mustard gasMustard gas – caused – caused blistering skin, vomiting, blistering skin, vomiting, sore eyes, internal & sore eyes, internal & external bleeding.external bleeding.
TankTankIntroduced by the British in 1916Introduced by the British in 1916
FlamethrowersFlamethrowers Large artilleryLarge artillery
Used to deliver Used to deliver devastating blows to devastating blows to enemy from a enemy from a distance.distance.
SubmarinesSubmarinesIntroduced by the Introduced by the
Germans Germans Used torpedo against Used torpedo against
shipsships
Air PlanesAir Planes Used initially to deliver Used initially to deliver
bombs & spying bombs & spying ““Dogfights” – fight Dogfights” – fight
between two planesbetween two planesBaron von Richthofen Baron von Richthofen
“Red Baron”“Red Baron”
Zeppelin (blimp)Zeppelin (blimp)Used by Germans to Used by Germans to
bomb enemy targets.bomb enemy targets.
HazardsHazardsDysentery from polluted Dysentery from polluted
waterwater““Shell shock” – emotional Shell shock” – emotional
collapsecollapseTrench foot – caused by Trench foot – caused by
standing in cold wet standing in cold wet trenchestrenches
Trench mouth – infection Trench mouth – infection of gums & throatof gums & throat
The Gallipoli Campaign The Gallipoli Campaign Allies move to capture Allies move to capture
Ottoman Dardanelles Ottoman Dardanelles straitstrait in February 1915 in February 1915
Goal to defeat Ottoman Goal to defeat Ottoman Empire andEmpire and to open a to open a supply line to Russiasupply line to Russia
Ends in costly Allied Ends in costly Allied defeatdefeat (250,000+ dead) (250,000+ dead)
Battle of VerdunBattle of Verdun1916, Germans attacked 1916, Germans attacked Both sides lost 300,000 Both sides lost 300,000
menmen
Battle of SommeBattle of SommeBritish attacked British attacked
GermansGermansFirst day of battle, First day of battle,
20,000 British died20,000 British diedBoth sides lost 500,000 Both sides lost 500,000
menmen
Total distance wonTotal distance wonGermans 4 milesGermans 4 milesBritish 5 milesBritish 5 miles
World War I becomes World War I becomes total wartotal war - nations devote - nations devote all resources to warall resources to war
Governments take control Governments take control of economy to produce war of economy to produce war goodsgoodsNations turn to Nations turn to
rationingrationing - limiting - limiting purchases of war-related purchases of war-related goodsgoods
PropagandaPropaganda - one-sided - one-sided information to build information to build morale, support for warmorale, support for war
Group WorkGroup Work In a group of 4, make a propaganda posterIn a group of 4, make a propaganda poster It can be from any of the major powers point of It can be from any of the major powers point of
viewview Think about the poster you just sawThink about the poster you just saw
Possible ideasPossible ideas○ Rationing posterRationing poster – a poster that talks about – a poster that talks about
not wasting food, etc.not wasting food, etc.○ Recruiting posterRecruiting poster – a poster that urges you to – a poster that urges you to
join the armed forcesjoin the armed forces○ Nationalism posterNationalism poster – a poster that portrays – a poster that portrays
your nation as superior or justifies your your nation as superior or justifies your involvement in the war.involvement in the war.
Germans controlled Germans controlled supply lines with supply lines with submarines, Ottomans submarines, Ottomans controlled straits.controlled straits.
Russians one asset = Russians one asset = numbersnumbers
Russians kept Germans Russians kept Germans busy, couldn’t turn busy, couldn’t turn attention to westattention to west
1917, war-related civil 1917, war-related civil unrest forced Czar unrest forced Czar Nicholas II to Nicholas II to abdicatabdicate e (step-down) his throne(step-down) his throneShortages in food Shortages in food
and fuel.and fuel. Provisional Provisional
government establishedgovernment establishedPledged to keep Pledged to keep
fighting…fighting…
March, 1917, Russia March, 1917, Russia withdraws from warwithdraws from war
5.5 million wounded, 5.5 million wounded, killed or taken prisonerkilled or taken prisonerArmy refused to fight Army refused to fight
any longerany longer November 1917, November 1917,
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin Vladimir Ilyich Lenin seized powerseized power
March 1918, signed March 1918, signed Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany with Germany
May 7, 1915, Germans sank May 7, 1915, Germans sank British passenger ship British passenger ship LusitaniaLusitania1198 people died, 1198 people died,
including 128 Americansincluding 128 AmericansGermans claimed ship Germans claimed ship
carried ammunition carried ammunition American public outraged!American public outraged!
