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\clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrb \clbrdrl \trql \clwWidth600 \cellx600\clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrb \clbrdrr \trql \clwWidth4040 \cellx4640\intbl{\li30 \ri30{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0}}}\f2 \li30 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \ql \fs20 \ri30 \cf1 \i0 \intbl \cell \intbl{\li30 \ri30{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\li30 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\li30 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\li30 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0Even if probable cause exists for arrest of person within, Fourth Amendment is violated by unannounced police intrusion into private home, with or without arrest warrant, except where persons within already know of officer\rquote s authority and purpose, or where officers are justified in belief that persons within arein imminent peril of bodily harm, or where those within, made aware of presenceof someone outside (because, for example, there has been knock at door), are then engaged in activity which justifies officers in belief that escape or destruc

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\clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrb \clbrdrl \trql \clwWidth600 \cellx600\clpadt30 \clpadft3 \clpadr30 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrb \clbrdrr \trql \clwWidth4040 \cellx4640\intbl{\li30 \ri30{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0}}}\f2 \li30 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \ql \fs20 \ri30 \cf1 \i0 \intbl \cell \intbl{\li30 \ri30{\li30 \f2 \b0 \ql \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\li30 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\li30 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\li30 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0By leaving his apartment door ajar, defendant exhibited diminished expectation of privacy for purposes of \u8220\'3fknock and announce rule.\u8221\'3f}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?findType=L&pubNum=1000256&cite=IASTS808.6&originatingDoc=I013bb84bff5e11d9bf60c1d57ebc853e&refType=LQ&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.RelatedInfo)" }{\fldrslt

{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0I.C.A. \u167\'3f 808.6}\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0 }}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0;}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?findType=L&pubNum=1000546&cite=USCOAMENDIV&originatingDoc=I013bb84bff5e11d9bf60c1d57ebc853e&refType=LQ&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.RelatedInfo)" }{\fldrslt{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0U.S.C.A. Const.Amend. 4}\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0 }}

{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa200 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0.\par}}}{\li30 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri30 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\*\bkmkstart co_headnoteId_19920834510072011062900161}{\*\bkmkend co_headnoteId

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}}{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0}}}}{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0}}}{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0{\*\bkmkstart co_headnotesEnd_1}{\*\bkmkend co_headnotesEnd_1}\par}{\li0 \f2 \qj \b1 \ri0 \fs20 \cf19 \i0{\*\bkmkstart co_attorneysAndLawFirms_1}{\*\bkmkend co_attorneysAndLawFirms_1}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b1 \sa200 \sb200 \fs20 \cf19 \i0Attorneys and Law Firms\par}}{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0

{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0}{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_595_224_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_595_224_1}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b1 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0*224}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0

}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?fin

dType=h&pubNum=176284&cite=0150669501&originatingDoc=I013bb84bff5e11d9bf60c1d57ebc853e&refType=RQ&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.RelatedInfo)" }{\fldrslt{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0Linda Del Gallo}}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0, State Appellate Defender, and Patricia Reynolds Lapointe, Asst. State Appellate Defender, for appellant.\par}}{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0

{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?findType=h&pubNum=176284&cite=0328271801&originatingDoc=I013bb84bff5e11d9bf60c1d57ebc853e&refType=RQ&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.RelatedInfo)" }{\fldrslt{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0Bonnie J. Campbell}}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0, Atty. Gen.,}

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{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?findType=h&pubNum=176284&cite=0130577201&originatingDoc=I013bb84bff5e11d9bf60c1d57ebc853e&refType=RQ&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.RelatedInfo)" }{\fldrslt{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0Roxann M. Ryan}}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb200 \fs20 \cf1 \i0, Asst. Atty. Gen., J. Patrick White, County Atty., and David Tiffany, Asst. County Atty., for appellee.\par}}}{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0Heard by}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?findType=h&pubNum=176284&cite=0305773201&originatingDoc=I013bb84bff5e11d9bf60c1d57ebc853e&refType=RQ&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.RelatedInfo)" }{\fldrslt{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0

OXBERGER}}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0, C.J., and}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?findType=h&pubNum=176284&cite=0227032901&originatingDoc=I013bb84bff5e11d9bf60c1d57ebc853e&refType=RQ&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.RelatedInfo)" }{\fldrslt{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0SCHLEGEL}}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0

and}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?findType=h&pubNum=176284&cite=0227181601&originatingDoc=I013bb84bff5e11d9bf60c1d57ebc853e&refType=RQ&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.RelatedInfo)" }{\fldrslt{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0HABHAB}}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb200 \fs20 \cf1 \i0, JJ.\par}

