Statewise Unemployment 2010 Zie p83

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Report

onEmployment &

Unemployment Survey(2009-10)


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Contents

Executive Summary

Chapter-I INTRODUCTION 1-10

Chapter-IICONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

11-20

Chapter-III DEMOGRAPHIC PARTICULARS 21-28

Chapter-IVLABOUR FORCE, EMPLOYMENT &UNEMPLOYMENT

29-37

Chapter-VEMPLOYMENT BY ENTERPRISE TYPES& WORKING CONDITIONS

38-43

Chapter-VISAMPLING DESIGN & ESTIMATIONPROCEDURE

44-53

Chapter-VII LIMITATIONS AND LOOKING AHEAD 54-57

ANNEXURES 58 & 59


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Preface

In India, a stated objective of economic policy planning is achievement ofhigh rates of growth of the economy and sustained improvement in the

standards of living of people. A rapid growth in employment opportunities

for all sections of the society, associated with rising GDP growth is essential

to realize this objective as also to achieve the goal of Inclusive Growth.

However, despite impressive economic growth over the years, the situation

on employment front leaves much to be desired.

Growing integration of our economy with the global economy has increased

the susceptibility of the economy to the vagaries of global economic forces.

Recent global recession adversely affected Indian economy and hence the

employment scenario in the country as well. Substantiation of such

observations calls for availability of reliable data on the current

employment-unemployment situation of the country. This underscores the

importance of having a mechanism in place to assess the employment-

unemployment situation at frequent intervals. Availability of data at

frequent intervals is crucial to monitor the dynamics of growth and

employment as also to assess the impact of economic events such as

recession on employment. The findings of surveys on the extent and nature

of unemployment is of immense use to policy makers and planners to

identify the sectors and subsectors which call for interventions to improvethe employment situation in the country.

In this background, the task of conducting such a survey on employment-

unemployment was entrusted to the Labour Bureau by the Ministry of

Labour & Employment, Government of India. The present Employment-

Unemployment survey is the first such Household survey undertaken by the

Bureau at the National level. The survey was undertaken across 28 Statesand UTs of the country.

The report offers an assessment of the employment-unemployment situation

experienced by the economy over the years, defines the various concepts


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Labour Bureau conveys its sincere thanks to the Secretary, Ministry of

Labour & Employment, Government of India for entrusting the task of

conducting the Survey. The Bureau is also thankful to the Labour &

Employment Adviser and the Deputy Director General in the ESA division of

the Ministry in guiding us at every stage of the survey. We are indeed

grateful to the Group of Experts, comprising of the officers of the Central

Statistical Organisation, the National Sample Survey Organisation, the

Directorate General of Employment & Training and the Ministry of Labour &Employment, for providing their expert guidance in the finalization of the

Questionnaires, Sampling Design and the Estimation Procedure adopted in

the survey. My sincere thanks are also due to the National Sample Survey

Organisation including its Zonal, regional and sub regional offices for

making available the Urban Frame Survey maps. I am also grateful to the

State/UT Directorates of Economics & Statistics for their whole hearted

support and cooperation extended in collection of data and its supervision.

The report is a product of exemplary team work carried out in the Bureau

during the last six months. My appreciation for hard work rendered goes to

all the Investigators, Economic Officers, Statistical Officers and the senior

officers of the Bureau who have been part of this team. I am confident that

the findings of the survey would prove to be highly useful to all

stakeholders.

Chandigarh B.N. NANDA29th October 2010 DIRECTOR GENERAL


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Executive Summary

1. The present Employment-Unemployment survey is the first suchhousehold survey conducted by the Labour Bureau.

2. The survey has been conducted in 28 States/UTs spread across thecountry in which about 99 per cent of the countrys population reside.

3. A multi stage stratified systematic sampling technique has beenadopted for the survey. In each State, districts have been divided into

four strata based on the population of the district.

4. The four strata formed include: i) districts having more than 50 lakhpopulations, ii) 25-50 lakh population, iii) 10-25 lakh population and

(iv) less than 10 lakh population.

5. From the 28 States/UTs surveyed, 300 districts were selected forcoverage under the survey.

6. From each selected district, sixteen second stage units, i.e, villages incase of rural areas and urban blocks in case of urban areas have been

selected.

7. The survey has been conducted during the period 01-04-2010 to 15-08-2010. Information through the survey has been collected for the

fixed reference period of financial year 2009-10 (i.e. 1-04-2009 to 31-

03-2010).

8. Under the survey, 45,859 household schedules have been canvassed ofwhich 24,653 are rural and 21,206 are urban household schedules. A

total of 2,33,410 persons have been interviewed to gather information

from 45 859 households


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surveyed, absolute estimates are also derived in addition to the

proportion estimates.

11.The 28 States/UTs surveyed are estimated to have 238 millionhouseholds, of which 172 million are rural and 66 million are urban.

12.The household size is estimated at 5.0 at overall level, while it is 5.1 inthe rural sector and 4.7 in the urban sector.

13. In the 28 States/UTs surveyed, population is estimated at 1182 millionwith 63.5 per cent population in the working class age of 15-59 years.

14. In the rural sector at overall level, population is estimated to be 872million, which is 74 per cent of the total estimated population in the

States/U.Ts surveyed.

15.The sex ratio (no. of females per 1000 males) is estimated at 917 for therural and urban sectors combined, with 915 in the rural areas and 924

in the urban areas.

16.The literacy rate for the population of age group 7 years & above isestimated to be 77.7 per cent at the overall level, with 74.6 per cent in

rural areas and 86.0 per cent in urban areas.

17.In case of male and female population of age group 7 years & above, theliteracy rate is estimated to be 85.0 per cent and 69.7 per cent

respectively at the overall level.

18.The worker population ratio is estimated at 325 persons per 1000population at the overall level. In the working age population (i.e. 15-59

years of age), the worker population ratio is 465.

19. In the rural areas, the worker population ratio is estimated at 329persons per 1000 population.

20.The worker population ratio in case of female members is 140 females


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22.The labour force participation rate is estimated to be 359 persons out of1000 persons in the labour force at the overall level. In the rural and

urban sectors, it is 365 and 340 respectively.

23.The sex ratio of the labour force shows that there are 279 females per1000 males in the labour force at overall level. In the rural and urban

sector, the sex ratio in the labour force is 299 and 222 respectively.

24.The unemployment rate is estimated at 94 persons out of 1000 personsin the labour force, which implies that 9.4 per cent of the labour force

is unemployed at the overall level as per the usual principal status.

25.In the rural sector, the unemployment rate is estimated at 101 personsout of 1000 persons in the labour force. Similarly in the urban areas,

the unemployment rate is 73 persons out of 1000 persons in the labour

force.

26.Among females, the unemployment rate is 146 out of 1000 females inthe labour force at the overall level, whereas for male members the

same is 80 per thousand males.

27.The proportion unemployed is the number of unemployed persons perthousand population. At the overall level, the proportion unemployed is

estimated at 34 persons per 1000 population. While for male members,

it is 43 and for females, it is 24 per 1000.

28.In the working age population (i.e. 15-59 years of age), the proportionunemployed is 49 persons per 1000 persons.

29.In rural areas, the proportion unemployed is estimated at 37 personsper 1000 population in these areas. Similarly, in urban areas, the

proportion unemployed is 25 persons per 1000 population in these

areas.


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31.In the rural sector, 457 persons and 435 persons out of 1000 personsare in the categories of self employed and casual labour respectively.

Rest 108 employed persons belong to regular wage/salaried class in the

rural areas.

32.The survey results of the employed population are further classified intonine broad industrial groups based on the activity undertaken by the

employed person in the reference period.

33.The survey results reveal that 455 persons out of 1000 personsemployed are employed in agriculture, forestry and fisheries group at

the overall level, followed by 89 persons in the manufacturing group, 88

persons in the wholesale & retail trade, etc, 84 persons in the

community services group and 75 in the construction group of

industries.

34. In the rural sector, 576 persons out of 1000 persons employed areengaged in the agriculture, forestry & fisheries group, followed by 72

persons in the construction group and 67 persons in the

manufacturing group of industries.

