States Rights

• The South believed that the Union is a voluntary group of states and if the central government goes too far, each state has the right to nullify that law.– Nullify means to declare void or no longer

good.

Slavery• Only 25 percent of

Southerners owned slaves but almost all Southerners supported slavery while most Northerners opposed it.

• Slavery was important to the booming cotton industry

Without firing a gun, without drawing a sword, should they make war on us, we could bring the whole world to our feet... What would happen if no cotton was furnished for three years?... England would topple headlong and carry the whole civilized world with her save the South. No, you dare not to make war on cotton. No power on the earth dares to make war upon it. Cotton is King.-Senator James Henry Hammond of South Carolina

Tariff Disputes• Tariff= a tax on imported goods.

• South= wanted low tariffs to keep prices low on the goods they bought

• North= wanted high tariffs to protect its manufactured goods against foreign goods.

Cultural and economical Differences

• South= life revolved agriculture, wealthy planters and the economy they controlled.

• North= industry; cities were the center of society.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

• 1852 Book by Harriet Beecher Stowe

• It portrayed the moral issues of slavery

• Many southerners believed the book falsely criticized the South and slavery.

Kansas-Nebraska Act• 1854 the Kansas-Nebraska Act opened up

new land for settlement. • Allowed people in the territory to vote if

they wanted Slavery.• Fighting broke out against Free-Soil

Jayhawks and Border Ruffian’s (pro-slavery).

Kansas was voted a Free State in 1861

1854-Charles Sumner attacked by Preston Brooks

• Preston Brooks a Senator from South Carolina beat Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner with his cane on the floor of the U.S. Senate.

Dred Scott Decision• 1856 The Supreme

Court decision ruled Scott (a slave) was not a U.S. citizen

• Dred Scott, a Missouri slave, sued for his freedom after his owner died. His owner had lived in non slave states.

• Ruling meant no slaves could ever be a U.S. citizen

Harpers Ferry• 1859: Abolitionist John

Brown and his followers seized the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia.

• They hoped to stir a slave revolt and end slavery in Virginia.

• Brown (who had murdered slavery men in Kansas) was captured and hanged.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/15/John_Brown_Painting.JPG

The Election of Abraham Lincoln

• The South was opposed to Republican Lincoln in the White House and threatened to leave the Union if he won the election of 1860.

• Lincoln won 40 percent of the votes and became the 16th President. Southern propaganda of Lincoln.

“Thus always to tyrants “

Abe Lincoln in 1860 Abe Lincoln in 1865

PART 2, THE SECESSION OF TEXAS

• The Southerners threatened to secede from the Union if Abe Lincoln, a Republican, was elected president. – Lincoln’s name wasn’t even on the Texas ballot!

I would save this Union if I could; but it is my deliberate

impression that it cannot now be done.

-Louis T. WigfallU. S. Senator from Texas

December 6, 1860

The Secession Convention in Texas

• Judge Oran Roberts (of the Texas Supreme Court) was elected to lead the meeting held on January 28, 1861.

• The meeting was intense as they voted 166 to 8 to adopt an Ordinance of secession.– ordinance – an official order

• Texans voted for Secession on February 23, 1861, and joined the Confederate States of America or shortened: The Confederacy.

“To secede from the Union and set up another government would cause war. If you go to war with the United States, you will never conquer her, as she has the money and men. If she does not whip you by guns, powder, and steel, she will starve you to death…”

Governor Sam Houston

Sam Houston was Governor• Houston was against Texas’s secession.• After secession passed Houston hoped Texas

would then remain independent, instead of joining the Confederacy.

• President Lincoln offered Houston the use of 2,700 federal troops to keep Texas in the Union.

• Houston said no.

• He stated that he had always fought for Texas and would not fight against it now.

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://gladstone.uoregon.edu/~lmortins/civilwar/Confederate%2520Flag.jpg&imgrefurl=http://gladstone.uoregon.edu/~lmortins/civilwar/&h=189&w=288&sz=20&tbnid=-QffZfXlR3oJ:&tbnh=72&tbnw=110&start=1&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dconfederate%2Bflag%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D

• Sam Houston refused to take an oath of loyalty to the Confederacy, and therefore, he was deposed (removed) from his position as governor.

"Let me tell you what is coming. After the sacrifice of countless millions of treasure and hundreds of thousands of lives you may win Southern independence, but I doubt it. The North is determined to preserve this Union.” –Sam Houston

• Houston returned to Huntsville, Texas and died July 26, 1863.

The statue of Sam Houston in Huntsville

His last words were "Texas. Texas. Margaret". (Margaret was his wife)

• After Texas joined the Confederacy, all of the Federal (U.S.) troops in Texas were forced to surrender.