}}{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\li0 \f2 \qj \b1 \ri0 \fs20 \cf19 \i0{\*\bkmkstart co_opinion_1}{\*\bkmkend co_opinion_1}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b1 \sa0 \sb200 \fs20 \cf19 \i0Opinion\par}}

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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?findType=h&pubNum=176284&cite=0305773201&originatingDoc=I013bb84bff5e11d9bf60c1d57ebc853e&refType=RQ&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.RelatedInfo)" }{\fldrslt{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0OXBERGER}}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa200 \sb200 \fs20 \cf1 \i0, Chief Judge.\par}}}{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\*\bkmkstart co_anchor_Ice0a25f8ba6111e08b05fdf15589d}{\*\bkmkend co_anchor_Ice0a25f8ba6111e08b05fdf15589d}\par{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0

{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0Iowa City officer Michael Brotherton executed a search warrant at the apartmentof Ronald Cohrs. Officer Brotherton found the door to the apartment unlocked andslightly ajar. He knocked on the door. When someone inside asked \u8220\'3fwho\rquote s there?\u8221\'3f, he replied \u8220\'3fMike Brotherton\u8221\'3f. Whenthe apartment\rquote s occupant did not come to the door or make any further response, Brotherton pushed the door open slightly, looked inside, and saw Cohrs surrounded by items which looked like drug paraphernalia. At some point Brothertonsaid the word \u8220\'3fpolice,\u8221\'3f but there is a dispute as to precisely when he did so. The State asserts Brotherton said the word \u8220\'3fpolice\u8221\'3f before looking in the door and seeing drug paraphernalia; Cohrs assertsBrotherton did not say the word \u8220\'3fpolice\u8221\'3f until he and other officers were entering the door, after they had already looked in and seen drug pa

raphernalia.\par}}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0\u160\'3f\par}{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0After entering the apartment, the officers seized drugs and drug-related items,

and Cohrs was charged with drug offenses. A jury found him guilty of two countsof possession of cocaine. He has appealed from the resulting convictions.\par}}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0\u160\'3f\par}

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{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_anchor_F11992083451_1" }{\fldrslt{\super \f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b1 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf19 \i0[1]}}}{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0{\*\bkmkstart co_anchor_B11992083451_1}{\*\bkmkend co_anchor_B11992083451_1}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0Cohrs contends the evidence seized from his apartment should have been suppressed because the search was conducted in violation of the \u8220\'3fknock and announce\u8221\'3f rule. He contends the officer\rquote s conduct constituted a violation of this rule because the officer broke into the apartment without first giving notice of his authority and purpose.\par}}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0\u160\'3f\par}{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0

{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_anchor_F21992083451_1" }{\fldrslt{\super \f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b1 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf19 \i0[2]}}}{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0{\*\bkmkstart co_anchor_B21992083451_1}{\*\bkmkend co_anchor_B21992083451_1}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0SCOPE OF REVIEW: We review de novo where a constitutional right is involved. When a defendant is alleging error involving a constitutional right, such as here,we make an independent evaluation of the totality of the relevant circumstancesto determine if such an error was made.

}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?findType=Y&serNum=1975119679&pubNum=595&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.RelatedInfo)#co_pp_sp_595_658" }{\fldrslt{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1Rinehart v. State,}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0234 N.W.2d 649, 658 (Iowa 1975)}}}

{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0;}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?findType=Y&serNum=1988006405&pubNum=595&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.RelatedInfo)#co_pp_sp_595_239" }{\fldrslt{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1State v. Jeffries,

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}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0417 N.W.2d 237, 239 (Iowa App.1987)}}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0.\par}}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0\u160\'3f\par}{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_anchor_F31992083451_1" }{\fldrslt{\super \f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b1 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf19 \i0[3]}}}{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0{\*\bkmkstart co_anchor_B31992083451_1}{\*\bkmkend co_anchor_B31992083451_1}}

{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0

}{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_595_225_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_595_225_1}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b1 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0*225}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0KNOCK AND ANNOUNCE RULE:}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?fin

dType=L&pubNum=1000256&cite=IASTS808.6&originatingDoc=I013bb84bff5e11d9bf60c1d57ebc853e&refType=LQ&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.RelatedInfo)" }{\fldrslt{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0Iowa Code section 808.6}}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0provides in relevant part:\par}}{\li200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\li200 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0