35. In the urban sector, a maximum 173 persons out of 1000 persons areemployed in the wholesale & retail trade group followed by 154 persons

in the manufacturing and 146 in the community services group.

36. Among the self employed persons, majority of them are employed inagriculture, forestry & fisheries group ( 572 persons out of 1000

persons) followed by 135 persons in the wholesale & retail trade group

at the overall level.

37. In the rural sector, 694 persons out of 1000 self employed persons areengaged in the agriculture, forestry & fisheries group at the overall


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39. In case of regular wage/salaried persons, 227 persons per 1000persons in this category are employed in the community services group

followed by 153 persons in the manufacturing group at the overall level.

40. In case of casual labour category of persons, 467 persons per 1000persons in this category are engaged in agriculture, forestry & fisheries

group followed by 148 persons in the construction group at overall

level.

41.The survey results also reveal the type of enterprises in which theemployed persons worked during the reference period. It is observed

that out of 1000 persons employed, 494 persons are employed in the

proprietary type of enterprises followed by 100 in the public/private

limited companies.

42.The employed persons are also classified on the basis of total number ofworkers in the enterprises in which the person is employed during the

reference period. The survey results reveal that 658 persons out of

1000 persons employed, in the enterprises having less than 10

workers.

43. During the survey, capturing the nature of the enterprise, likeperennial, seasonal or ad-hoc, in which the person is employed is also

attempted. The survey results show that 436 persons out of 1000

persons are either employed in seasonal or ad-hoc type of enterprises at

the overall level.

44.The survey result indicate that out of 1000 persons, 157 persons areeither getting or are eligible for paid leave in the establishment in which

they are employed at the overall level.

45. A maximum of 443 persons out of 1000 persons in community services


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of 1000 persons have reported the provision of any one of the above

benefits in the unit, in which they are employed at the overall level.

47. In community services group, a maximum of 400 persons out of 1000persons are reported having access to any one of the social security

benefits.


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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND

The twin objectives of ensuring economic growth with equity and social justicehave guided Indias strategies for planned economic development since

independence. The initial Five Year Plans, however, focused essentially on

realizing a high rate of growth while poverty alleviation through generation of

employment opportunities was viewed as a natural outcome of this

development process. The so-called trickledown theory, an acronym for the

mechanism of economic processes through which the benefits of growth

percolate down to the lowest rungs of the social classes and groups, was

thought by planners to adequately address the problem of high unemployment

and poverty in the country. Overtime, however, it was realized that these

economic processes were too slow and uneven and hence incapable of solving

the problem of unemployment and poverty itself despite the economy

registering economic growth. Economic growth itself was moderate and shied

away from the steady state growth path due to many reasons and tended to

hover around a low equilibrium growth rate of 3.5 percent dubbed by some

economists as the Hindu Rate of Growth. This was thought to be far short of

the rate which could make a tangible dent on the massive problem of

unemployment and hence poverty in the country.


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manufacturing sector and hence an overwhelming share of agricultural

employment in the total work force. This share remained static over a long

period despite the fact that the structure of the GDP underwent a

transformation resulting in the share of agriculture in GDP declining

consistently over the years. Combined with the limited growth of the

manufacturing and services sectors and preference for a capital intensive

technology by the organised manufacturing sector, the opportunities for

generation of productive employment could not get expanded beyond a point.

Despite a near Zero employment elasticity in the agriculture sector, additions

to the labour force (surplus labour) had to wily nilly fall back on this sector

thereby swelling the ranks of the disguised unemployed and the

underemployed. These processes resulted in low productivity and low income

levels of the agricultural labourers. Doubts were also expressed on the

employability of the labour force in the organised sector due to lack of

appropriate skills necessary for their productive absorption in value added sub-

sectors of manufacturing and services sector.

INTERVENTIONS

The critical and emergent nature of the problems of unemployment and poverty

called for state interventions to create employment generation through a host

of policy planning initiatives. Economic policies were re-designed for which the

mandate was spelt out in unambiguous terms in the Five Year Plans. It was

during the Fifth Five Year Plan that removal of unemployment and poverty

alleviation was spelt out as one of the principal objectives of economic planning

in the country. The seventies, eighties and the nineties saw emergence of

special schemes in the rural development sector such as IRDP, NREP, RLEGP,


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With the launching of the economic reforms during the year 1991 and

subsequent removal of trade restrictions and other economic controls, it was

widely believed that this would result in expansion of the economy, higher

output growth and hence creation of new employment opportunities which will

lead to a fall in the level of poverty and inequality. The economy has indeed

experienced high rates of growth in the post reforms period. The optimism on

employment creation, however, has not been realized to the fullest extent. The

jury is still out on the beneficial effects of this economic growth on growth of

employment. A minority holds an extreme view that post reforms period in

recent times has witnessed jobless growth. Evidence however suggests that

employment generation has at best absorbed additions to the labour force

without making a tangible dent on the backlog of the unemployed. Post

reforms period has also witnessed decelerating trend in the employment

elasticity in certain sectors. There are, however, a few sectors where the

employment elasticity has not decreased viz, the Construction sector and

certain tertiary activities like tourism, trade etc. Evidence however suggests

that the Indian economy has witnessed a tendency towards casualization of

labour.

EMPLOYMENT - UNEMPLOYMENT

Considering the present employment unemployment scenario in the country,

the Eleventh Five Year Plan strategizes rapid growth in employment

opportunities along with improvement in the quality of employment. It

recognizes the need to increase the share of regular employment in total

l d di d i i l l Th


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additional employment during the Eleventh Plan period. Employment in

manufacturing is however expected to grow at 4 per cent while construction

and transport & communication are expected to grow at around 8.2 per cent

and 7.6 per cent, respectively. The projected increase in total labour force

during 11th Plan is 45 million. As against this, 58 million employment

opportunities are targeted to be created during the Eleventh Plan. This is

expected to reduce unemployment rate to below 5 per cent.

The Eleventh Plan emphasizes that the growth in various sectors of the

economy can be achieved only if supported by appropriate skill development

programmes at various levels. The Eleventh Plan document has spelt out

certain deficiencies in the skill development scenario in the country as it exists

presently. The thrust of the plan therefore will be on creating a pool of skilledmanpower in appropriate number with adequate skills, in line with the

requirements of the ultimate users of manpower such as the industry, trade

and service sector. Such an effort is necessary to support the employment

expansion through inclusive growth including in particular a shift of surplus

labour from agriculture to non-agriculture.

RECENT INTERVENTIONS

In the recent past, the Government has taken several steps to provide

employment to the labour force. One of the significant efforts in this direction is

the enactment of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee

Act, 2005 (MGNREGA). MGNREGA is an important step towards the realization

of the right to work and to enhance the livelihood security of the households in


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SOURCES OF DATA ON EMPLOYMENT-UNEMPLOYMENT AND

ESTIMATION OF EMPLOYMENT-UNEMPLOYMENT SITUATION IN INDIA

Periodic Employment & Unemployment data are crucial to undertake

appropriate policy planning decisions as well as to measure the effectiveness of

Government policies aimed at eradicating poverty by providing employment

opportunities to the people of the country.

Integration of Indian economy with the global economy in the post reforms

period has increased volatility of the economy and hence has necessitated

availability of data on important indicators of the economy at regular intervals.

One such important data requirement relates to statistics on Employment and

Unemployment. The impact of the Government policies on employment

generation can be assessed from time to time only in case a mechanism to

gather employment-unemployment data at regular and frequent intervals is put

in place. Presently however, reliable data on the employment-unemployment

situation in the country is available after a gap of five years in the form of

quinquennial survey of the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO). In

the developed countries like the United States on the other hand, monthly

statistics on unemployment are released by the Bureau of Labour Statistics.

Such vital information enables the policy makers to evaluate the existing

policies/programmes and to immediately replace or modify such policies which

are not effective. Such frequent availability of data needs to be ensured in our

country as well. This would enable the Government to assess the impact of

various measures and policies in time so as to take appropriate corrective

action, if necessary.

l i h i f d l


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information on the organized sector employment and Employment Exchange

Statistics.

