Application of Drug-Related Problem (DRP) classification systems – a review of the literature
Benjamin J Basger, Rebekah J Moles, Timothy F Chen. The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
Corresponding author Benjamin J Basger [email protected]
Supplementary tables 1-3 with references. References for text tables 1 and 2 are included in these references.
Supplementary table 1 Full electronic search strategyMedline Searches Results Search Type1 drug related problems.mp. 6902 drug therapy problems.mp. 763 DRPs.mp. 2614 medication related problems.mp. 2005 medicine related problems.mp. 126 therapy related problems.mp. 57 medication management problems.mp. 108 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 11049 Substance-Related Disorders/ 7666310 8 not 9 94111 limit 10 to (english language and humans and yr=”2000-Current and
journal article) 584
EmbaseNo. Query Results1 ‘drug related problems’ AND [embase]/lim 11962 ‘drps’ AND [embase]/lim 3833 ‘drug therapy problems’ AND [embase]/lim 1114 ‘medication related problems’ AND [embase]/lim 2455 ‘medicine related problems’ AND [embase]/lim 246 ‘therapy related problems’ AND [embase]/lim 77 ‘medication management problems’ AND [embase]/lim 78 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 AND [embase]/lim 16839 substance AND ‘abuse’/exp AND [embase]/lim 40,25910 8 NOT 9 160211 10 AND [humans]/lim AND [English]/lim AND [embase]/lim AND
[2000-2014]/py921
IPASearches Results Search type1 drug related problems.mp. 7162 DRPs.mp. 1423 drug therapy problems.mp 1294 medication related problems.mp. 2025 medicine related problems.mp. 96 therapy related problems.mp. 127 medication management problems.mp. 78 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 10609 substance abuse.mp. 64710 8 not 9 105811 limit 10 to (english language and human and yr= “2000/01/01-
Current”) 301
Pubmed1 “drug related problems” or “drug related problems drps” OR “drug
related problems mrp” 758
2 “drug therapy problems” 783 “medication related problems” 2074 “medicine related problems” 145 “therapy related problems” 6
6 “medication management problems” 97 1 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6 OR 7 OR 8 10498 “substance abuse” 38,7259 9 NOT 10 99210 Journal article; Publication date from 2000/01/01 to 2013/07/31;
Humans; English560
Cinahl1 “drug related problems” 1942 “DRPs” 373 “drug therapy problems” 94 “medication related problems” 705 “medicine related problems” 36 “therapy related problems” 07 “medication management problems” 58 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 6 OR 7 2839 “Substance abuse” 32,42610 8 NOT 9 24511 English language; Published Date from 20000101-20130731 120
Supplementary table 2 Categories identified as causes of DRPs or DRPsCategory descriptions used in this study
Other terms used by studies mapped to these category descriptions
Additional therapy required Insufficient therapy, condition not adequately treated, condition under-treated, require synergistic therapy, additional pharmacotherapy required, need for additional drug
Adverse drug reaction Side effect, adverse drug event, adverse effect, undesirable reaction, adverse event, adverse reaction
Contraindication Precaution (with use)Dose too high Over-dosage, drug overdose, Dose too low Under-dose, sub-therapeutic dose, sub-optimal dose, condition
undertreatedDrug interaction actual/potential Inappropriate drug combinationDrug without indication Unknown indication, unnecessary therapy, no clear indication,
drug not needed, overmedication, no indication, (no indication due to) duplication, therapy not needed, no indication apparent, too many drugs prescribed for indication, no valid indication, unnecessary drug
Duration of therapy too long No further need for therapy, expired indication, lack of discontinuation, unnecessary drug 1, incorrect or unclear dosing instructions 2
Duration of therapy too short Drug ceased due to transcription error, drug discontinued (inappropriately), incorrect or unclear dosing instructions 2
Failure to receive drug Drug unavailable, drug not on market, funding endorsement unavailable, other drug selection problem 2, drug product not available, non-formulary prescribing, drug unobtainable
Illegible/unclear documentation Medical record discrepancy, incomplete record of drug order, drug order incorrect, poorly legible order, prescribing error (necessary information missing) 3, transferring error, printout does not match prescription, drug order differs from previous order
Inappropriate dosage regimen Inappropriate administration, inappropriate timing of administration, improper dosage, inappropriate dosing intervals, suboptimal dosing scheme, incorrect administration, inappropriate time for drug intake, wrong dosage interval, improper drug use by patient, suboptimal drug use, drugs administered by the patient 1
Inappropriate drug selection Drug choice problem, non-optimal drug, sub-optimal drug, wrong drug, unsuitable drug, needs different drug product, improper drug selection, ineffective drug, safer alternative available, unsafe drug, safer drug product required, inappropriate drug choice, refractoriness, medicine ineffectiveness, lack of effectiveness
Inappropriate self diagnosis Referral requiredMedication management problems Inappropriate drug storage, use of expired drugs, lack of follow-up
visit, wrong drug taken, health literacy poor, uncoordinated care, multiple pharmacies, multiple prescribers, no recognition of the professional help available in Australian pharmacies, drugs taken unbeknown to GP, simplification of drug therapy, rationalisation of therapy, use of combination therapy, formulary interchange, generic substitution, more affordable alternative available, generic alternative preferred, formulary alternative
Monitoring required Need for monitoring, monitoring absent, monitoring issues, needs additional monitoring, lack of monitoring, monitoring needed
More effective therapy available Effect of drug not optimal, drug not effective, drug not the most effective
Non adherence Not taken as prescribed, non-compliance, inappropriate adherence, drug under administered, drug underused, taking too little, erratic drug use 2, patient forgot to take, administration not ideal or correct, misunderstood directions, drugs administered by patient 1, could not afford, patient unwilling/unable to take drug therapy, access difficulty, other drug selection problem 2
Non-optimal dose Inappropriate dose, dosing concerns, incorrect strength Other Unidentified cause, other cause, miscellaneous cause, no obvious
cause, not classifiable Patient requests information/information provided
Patient requests drug information, patient requests disease management advice, other education or information problem 2, other 3, requires drug therapy education
Patient unwilling/unable to take medicine
Patient unable to use drug, confusion of generic and trade names, patient insecure due to generic substitution, poor administration technique, practical problems 4, fear of adverse effects, non-formulary prescribing
Poor disease state knowledge Poor disease state management knowledge, lifestyle issues, lack of knowledge
Prescribing error Wrong drug prescribedSelf care not appropriate Product misuse, inappropriate product requestTherapy failure Refractoriness, medicine ineffectiveness, lack of effectivenessUncertain of purpose of medicine Uncertainty about the aim of the drug 4
Untreated indication Need for primary prevention, drug indicated, drugs missing, no drug order for a medical condition, therapy omitted, unfulfilled indication, not receiving the medicine needed, untreated condition, indication without drug, other 1, missing therapy
1 As defined by Ruths, Viktil and Blix [1] 2 As defined by Williams et al. [2]3As defined by PCNE version 6 [3]4 As defined by Westerlund [4]
Supplementary table 3 Data extracted from 268 articles Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
APS-Doc [5] Hohmann et al. [6] 2012 Germany
Descriptive 10 problem 48 sub- problem
Hospital Inpatients
70.7 53.5 1.8 155 Unstated 4.8 Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