1917, Germany began using 1917, Germany began using unrestricted submarineunrestricted submarine warfarewarfare – sinking without warning any ship in the waters – sinking without warning any ship in the waters around Britainaround Britain
Wilson sends protest to GermanyWilson sends protest to Germany After two more attacks, After two more attacks, Germans agreed to stop attacking Germans agreed to stop attacking
neutral & passenger shipsneutral & passenger ships
Allied and Neutral Tonnage sunk by submarines in World War I
Month 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918
January 47,981 81,259 368,521 306,658
February 59,921 117,547 540,006 318,957
March 80,775 167,097 593,841 342,597
April 55,725 191,667 881,027 278,719
May 120,058 129,175 596,629 295,520
June 131,428 108,855 687,507 255,587
July 109,640 118,215 557,988 260,967
August 62,767 185,866 162,744 511,730 283,815
September 98,378 151,884 230,460 351,748 187,881
October 87,917 88,534 353,660 458,558 118,559
November 19,413 153,043 311,508 289,212 17,682
December 44,197 123,141 355,139 399,212
Total 312,672 1,307,996 2,327,326 6,235,878 2,666,942
German telegram German telegram ““Zimmermann NoteZimmermann Note” ” sent to Mexico sent to Mexico stating thatstating that Germany would help Germany would help Mexico “reconquer” U.S. Mexico “reconquer” U.S. territory lost if they territory lost if they helped Germany.helped Germany.
April 1917, U.S. declares April 1917, U.S. declares war on Germany joining war on Germany joining the Alliesthe Allies
Germany sends all forces to Western FrontGermany sends all forces to Western Front May 1918, reached Marne RiverMay 1918, reached Marne River Second Battle of the Marne - Second Battle of the Marne - July 1918 July 1918 Allies & 140,000 fresh U.S. troops counterattacked Allies & 140,000 fresh U.S. troops counterattacked
Germans defeated Germans defeated Allies marched to GermanyAllies marched to Germany
Bulgarians first to surrender Bulgarians first to surrender followed by the Ottomansfollowed by the Ottomans
Revolution forces Austria-Revolution forces Austria-Hungary surrendersHungary surrenders
German soldiers mutinied German soldiers mutinied & public turned on the & public turned on the KaiserKaiserKaiser Wilhelm II Kaiser Wilhelm II
stepped down (abdicated stepped down (abdicated his throne)his throne)
Germany declared itself a Germany declared itself a republicrepublic
Representatives metRepresentatives met with with French Commander French Commander Marshal Foch Marshal Foch in a in a railway car near Parisrailway car near Paris
Signed Signed armisticearmistice – – agreement to stop agreement to stop fighting fighting
November 11, 1918November 11, 1918, war , war ends!ends!
Cost in livesCost in lives
10 million died (known)10 million died (known)
21 million wounded21 million wounded
7.7 million missing/prisoners7.7 million missing/prisoners
Financial CostFinancial Cost
Allies: Allies: 125,690,477,000125,690,477,000
Central Powers: 60,643,160,000Central Powers: 60,643,160,000
Top SpendersTop Spenders
United StatesUnited States22,625,253,00022,625,253,000
Great BritainGreat Britain35,334,012,00035,334,012,000
GermanyGermany 37,775,000,00037,775,000,000
FranceFrance24,265,583,00024,265,583,000
CountriesTotal
MobilizedKilled Wounded
Prisoners& Missing
TotalCasualties
Allied PowersAllied Powers RussiaRussia 12,000,00012,000,000 1,700,0001,700,000 4,950,0004,950,000 2,500,0002,500,000 9,150,0009,150,000
FranceFrance 8,410,0008,410,000 1,357,8001,357,800 4,266,0004,266,000 537,000537,000 6,160,8006,160,800
British EmpireBritish Empire 8,904,4678,904,467 908,371908,371 2,090,2122,090,212 191,652191,652 3,190,2353,190,235
ItalyItaly 5,615,0005,615,000 650,000650,000 947,000947,000 600,000600,000 2,197,0002,197,000
United StatesUnited States 4,355,0004,355,000 126,000126,000 234,300234,300 4,5004,500 364,800364,800
JapanJapan 800,000800,000 300300 907907 33 1,2101,210
RomaniaRomania 750,000750,000 335,706335,706 120,000120,000 80,00080,000 535,706535,706
SerbiaSerbia 707,343707,343 45,00045,000 133,148133,148 152,958152,958 331,106331,106
BelgiumBelgium 267,000267,000 13,71613,716 44,68644,686 34,65934,659 93,06193,061
GreeceGreece 230,000230,000 5,0005,000 21,00021,000 1,0001,000 17,00017,000
PortugalPortugal 100,000100,000 7,2227,222 13,75113,751 12,31812,318 33,29133,291
MontenegroMontenegro 50,00050,000 3,0003,000 10,00010,000 7,0007,000 20,00020,000
TotalTotal 42,188,81042,188,810 5,152,1155,152,115 12,831,00412,831,004 4,121,0904,121,090 22,104,20922,104,209
Central PowersCentral Powers GermanyGermany 11,000,00011,000,000 1,773,7001,773,700 4,216,0584,216,058 1,152,8001,152,800 7,142,5587,142,558
Austria-Austria-HungaryHungary 7,800,0007,800,000 1,200,0001,200,000 3,620,0003,620,000 2,200,0002,200,000 7,020,0007,020,000
TurkeyTurkey 2,850,0002,850,000 325,000325,000 400,000400,000 250,000250,000 975,000975,000
BulgariaBulgaria 1,200,0001,200,000 87,50087,500 152,390152,390 27,02927,029 266,919266,919
TotalTotal 22,850,00022,850,000 3,386,2003,386,200 8,388,4488,388,448 3,629,8293,629,829 15,404,47715,404,477
Grand TotalGrand Total 65,038,81065,038,810 8,538,3158,538,315 21,219,45221,219,452 7,750,9197,750,919 37,508,68637,508,686
Armenian MassacreArmenian Massacre Why?Why?