{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri800 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\li1000 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri800 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa50 \sb250 \fs20 \cf1 \i0The officer may break into any structure or vehicle where reasonably necessary to execute the warrant if, after notice of this authority and purpose the officer\rquote s admittance has not been immediately authorized.\par}}}

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}}{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0Implicit in prior case law is the assumption that the \u8220\'3fknock and announce rule\u8221\'3f in}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?findType=L&pubNum=1000256&cite=IASTS808.6&originatingDoc=I013bb84bff5e11d9bf60c1d57ebc853e&refType=LQ&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.RelatedInfo)" }{\fldrslt{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0Iowa Code section 808.6}}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0embodies the reasonableness requirement for a Fourth Amendment search.}{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1See}}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?findType=Y&serNum=1977110669&pubNum=595&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1

.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.RelatedInfo)#co_pp_sp_595_602" }{\fldrslt{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1State v. Brown,}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0253 N.W.2d 601, 602 (Iowa 1977)}}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb200 \fs20 \cf1 \i0(constitutional implications found to exist within the knock and announce rule).

\par}}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0\u160\'3f\par}{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_anchor_F41992083451_1" }{\fldrslt{\super \f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b1 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf19 \i0[4]

}}}{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0{\*\bkmkstart co_anchor_B41992083451_1}{\*\bkmkend co_anchor_B41992083451_1}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0

}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_anchor_F51992083451_1" }{\fldrslt{\super \f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b1 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf19 \i0[5]

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}}}{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0{\*\bkmkstart co_anchor_B51992083451_1}{\*\bkmkend co_anchor_B51992083451_1}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0EXIGENT CIRCUMSTANCES: Abundant authority exists for the proposition that exigent circumstances will excuse compliance with constitutional and statutory announcement requirements.}{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1State v. Brown,}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0at 603. Even if probable cause exists for the arrest of a person within, the fourth amendment is violated by an unannounced police intrusion into a private home, with or without an arrest warrant, except (1) where the persons within already know of the officer\rquote s authority and purpose, or (2) where the officersare justified in the belief that persons within are in imminent peril of bodilyharm, or (3) where those within, made aware of the presence of someone outside (because, for example, there has been a knock at the door), are}{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1

{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1then engaged in activity which justifies the officers in the belief that an escape or the destruction of evidence is being attempted.}}{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1Id.}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0at 603; citing}

{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?findType=Y&serNum=1963125386&pubNum=708&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.RelatedInfo)#co_pp_sp_708_1636" }{\fldrslt{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1Ker v. California,}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0374 U.S. 23, 47, 83 S.Ct. 1623, 1636, 10 L.Ed.2d 726, 746 (1963)}}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0

. (Emphasis added). The first and third exceptions mentioned above are pertinenthere. The record indicates that the door was ajar. By virtue of the door beingopen, there is nothing which indicates that Cohrs could not have already viewedthe officer and have known of his purpose.\par}}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0\u160\'3f

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\par}{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0Regarding the third exception above, the officer, in this case, knew the basis upon which the warrant had been issued. The warrant was sought based upon information that Cohrs had a white powdery substance in his room. Cohrs was made awareof the officer\rquote s presence outside his dwelling when the officer knocked on the door. Officer Brotherton had sufficient information that Cohrs was engagedin an activity which would justify a belief that during the interval of announcing his name and the time of his entry in which there was no response Cohrs would be attempting to escape or destroy the evidence. Cohrs asserts the record contains no allegations that the officers involved claimed they were aware of any exigent circumstances before the door was opened. We find that inherent within thecircumstances leading to the issuance of the warrant and the silence which followed the officer\rquote s knocking and announcing his name that exigent circumstances arose.\par}}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0\u160\'3f

\par}{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_anchor_F61992083451_1" }{\fldrslt{\super \f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b1 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf19 \i0[6]}}}{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0{\*\bkmkstart co_anchor_B61992083451_1}{\*\bkmkend co_anchor_B61992083451_1}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0It has been said that two principal purposes underlie the knock and announce ru

le.}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?findType=Y&serNum=1978128856&pubNum=595&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.RelatedInfo)#co_pp_sp_595_4" }{\fldrslt{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1State v. Iverson,}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0272 N.W.2d 1, 4 (Iowa 1978)

