Gandhinagar institute of technology

Sub – DCMT (2130904)

Topic – Starters & its Significance

Guided by – Prof. Hitesh Manani

Sem – 3rd

Branch – Electrical (b3)

Academic year – 2015&2016

Prepared by

Manthan Sodha (140120109057)

Starters & its Significance

Index

Introduction to starter

Its Importance

Types of Starter

Three Point Starter

Merits & Demerits

Four point Starter

Merits & Demerits

Starter

Before ,we deal with starter we should know some fundamental.

Every D.c motors basically are self starting motors.

As armature & field winding recieves supplymotoring action take place.

Device which is used as starter conveys wrong meaning

So we can conclude that “Starter is not required to start a dc motor , but it enables us to start the motor in a desired safe way”

Now at starting instant the speed of motor is zero,as due to this back emf is also zero .

As Eb is proportional to N.

Voltage Eq. is

V= Eb + IaRa

EbEb

At start,

V = Ia Ra (as Eb =0)

So ,generally motor start at normal voltage and as armature resistance is very small , armature current start at very high.

As armature current is 15 to 20 times more than the load current at starting , which we will understand by 1 eg.

Consider a motor having full load input power

as 8000 watts,motor rated with 250 v & armature resistance is 0.5

WW

W

High current drawn by armature causes

As in constant voltage system, such high inrush of current may cause line voltage fluctuations , which also effect the performance of other equipment connected to same line.

Such high Ia blows out the fuses.

Suppose motor start to failed due to problem in field winding,such high Ia flowing for a longer time may burn the insulation of armature winding.

Assume that ,we are dealing with shunt motor operation then

As armature current is 15 to 20 times more than the full load current ,the torque developed which is proportional to Ia is also 15 to 20 times.

Due to such high torque , the shaft & other accessories subject to high mechanical stresses.

This stress causes permanent mechanical damage to the motor

So to reduce this armature current a variable resistance is connected in series with the armature at start.

This resistance is called starter or starting device.

So ,basically starter is a current limiting device.

In beginning the entire resistance is in the series with armature and then gradually cut-off as motor gather speed ,producing back e.m.f.

Types of Starter

Three Point Starter

Four Point Starter

Three point Starter

overview

figure shows the schematic diagram of a three point starter for a shunt motor

It is so called because it has three terminals L, F and A. the starter consist of starting resistance divided into several sections and connected in series with the armature.

The tapping points of the starting resistance are known as number of studs

. The three terminal L, F and A of the starter are connected respectively to the positive line terminal, shunt field terminal and armature terminal.

The other terminal of the armature and shunt field windings are connected to the negative terminal of the supply .the no volt coil is connected in the shunt field circuit.

One end of the handle is connected to the terminal L through the over load release coil. The other end of the handle moves against a spiral spring and make contact with each stud during starting operation cutting out more and more starting resistance as it passes over each stud in clockwise direction.

Working

1) Initially when a DC supply is switched ON with handle in the OFF position.

2) The handle is now moved clockwise to the first stud, the shunt field winding is directly connected across the supply while the whole starting resistance is inserted in series with the armature circuit.

3) As the handle is gradually moved over to the final stud, the starting resistance is cut out of the armature circuit in steps. The handle is now held magnetically by the no volt release coil which is energized by shunt field current

4) If the supply voltage is suddenly interrupted or if the field excitation is accidently cut, the no volt release coil is demagnetized and the handle goes back to the OFF position under the pull of the spring.

5)If no volt coil were not used, then in case of failure of supply. The handle would remain on the final stud.

6)If then supply is restored, the motor will be directly connected across the supply, resulting in an excessive armature current.

7) If the motor is overloaded (or any fault occurs) it will draw excessive current from the supply. This current will increase the ampere turns of the overload release coil and pull the armature, thus short circuited the no volt release coil.

8) The no volt coil is demagnetized and the handle is pulled to the OFF position by the spring .thus the motor is automatically disconnected from the supply

Limitations Of The Three Point Starter:

Unnecessary tripping of starter if a field regulator is connected in series with the field windings for speed control operation.

This combination and magnetizing coil will carry same current if more and more resistance is added in field regulator then current in magnetizing coil is unable to hold the arm in attracted position and unnecessarily the arm will be released even if there is no over loading .this is avoided in four point starter.

Four point Starter

Overview

In four point starters, the hold on coil is connected directly across the supply line through a protective resistance R. when the armature touches stud no 1.the line current divides into three parts

i) armature starting resistance and overload release.

ii) a variable resistance and shunt field winding.

Iii) Holding coil and current limiting resistance.

The basic difference between three point and four point

starters

It is the manner in which the hold on coil is connected.

The unnecessary tripping of starter can be stopped by connecting separately or parallel both magnetizing and field coil.

They are connected in such a way that both should carry their individual current. Thus voltage drop in one coil will not affect the voltage in other coil.

Disadvantages of four coil starter:

The only limitation of the four point starter is that it does not provide high speed protection to the motor.

If under running condition field gets opened; the field current reduces to zero.

As there is some residual flux present and speed (N) is directly proportional to flux (ø) the motor will tries to run with dangerously high speed .this is called high speed action of motor.

In three point starter as no volt coil is directly connected to across the supply; its current is maintained irrespective of the current through the field winding

Hence it always maintain the handle in run position as long as supply is there .and thus it doesn’t protect the motor from field failure conditions which returns into high speeding of the motor.

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