Of all the data sources available, surveys conducted by the NSSO are the main

data source on employment and unemployment in the country. Beginning with

the 27th round survey and based on the concepts, definitions and procedures

as recommended by the Dantwala Committee (1970), NSSO has been

conducting quinquennial surveys on employment and unemployment in thecountry.

So far eight quinquennial surveys on employment and unemployment have

been conducted by the NSSO.

1.

27th

Round Survey (1972-73)2. 32nd Round Survey (1977-78)3. 38th Round Survey (1983)4. 43rd Round Survey (1987-88)5. 50th Round Survey (1993-94)6. 55th Round Survey (1999-2000)7. 61st Round Survey (2004-05)8. 66th Round Survey (2009-10) *

(*) Report not yet released

Apart from these quinquennial surveys on employment and unemployment,

NSSO has been regularly collecting information on certain key items of

employment and unemployment, as a part of its Annual series from a smaller

sample of households in each round since its 45th round (July 1989 June

1990) th h th h d l l ti t H h ld C E dit


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procedure of data collection and contents as compared to the earlier annual

rounds. In the NSS 60th round, a separate schedule on employment and

unemployment was canvassed for a separate set of sample households for

providing estimates of employment and unemployment on the basis of current

daily status approach also.

Based on the data available from the 61st round, the employment (Current

daily status) growth accelerated during 1999-2000 to 2004-05 as compared tothe previous period of 1993-94 to 1999-2000. During 1999-2000 to 2004-05,

about 47 million work opportunities were created as compared to 24 million

during the period 1993-94 to 1999-2000. Employment growth accelerated from

1.25 per cent per annum during 1993-94 to 1999-2000 to 2.62 per cent per

annum during 1999-2000 to 2004-05. However, a higher labour force growth of2.84 per cent per annum during 1999-2000 to 2004-05, which exceeded the

growth in workforce of 2.62 per cent per annum, resulted in an increase in

unemployment rate from 7.3 per cent in 1999-2000 to 8.3 per cent in 2004-05.

Long term trends in employment situation emerge when comparisons are made

over two relatively longer periods, that is, 1983 to 1993-94 (Period I) and 1993-

94 to 2004-05 (Period II). Long term trend analysis suggests that, employment

grew more slowly than the labour force in period II which raised the

unemployment rate from 6.1 per cent in 1993-94 to 8.3 per cent in 2004-05. In

absolute terms, the average annual increase in employment opportunities

during period II was 6.45 million, which is lower than the annual increase of

7.09 million in period I (Eleventh Plan, Planning Commission). Assessment of

employment situation based on the UPSS over the same periods i.e. 1983-1994

and 1993-94 to 2004-05, suggests that employment growth in period I was


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share of regular employees in total employment indicating a process of

casualisation of the workforce. During 1999-2000 to 2004-05, most of the

growth of 4.7 per cent per annum in non agriculture employment, was in the

unorganized sector. According to data available from DGET, organized sector

employment increased at a rate of 1.2 per cent per annum in the period 1983

to 1993-94 but declined at a rate of 0.03 per cent per annum in the period

1994-2007. This decline is attributed primarily to a decline in employment in

PSUs.

At present, the main challenges on the employment front, therefore, are not

only to ensure a rapid growth of employment creation but also improvement in

the quality of employment created. These constitute the thrust of the

employment strategy being adopted in the Eleventh Five Year Plan. TheEleventh Plan rightly emphasizes the need to achieve rapid growth of

employment and to increase the number of regular wage employment

opportunities through a process of inclusive growth.

NEED FOR THE PRESENT SURVEY

As stated earlier, the main data sources available in our country for

comprehensive information on employment & unemployment are the surveys

conducted by the NSSO, on quinquennial basis. Since these surveys make the

data available only after a gap of five years, it becomes desirable to have the

data gap for the interregnum filled-up so that such data are available at an

interval of at least a year. Accordingly, the Ministry of Labour & Employment

entrusted the task of conducting the household employment-unemployment

survey on an annual basis to the Labour Bureau.


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METHODOLOGY

The Survey has been conducted in 28 selected States/UTs during the period

from 1.4.2010 to 15.8.2010. In most of the States/UTs (except Tamil Nadu,

Pondicherry and Sikkim) data collection has been undertaken by the

Investigators recruited by the Labour Bureau for the survey on contract basis.

Supervision of field work, including scrutiny of filled-in schedules, in these

States/UTs was entrusted to district level officers of the Directorates ofEconomics & Statistics (DES) of the concerned States/UTs. In case of Tamil

Nadu, Pondicherry and Sikkim, both the activities, viz., collection of data and

supervision of field work have been undertaken by the DES of these

States/UTs. Extensive training to all personnel engaged in collection of data as

well as its supervision was imparted by the officers of the Labour Bureau at theRegional/State level.

In certain States, some contract Investigators recruited by the Labour Bureau

for the survey either did not join their duties or left during the currency of the

field work. In some such States, namely, Punjab, U.P., M.P. and Rajasthan,

Labour Bureaus regular Investigators were deputed for data collection. In

other cases, the respective States DES were requested to get the data collected

in such districts wherein contract Investigators engaged by Labour Bureau

were not available for this purpose.

Labour Bureau was required to submit the report on the survey by the end

September, 2010. Canvassing of around 46000 household schedules was

ensured upto 15th August, 2010.


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FINALIZATION OF QUESTIONNAIRES, SAMPLE DESIGN & ESTIMATION

PROCEDURE USED IN THE SURVEY

The Questionnaires used in the present Employment-Unemployment Survey

have been designed under the supervision and guidance of a Group of Experts

chaired by the Additional Director General, Central Statistical Organization

(CSO). Members of the Expert Group included subject-experts from various

wings of the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) such as SurveyDesign & Research Division (SDRD) and Data Processing Division, from the

Directorate General of Employment & Training, from the National Accounts

Division (NAD) of CSO and from the Ministry of Labour & Employment.

Composition of the Group of Experts is annexed.

Sample Design & Estimation Procedure used in the survey has also been

finalized with the approval of the Group of Experts.


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Chapter-II

CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

Important concepts and definitions used in the survey are explained below.

Household:A group of persons normally living together and taking food from a

common kitchen constitutes a household. The members of a household may or

may not be related by blood or marriage to one another.

Household size:The number of members normally residing in a household is

its size. It will include temporary stay-aways (those whose total period ofabsence from the household is expected to be less than 6 months) but exclude

temporary visitors and guests (expected total period of stay less than 6

months). Even though the determination of the actual composition of a

household will be left to the judgment of the head of the household, the

following procedures will be adopted.

(i) In deciding the composition of a household, more emphasis is to be

placed on 'normally living together' than on 'ordinarily taking food from

a common kitchen'.

(ii) A resident employee, or domestic servant, or a paying guest (but not just

a tenant in the household) will be considered as a member of the

household with whom he or she resides even though he or she is not a


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his or her family, he or she should be treated not as a single member

household but as a member of the household in which other members

of his or her family stay.

(iv) If a member of a household (say, a son or a daughter of the head of the

household) stays elsewhere (say, in hostel for studies or for any other

reason), he/she will not be considered as a member of his/her parent's

household. However, he/she will be listed as a single memberhousehold if the hostel is listed.

Economic activity: The entire spectrum of human activity falls into two

categories: economic activity and non-economic activity. Any activity that

results in production of goods and services that adds value to national product

is considered as an economic activity. The economic activities have two parts -

market activities and non-market activities. Market activities are those that

involve remuneration to those who perform it i.e., activity performed for pay or

profit. Such activities include production of all goods and services for market

including those of government services, etc. Non-market activities are those

involving the production of primary commodities for own consumption and own

account production of fixed assets.

The term economic activity in the Employment and Unemployment survey will

include:

(i) all the market activities described above, i.e., the activities performed for

pay or profit which result in production of goods and services for

h


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(a) all the activities relating to the primary sector (i.e. industry Divisions of

NIC-08) which result in production (including free collection of

uncultivated crops, forestry, firewood, hunting, fishing, mining,

quarrying, etc.) of primary goods for own consumption .