APS-Doc [5] Hohmann et al. [5] 2012 Germany
Case series post-test
10 problem 48 sub- problem
Hospital Inpatients, Emergency department
67.8 53.5 2.6 350 Unstated 5.3 Medical and medication record
Yes
Cipolle et al. [7]
De Oliveira et al. [8] 2010 USA
Case series post-test retrospective
7 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
Unstated 24.1 4.3 9068 6.8 12.4 Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Cipolle et al. [7]
de Sa Borges et al. [9] 2010 Brazil
Case series post-test
7 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
69.4 39.4 4.3 40 Unstated Unstated Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Cipolle et al. [7]
Gillespie et al. [10] 2009 Sweden
Randomised Controlled Trial
7 problem Hospital Inpatients
86.4 42.3 2.6 182 Unstated 8.7 Medical and medication record
Yes
Cipolle et al. [7]
Hall and Pater [11] 2011 USA
Case series post-test
7 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
57 36.8 2.5 68 5 10 Medication and medical record and interview
No
Cipolle et al. [7]
Harris et al. [12] 2009 USA
Case series post-test
7 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
Unstated 26 2.7 92 Unstated 3.9 Medication and medical record and
Unstated
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
interviewCipolle et al. [7]
Harrison et al. [13] 2012 Canada
Concurrent control
7 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
Unstated 56 1 43 Unstated Unstated Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Cipolle et al. [7]
Isetts et al. [14] 2003 USA
Case series post-test
7 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
Unstated 24 Unstated/unable to calculate
15 6.2 8.3 Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Cipolle et al. [7]
Isetts et al. [15] 2008 USA
Historical control
7 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
Unstated 34 2.2 285 6.4 7.9 Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Cipolle et al. [7]
Isetts et al. [16] 2012 USA
Case series post-test
7 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic, Hospital Inpatients
Unstated 40 5 823 6.4 Unstated Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Cipolle et al. [7]
Mekonnen et al. [17] 2013 Ethiopia
Case series post-test
7 problem Hospital Inpatients
38 33.3 0.5 300 Unstated Unstated Medical and medication record
Yes
Cipolle et al. [7]
Milos et al. [18] 2013 Sweden
Randomised Controlled Trial
7 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
87 24.2 2.5 182 Unstated 11.4 Medical and medication record
Yes
Cipolle et al. [7]
Nicholas et al. [19] 2007 USA
Descriptive 7 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
Unstated Unstated 0.6 200 Unstated Unstated Interview Unstated
Cipolle et al. [7]
Ross and Bloodworth
Case series post-test
7 problem Community Pharmacy
53 23.6 3.1 468 6.3 8.3 Medication and
Yes
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
[20] 2012 USA
medical record and interview
Cipolle et al. [7]
Strand et al. [21] 2004 USA
Descriptive Retrospective
7 problem Home Medicines Review
Unstated 33 3.3 2985 6 5.5 Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Cipolle et al. [7]
Stratton et al. [22] 2012 USA
Descriptive 7 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
56 46 7.2 68 8 10 Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Cipolle et al. [7]
Wermeille et al. [23] 2004 Scotland
Interrupted time series
7 problem Community Pharmacy
64.7 52 Unstated/unable to calculate
62 Unstated Unstated Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Cipolle et al. [7]
Westberg and Sorensen [24] 2005 USA
Case series post-test
7 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
Unstated 47.3 2 91 Unstated Unstated Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
DOCUMENT [2]
Hussainy et al. [25] 2011 Australia
Case series post-test
8 problem 30 sub- problem
Medicine or outpatient clinic
Unstated Unstated 2.5 46 Unstated Unstated Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
DOCUMENT [2]
Williams et al. [2] 2011 Australia
Case series post-test
8 problem 30 sub- problem
Community Pharmacy
Unstated Unstated Unstated/unable to calculate
Unstated Unstated Unstated Medication record and Interview
Yes
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
DOCUMENT [2]
Williams et al. [26] 2012 Australia
Case series post-test
8 problem 30 sub- problem
Community Pharmacy
Unstated Unstated Unstated/unable to calculate
Unstated Unstated Unstated Medication record and Interview
Unstated
Grenada [27] Armando et al. [28] 2001 Argentina
Case series post-test
6 problem Community Pharmacy
Unstated Unstated 0.6 129 Unstated Unstated Medication record and Interview
Yes
Grenada [27] Baena et.al.[29] 2006 Spain
Descriptive 6 problem Emergency department
42 51.4 Unstated/unable to calculate
2261 Unstated 1.7 Medical record and interview
Yes
Grenada [27] Barbero Gonzalez [30] 2001 Spain
Case series post-test
6 problem Community Pharmacy
56.9 36.5 Unstated/unable to calculate
127 Unstated Unstated Medication record
Unstated
Grenada [27] Barris and Faus [31] 2003 Malaga
Descriptive 6 problem 4 cause
Community Pharmacy
Unstated Unstated 0.8 56 Unstated Unstated Medication record and Interview
Unstated
Grenada [27] Castro et al. [32] 2013 Spain
Descriptive 6 problem Emergency department
54.3 45.7 0.4 588 Unstated 3.6 Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Grenada [27] Costa et al.[33] 2004 Portugal
Descriptive 6 problem Community Pharmacy
Unstated Unstated 3.5 396 Unstated Unstated Interview Yes
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
Grenada [27] de Almeida Nascimento et al. [34] 2011 Brazil
Descriptive 6 problem Community Pharmacy
56.7 34 3 97 Unstated Unstated Unstated Unstated
Grenada [27] de Almeida Nascimento et al.[35] 2009 Brazil
Case series post-test
6 problem 10 cause
Community Pharmacy
56.7 34 4 97 4 4 Medication record and Interview
Unstated
Grenada [27] Escutia Gutierrez et al. [36] 2007 Mexico
Descriptive 6 problem Home Medicines Review
Unstated Unstated Unstated/unable to calculate
9 Unstated Unstated Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Grenada [27] Fornos et al. [37] 2006 Spain
Case series post-test
6 problem Community Pharmacy
62.4 43 2.7 112 Unstated Unstated Medication record and Interview
Yes
Grenada [27] Garcao and Cabrita [38] 2002 Portugal
Case series post-test
6 problem Community Pharmacy
66.5 34.1 0.8 42 Unstated Unstated Medication and medical record and interview
No
Grenada [27] Garcia Caudevilla et al. [39] 2002 Spain
Case series post-test
6 problem Community Pharmacy
Unstated Unstated 1 592 Unstated Unstated Unstated Yes
Grenada [27] Niquille et al. [40] 2010 Switzerland
Descriptive 6 problem Community Pharmacy
66 49 1.5 77 2.6 4.6 Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
Krska [41] Krska et al. [41] 2002 Scotland
Randomised Controlled Trial
18 problem Home Medicines Review
Unstated Unstated 7.8 168 Unstated 7.3 Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Modified AbuRuz [42]
AbuRuz et al. [43] 2011 Jordan
Descriptive 3 problem 26 sub- problem
Hospital Inpatients
54.5 48.5 9.4 402 8.5 10.8 Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Modified AbuRuz [42]
Basheti et al. [44] 2013 Jordan
Case series post-test
10 problem Discharge 58.9 53.3 7.4 167 4.1 8.1 Interview Unstated
Modified Chen [45]
Freeman et al. [46] 2013 Australia
Concurrent control retrospective
23 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic, Home Medicines Review
Unstated (median
81)
37 5.4 70 Unstated Unstated Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Modified Cipolle et al. [7]
Barnett et al. [47] 2009 USA
Case series post test retrospective
11 problem Community Pharmacy
44.2 38.9 Unstated/unable to calculate
23798 Unstated Unstated Medication record and Interview
Yes
Modified Cipolle et al. [7]
Bondesson et al. [48] 2012 Sweden
Case series post test retrospective
7 problem Hospital Inpatients
81 48 Unstated/unable to calculate
132 Unstated 10.3 Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Modified Cipolle et al. [7]
Bondesson et al. [49] 2013 Sweden
Historical control
9 problem Hospital Inpatients
