States of Matter

4 States-statesstates (or phases) of matter are the physical forms in which a substance can exist

EX. Water: solid(ice), liquid(water) or gas(vapor)-matter exists in 4 familiar states:

solid, liquid, gas, plasma-state of a substance depends on

A. the motion of its particles (atoms & molecules)B. how strongly they are attracted to one another

-called Brownian motion

Particle Models of Solid, Liquid, & Gas

Solids-solid solid : the state in which matter has definite shape and volume-particles held tightly in place and vibrate-do not move fast enough to overcome the force of attraction between them-two basic types of solids:Crystalline - orderly, 3-D arrangement ofatoms or molecules (repeating pattern of rows)EX: iron, diamond, ice, salt

Amorphous - atoms or molecules are in noparticular order (no organized pattern)EX: rubber, wax, glass, cotton candy

Liquids-liquidliquid : the state in which matter takes the shape of its container and has definite volume-particles slide past one another -move fast enough to overcome some of the attraction between them

-particles are already close together, so it is hard to push them closer-ideal for hydraulic systems like the brakes on a car-surface tension & viscosity are two more important properties of liquids

Surface Tension-the force acting on the particles at the surface of a liquid -causes the liquid to form spherical drops-different for different liquids

EX: isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol has a lowersurface tension than water, but mercury has ahigher surface tension than water

Water beading on a leaf

A water strider using surface tension to "stand" on the water's surface

Surface tension keeps the coin afloat in the glass of water

Viscosity-viscosityviscosity : a liquid's resistance to flow-stronger attraction between the particles = higher viscosity

EX: honey & water - honey flows much moreslowly than water because it has higherviscosity

Honey can be drizzled over the biscuit because it has a moderate viscosity.

Motor oils have a fairly high viscosity so they don't break down under the heat and friction generated by the moving parts of an engine.

Gases-gasgas : the state in which matter changes in both shape and volume-particles move independently of one another-move fast enough to overcome almost all of the attraction between them

-change shape and volume to fit their container-larger number of gas particles in a container = more particles collide with each other and with the inside of the container -result is increased pressurepressure (the amount of force exerted on a given area)

Behavior of Gases-gases do change volume to fit their container, but pressure and temperature affect the volume of gases-2 laws describe the behavior of gases with respect to pressure and temperature:

Boyle's Law Boyle's Law & &

Charles's LawCharles's Law

Boyle's LawBoyle's Law (pressure)-states that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature, the volume of the gas increases as pressure decreases and volume decreases as pressure Increases-meaning: pressure goes up, volume goes down

pressure goes down, volume goes up

Charles's LawCharles's Law (temperature)-states that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant pressure, the volume of the gas increases as temperature increases and volume decreases as temperature decreases

-meaning: temperature goes up, pressure goes up temperature goes down, pressure goes down

Plasmas-plasmaplasma : the state of matter that does not have definite shape or volume and in which particles have broken apart-estimated that 99% of known matter in the universe (mainly stars) is made of plasma-plasma occurs when particles become highly excited or ionized-conduct electric current and can be contained by electric and magnetic fields-EX: Natural plasmas - lightning, fire, auroras Artificial plasmas - fluorescent lights, plasma tv’s, plasma balls

This diagram compares the 4 states of matterwe discussed.

See what Tim & Moby have to say about matter

Increasing Energy