}}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0; citing}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?findType=Y&serNum=1972126679&pubNum=661&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.RelatedInfo)" }{\fldrslt{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf5 \i1State v. Valentine,

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}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0264 Or. 54, 504 P.2d 84 (1972)}}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0, cert. den.,}{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "http://www.westlaw.com/Link/Document/FullText?findType=Y&serNum=1973245907&pubNum=708&originationContext=document&vr=3.0&rs=cblt1.0&transitionType=DocumentItem&contextData=(sc.RelatedInfo)" }{\fldrslt{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0412 U.S. 948, 93 S.Ct. 3001, 37 L.Ed.2d 1000 (1973)}}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0. One is to protect persons who might be injured by violent resistance to unannounced entries by law enforcement officers, and the other is to protect the householder\rquote s right of privacy for the few seconds between the time of announcement and actual entry to make an otherwise valid arrest or search.}{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i1Id.}

}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0at 4. Cohrs asserts that both purposes in this case were thwarted. We disagree.\par}}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0\u160\'3f\par}{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0

{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0In the present case, Officer Brotherton knocked on the door, received a responsefrom the defendant, and was then met by silence. Cohrs asserts that the officerplaced himself in potential danger by \u8220\'3fbarging\u8221\'3f into the dwelling. Where endangerment of the officer is concerned knocking and announcing hisname upon request, Officer Brotherton clearly made Cohrs aware that a person unknown to Cohrs was seeking entry. The officer knew his presence had been exposedin a potentially criminal setting. Here, an even greater potential exists for danger to the officer who stands by waiting. Critical seconds pass by while opportunities exist for evidence to be destroyed or weapons to be}{\f2 \b1 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\*\bkmkstart co_pp_sp_595_226_1}{\*\bkmkend co_pp_sp_595_226_1}

{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b1 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0*226}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0acquired and used. Additionally, the door to the dwelling was partially open. Regardless of the degree to which the door was ajar, the officer could not be certain his presence had not been viewed from within. Absent this certainty, no officer can be reasonably expected to stand by and await a potentially dangerous response. We find, in balancing the potential dangers present, the officer\rquote

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s decision to enter rather than wait was reasonably necessary. Such conduct under the circumstances did not subject him to any greater potential endangerment than that which already existed.\par}}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0\u160\'3f\par}{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\field {\*\fldinst HYPERLINK "#co_anchor_F71992083451_1" }{\fldrslt{\super \f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b1 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf19 \i0[7]}}}{\f2 \b0 \fs20 \cf5 \i0{\*\bkmkstart co_anchor_B71992083451_1}{\*\bkmkend co_anchor_B71992083451_1}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0The State argues that Cohrs exhibited a diminished expectation of privacy by leaving his door ajar. We agree and find that under the totality of the circumstances, whatever minimal invasion of Cohrs\rquote privacy which occurred between t

he time the officer knocked and gave his name and the announcement \u8220\'3fpolice,\u8221\'3f there was sufficient foundation to make the search reasonable.}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0We affirm the trial court.\par}}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0\u160\'3f\par}

{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0AFFIRMED.\par}}}{\f2 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0\u160\'3f\par}}

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brdrcf20 \brdrs \clbrdrb \clbrdrl \trql \clwWidth4320 \cellx4320\clpadt24 \clpadft3 \clpadl100 \clpadfl3 \clpadr24 \clpadfr3 \clbrdrt \brdrw10 \brdrcf20 \brdrs \clbrdrb \clbrdrr \trql \clwWidth5760 \cellx10080\intbl{\li24 \ri24{\li24 \f4 \b1 \ql \ri24 \fs16 \cf20 \i0{\f4 \strike0 \ul0 \b1 \sa0 \sb0 \fs16 \cf20 \i0End of Document\par}}}\f4 \li24 \strike0 \ul0 \b1 \sa0 \ql \sb0 \fs16 \ri24 \cf20 \i0 \intbl \cell \intbl{\li24 \ri24{\li24 \f4 \b0 \ri24 \fs16 \cf20 \qr \i0{\f4 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs16 \cf20 \i0\u169\'3f 2014 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.\par}}}\f4 \li24 \strike0 \ul0 \b0 \sa0 \sb0 \fs16 \ri24 \cf20 \i0 \qr \intbl \cell \row }}\par}{\li0 \f2 \qj \b0 \par}\sect\sbknone\pgncont\cols2{ \ri0 \fs20 \cf1 \i0

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