81.9 33 9.9 70 Unstated 9.3 Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
Modified Cipolle et al. [7]
Castelino et al. [50] 2011 Australia
Descriptive Retrospective
16 problem Home Medicines Review
74.6 47.3 5 224 5.8 10.8 Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Modified Cipolle et al. [7]
Christensen et al. [51] 2011 Sweden
Case series post-test
9 problem Hospital Inpatients
81.4 42.1 6.5 190 Unstated 8.1 Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Modified Cipolle et al. [7]
Finkers et al. [52] 2007 The Netherlands
Descriptive 9 problem Aged Care Facility
80 32 3.5 91 Unstated 13.4 Medical and medication record
Unstated
Modified Cipolle et al. [7]
Gilbert et al.[53] 2002 Australia
Case series post-test
15 problem Home Medicines Review
Unstated (median
73)
Unstated 2.5 1000 6 9 Medication and medical record and interview
No
Modified Cipolle et al. [7]
Gisev et al.[54] 2010 Australia
Case series post-test
15 problem Home Medicines Review
46.8 54 4.4 48 3.5 7 Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Modified Cipolle et al. [7]
Leendertse et al. [55] 2013 The Netherlands
Concurrent control
7 problem Community Pharmacy
Unstated (per
mixed effects model 75.8)
44 2.8 364 Unstated Unstated Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Modified Cipolle et al. [7]
Naunton and Peterson [56] 2003 Australia
Randomised Controlled Trial
21 problem Discharge Unstated (median
74)
44 3 57 Unstated (median
5)
Unstated (median
8)
Medication and medical
No
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
record and interview
Modified Cipolle et al. [7]
Nishtala et al. [57] 2011 Australia
Case series post-test retrospective
8 problem Aged Care Facility
84 25 3 480 Unstated 7.4 Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Modified Cipolle et al. [7]
Rao et al. [58] 2007 Australia and USA
Descriptive 7 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic, Community Pharmacy, Home Medicines Review
73 38 2.3 2580 5.5 7.5 Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Modified Cipolle et al. [7]
Roughead et al. [59] 2004 Australia
Descriptive 16 problem Home Medicines Review
Unstated (Median
75.5)
38 2.2 1000 Unstated (median
6)
Unstated (median
9)
Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Modified Cipolle et al. [7]
Ruths et al.[60] 2003 Norway
Descriptive 8 problem Aged Care Facility
85.2 33 2.4 1354 3.1 5 Medical and medication record
Yes
Modified Cipolle et al. [7]
Samoy et.al[61] 2006 Canada
Descriptive 8 problem Hospital Inpatients
69.3 49.4 Unstated/unable to calculate
565 Unstated 6.8 Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Modified Cipolle et al. [7]
Scott et al. [62] 2010 USA
Descriptive 7 problem 26 cause
Community 86 22.3 2.3 130 9 13 Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
Modified Cipolle et al. [7]
Smith et al. [63] 2011 USA
Case series post-test
11 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
51 29 10.4 88 9.5 15.7 Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Modified Cipolle et al. [7]
Stuijt et al. [64] 2008 The Netherlands
Case series post-test
6 problem Aged Care Facility
85.8 10 3.8 30 Unstated 6.1 Medical and medication record
Unstated
Modified Cipolle et al. [7]
Triller et al. [65] 2003 USA
Case series post-test
8 problem Home Medicines Review
Unstated Unstated 3.4 80 Unstated Unstated Medication record and Interview
Unstated
Modified Cipolle et al. [7]
Villa et al. [66] 2009 Chile
Concurrent control
7 problem 31 cause
Medicine or outpatient clinic
54 24.5 2.9 85 Unstated Unstated Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Modified Cipolle et al. [7]
Young et al. [67] 2012 Canada
Descriptive 14 problem Community Pharmacy
54.6 48.1 1.2 106 Unstated Unstated Medication record
No
Modified Cipolle et al. [7]
Zaal et al. [68] 2013 The Netherlands
Descriptive 13 problem Hospital Inpatients
Unstated (median
70)
54 1.8 228 Unstated Unstated (median
15)
Medical and medication record
Unstated
Modified CPACS [69]
Bell et al. [70] 2006 Australia
Case series post-test
35 problem Home Medicines Review
66 43 8 49 Unstated 9.1 Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
Modified DOCUMENT [2]
Kwint et al. [71] 2011 Netherlands
Randomised Controlled Trial
6 problem 19 sub- problem
Community Pharmacy
78.7 24 8.5 125 Unstated 10 Medical and medication record
Yes
Modified DOCUMENT [2]
Kwint et al. [72] 2012 The Netherlands
Case series post-test
7 problem 18 sub- problem
Home Medicines Review
Unstated (median
76)
36 10 155 4.2 9 Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Modified DOCUMENT [2]
Stafford et al. [73] 2009 Australia
Descriptive Retrospective
8 problem 25 sub- problem
Aged Care Facility
78.1 40 3.9 334 8.2 10.9 Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Modified DOCUMENT [2]
Stafford et al. [74] 2011 Australia
Descriptive Retrospective
8 problem 25 sub- problem
Home Medicines Review
Unstated Unstated 1.4 109 Unstated Unstated Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Modified DOCUMENT [2]
Tenni et al. [75] 2007 Australia
Descriptive Retrospective
8 problem 24 sub- problem
Aged Care Facility, Home Medicines Review
78.9 32 3.9, 4.9 234 8.25 10.7 Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Modified Grenada [27]
de Oliveira and Novaes [76] 2011 Brazil
Descriptive 5 problem Aged Care Facility
74.6 51.3 2.5 154 Unstated 4.5 Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Modified Grenada [27]
Gastelurrutia et al. [77] 2011 Spain
Case series post-test
16 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
74.5 66 1.5 97 Unstated 10.2 Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
Modified Grenada [27]
Gomez et al. [78] 2009 Spain
Case series post-test
6 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
71.1 33.9 0.6 422 Unstated 8.1 Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Modified Grenada Grenada [27]
Martinez-Lopez et al. [79] 2011 Spain
Case series post-test
6 problem Hospital Inpatients, Discharge
62 77 1.6 46 Unstated Unstated Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Modified Iaser method [80]
Lopez et al. [80] 2010 Spain
Case series post-test
7 problem 33 cause
Discharge 69.5 53 0.2 7711 Unstated Unstated Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Modified iMAP [81]
Roth et al. [82] 2013 USA
Case series post-test
6 problem 37 sub- problem
Medicine or outpatient clinic
75.4 58 4.2 64 8.5 13.9 Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Modified Krska [41]
Krska et al. [83] 2007
Descriptive 18 problem Community Pharmacy
Unstated (median
69)
29 10 169 Unstated (median
3)
Unstated (median
7)
Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Modified Krska and Westerlund [41] [4]
Andersson et al. [84] 2003 Sweden
Descriptive 16 problem Community Pharmacy
Unstated Unstated Unstated/unable to calculate
Unstated Unstated Unstated Interview Yes
Modified McGuire
Krska et al. [86] 2000
Case series post-test
16 problem Home Medicines
Unstated Unstated 7.7 332 Unstated 7.9 Medication and
Yes
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
[85] Scotland Review medical record and interview
Modified McGuire [85]
Krska et al.[87] 2001 Scotland UK
Randomised Controlled Trial
13 problem Home Medicines Review
74.8 43.5 7.4 168 3.9 7.3 Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Modified Norwegian [1]
Davidsson et al.[88] 2011 Norway
Case series post-test
9 problem Aged Care Facility
87 11 2.5 93 Unstated 7.5 Medication record
Unstated
Modified PCNE V4 [89]
Granas et al. [90] 2010 Norway
Case series post-test retrospective
15 problem Home Medicines Review, Community Pharmacy
62.4 48 1.2 73 Unstated 8.7 Medication record and Interview
Yes
Modified PCNE V5 [91]
Ahmad et.al.[92] 2012 The Netherlands
Randomised Controlled Trial
13 problem Discharge Unstated Unstated Unstated/unable to calculate
180 Unstated Unstated Medication record and Interview
Yes
Modified PCNE V5 [91]
Bladh et al. [93] 2011 Sweden
Concurrent control
12 problem Discharge Unstated (median
84)
40 1.6 87 Unstated Unstated (median
8)
Medical record
No
Modified PCNE V5 [91]
Brulhart and Wermeille [94] 2011 Switzerland