(b) the activities relating to the own-account production of fixed assets,

which include construction of own houses, roads, wells, etc., and of

machinery, tools, etc., for household enterprise and also construction

of any private or community facilities free of charge. A person may be

engaged in own account construction in the capacity of either a labour

or a supervisor.

Activity status: It is the activity in which a person is found engaged during

the reference period, which decides the person's participation in economic and

/or non-economic activities. According to this, a person will be in one or a

combination of the following three status during a reference period:

(i) Working or engaged in economic activity (work),

(ii) Not engaged in economic activity (work) but either making tangible

efforts to seek 'work' or being available for 'work' in case the 'work' is

available and

(iii) Neither engaged in any economic activity (work) nor available for 'work'.

Activity status mentioned against sl.no. (i) & (ii) above, are associated with


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(i) working or being engaged in economic activity (employed):

(a) worked in household enterprise (self-employed) as an own-account worker

(b) worked in household enterprise (self-employed) as an employer

(c) worked in household enterprise (self-employed) as 'helper'

(d) worked as regular salaried/wage employee

(e) worked as casual wage labour in public works(f) worked as casual wage labour in other types of works

(ii) not working but seeking or available for work (unemployed) :

(a) sought work

(b) did not seek but was available for work

(iii) neither working nor available for work (not in labour force) :

(a) attended educational institutions

(b) attended to domestic duties only

(c) attended to domestic duties and was also engaged in free

collection of goods, tailoring, weaving, etc. for household use

(d) recipients of rent, pension, remittance, etc.

(e) not able to work due to disability

(f) others ( including beggars, prostitutes etc.)

Various categories like, workers, unemployed, labour force, out of labour


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festivals, social or religious functions or other contingencies necessitating

temporary absence from work constitute workers. Unpaid helpers who assist in

the operation of an economic activity in the household, farm or non-farm

activities are also considered as workers. All the workers are assigned one of

the detailed activity status under the broad activity category 'working or being

engaged in economic activity'.

(b)Seeking or available for work (or unemployed):Persons, who owing to

lack of work, had not worked but either sought work through employment

exchanges, intermediaries, friends or relatives or by making applications to

prospective employers or expressed their willingness or availability for work

under the prevailing condition of work and remunerationare considered as those

who are seeking or available for work (or unemployed).

(c)Labour force: Persons who are either 'working' (or employed) or 'seeking

or available for work' (or unemployed) during the reference period together

constitute the labour force.

(d)Out of labour force:Persons who are neither 'working' and at the same

time nor 'seeking or available for work' for various reasons during the reference

period are considered to be 'out of labour force'. The persons under this

category are students, those engaged in domestic duties, rentiers, pensioners,

recipients of remittances, those living on alms, infirm or disabled persons, too

young or too old persons, prostitutes, etc.


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Self-employed:Persons who operate their own farm or non-farm enterprises orare engaged independently in a profession or trade on own-account or with one

or a few partners are self-employed in household enterprises. The essential

feature of the self-employed is that they have autonomy (i.e., regarding how,

where and when to produce) and economic independence (i.e., regarding

market, scale of operation and money) for carrying out operation. The fee orremuneration received by them consists of two parts - the share of their labour

and profit of the enterprise. In other words, their remuneration is determined

wholly or mainly by sales or profits of the goods or services which are produced

by themselves.

The self-employed persons may again be categorised into the following three

groups:

(i) own-account workers: They are the self-employed who operate their

enterprises on their own account or with one or a few partners and who

during the reference period by and large, run their enterprise without

hiring any labour. They may, however, have unpaid helpers to assist them

in the activity of the enterprise.

(ii)employers:The self-employed persons who work on their own account

or with one or a few partners and by and large run their enterprise by

hiring labour are the employers, and


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any regular salary or wages in return for the work performed. They do not

run the household enterprise on their own but assist the related person

living in the same household in running the household enterprise.

Home Workers: There is a category of workers who work at a place of

their choice which is outside the establishment that employs them or buys

their product. Different expressions like home workers, home based

workers and out workers are synonymously used for such workers. For

the purpose of this survey, all such workers will be commonly termed as

home workers and will be categorised as self-employed. The home

workers have some degree of autonomy and economic independence in

carrying out the work, and their work is not directly supervised as is the

case for the employees. Like the other self-employed, these workers have

to meet certain costs, like actual or imputed rent on the buildings in

which they work, costs incurred for heating, lighting and power, storage or

transportation, etc., thereby indicating that they have some tangible or

intangible means of production. It may be noted that employeesare not

required to provide such inputs for production.

Regular salaried/wage employee: Persons working in others farm or

non-farm enterprises (both household and non-household) and getting in

return salary or wages on a regular basis (and not on the basis of daily or

periodic renewal of work contract) are the regular salaried/wage

employees. The category not only includes persons getting time wage but

also persons receiving piece wage or salary and paid apprentices, both full

i d i


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normally engaged in 'public works' activities. 'Public works' are those

activities which are sponsored by Government or local bodies for

construction of roads, bunds, digging of ponds, etc. as relief' measures

such as flood relief, drought relief and famine relief, and also various

employment generation scheme under poverty alleviation programmes.

DEFINITIONS OF VARIOUS TYPES OF ENTERPRISES:

(i)Proprietary: When an individual is the sole owner of an enterprise, it is

a proprietary enterprise. Own account production of fixed assets for own

use, when produced by a single member, will be classified as proprietary

enterprise.

(ii) Partnership:Partnership is defined as the "relation between persons

who have agreed to share the profits of a business carried on by all or

any one of them acting for all". There may be two or more owners,

belonging to the same or different households, on a partnership basis,

with or without formal registration (where there is a tacit

understanding about the distribution of profit among the so-called

partners). Own account production of fixed assets, when produced by

two or more members belonging to the same or different households will

be classified as partnership enterprises. Thus, own account production

of fixed assets by a group of households for community use will be

classified as partnership enterprise.


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education boards, municipalities, etc. An enterprise should not be treated

as a public sector enterprise if it is run on a loan granted by government,

local body etc.

(iv) Private limited company: Private company means a company which

by its articles:

(a) restricts the right to transfer its shares, if any,

(b) limits the number of its members to fifty not including-

(i) persons who are in the employment of the company, and

(ii) persons who, having been formerly in the employment of the

company, were members of the company while in that

employment and have continued to be members after the

employment ceased; and

(c) prohibits any initiation to the public to subscribe for any share in,

or debentures of, the company.

(v) Public limited company:A public limited company is defined as a

company that is not a private company. As such, public companies can

have an unlimited number of members and can invite the public to

subscribe to its shares and debentures.


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the societys activities are shared by the members. A government agency

can also be a member or shareholder of a registered co-operative society

but this fact cannot render the society into a public sector enterprise for

the purpose of this survey.

(vii) Trust: An arrangement through which one set of people, the

trustees, are the legal owners of property which is administered in the

interest of another set, the beneficiaries. Trusts may be set up to provide

support for individuals or families, to provide pensions, to run charities,

to liquidate the property of the bankrupts for the benefit of their

creditors, or for the safe keeping of securities bought by trusts with their

investors money. The assets, which trusts hold are regulated by law.

These must be administered in the interests of the beneficiaries, and not

for the profit of the trustees.

(viii) Employer Households (i.e. private households employing maid

servant, watchman, cook etc.): The households which are employing

maid servant, watchman, cook, private tutor, etc. will be considered

notionally as enterprise for the purpose of this survey and will be

classified as Employer households.


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CHAPTER III

DEMOGRAPHIC PARTICULARS

GENERAL

While studying the Employment-Unemployment situation in the selected

States/UTs, an effort was also made to collect information on demographic

data of the individuals covered during the survey. This Chapter as well as

others present demographic findings based on such data, mainly at overall

level of States/UTs covered in the Survey. State-wise details are presented in

the Tables annexed. Population estimates derived from the present survey are

found to be comparable with the census population projections at overall level.

Hence, population estimates of the survey have been used to derive ratios of

various parameters, which are expected to be reliable. At disaggregated level, it

may, however, be advisable to estimate an absolute number in any specific

category on the basis of census population projection for that category.

Further, the per thousand distribution figures presented in various tables are

rounded off figures. These ratios need to be used for deriving estimates, if any,

keeping this fact in view.