• However, Federal Troops at Fort Sumter in South Carolina refused to leave the fort. So on April 12, 1861, Confederate cannon began firing at Fort Sumter, to begin the Civil War.

Fort Sumter Today

War in Texas

The north used a blockade on Texas and the Gulf coast to stop all trading of cotton and war supplies. This was called the “Anaconda Plan”. It was meant to starve and divide the south and not let it trade with Europe

U.S. NavyU.S. Navy

Winfield Scott’s Anaconda Plan

Texas Battles• Galveston • (Jan 1863)• Sabine Pass • (Sept 1863)• Mansfield • (Apr 1864)• Palmito Ranch• (May 13, 1865) All Confederate Victories

Galveston

Texas tries to take Santa Fe and New Mexico…again

• In 1862, in an effort to spread Confederate control west and seize gold and silver mines, Brigadier General Henry Hopkins Sibley had 3,500 Texan soldiers invade New Mexico.

• The Texan army won at the Battle of Valverde, took Santa Fe but was defeated at the Battle of Glorieta Pass and limped back to Texas.

The Flags of the Civil War

The Lone Star Flag

The Flag of the Confederacy

The Stars and Bars

First Flag of the Confederacy

• The Second Flag of the Confederacy• The Stainless Banner

The Third Flag

The Controversial Battle Flag

• Used in Battle. Notice it is square

The Naval Jack

• Flag was actually used by Confederate Navy

Regiment Flags

• 40th Mississippi Infantry Regiment Battle Flag

• Terry’s Texas Rangers

• Irish Confederates

• Hood’s Texas Brigade

Flags of the Union

• Pre-War 33 Stars• During the war 35 stars for 35 states.

Confederate states were included.

Regiment Flags

• 144th Regiment, New York Volunteers

• 20th Maine. Heroes of Gettysburg

Part 3, The Civil War

Abraham Lincoln• President of the United States during the Civil War.

• Against Slavery but was willing to keep it to preserve the “Union.”

• Used the army to arrest many pro-secession politicians in Maryland so he could save Washington D.C. as the U.S. capital.

• President Lincoln’s 4 brother-in-laws were Confederates.

• He was the 1st president to wear a beard.

Jefferson Davis• President of the

Confederacy during the Civil War.

• The first Capital of the confederacy was Montgomery, Alabama.

• When Virginia seceded the Capital of the Confederacy was Richmond, Virginia.

Robert E. Lee• In 1862 Lee took over the Confederate army.

• Born in Virginia.• Fought for the U.S. in the

Mexican American War. • Lee privately ridiculed the

Confederacy in letters in early 1861, denouncing secession as "revolution" and a betrayal of the efforts of the Founding Fathers.

• Resigned from U.S. army to join the Confederacy because Virginia seceded.

• Lee was an excellent general and is one of the most celebrated military figures in American History.

• Military historians continue to pay attention to his battlefield tactics and his maneuvering in battle.

Lee mounted on his famous horse Traveller

Civil War Soldiers

Battles of the Civil War

Battle of Bull Run (called Manassas in the south)The first battle of the Civil War

• People on both sides thought this would be a quick war. After one battle they figured it would be over.

• Tourists from Washington D.C. came to watch the battle.

Wilmer McLean’s home

• The battle was bloody.

• Union soldiers eventually fled the battlefield giving the Confederacy its first victory.

Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson, General in the Civil War, received his nickname at Bull Run.

The Battle was bloody. Just under a combined 1,000 soldiers was killed.

• After the loss at Bull Run the Union realized it needed to properly train its Army to defeat the South.

• Lincoln selected George B. McClellan to train the Union Army and invade Virginia.

George B. McClellan

Peninsula Campaign

• McClellan eventually raised a 121,000 man army and invaded the coast of Virginia.

• McClellan stalled his invasion however when Confederate General John B. Magruder tricked him to thinking the Confederates out numbered the Union forces.

Seven Days Battles

• When Robert E. Lee took over the Confederate Army in 1862 he was determined to stop McClellan from taking the Capital Richmond.

Gen. Lee attacked McClellan again and again - at Mechanicsville, Gaines' Mill, Savage's Station, Frayser's Farm, and Malvern Hill. McClellan won four out of the five battles, but proved as fearful in victory as he was in defeat, backing away until he reached Harrison's Landing on the James river. The Seven Days battles ended any hope The Peninsula Campaign could end the war.

• In Tennessee near an old church named Shiloh, the Confederate Army attacked the Union army led by Ulysses S. Grant.

The Battle was a bloody and both sides suffered a combined 20,000 casualties. The Union won the battle and invaded south along the Mississippi River.