Case series post-test
12 problem Aged Care Facility
83 24 3.7 329 Unstated 12.8 Medication record
Unstated
Modified PCNE V5 [91]
Chan et al. [95] 2012 Taiwan
Descriptive 6 problem 22 sub- problem
Medicine or outpatient clinic
76.2 55 2.2 193 9 10.6 Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
Modified PCNE V5 [91]
Chan et al. [96] 2012 Taiwan
Case series post-test
6 problem 22 sub- problem
Medicine or outpatient clinic
75.6 56 2.1 193 9 9 Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Modified PCNE V5 [91]
Eichenberger et al. [97] 2010 Switzerland
Descriptive 21 problem 41 cause
Discharge, Community Pharmacy
55.9 43 0.7 616 Unstated 3.7 Medication record and Interview
Yes
Modified PCNE V5 [91]
Halvorsen[98] 2010 Norway
Case series post-test
14 problem Aged Care Facility
86.9 25.4 5.1 142 Unstated 11.5 Medical and medication record
Yes
Modified PCNE V5 [91]
Hooper et al. [99] 2009 Qatar
Case series post-test
3 problem 12 sub- problem
Medicine or outpatient clinic
33.6 80 Unstated/unable to calculate
594 Unstated Unstated Prescription
Yes
Modified PCNE V5 [91]
Huri and Wee [100] 2013 Malaysia
Descriptive Retrospective
6 problem 16 sub-problem 5 cause 19 sub-cause
Hospital Inpatients
62.3 51.5 1.9 200 4.6 6.9 Medical and medication record
Yes
Modified PCNE V5 [91]
Van Roozendaal et al.[101] 2009 Australia
Descriptive Retrospective
10 problem Community 61.4 50.7 4.6 148 Unstated Unstated Medical and medication record
Unstated
Modified PCNE V6 [3]
Hatah et al. [102] 2014 New Zealand
Case series post-test retrospective
13 sub- problem 34 cause
Community Pharmacy
Unstated (median
73)
43.6 2.5 353 Unstated (median
2)
Unstated (median
8)
Interview Unstated
Modified PI-Doc [103]
Eickhoff et al. [104] 2012 Germany
Case series post-test
11 problem Community Pharmacy
Unstated 34.1 0.2 11069 Unstated Unstated Interview No
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
Modified PI-Doc [103]
Hammerlein et al.[105] 2007 Germany
Case series post-test
4 problem 8 sub- problem 50 sub sub- problem
Community Pharmacy
54.4 38.5 Unstated/unable to calculate
Unstated Unstated Unstated Interview No
Modified PI-Doc [103]
Haugbolle et al.[106] 2006 Denmark
Descriptive 6 problem Home Medicines Review
Unstated Unstated 3.6 414 Unstated Unstated Interview Yes
Modified PI-Doc [103]
Lewinski et al. [107] 2010 Germany
Descriptive 22 problem Community Pharmacy
50.4 49.4 Unstated/unable to calculate
3040 Unstated Unstated Interview Yes
Modified PI-Doc [103]
Nicolas et al. [108] 2013 Germany
Descriptive 6 problem 45 sub- problem
Community Pharmacy
52.9 42.2 0.2 14231 Unstated Unstated Medication record and Interview
Yes
Modified PI-Doc [103]
Schroder et al. [109] 2011 Germany
Case series post-test
25 sub- problem
Community Pharmacy
71.9 52.2 2.9 113 Unstated 7.1 Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Modified SFPC [110]
Belaiche et al. [111] 2012 France
Case series post-test retrospective
8 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
64.9 50 6.3 42 Unstated 8.6 Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Modified SFPC [110]
Belaiche et al. [112] 2012 France
Descriptive 8 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
70 66 2 67 2.6 10 Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
Modified SFPC [110]
Stemer et al. [113] 2012 Austria
Case series post-test
17 problem Hospital Inpatients
Unstated Unstated 0.3 Unstated Unstated Unstated Medical and medication record
No
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Alagiriswami et al. [116] 2009 India
Case series post-test
9 problem Hospital Inpatients
49.8 57.8 1.4 189 Unstated Unstated Medication record
Unstated
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Alderman and Farmer [117] 2001 Australia
Case series post-test
7 problem Hospital Inpatients
73.7 78.9 1.7 39 Unstated Unstated Unstated Unstated
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Al-Hajje et al. [118] 2012 Lebanon
Case series post-test
10 problem Hospital Inpatients
Unstated 54 0.2 572 Unstated Unstated Medical and medication record
Yes
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Beaucage et al. [119] 2006 Canada
Randomised Controlled Trial
7 problem Community Pharmacy
47 45 0.7 255 2.1 3 Medication record and Interview
Unstated
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Bednall et al. [120] 2003 England
Descriptive Retrospective
8 problem Emergency department
38 Unstated 0.04 2636 Unstated Unstated Medical record
Unstated
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Bedouch et al.[121] 2008 France
Descriptive Retrospective
10 problem Hospital Inpatients
68.2 46.9 4.7 300 Unstated 8.4 Medical and medication record
Unstated
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Bedouch et al.[122] 2009 France
Case series post-test
10 problem Hospital Inpatients
72.6 43.1 1.7 1564 Unstated Unstated Medical and medication record
Yes
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Bedouch et al.[123] 2012 France
Descriptive 10 problem Hospital Inpatients
73.3 40.8 1.7 272 Unstated Unstated Medical and medication record
Yes
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Blakey and Hixson-Wallace [124] 2000 USA
Case series post-test
9 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
Unstated Unstated 2.1 106 Unstated 10.6 Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Blix et al. [125] 2004 Norway
Descriptive 13 problem Hospital Inpatients
71 41.4 2.1 827 Unstated 5 Medical and medication record
Unstated
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Blix et al. [126] 2008 Norway
Case series post-test
14 problem Hospital Inpatients
75 43 2.9 283 Unstated 9.2 Medical and medication record
Unstated
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Blix et al.[127] 2006 Norway
Descriptive 9 problem Hospital Inpatients
70.1 41 2.6 827 Unstated 9.3 Medical and medication record
Unstated
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Burkiewicz et al. [128] 2006 USA
Descriptive 8 problem Community 75.1 17.4 5.2 23 Unstated 7.7 Interview Yes
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Castelino et al. [129] 2011 India
Descriptive 13 problem Hospital Inpatients
Unstated 67.8 1.1 308 Unstated 6.1 Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Celin et al. [130] 2012 India
Descriptive 9 problem Hospital Inpatients
Unstated 63.4 0.7 108 Unstated Unstated Medical and medication record
Unstated
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Chisholm et al. [131] 2000 USA
Descriptive 7 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
Unstated Unstated 4.2 201 Unstated Unstated Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Doucette et al. [132] 2005 USA
Descriptive Retrospective
7 problem Community Pharmacy
54.4 26 5.9 150 6.1 9.3 Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Elliott and Woodward [133] 2011 Australia
Descriptive 9 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
82 26 2.5 46 5.4 9 Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Ellis et al. [134] 2000 USA
Case series post-test
11 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
66.8 96 5.8 523 Unstated Unstated Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Emmerton et al. [135] 2003 New Zealand
Case series post-test
5 problem 14 sub- problem
Community Pharmacy
Unstated Unstated 4.3 100 Unstated Unstated Medication record and Interview
Yes
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Ernst et al. [136] 2001 USA
Case series post-test
7 problem Community Pharmacy
59.2 31 2.4 388 Unstated Unstated Interview No
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Ernst et al.[137] 2003 USA
Descriptive 7 problem Community Pharmacy
59.2 29.9 2.4 388 Unstated Unstated Interview Unstated
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Grymonpre et al.[138] 2001 Canada
Randomised Controlled Trial
17 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
76.9 25 14.4 69 Unstated 13.1 Interview Yes
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Hohl et al.[139] 2010 Canada
Descriptive 9 problem Emergency department
48.8 47.3 Unstated/unable to calculate
116 Unstated (median