It may also be noted that some estimates at State/UT level may not be as

reliable as overall estimates because of small sample size at disaggregated level.


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Survey (UFS) blocks were initially allocated for coverage, out of which 3829

have actually been covered. Total sample of 4794 units included 2400 villages

(Panchayat wards in Kerala) and 2394 Urban Frame Survey blocks allocated for

coverage. Against this, 2056 villages and 1773 UFS blocks could actually be

covered. In fact, equal number of rural and urban units was allocated for

coverage in all the States/UTs, except Dadra & Nagar Haveli, wherein equal

number of urban units were not available for allocation. Significantly, lower

coverage of urban units is observed in the States, namely, Assam, Gujarat,

Jammu & Kashmir and Maharashtra, whereas no urban unit could be covered

in Dadra & Nagar Haveli.

Statement 3.1: Allocation and coverage of sample villages/urban blocks

Sector Sample Allocated Sample Surveyed

Rural 2400 2056

Urban 2394 1773

Total 4794 3829

Comparatively low coverage of allocated sample units in some urban areas is

on account of late availability of maps of the sample UFS blocks. In certain

other cases, like non-joining/late joining/intermittent drop out of the contract

Investigators recruited by Labour Bureau to undertake the field work are also


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POPULATION ESTIMATES

Derived on the basis of the data collected during the survey, estimates ofpopulation by sex and the sex ratio in rural & urban areas as well as at overall

level of the 28 States/UTs covered in the survey are presented in Statement

3.2. Total population of these States/UTs is estimated to be 1182 million, of

which about 52 per cent are male and 48 percent are female. Out of the total

population of the States/UTs covered, 872 million persons (73.8 per cent) live

in rural areas and 310 million persons (26.2 per cent) live in urban areas.

Gender-wise composition of population is more or less the same in the rural as

well as the urban areas.

Statement 3.2: Estimates of population (in millions) by sex in Urban and Rural

Areas and the sex ratio

Sector Male Female Persons Sex Ratio

Rural 455 417 872 915

Urban 161 149 310 924

Overall 616 566 1182 917

Sex ratio (number of females per thousand males) is estimated to be 917 at

overall level i.e. for the rural and the urban areas combined. The sex ratio in

the rural areas is 915 and in the urban areas it stands at 924.

A comparison of the population projections for the year 2009-10 based on the

RGI Report of Population Projections for India and States 2001-2026 and the


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million. Further, as per the RGI report, the sex ratio is estimated at 932 during

the year 2009-10 as against the Bureaus estimate of 917 for this period.

ESTIMATES OF HOUSEHOLDS AND AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD SIZE

Information on estimated number of households, per thousand distributions of

these households and average household size in urban and rural areas is

shown in Statement 3.3.

Statement 3.3: Estimated Number of Households, distribution in per 1000

household and Average Household size sector wise

Estimates Rural Urban Overall

Number of Households

(in millions) 172 66 238

Distribution of Households

(per thousand)722 278 1000

Average Households Size 5.1 4.7 5.0

It is observed that the total estimated population of the 28 selected States/UTs,

which is 1182 million, lives in 238 million households. In rural areas, 872

million persons are living in 172 million households, whereas in urban areas

310 million persons reside in 66 million households.

Per thousand distribution of households indicates that 722 households are

rural and the remaining 278 are urban. Average household size has been


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HOUSEHOLDS BY HOUSEHOLD TYPE

Per thousand distribution of households in rural areas by household type maybe perused from Statement 3.4.

Statement 3.4: Per thousand distribution of rural households by type of

household

Household Type Estimated Number

of Households (in

millions)

Per thousand

distribution of

households

1. Self Employed in Agriculture 50 288

2. Self Employed in non-agriculture 24 139

Total self-employed 74 427

3. Agriculture Labour 38 223

4. Other Labour 32 189

Total Rural Labour 70 412

5. Other Households 28 161

Total Households 172 1000

Per thousand distribution of households in rural areas indicates that 288 are

self-employed in agriculture and 139 are self-employed in non-agriculture

taking the total number of self-employed households to 427. Total rural labour

households are estimated to be 412 per thousand, of which 223 are agriculture

labour households and 189 are other labour households. Number of other

households works out to be 161 per thousand


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Statement 3.5: Per thousand distribution of Urban Households by HouseholdType

Household Type Estimated Number ofHouseholds(in millions)

Per thousand distributionof households

Self-employed 22 331

Regular Wage 21 315

Casual Labour 13 205

Other households 10 149

Total Households 66 1000

Per thousand distribution of urban households presented in Statement 3.5

indicates that 331 households belong to the self-employed category, 315 are

regular wage households and 205 are casual labour households. Remaining

149 households have income sources other than those specified above as the

major source of income.

LITERACY RATE

RGIs population census as well as the NSSO survey reports present literacy

rates for the population in the age group of 7 years and above. For comparative

purpose, the literacy rate in the present survey are also derived for the 7 years

and above age population and presented in Statement 3.6 by sex for the rural


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areas. With per thousand literate persons in urban areas being 860, per

thousand literate males are 908 and per thousand literate females are 808 in

these areas.

Statement 3.6: Literacy Rate (per 1000 persons) by Sex in Rural & Urban Areas

Sector Male Female Persons

Rural 829 656 746

Urban 908 808 860

Overall 850 697 777

Results of the Survey indicate that the literacy rates in urban areas are higher

than those in rural areas for both the genders. Similarly, literacy rates of males

in urban as well as rural areas are higher than those of females.

At overall the literacy rate is 777 persons per 1000 persons. The NSSO

estimates for the literacy in the year 2007-08 survey results have shown 708

persons out of 1000 persons. Planning commission in its 11th

plan documenthas set a target of 85 per cent or more literacy rate for the population of age 7

years and above.

Statement 3.7: Distribution of persons by General Educational level (per 000)

of age 7 years & above in Rural & Urban Areas.

Sector Not literate Upto secondary

Level

Above secondary

level

M F P M F P M F P


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Statement 3.7 contains information on per thousand distribution of male and

female population by level of education in urban and rural areas. Per thousand

Not literate persons are estimated to be 254 in rural areas, 140 in urban areas

and 223 at overall level. In terms of educational attainment, males outnumber

females in both the categories of upto secondary level and above secondary

level in rural as well as in urban areas. Educational attainments for males up

to secondary level have been estimated to be 741 as against 634 females per

thousand in this category. Similarly, 109 males are estimated to be educated

above secondary level per thousand against 63 per thousand females educated

up to this level.


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Chapter-IV

LABOUR FORCE, EMPLOYMENT & UNEMPLOYMENT

GENERAL

Labour force refers to that segment of population which supplies or offers to

supply labour for production and therefore, includes both employed and

unemployed persons. In the present survey, various estimates of the labour

force have been derived on the basis of usual principal status approach only.

The estimates of the labour force according to the usual principal status

indicate the number of persons who either worked or were looking/available forwork for a relatively longer part of the reference period, which in case of the

present survey is financial year 2009-10 (from 1.4.2009 to 31.3.2010).

The basic concepts of important Labour Force parameters are given below:

Labour force participation rate: - Labour force participation rate (LFPR) is

defined as the number of persons in the labour force per 1000 persons.

LFPR no. of employed no. of unemployed personsTotal Population 1000Worker-population ratio: - Worker-population ratio (WPR) is defined as thenumber of persons employed per 1000 persons.

Number of employed personsT l l i 1000


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Number of unemployed personsTotal population

1000Unemployment Rate: - Unemployment rate (UR) is defined as the number of

persons unemployed per 1000 persons in the labour force (employed &

unemployed).

Number of unemployed personsLabour Fource 1000

ESTIMATES OF VARIOUS PROPORTIONS

Based on the survey results, the proportion estimates(per thousand) of labour

force, worker population ratio, proportion unemployed, unemployment rate etc

have been derived for different age groups as well as by sex. The results are

presented in the form of proportions (per 1000 persons) for the States/UTs aswell as at the overall level. At overall level in addition to the proportions the

number of persons has also been estimated and presented in the tables.