Battle of Shiloh

Battle of Antietam

• McClellan attacked Lee near Sharpsburg, Maryland.

• Over 25,000 casualties on both sides.

• Battle was a draw but gave Lincoln the confidence to announce the Emancipation Proclamation which legally freed the slaves in the Confederacy.

Fredericksburg• After Antietam in Dec 1862,

the North once again tried to drive south to Richmond.

• Fredericksburg was one of the most one-sided battles of the American Civil War. The Union Army lost and suffered terrible casualties in a brutal frontal assault on against Confederate defenders behind a wall in the city.

• Brought to an early end their campaign against the Confederate capital of Richmond.

Union General Carousel• McClellan was fired by Lincoln for not being decisive enough.

After McClellan followed:

Ambrose Burnside-The word for sideburns comes from his name. Lost at Fredericksburg.

Joseph Hooker George Meade

Beaten by Lee at the Battle of Chancellorsville,even though he outnumberedhim 2 to 1.

Won Gettysburg.But didn’t chase Lee which angered Lincoln.

Part 4, The Civil War concluded

VICKSBURGGrant captured Vicksburg, Mississippi after a long siege from May 18 to July 4, 1863. It gave the North control of the Mississippi River and cut off Texas from the rest of the South.

Abraham Lincoln was so impressed with Ulysses S. Grant he gave him command of the entire Union Army.

Gettysburg - July 1st -3rd 1863.Lee decided to invade the North to try and force Lincoln to end the war.

• The battle was fought in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania and was the bloodiest battle ever fought on American soil.

• Joshua Lawrence Chamberlin’s 20th Maine held Little Round Top which saved the Union from being flanked.

Joshua Lawrence Chamberlin

Little Round Top today

• After Lee failed to flank the Union, he ordered George Pickett and 15,000 men to charge the middle of the Union Lines.

• “Pickett’s Charge” was a disaster. Lee lost 7,000 men. Afterwards when Lee told Pickett to rally his division for the defense, Pickett allegedly replied, “General Lee, I have no division.”

George Pickett

• Gettysburg was the turning point of the war.

• Afterwards the North was in charge and the Confederacy was just trying its best to defend itself.

Confederate Veterans reliving “Pickett’s Charge” in 1913

Grant Invades the South

• After Gettysburg, Grant pushed south to once again try and capture Richmond.

Grant tried again and again to get around the right side of Lee's army, destroy it, then move on Richmond and end the war. Lee saw what he was trying to do and managed to stop him. The struggle continued along a hundred-mile line before the two armies settled in for a siege at Petersburg, southeast of the Confederate capital

Trenches at Petersburg

Trenches in France during W.W. I 53 years later

• Grant gave his friend Sherman the job of taking Atlanta, Georgia.

William Tecumseh Sherman

“March To The Sea”

• After a tough fight to capture Atlanta, Sherman marched his men southeast to the ocean and took Savannah, Georgia

• Sherman then marched north into the Carolina’s.

• The south was now divided further still.

The End• Lee is forced

from his trenches in April of 1865 and flees west with Grant in pursuit.

Grant catches Lee at Appomattox Courthouse in western Virginia. Lee is forced to surrender.

The War officially ends at Appomattox Courthouse

Grant chooses Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, the hero of Little Round Top at Gettysburg, to accept the official surrender of Lee.

• The last battle of the Civil War took place at Palmito Ranch in south Texas on May 12th and the 13th of 1865.

• The Union attacked Brownsville to stop cotton shipments across the Rio Grande.

• The Confederate forces from Texas, led by John “Rip” Ford (the famous Texas Ranger) actually won the battle, even though the war was over at this point.

John “Rip” Ford

PALMITO RANCH

• Nearly 70,000 men from Texas fought for the Confederacy.

• The most famous group was the Texas Brigade led by John Bell Hood which fought in the Army of Northern Virginia under Robert E. Lee.

“Texan’s always move them!!!”

-Robert E. Lee

At the battle of the Wilderness

in 1864

Texans in the War

John Bell Hood

• Albert Sidney Johnston, killed at the battle of Shiloh, considered one of the top Confederate leaders in war.

• Other groups from Texas, included Terry’s Texas Rangers and Ross’s Brigade who gained fame for fighting all over the confederacy.

Albert Sidney Johnston

The Draft• During the war the

Confederacy used a draft to get more soldiers.

• All men 18-35 had to serve.

• Very unpopular.• In the South the rich

could avoid it if they owned 20 slaves or hired someone to take their place.

The Cost of the Civil War• The Civil War lasted from April 1861 to

May of 1865.• Around 600,000 Americans were killed

and another 400 thousand were wounded.