2)
Unstated Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Joseph et al. [140] 2010 India
Case series post-test
9 problem Hospital Inpatients
Unstated (median
67)
66 0.9 411 Unstated(median 3)
Unstated (median
9)
Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Kassam et al. [141] 2001 Canada
Descriptive 9 problem Community Pharmacy
74 36 3.9 145 10 12.1 Medication record and Interview
Yes
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Kaur et al. [142] 2012 Australia
Descriptive Retrospective
19 problem Aged Care Facility
82 30.8 2.7 296 Unstated 11.3 Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Khdour et al. [143] 2012 Palestine
Case series post-test
12 problem Hospital Inpatients
62.2 46.2 1.7 212 3.3 4.8 Medical and medication record
Yes
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Laaksonen et al. [144] 2010 UK
Descriptive 17 problem Community Pharmacy
Unstated Unstated 3.7 244 Unstated Unstated Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Lucca et al. [145] 2012 India
Case series post-test
10 problem Intensive Care
51.2 67.2 0.2 805 Unstated 10.2 Medical and medication record
No
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Manley et al. [146] 2003 USA
Descriptive Retrospective
9 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
60.5 58.6 3.6 133 6 11 Medical and medication record
Unstated
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Manley et al. [147] 2003 USA
Randomised Controlled Trial
9 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
62.6 45.5 5.4 66 6.4 12.5 Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Manley et al. [148] 2003 USA
Descriptive 5 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
62.6 42 Unstated/unable to calculate
63 6.5 12.6 Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
McDonough et al. [149] 2003 USA
Case series post-test
7 problem Community Pharmacy
55.3 39.7 4.4 116 3.2 4.5 Medication record and Interview
Yes
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Midlov et al. [150] 2002 Sweden
Case series post-test
13 problem Aged Care Facility
79.8 39 5.7 77 Unstated 12 Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Mirkov and Ball [151] 2003 New Zealand
Case series post-test
8 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
Unstated (median
61.5)
25 2.6 51 Unstated 10 Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Mirkov[152] 2009 New Zealand
Case series post-test
11 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
Unstated (median
65)
39 4.3 64 Unstated (median 9)
Unstated (median
13)
Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Mortimer et al. [153] 2011 Australia
Concurrent control
8 problem Emergency department
77 45 1.1 101 Unstated Unstated Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Osterhaus et al. [154] 2002 USA
Descriptive 7 problem Community Pharmacy
59.2 31 1 460 Unstated Unstated Medication record and Interview
Yes
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Pai et al. [155] 2009 USA
Randomised Controlled Trial
5 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
55.8 61 8.7 61 Unstated 10.4 Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Pai et al.[156] 2009 USA
Randomised Controlled Trial
10 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
56.3 61 9.3 57 Unstated 10 Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Parthasarathi et al.[157] 2003 India
Case series post-test
7 problem Hospital Inpatients
Unstated 60 0.2 1296 Unstated Unstated Medication and medical record and interview
No
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Patel et al.[158] 2005 USA
Descriptive 5 problem Aged Care Facility
57.5 34 3.2 119 Unstated 6.4 Medication record
Unstated
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Prot-Labarthe et al. [159] 2008 Canada
Case series post-test
7 problem Hospital Inpatients
Unstated (median
12.1)
58.6 18 29 Unstated Unstated Medical and medication record
Yes
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Repp et al. [160] 2012 USA
Descriptive 6 problem Hospital Inpatients
53.1 63.2 Unstated/unable to calculate
(admissions due to DRPs)
48 7.6 15.8 Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Schrecengost-Kibbey et al. [161] 2002 USA
Case series post-test
11 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic, Community
Unstated Unstated 3.5 55 Unstated Unstated Interview Unstated
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Sorensen et al. [162] 2004 Australia
Concurrent control
14 problem Home Medicines Review
72.3 36.9 5.5 176 Unstated 9.1 Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Stell et al. [163] 2008 Australia
Case series post-test
10 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic, Community
76 55 0.9 146 Unstated 10 Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Titley-Lake et al.[164] 2000 British Virgin Islands
Descriptive 9 problem Home Medicines Review
73 36 5.9 50 Unstated 12.5 Medication record and Interview
Yes
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Viktil et al. [165] 2004 Norway
Descriptive 13 problem Hospital Inpatients
67.9 41.4 2.1 827 Unstated 4.6 Medical and medication record
Unstated
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Viktil et al. [166] 2006 Norway
Descriptive 12 problem Hospital Inpatients
70.4 37 4.4 96 Unstated 4.7 Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Viktil et al. [167] 2006 Norway
Descriptive 13 problem Hospital Inpatients
71 41.2 Unstated/unable to calculate
827 Unstated 7.3 Medical and medication record
Unstated
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Wang et al. [168] 2008 Taiwan
Case series post-test
8 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
Unstated 45.9 1.5 37 Unstated Unstated Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Yeoh et al. [169] 2013 Singapore
Case series post-test
9 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
71.7 55.9 3 118 Unstated 6.4 Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Modified Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Zed et al.[170] 2008 Canada
Descriptive 6 problem Emergency department
49.3 47.9 Unstated/unable to calculate
1017 1.7 3.4 Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Modified Tomechko [171]
Becker et al. [172] 2004 USA
Case series post-test
7 problem 34 cause
Community Pharmacy
54.9 37.1 Unstated/unable to calculate
754 Unstated Unstated Medication and medical record and
Yes
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
interviewModified Van Den Bermt [173]
Bulsink et al. [174] 2013 The Netherlands
Descriptive 4 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
63.7 43.6 1.7 546 Unstated 8.5 Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Modified Westerlund [4]
Montgomery et al. [175] 2008 Sweden
Case series post-test retrospective
13 problem Community Pharmacy
71.1 37.6 0.5 3298 Unstated 11.8 Medication record and Interview
Yes
Norwegian [1]
Willoch et al. [176] 2012 Norway
Randomised Controlled Trial
6 problem 11 sub- problem
Hospital Inpatients, Discharge
73.5 Unstated 4.4 40 Unstated 8.3 Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
PCNE V5 [91]
Lampert et al. [177] 2008 Switzerland
Case series post-test
21 problem 34 cause
Hospital Inpatients
Unstated Unstated 0.2 1444 Unstated Unstated Medical and medication record
Yes
PCNE V5 [91]
Leikola et al. [178] 2012 Finland
Case series post-test retrospective
6 problem 21 sub- problem
Community Pharmacy
80 28.8 6.5 121 Unstated 17 (includes
“when required” and OTC)
Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
PCNE V5 [91]
Mannheimer et al.[179] 2006 Sweden
Randomised Controlled Trial
6 problem 21 sub problem 6 cause 33 sub cause
Hospital Inpatients
71 49 2 150 Unstated 7.4 Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
PCNE V5 [91]
Nickel et al. [180] 2013 Switzerland
Case series post-test
6 problem 21 sub problem 6 cause 34 sub cause
Emergency department
Unstated (median
81)
37.4 0.1 633 Unstated Unstated (median
5)
Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
PCNE V5 [91]
Rashed et al. [181] 2013 UK and Saudi Arabia
Descriptive 6 problem 21 sub- problem