WORKER POPULATION RATIO

At overall level, the worker population ratio is estimated to be 325 persons

which implies that at overall level of the States/UTs covered, 32.5 per cent of


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at overall level indicating that 259 females are employed for every 1000

employed males.

In the rural and urban sector, the worker population ratio is estimated to be

329 and 314 respectively. The sex ratio of the employed persons is 278 and

204 respectively in rural and urban sector.

LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATE (LFPR)

At overall level, the LFPR has been worked out to be 359 thereby implying that

359 persons are either employed or available for work per 1000 population. At

overall level, the LFPR of males and females is estimated to be at 538 and 163

persons respectively. The sex ratio of the labour force, at overall level is

estimated to be 279.

In the rural and urban sectors, the LFPR is estimated at 365 and 340

respectively. The sex ratio of the labour force in rural sector is 299 at overall

level whereas for the urban sector the same is 222.

UNEMPLOYMENT RATE

The unemployment rate is the ratio of the number of unemployed persons in

the labour force per thousand. At overall level the unemployment rate is

estimated at 94, which imply that 9.4 per cent of the labour force is


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A majority of the estimated unemployed persons (80 per cent) is in the rural

sector at overall level. While comparing the unemployment rate in the rural and

the urban sectors at overall level, it is observed the same is higher in the

former (101) as compared to the latter (73).

Comparison of Labour Bureaus present survey results for the year 2009-10

with NSSOs Employment-Unemployment survey results for 2007-08, reveals

that the unemployment rate derived on the basis of the Bureaus survey is

quite high. Higher unemployment rate may be parting attributed to as much as

10 per cent difference in the contribution of agriculture sector to total

employment estimated in the present survey vis--vis the NSSO 2007-08

survey estimates. While the shift of workforce from agriculture to other sectors

is a positive trend for a fast growing economy, the steep reduction in lower

share of agriculture employment based on the Bureaus survey could be

attributed to lack of adequate probing skills of the Contract Investigators.

There could be some underestimation in the agriculture sector employment

due to lesser-probing by the contract investigators especially in case of women

workers who tend to be employed more casually in the agriculture and allied

sectors such as forestry, livestock and fisheries.

PROPORTION UNEMPLOYED

The proportion unemployed for a particular age group is derived by dividing the

unemployed in that age group by total population of the age group per


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Based on the usual principal status approach the various parameters of the

labour force obtained from the data collected during the survey are

summarized below in statement 4.1:

Statement 4.1: LFPR, WPR, PU and UR estimates

Indicator Rural Urban Rural + Urban

Male Female Persons Male Female Persons Male Female Persons

LFPR 539 176 365 534 129 340 538 163 359

WPR 492 150 329 503 111 314 495 140 325

PU 46 26 37 32 18 25 43 24 34

UR 87 148 101 59 138 73 80 146 94

USUAL PRINCIPAL ACTIVITY OF THE PERSONS OF AGE 5 YEARS & ABOVE

The sample persons covered in the survey are categorized into various activities

on the basis of usual principal status approach. Based on the major time

criterion of his/her activities, a person may be in the working/ employed

category or unemployed category or in the category of not in the labour force.

In the working/ employed category a persons activity is further divided into

three categories viz, self employed, regular wage/salaried and casual labour.

Findings of the survey show that out of 1000 persons, 351 persons are in the

employed category 36 in the unemployed category and the rest 613 persons


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level. A comparison of the gender data indicates that 534 males and 151

females are employed per thousand of each gender at the overall level.

In the rural sector for every 1000 persons, 356 persons are in the employed

category, 40 are unemployed and the rest 604 persons are not in the labour

force. Sex wise data at overall level of the rural sector, more or less compares

with the trend obtained for rural and the urban sectors combined.

In the urban sector out of every 1000 persons, the number of employed

persons is 335, number of unemployed is 27 and the remaining 638 persons

are not in the labour force. Majority of the females in the urban sector (86 per

cent) and the rural sector (81 per cent) are out of labour force.

Statement 4.2: Activity-wise categorization of persons by sex in rural and

urban sectors

Activity Rural Urban Rural + Urban

Male Female Persons Male Female Persons Male Female Persons

employed 534 163 356 538 117 335 534 151 351

unemployed 51 28 40 34 19 27 46 26 36

Not in

labour force415 809 604 428 864 638 420 823 613

All 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000


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Sl.No.

Broad Industry Group Coverage asper NIC 2008

Sections

1 Agriculture, forestry & fishing A

2 Mining & Quarrying B

3 Manufacturing C

4 Electricity, gas & water supply D,E

5 Construction F

6Wholesale & Retail trade and Restaurants &

hotelsG,I

7 Transport, storage and communications H,J

8Financing, Insurance, Real Estate and Business

services K,L,M,N

9 Community, social and personal services O,P,Q,R,S

10 others T,U

It may be observed from the statement 4.3 that at overall level (Rural + Urban

and all States/UTs covered), out of 1000 employed persons, 455 are employed

in agriculture, forestry and fishing group. In the manufacturing and

construction sectors 89 and 75 persons out of 1000 persons respectively are

found to be employed.

As already known, findings of the present survey reveal that in the rural sector

majority of the employed persons are in the agriculture, forestry and fishing

related industry group (576 persons out of 1000 persons). This is followed by


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followed by 154 persons in the manufacturing industry, 146 persons in the

community services etc.

Statement 4.3: Per thousand distribution of employed persons by broad

industry groups

IndustrialClassification

Rural Urban Rural + Urban

Agriculture, forestry &

fishing 576 99 455

Mining & Quarrying 22 15 21

Manufacturing 67 154 89

Electricity etc. 13 33 18

Construction 72 86 75

Wholesale, retail etc. 59 173 88

Transport, storage etc. 28 78 41

Financing, insurance

etc14 61 26

Community services

etc.63 146 84

others 86 155 103

All 1000 1000 1000


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Categories of Employment by Industry Groups

The proportions of various categories of employment, namely self employed,

regular wage/salaried person and casual labour obtained from the survey data

are distributed into 9 broad industrial groups cited in the preceding paragraph.

It is seen that in the self employed persons category, maximum proportion of

persons is engaged in agriculture, forestry & fishing group (572 out of 1000

persons) followed by wholesale and retail trade (135 out of 1000 persons) at

overall level.

In the second employment category of regular wage/salaried person, maximum

proportion of the employed is engaged in the community services (227 persons

out of 1000 persons) followed by 153 in manufacturing industry.

In the third employment category i.e. casual labour; a majority of the persons

are in the agriculture, forestry and fishing industry group (467 persons out of

1000 persons) followed by 148 in the construction sector.


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Chapter-V

EMPLOYMENT BY ENTERPRISE TYPES & WORKINGCONDITIONS

INTRODUCTION

The working conditions, social security, etc. are important indicators of the

level of wellbeing derived by the employed person. In the survey, information

has been collected to study the working conditions of the employed persons.

Further, the collection of information on the type of enterprise in which the

person is employed, nature of enterprise viz. perennial, seasonal or ad-hoc,

whether person is getting paid leave, social security benefits etc. has also been

compiled through the present survey. Findings in respect of these parameters

have been summarized which are as follows.

TYPE OF ENTERPRISES

The persons categorized as employed on the basis of usual principal status

approach are distributed among the following broad categories of enterprise

type.

i) Proprietaryii) Partnershipiii) Government/Public sector


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The survey results reveal that majority of the employed persons are

employed in proprietary type of enterprises (494 persons out of 1000

persons) followed by public/private limited companies (200 persons) etc at

overall level.

At the level of rural and urban sector also, majority of the workers are

reportedly employed in the proprietary type of enterprises (517 persons and

428 persons respectively out of 1000 persons).

Statement 5.1: Distribution of workers by type of enterprise

Type of Enterprise Rural Urban Rural + Urban

Proprietary 517 428 494

Partnership 32 37 33

Govt./Public Sector 69 146 89

Public/Private Limited

Company.77 168 200

Co-operative Society 12 19 14

Employer Household 28 26 27

Others 265 176 243

All 1000 1000 1000

ENTERPRISES WISE EMPLOYMENT BY BROAD INDUSTRY GROUP


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Analysis of collected data indicates that out of the total persons employed in

the proprietary type of enterprises a majority is employed in the agriculture,

forestry and fisheries group ( 580 persons out of 1000 persons), followed by

wholesale and retail trade group (120 persons out of 1000 persons) at

overall level.