1.1. ReligionReligion Armenians = ChristiansArmenians = Christians Ottoman Turks = IslamicOttoman Turks = Islamic
2.2. Pledged support to AlliesPledged support to Allies 2 million Armenians deported by Ottomans2 million Armenians deported by Ottomans 600,000 died from starvation or were killed by soldiers600,000 died from starvation or were killed by soldiers
International community responseInternational community response Condemned Turks but did not fight to save ArmeniansCondemned Turks but did not fight to save Armenians
Influenza EpidemicInfluenza Epidemic Spring 1918, Spring 1918, Spanish FluSpanish Flu starts in India & England starts in India & England
– – spreads through worldspreads through world by Fall by Fall Killed soldiers & civiliansKilled soldiers & civilians India – 12 million diedIndia – 12 million died Berlin – one day 1500 deadBerlin – one day 1500 dead Overall, killed 20 million worldwideOverall, killed 20 million worldwide
Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles ““Big FourBig Four” dominate ” dominate
peace talkspeace talksU.S. - Woodrow U.S. - Woodrow
Wilson Wilson Proposed “Proposed “Fourteen Fourteen
PointsPoints” - idea of self-” - idea of self-determinationdetermination
Right of people to Right of people to govern own nationgovern own nation○ Hoped for lasting Hoped for lasting
peacepeace
First 4 points, call for free First 4 points, call for free trade and end to secret trade and end to secret alliances & military alliances & military buildupsbuildups
55thth point – fairness to point – fairness to colonial peoplescolonial peoples
6-136-13thth points, changing of points, changing of borders & creating of new borders & creating of new nations.nations.
1414thth point, envisioned a point, envisioned a international peace-keeping international peace-keeping body to settle world disputes body to settle world disputes great and small alike – great and small alike – “League of Nations”“League of Nations”
French - Georges French - Georges ClemenceauClemenceauWanted to punish Wanted to punish
GermanyGermany○ Wanted German Wanted German
armed forces armed forces dismantleddismantled
Britain - David Lloyd Britain - David Lloyd GeorgeGeorgeWanted to punish Wanted to punish
GermanyGermanyWanted German Wanted German
navy dismantlednavy dismantled Italy - Vittorio Italy - Vittorio
OrlandoOrlandoWanted landWanted land
Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles created created League of NationsLeague of Nations - - international organization to keep peaceinternational organization to keep peace
Germans were punished for warGermans were punished for war
1.1. Lost territoryLost territory
2.2. Had to pay war debt Had to pay war debt (33 billion dollars to France (33 billion dollars to France and Britain)and Britain)
3.3. Lost its militaryLost its military
4.4. Lost colonies in Africa & the PacificLost colonies in Africa & the Pacific
5.5. Article 231Article 231, “war guilt” placed sole , “war guilt” placed sole responsibility for the war on Germanyresponsibility for the war on Germany
German people left with bitterness & hatredGerman people left with bitterness & hatred
Austria-Hungarian Empire splitAustria-Hungarian Empire split into Austria, Hungary, into Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia & Yugoslavia Czechoslovakia & Yugoslavia
Ottomans gave up almost all of empireOttomans gave up almost all of empireRetained only present day Turkey Retained only present day Turkey Palestine, Iraq, & Transjordan under British controlPalestine, Iraq, & Transjordan under British controlSyria & Lebanon under French controlSyria & Lebanon under French control
Romania & Poland gained Russian territoryRomania & Poland gained Russian territoryFinland, Estonia, Latvia, & Lithuania became Finland, Estonia, Latvia, & Lithuania became
independentindependent
Africa & Asia, angered over disregard for Africa & Asia, angered over disregard for independenceindependence
Japan & Italy gained less territory then they wantedJapan & Italy gained less territory then they wanted
U.S. rejected treatyU.S. rejected treaty League of Nations League of Nations
without U.S. support – without U.S. support – couldn’t act (no police couldn’t act (no police force)force)
People believed best People believed best hope for peace – stay hope for peace – stay out of European out of European affairs…affairs…
““Treaty built in Treaty built in quicksand”quicksand”