Emergency department
Unstated (median
2.3)
58.1 0.3 253 Unstated Unstated Medical and medication record
Yes
PCNE V5 [91]
Rashed et.al.[182] 2012 UK and Saudi Arabia
Descriptive 6 problem 6 cause
Hospital Inpatients
Unstated (median
4)
58.1 1.5 Unstated Unstated Unstated Medical and medication record
Unstated
PCNE V5 [91]
Touchette et al. [183] 2012 USA
Randomised Controlled Trial
6 problem 21 sub problem 6 cause 34 sub cause
Medicine or outpatient clinic, Community
74.6 33 2.1, 2.4 637 5 8 Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
PCNE V6 [3]
Taegtmeyer et al. [184] 2011 Switzerland
Descriptive 11 problem 35 cause
Hospital Inpatients
Unstated (median
68.1)
68 0.3 502 Unstated Unstated Medical and medication record
Unstated
PCNE V6 [3]
Taegtmeyer et al. [185] 2012 Switzerland
Descriptive 11 problem 35 cause
Hospital Inpatients
Unstated (median
68.7)
Unstated 0.4 1263 Unstated Unstated Medical and medication record
Unstated
Self developed
Abdelhalim et al. [186] 2011 USA
Descriptive 8 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
Unstated Unstated 1 32 Unstated Unstated Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Self developed
Al-Jazairi et al. [187] 2008 Saudi Arabia
Case series post-test
8 problem Intensive Care
Unstated 44.8 0.7 600 Unstated Unstated Unstated Unstated
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
Self developed
Andreazza et al. [188] 2011 Brazil
Descriptive 3 problem 18 cause
Emergency department
49.3 34.3 1.2 335 Unstated Unstated Medical record and interview
Yes
Self developed
Austwick et al. [189] 2002 England
Case series post-test
13 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
Unstated Unstated 2.3 52 Unstated 7.8 Medication record and Interview
Unstated
Self developed
Bergqvist et al. [190] 2006 Sweden
Descriptive 5 problem Hospital Inpatients
78 44 0.7 80 Unstated 8 Medication record and Interview
Yes
Self developed
Bergqvist et al. [191] 2009 Sweden
Historical control
5 problem Hospital Inpatients
80.3 44 0.5 177 Unstated 6.9 Medical and medication record
Yes
Self developed
Bosse et al. [192] 2012 USA
Case series post-test
7 problem Community Pharmacy
Unstated 36.5 0.3 207 Unstated Unstated Interview Unstated
Self developed
Bourne and Dorward [193] 2011 UK
Case series post-test
10 problem Intensive Care
Unstated Unstated 4.5 55 Unstated Unstated Unstated Unstated
Self developed
Bremberg et al. [194] 2006 Sweden
Case series post-test
10 problem Hospital Inpatients
Unstated (median
63)
39 2.4 310 Unstated Unstated Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Self developed
Christensen et al. [195] 2007 USA
Case series pretrest/posttest
5 problem 12 sub- problem
Medicine or outpatient clinic, Community Pharmacy
67.1 37.6 Unstated/unable to calculate
80 Unstated Unstated Medication record and Interview
Yes
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
Self developed
Claydon-Platt et al. [196] 2012 Australia
Descriptive Retrospective
3 problem Hospital Inpatients
68.5 55.7 0.07 525 Unstated Unstated Medical and medication record
Unstated
Self developed
Delate et al. [197] 2008 USA
Concurrent control
5 problem Discharge 77.7 30.1 Unstated/unable to calculate
113 Unstated Unstated Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Self developed
Dhabali et al. [198] 2012 Malaysia
Descriptive Retrospective
5 problem Community Pharmacy
Unstated 48.4 1.3 432 Unstated Unstated Medical and medication record
Unstated
Self developed
Eichenberger et al. [199] 2011 Switzerland
Descriptive 34 problem Home Medicines Review
66 59.2 7.4 76 4.5 13 Medication record and Interview
Unstated
Self developed
Elliott et al.[200] 2012 Australia
Concurrent control
9 problem Home Medicines Review
Unstated (median
84.2)
36 3 80 Unstated (median
5.5)
Unstated (median
9.5)
Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Self developed
Farrell et al. [201] 2011 Canada
Descriptive 8 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
81 23 8.9 51 Unstated 15 Unstated Unstated
Self developed
Farris et al. [202] 2004 USA
Descriptive Retrospective
12 problem Community Pharmacy
75.9 30 1.8 1167 3.1 4.8 Interview No
Self developed
Fejzic and Tett [203] 2004 Australia
Descriptive 10 problem Home Medicines Review
51.5 32 4.3 25 4.8 4 Interview Unstated
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
Self developed
Foisy and Akai [204] 2004 Canada
Case series post-test
6 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
Unstated 66.6 2.6 57 Unstated Unstated Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Self developed
Furniss et al.[205] 2000 England
Randomised Controlled Trial
11 problem Aged Care Facility
83.5 21 1.7 330 Unstated Unstated Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Self developed
Ganachari et al. [206] 2010 India
Case series post-test
27 sub- problem
Hospital Inpatients
Unstated 58 0.4 105 Unstated Unstated Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Self developed
Gordon et al. [207] 2005 UK
Descriptive 9 problem Community Pharmacy, Medicine or outpatient clinic
Unstated (median
68)
45.2 Unstated/unable to calculate
221 Unstated Unstated Interview Unstated
Self developed
Haley et al. [208] 2009 Canada
Descriptive Retrospective
11 problem Hospital Inpatients
68.5 42.5 1.9 146 Unstated 6.2 Medication record
No
Self developed
Hata et al. [209] 2012 USA
Case series post-test
9 problem Community Pharmacy
Unstated Unstated 1.4 509 Unstated Unstated Interview Yes
Self developed
Herborg et al. [210] 2001 Denmark
Concurrent control
11 problem Community Pharmacy
38.8 42.4 Unstated/unable to calculate
264 Unstated Unstated Medication record and Interview
Yes
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
Self developed
Hugtenburg et al. [211] 2004 The Netherlands
Descriptive 3 problem Community Pharmacy
56.4 38 0.2 700 Unstated Unstated Interview Unstated
Self developed
Imberg et al. [212] 2012 USA
Historical control retrospective
9 problem Discharge 50.9 Unstated 3.1 313 7 13.4 Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Self developed
Kimland et al. [213] 2007 Sweden
Descriptive Retrospective
5 problem Drug information centre
Unstated Unstated Unstated/unable to calculate
Unstated Unstated Unstated Unstated Unstated
Self developed
Koh et al. [214] 2003 Singapore
Descriptive Retrospective
6 problem Hospital Inpatients
66 57 0.1 347 Unstated 7.4 Medical and medication record
Unstated
Self developed
Koh et al. [215] 2005 Singapore
Descriptive Retrospective
8 problem Hospital Inpatients
65.9 58.8 1.7 347 Unstated 7.4 Medical and medication record
Unstated
Self developed
Krahenbuhl et al. [216] 2008 Switzerland
Descriptive 17 problem Community Pharmacy
Unstated Unstated Unstated/unable to calculate
Unstated Unstated Unstated Prescription
No
Self developed
Krahenbuhl et al. [217] 2008 Switzerland
Case series post-test
9 problem Community Pharmacy
64 38 2.6 125 Unstated 7.6 Medication record
Yes
Self developed
Krass and Smith [218] 2000 Australia
Case series post-test
15 problem Home Medicines Review
71 43 9 275 4.7 7.7 Medical and medication record
Yes
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
Self developed
Krska et al. [219] 2005 Scotland
Descriptive 13-15 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
Unstated Unstated 0.3 134 Unstated Unstated Medical and medication record
Yes
Self developed
LaFleur et al. [220] 2006 USA
Descriptive 11 problem Aged Care Facility
53.5 22.6 Unstated/unable to calculate
3706 Unstated Unstated Medical and medication record
Yes
Self developed
Lam [221] 2011 USA
Case series post-test
9 problem Community Pharmacy
50.8 34.9 3.6 43 Unstated Unstated Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Self developed
Langebrake and Hilgarth [222] 2010 Germany
Case series post-test
10 problem Hospital Inpatients
Unstated Unstated Unstated/unable to calculate
Unstated Unstated Unstated Medical and medication record
Yes
Self developed
Lee and McPherson [223] 2006 USA
Case series post-test
11 problem Hospital Inpatients
Unstated Unstated Unstated/unable to calculate
87 Unstated Unstated Medical and medication record
Yes
Self developed