In the partnership type of enterprises also, maximum proportion of persons

employed is in the agriculture, forestry and fisheries group (392 persons out

of 1000 persons) followed by manufacturing group (147 persons out of 1000

persons) at overall level.

In the government/public sector type of enterprises, 340 out of 1000

persons are employed in the community services group at overall level.

In public/private Limited companies per 1000 persons employed, 244

persons are employed in the manufacturing sector followed by 179 persons

in agriculture, forestry and fisheries group at overall level.

In the co-operative society/trust/other non-profit institution type of

enterprises, for every thousand persons employed, 282 persons are

employed in the community services group followed by 152 persons in

agriculture, forestry & fisheries group at overall level of the States/UTs

surveyed.

ENTERPRISES BY EMPLOYMENT SIZE

I L th 10 k


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I. Less than 10 workersII. 10-19 workers

III. 20 or more workersIV. Not reported/unknown

The survey results show that at overall level, per thousand employed persons,

658 persons are working in the units employing less than 10 workers. About

one fourth of the employed persons were not able to report the number of

workers employed in the enterprise in which they are working.

Statement 5.2: Per thousand distributions of employed persons among units of

different employment size

Employment size of the enterprise Rural + Urban

Less than 10 658

10-19 32

20 & above 67

Not reported 243

All employment sizes 1000

EMPLOYMENT BY NATURE OF ENTERPRISE

The estimates of employed population are also classified into three

categories of enterprises based on their nature of working viz perennial

seasonal and ad hoc t pe of enterprises 367 and 69 persons o t of 1000


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seasonal and ad-hoc type of enterprises, 367 and 69 persons out of 1000

persons have respectively reported to be employed.

Statement 5.3: Employed persons by type of enterprise

Enterprise Type Rural + Urban

Perennial 564

Seasonal 367

Ad-hoc 69

All Enterprises 1000

SOCIAL SECURITY BENEFITS

During the course of survey, the employed persons were also asked to reveal

information on various benefits made available to them by their employer

namely paid leave, social security benefits such as the provident fund,

gratuity, health care, maternity benefits, pension, etc.

The survey results reveal that at overall level out of 1000 persons, 157

persons are getting paid leave or are eligible for paid leave. The industry

wise break up shows that in community services group, a maximum of 443

persons out of 1000 persons are eligible for paid leave. On the other hand in

agriculture, forestry & fisheries group, a minimum of 54 persons out of

1000 persons have reported paid leave at overall level.

a maximum of 400 persons out of 1000 persons have reported social


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a maximum of 400 persons out of 1000 persons have reported social

security benefits in the units in which they are employed. In agriculture,

forestry & fishery group however a minimum of 82 persons out of 1000

persons have reported receiving social security benefits.

Chapter VI


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Chapter-VI

SAMPLE DESIGN & ESTIMATION PROCEDURE

SAMPLE DESIGN

A stratified multi-stage sampling design has been adopted for the employment-

unemployment survey. The first stage units (FSU) are the 2001 census

districts. The second stage units (SSU) are the 2001 census villages (Panchayat

wards in case of Kerala) in the rural sector and Urban Frame Survey (UFS)

blocks in the urban sector. The ultimate stage units (USU) are households in

both the sectors. In case of large SSUs i.e. villages/urban blocks requiring

hamlet-group (hg)/ sub-block (sb) formation, one intermediate stage is the

selection of two hgs/ sbs from each SSU.

Selection of First Stage Units (Districts): All the 593 districts (Census 2001)

were first categorized into four size classes of population namely, less than 10

lakh, 10 lakh to less than 25 lakh, 25 lakh to less than 50 lakh and 50 lakh &

more State-wise. From these four size classes, selection of districts was done

from each State/UT by using the procedure which is as follows:-

(a) Strata/districts with 50 lakh & more population: Complete enumeration (no

sampling of districts);

In case N is 3 or more sample size (n) for the stratum is arrived at as a


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In case N is 3 or more, sample size (n) for the stratum is arrived at as apre-specified percentage of "N" (specified below) with the conditions that

"n" is an even number and its minimum value is 2.

Strata/Districts population Sample Size (n as % of N)

25 lakh to less than 50 lakh 75 %

10 lakh to less than 25 lakh 50%

Less than 10 lakh 25%

Once value of "n" is determined, required number (n) of sample districts from a

stratum are selected by circular systematic sampling with PPS (size being the

population of the district) in the form of 2 independent sub-samples after

arranging the districts in ascending order of literacy rates.

Selection of SSUs: Within each selected district of a State/ UT, two basic strata

have been formed: i) rural stratum comprising of all rural areas of the district

and (ii) urban stratum comprising of all the urban areas of the district. Eight

SSUs each from rural and urban stratum of a sample district are selected

using circular systematic sampling as the circular systematic sampling is likely

to give an evenly spaced sample which is essential for an accurate and precise

estimate of the population mean.

Selection of hamlet-groups/ sub-blocks/ households


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approximate present population of thesample village/block

No. of hgs/sbs to be formed (D)

Less than 1200 (no hamlet-groups/sub-blocks)

1

1200 to 1799 3

1800 to 2399 4

2400 to 2999 5

3000 to 3599..and so on

6

For rural areas of Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Udhampur, Doda districts of

Jammu & Kashmir and Idukki district of Kerala, the number of hamlet-groups

formed are as follows.

approximate present population of thesample village/block

No. of hgs/sbs to be formed (D)

Less than 600 (no hamlet-groups) 1

600 to 899 3

900 to 1199 4

1200 to 1499..and so on

5

Two hamlet-groups (hg)/ sub-blocks (sb) are selected from a large SSU

wherever hamlet-groups/ sub-blocks have been formed, by SRSWOR. Listing


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Formation of Ultimate Stage Strata (USS) and allocation of households

All the households listed in the selected SSU/ hamlet-groups/ sub-blocks are

stratified into three ultimate stage strata (USS) as given below:

Rural:

The three ultimate-stage-strata (USS) in the rural sector are formed in the

following order:

USS 1: relatively affluent households

USS 2: from the remaining households, households having principal

earnings from non-agricultural activities

USS 3: other remaining households

In rural areas a household is classified as affluent if

it owns any of the items such as motor car/ jeep/ tractor/ combine-harvester/ truck/ bus/ van, consumer durables like fridge/ washing

machine or spacious pucca house in good condition or

a household whose member is a professional such as doctor/ advocate or

Urban:


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In the urban sector, the three ultimate-stage-strata (USS) are formed as under:

In the urban sector two cut-off points, say A (Upper Point) and B (Lower

Point) of Monthly Per Capita Expenditure (MPCE) based on NSS 64th round

data for each NSS region has been taken for determining the three strata. The,

three ultimate-stage-strata (USS) are formed in the urban sector in thefollowing order:

USS 1: households with MPCE more than A (i.e. MPCE > A)

USS 2: households with MPCE equal to or less than A but equal to ormore than B (i.e. B


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urban

USS 1: households with MPCE > A 2 1 (1)

USS 2: households with MPCE equal to orless than A but equal to or morethan B (i.e. B


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D*= 1 if D=1

= D/2 for SSU if D>1

d= d-th district in a size class

Nd= total number of urban SSU in the dth urban district

Z= total size of the sth size class (rural/urban)

Zd= total size of the rural/urban district

z= size of the ith sample village/block

n= number of sample villages/UFS blocks in the dth district

H= total number of households listed in the ultimate stage stratum of a

village/block of sample SSU

h= number of households surveyed in the ultimate stage stratum of a

village/block of sample SSU

Hi1j = total number of households listed in jth stratum of ith sample

village/UFS block

hi1j = number of households surveyed in jth stratum of ith sample village/UFS

block

Hi2j = total number of households listed in j-th stratum for subsample-2 of i-th

sample village/UFS block

hi2j = number of households surveyed in j-th stratum for subsample-2 of i-th

sample village/UFS block

x,y= observed value of characteristic x,y under estimation

X, Y= estimate of population total X, Y for the characteristic x,y

Estimation formula for aggregates in Rural/Urban sector


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Schedule (Listing)

Rural district: For estimating the number of households possessing a

characteristic in the dth rural district:

Where yi1, yi2 are the total number of households possessing the characteristic

y in the hgs 1 & 2 of the ith SSU respectively.

yi = 1 if it possesses the characteristic

= 0 otherwise

Urban district:

(i) For estimating the number of households possessing a characteristicin the dth urban district.

Schedule A: (Employment Unemployment Survey Schedule)


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Estimation formula for a rural District:

For all selected households in dth rural district:

Estimation formula for an urban District:

For households selected in dth urban district:

Estimation formula at Size Class level:

Estimation formula for a rural size class:

For all selected households in sth rural size class:


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Estimation formula for urban size class:

For all selected households in urban size class:

Overall Estimates of Aggregates at State/UT/all-India level:

The overall estimate

at the State/UT/All-India level is obtained by summing

the size class estimates belonging to the State/UT/all-India.

Chapter VII


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Chapter-VII

LIMITATIONS & LOOKING AHEAD

Limitations of the survey

1.The present survey on Employment-Unemployment is a thin samplesurvey. The survey results are based on the information collected from

about 46,000 households covered across 28 States/UTs of the country.

2.The estimates at State/UT level are provided in proportions only due tothin sample size. Hence, the results for State/UT need to be derived and

used cautiously.

3. In most of the States/UTs, data are collected through the regularemployees of Labour Bureau and Contract Investigators recruited for a

short period. An intensive training was imparted to all investigators. In

each selected sample district, two officials of the Directorate of

Economics & Statistics were appointed for supervision of field work and

data scrutiny. However, it is possible that the probing skills of the newly

appointed Contract Investigators may not be at par with the regular and

experienced employees of Labour Bureau.

4.The unemployment rate in the present survey comes out to besignificantly higher than the NSSOs previous rounds estimates. As per

the present survey, the share of agriculture sector employment in the

total employment is 45 per cent as compared to about 55 per cent share

employment may have somewhat contributed to a higher unemployment

t ti t d i th t S


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rate estimated in the present Survey.

5.The Survey results are based only on the usual principal statusapproach to employment-unemployment. The other measures of

employment- unemployment which capture intermittent unemployment

and seasonality; namely Current Weekly Status (CWS) and Current Daily

Status (CDS) approach could not be followed due to a shorter survey

period.6. Labour Bureau has only four regional offices (ROs). Effective co-

ordination and supervision at the regional level for the present National

level employment-unemployment household survey has been provided by

these ROs.

7.An expert group was formed to discuss and finalize the schedules,sampling design, estimation procedure and tabulation plan of the survey.

This group included experts from the NSSO, the Central Statistical

Organization, the DGE&T and the Ministry of Labour and Employment.

However, due to shorter period available with the Bureau for preparatory

work and field work, wider consultations with other experts and

stakeholders could not be carried out extensively.

8.The advice of the technical committee of the Ministry of Statistics & P.I.could not be taken because of the time limit provided for the Survey.

9. Labour Bureau conducts enterprise surveys on periodic basis. However,this was the first household survey conducted by the Bureau at the

National level. There may have been some shortfalls on the

conceptualization of the subject, designing of the schedules, sampling

design, methodology etc. These would be adequately addressed in the

Looking Ahead


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1. In order to provide precise and robust estimates of proportions as wellas of absolute figures at State/UT and National level, the sample size of

the survey will be suitably increased in the future surveys.

2. In the current survey, 300 districts have been covered. The ultimateobjective of this initiative is to cover all the districts in a phased manner.

3. The present survey provides estimates by Usual Principal Statusapproach only. The other measures of the employment-unemployment

will be attempted in the future surveys after wider consultations with

the experts on the subject.

4. The focus of the Government policies is to create skilled manpower intandem with the requirement of the Industry, Trade and Services

sectors. The employment schedules to be canvassed will be designed

appropriately to capture the availability of skilled manpower in the

country.

5. The migration of the labour force is proposed to be studied in the futuresurveys.

6. The data on underemployment will also be captured in the forthcomingsurveys.

7. Different employment generating schemes are being implemented by theCentral and the State/UT Governments to generate additional

employment opportunities. The survey schedules will be designed

suitably to capture data on the impact of the important employment

generating schemes.

8. For further improving the quality of the estimates, training of the

10.The survey schedules will be designed appropriately to captureinformation on contract category of workers and home based workers in


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information on contract category of workers and home based workers in

the future surveys.

ANNEXURE-I


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Composition of Group of Experts for Designing the Questionnaires and for

finalisation of Sample Design & Estimation Procedure in respect of the

Employment-Unemployment Survey of Labour Bureau.

Sh. Ramesh Kolli,

Additional Director General,

Central Statistical Organisation, New Delhi

Chairman

Sh. G.C.Manna, Deputy Director General,

Survey Design & Research Division, NSSO, Kolkata.Member

Dr. G.M. Boopathy, Deputy Director

General,Central Statistical Organisation,

New Delhi.

Member

Sh. T.K. Saha, Deputy Director General,

Data Processing Division (DPD), NSSO,

Kolkata.

Member

Ms. Amarjeet Kaur, Deputy Director General,

Directorate General of Employment & Training,Ministry of Labour & Employment, New Delhi.

Member

Dr. Harcharan Singh,Deputy Director General,

Ministry of Labour & Employment,

New Delhi.

Member

Director General, Labour Bureau, Chandigarh. Member

Secretary

Annexure-II

Comparative Statement


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Comparative Statement

Indicators Unit Bureaus2009-10

NSSO2007-08

OtherSources

Population Million 1182 1009 1157 *

Households Million 238 222

Household size Average 5.0 4.5

Sex Ratio 1000 917 947 932 *

Literacy Rate(7 years &

above)

% 77.7 70.8 85% **

LFPR % 35.9 38.1

LFPR Million 424 385

WPR % 32.5 37.1

WPR Million 384 374

UR % 9.4 2.8

UR Million 40 11

PU % 3.4 1.1


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DETAILED TABLES

Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

1 Andhra Pradesh 112 112 224 90 96 186 1080 1148 2228

Table (1) : Number of villages/urban blocks & households surveyed for each State/UT

Sl.

No.

Name of the

State/UT

Number of villages/blocks

allocated

Number of villages/blocks

surveyed

Number of households

surveyed


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2 Assam 72 72 144 61 33 94 732 396 1128

3 Bihar 176 176 352 147 111 258 1763 1331 30944 Chhatisgarh 64 64 128 47 47 94 563 564 1127

5 Delhi 32 32 64 32 32 64 384 384 768

6 Goa 16 16 32 9 12 21 108 144 252

7 Gujarat 120 120 240 102 42 144 1223 504 1727

8 Haryana 80 80 160 78 76 154 936 912 1848

9 Himachal Pradesh 40 40 80 40 40 80 480 480 960

10 Jammu & Kashmir 48 48 96 40 28 68 480 334 81411 Jharkhand 72 72 144 65 44 109 780 524 1304

12 Karnataka 120 120 240 110 100 210 1316 1199 2515

13 Kerala 72 72 144 54 37 91 648 444 1092

14 Madhya Pradesh 176 176 352 113 109 222 1356 1308 2664

15 Maharashtra 168 168 336 137 103 240 1643 1235 2878

16 Megahlaya 16 16 32 7 5 12 84 60 144

17 Orissa 120 120 240 120 120 240 1440 1440 2880

18 Punjab 64 64 128 64 64 128 768 768 1536

19 Rajasthan 136 136 272 126 123 249 1512 1476 2988

20 Sikkim 8 8 16 8 8 16 96 96 192

21 Tamil Nadu 144 144 288 144 144 288 1726 1725 3451

22 Uttaranchal 48 48 96 48 46 94 576 552 1128

23 Uttar Pradesh 352 352 704 309 269 578 3707 3220 6927

24 West Bengal 112 112 224 80 64 144 952 727 1679

25 Chandigarh 8 8 16 8 8 16 96 96 192

26

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