Leonor and Ernesto [224] 2012 Cuba
Case series post-test
4 problem Hospital Inpatients
Unstated Unstated 1.3 34 Unstated Unstated Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
Self developed
Lindell-Osuagwu et al. [225] 2013 Finland
Descriptive Retrospective
5 problem Community Unstated 52 0.3 3964 Unstated Unstated Unstated Not applicable
Self developed
Maxwell et al. [226] 2013 New Zealand
Descriptive 10 problem 22 sub- problem
Community Pharmacy
Unstated Unstated 0.4 401 Unstated Unstated Interview Unstated
Self developed
McGivney et al. [227] 2011 USA
Case series post-test
7 problem Community Unstated Unstated 1.2 Unstated Unstated Unstated Interview Yes
Self developed
McKinnon and Jorgenson [228] 2009 Canada
Concurrent control
8 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
58.4 29.9 0.3 87 Unstated 7.9 Medical record
Unstated
Self developed
Moczygemba et al. [229] 2011 USA
Descriptive Retrospective
8 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
Unstated Unstated 2 249 Unstated Unstated Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Self developed
Moczygemba et al. [230] 2011 USA
Case series post-test
7 problem Community 71.2 51.7 4.8 60 6.5 13 Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Self developed
Moczygemba et al. [231] 2012 USA
Historical control
11 problem Community 71.2 51 6 60 6.5 13 Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
Self developed
Mok and Minson[232] 2008 USA
Descriptive Retrospective
8 problem Hospital Inpatients
44.7 70 Unstated/unable to calculate
83 Unstated Unstated Medical and medication record
Unstated
Self developed
Nurgat et al. [233] 2011 Saudi Arabia
Case series post-test
8 problem Hospital Inpatients
Unstated Unstated Unstated/unable to calculate
Unstated Unstated Unstated Medical and medication record
Unstated
Self developed
Ou et al. [234] 2002 Taiwan
Case series post-test retrospective
13 problem Hospital Inpatients
Unstated Unstated Unstated/unable to calculate
Unstated Unstated Unstated Medical and medication record
Unstated
Self developed
Puts et al. [235] 2009 Canada
Descriptive 7 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
74.2 30.4 2.2 112 Unstated (median
5)
5 Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Self developed
Puts et al. [236] 2010 Canada
Descriptive 8 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
74.2 30.4 2.2 112 Unstated (median
5)
5 Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Self developed
Ramanath and Nedumballi [237] 2012 India
Case series post-test
10 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic, Hospital Inpatients
Unstated 65.6 0.8 163 Unstated Unstated Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Self developed
Randall and Bruno [238] 2006 USA
Descriptive 7 problem Community Unstated Unstated 1.2 982 Unstated Unstated Medical and medication record
Unstated
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
Self developed
Rogers et al. [239] 2003 Canada
Descriptive Retrospective
8 problem Discharge 61 30 1 20 Unstated 4.2 Medical and medication record
Unstated
Self developed
Rossing et al. [240] 2003 Denmark
Descriptive 10 problem Community Pharmacy
Unstated (pharmac
ist survey)
18.8 Unstated/unable to calculate
Unstated (pharmacist survey)
Unstated (pharmacist survey)
Unstated (pharmacist survey)
Unstated Not applicable
Self developed
Roth et al. [241] 2009 USA
Descriptive 7 problem Community 75.5 76.9 5.6 200 7.9 10.6 Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Self developed
Roth et al. [242] 2011 USA
Descriptive 7 problem Community 75.5 76.9 5.6 200 7.9 10.6 Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Self developed
Saastamoinen et al. [243] 2009 Finland
Randomised Controlled Trial
10 problem Community Pharmacy
65.5 24 0.2 125 Unstated Unstated Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Self developed
Satish Kumar et al. [244] 2013 India
Case series post-test
14 problem Hospital Inpatients
Unstated 61.3 0.3 240 Unstated Unstated Medical and medication record
Unstated
Self developed
Schnipper et al. [245] 2006 USA
Randomised Controlled Trial
14 problem Hospital Inpatients
60.7 33 1.3 79 Unstated Unstated (median
8)
Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
Self developed
Setter et al [246] 2000 USA
Descriptive 7 problem Community 76 41 Unstated/unable to calculate
105 Unstated Unstated Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Self developed
Shimp et al. [247] 2012 USA
Randomised Controlled Trial
12 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
70 45 3.3 128 3 9.2 Medical record and interview
Yes
Self developed
Soendergaard et al. [248] 2006 Denmark
Case series post-test
8 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
68.5 32.8 2.6 40 Unstated 10.2 Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Self developed
Somers et al. [249] 2010 Belgium
Descriptive 2 problem 7 cause
Hospital Inpatients
82.7 37.2 0.2 110 Unstated 5.9 Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Self developed
Somers et al. [250] 2013 Belgium
Case series post-test
10 problem Hospital Inpatients
81.4 52 3 100 Unstated 11.4 Medical and medication record
Yes
Self developed
Spinewine et al.[251] 2006 Belgium
Case series post-test
17 problem Hospital Inpatients
82.2 27 8.9 4101 Unstated 7.8 Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Self developed
Sturgess et al.[252] 2003 Ireland
Concurrent control
8 problem Community Pharmacy
73.1 36.4 1.9 191 Unstated 5.9 Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
Self developed
Syfrett [253] 2001 USA
Descriptive 14 problem Community 74.8 39 Unstated/unable to calculate
Unstated Unstated Unstated Medication record and Interview
Unstated
Self developed
Ulfvarson et al. [254] 2010 Sweden
Case series post-test
12 problem Aged Care Facility, Home Medicines Review
86 30 1.5 233 Unstated 10.9 Medical and medication record
Yes
Self developed
Van Mil et al. [255] 2001 The Netherlands
Descriptive 10 problem Community Pharmacy
53.7 60 Unstated/unable to calculate
Unstated Unstated Unstated Medication record
Unstated
Self developed
Vercaigne et al. [256] 2000 Canada
Case series post-test
19 problem Community Pharmacy
76 37 5.1 163 7.2 8.2 Medication record and Interview
Yes
Self developed
Vink et al. [257] 2011 USA
Descriptive 6 problem Home Medicines Review
Unstated (median
72)
20 0.6 380 Unstated Unstated Medical and medication record
Unstated
Self developed
Vinks et al. [258] 2009 Netherlands
Descriptive 3 problem 10 sub- problem
Community Pharmacy
76.6 25.3 4.1 87 Unstated 8.8 Medication record
Yes
Self developed
Vinks et al.[259] 2006 Netherlands
Randomised Controlled Trial
3 problem 10 sub- problem
Community Pharmacy
77 27.5 3.9 196 Unstated 8.7 Medical and medication record
Yes
Self developed
Welch et al. [260] 2009 USA
Case series post-test
10 problem Home Medicines Review
68.8 43.4 Unstated/unable to calculate
459 Unstated Unstated Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
Self developed
Westerlund et al.[261] 2001 Sweden
Case series post-test
14 problem Community Pharmacy
Unstated 32.3 1 Unstated Unstated Unstated Interview Yes
Self developed
Witry et al. [262] 2011 USA
Case series post-test
7 problem Community Pharmacy
58.9 31.9 2.6 91 Unstated 4.8 Medication record and Interview
No
Self developed
Yussuf and Tayo [263] 2011 Nigeria
Descriptive 11 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
51.8 50.3 1.4 324 Unstated Unstated (median
4)
Medication record
Unstated
Self developed
Zaidi et al. [264] 2003 Malaysia
Case series post-test
7 problem Intensive Care
Unstated Unstated 2.4 24 Unstated Unstated Medical and medication record
Unstated
Self developed
Zargarzadeh et al.[265] 2007 Iran
Descriptive 7 problem Hospital Inpatients
55.4 55 0.1 1000 Unstated Unstated Medical and medication record
Unstated
SFPC [110] Charpiat et al. [266] 2012 France
Descriptive 10 problem Hospital Inpatients
Unstated Unstated Unstated/unable to calculate
Unstated Unstated Unstated Medication record
Unstated
SFPC [110] Prot-Labarthe et al. [267] 2013 France, Canada, Switzerland, Belgium
Case series post-test
10 problem Intensive Care
Unstated (median
1.7)
53 3.7 270 Unstated Unstated Medical and medication record
Yes
Spanish [268]
Arias and Santamaria-Lopez [269] 2008 Spain
Descriptive 14 problem Community Pharmacy
Unstated 29 4.2 36 Unstated Unstated Medication record and Interview
Unstated
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Agness et al. [270] 2011 USA
Descriptive 8 problem Community 80.5 28 1 53 5.5 10.4 Interview Yes
Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Al-Arifi et al. [271] 2013 Saudi Arabia
Descriptive 8 problem Emergency department
Unstated (median
51)
53.3 0.3 300 Unstated 6.2 Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Al-Olah and Al Thiab [272] 2008 Saudi Arabia
Descriptive 8 problem Emergency department
Unstated 57.3 0.2 557 Unstated Unstated Unstated Yes
Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Easton et al.[273] 2004 Australia
Descriptive 8 problem Hospital Inpatients
Unstated Unstated Unstated/unable to calculate
2933 Unstated 2 Medical and medication record
Unstated
Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Easton-Carter et al.[274] 2003 Australia
Descriptive 8 problem Emergency department
4.1 47.9 Unstated/unable to calculate
8601 Unstated 1.7 Medical and medication record
Unstated
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
MacKinnon et al. [275] 2007 Canada
Descriptive Retrospective
8 problem Community Unstated 30.3 1.9 99 Unstated Unstated Interview Unstated
Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Nickerson et al.[276] 2005 Canada
Randomised Controlled Trial
8 problem Discharge 67.3 31 3.6 134 3.5 6.94 Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Ong et al.[277] 2006 Canada
Descriptive 8 problem Hospital Inpatients
Unstated 66 4.2 47 Unstated Unstated Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Raybardhan et al. [278] 2005 Canada
Descriptive 8 problem Hospital Inpatients
Unstated Unstated Unstated/unable to calculate
Unstated Unstated Unstated Medical and medication record
Yes
Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Rogers et al. [279] 2009 UK
Descriptive 8 problem Hospital Inpatients
79.9 31.1 Unstated/unable to calculate
409 3.2 5 Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Sellors et al.[280] 2003 Canada
Randomised Controlled Trial
8 problem Medicine or outpatient clinic
74.6 35.4 2.5 431 Unstated Unstated Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Strand/Hepler and Strand [114] [115]
Singh et al. [281] 2011 India
Descriptive 8 problem Hospital Inpatients
49.8 60 Unstated/unable to calculate
3560 Unstated 7.4 Medication and medical record and interview
Unstated
Westerlund [4]
Ax et al. [282] 2010 Sweden
Case series post-test
13 problem Community Pharmacy
Unstated Unstated Unstated/unable to calculate
Unstated Unstated Unstated Medication record and Interview
Yes
Westerlund [4]
Ellitt et al. [283] 2010 Australia
Descriptive Retrospective
13 problem Discharge 66 52.6 5.6 71 4.7 10.8 Medication and medical record and interview
Yes
Westerlund [4]
Paulino et.al.[284] 2004 Europe
Case series post-test
14 problem Community Pharmacy
59.1 56.8 1 435 Unstated 4.8 Interview No
Westerlund [4]
Westerlund et al. [285] 2008 Sweden
Descriptive 13 problem Community 17 43.7 Unstated/unable to calculate
Unstated Unstated Unstated Prescription
Not applicable
Westerlund [4]
Westerlund et al. [286] 2009 Sweden
Descriptive Retrospective
13 problem Community Pharmacy
Unstated 36 Unstated/unable to calculate
89 Unstated Unstated Interview Unstated
Westerlund Westerlund et Descriptive 12 problem Community Unstated Unstated Unstated/ Unstated Unstated Unstated Medicatio Unstated
Type of classification system used
Study Type of study Number of categories reported as problem and/or cause categories and sub-categories
Healthcare setting 1
Mean Age of intervention patients (years)
Gender (male) percent
Mean number of DRPs reported per patient (actual and/or potential)
Number of intervention patients per study
Mean number of medical conditions per patient
Mean number of medications per patient
Method of data collection to identify categories reported as causes or problems 2
Trained or training provided in detection of categories
[4] al. [287] 2013 Sweden
Retrospective Pharmacy unable to calculate
n record and Interview
1 Healthcare settings - medical or outpatient clinics, hospital inpatients, community settings (such as retirement communities, senior citizen centres and assisted living communities), patients at the time of discharge from hospital, community pharmacy patients, patients attending hospital emergency departments or intensive care units, aged care facility patients, patients receiving Home Medicine Reviews, and drug information centres2 Sources of data used to identify DRPs and their causes - prescriptions and/or medical records [consisting of diagnoses, progress notes and pathology results, with or without drug lists] and/or drug records [drug charts or pharmacy records] and/or patient/carer interview
References (which include Tables 1 and 2 from the Review)
1 Ruths S, Viktil KK, Blix HS (2007) Classification of drug-related problems. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 127: 3073-3076
2 Williams M, Peterson GM, Tenni PC, Bindoff IK, Curtain C, Hughes J, Bereznicki LRE, Jackson SL, Kong DCM, Hughes JD (2011) Drug-related problems detected in Australian Community Pharmacies: The PROMISe trial. Ann Pharmacother 45: 1067-1076
3 Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe Foundation (2010) Classification for drug related problems V6.2 http://www.pcne.org/sig/drp/documents/PCNE%20classification%20V6-2.pdf. Accessed 10 Jan 2014.
4 Westerlund T, Almarsdottir AB, Melander A (1999) Drug-related problems and pharmacy interventions in community pharmacy. Int J Pharm Pract 7: 40-50
5 Hohmann C, Eickhoff C, Klotz JM, Schulz M, Radziwill R (2012) Development of a classification system for drug-related problems in the hospital setting (APS-Doc) and assessment of the inter-rater reliability. J Clin Pharm Ther 37: 276-281
6 Hohmann C, Neumann-Haefelin T, Klotz JM, Freidank A, Radziwill R (2012) Drug-related problems in patients with ischemic stroke in hospital. Int J Clin Pharm 34: 828-831
7 Cipolle RJ, Strand LM, Morley PC (1998) Pharmaceutical Care Practice. New York. McGraw-Hill. 8 de Oliveira DR, Brummel AR, Miller DB (2010) Medication therapy management: 10 years of
experience in a large integrated health care system J Manag Care Pharm 16: 185-1959 de Sa Borges AP, Guidoni CM, Ferreira LD, de Freitas O, Pereira LRL (2010) The pharmaceutical
care of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pharm World Sci 32: 730-73610 Gillespie U, Alassaad A, Henrohn D, Garmo H, Hammarlund-Udenaes M, Toss H, Kettis-Lindblad
A, Melhus H, Morlin C (2009) A comprehensive pharmacist intervention to reduce morbidity in patients 80 years or older. Arch Intern Med 169: 894-900
11 Hall DL, Pater KS (2011) Implementation of a medication therapy management program in a hospital-based outpatient pharmacy. Hosp Pharm 46: 512-518
12 Harris IM, Westberg SM, Frakes MJ, Van Vooren JS (2009) Outcomes of medication therapy review in a family medicine clinic. J Am Pharm Assoc 49: 623-627
13 Harrison JJ, Wang J, Cervenko J, Jackson L, Munyal D, Hamamdi B, Chernenko S, Dorosz J, Chaparro C, Singer LG (2012) Pilot study of a pharmaceutical care intervention in an outpatient lung transplant clinic Clin Transplant 26: E149-E157
14 Isetts BJ, Brown LM, Schondelmeyer SW, Lenarz LA (2003) Quality assessment of a collaborative approach for decreasing drug-related morbidity and achieving therapeutic goals. Arch Intern Med 163: 1813-1820
15 Isetts BJ, Schondelmeyer SW, Artz MB, Lenarz LA, Heaton AH, Wadd WB, Brown LM, Cipolle RJ (2008) Clinical and economic outcomes of medication therapy management services: the Minnesota experience. J Am Pharm Assoc 48: 203-211
16 Isetts BJ, Brummel AR, Ramalho de Oliveira D, Moen DW (2012) Managing drug-related morbidity and mortality in the patient-centered medical home. Med Care 50: 997-1001
17 Mekonnen AB, Yesuf EA, Odegard PS, Wega SS (2013) Implementing ward based clinical pharmay services in an Ethiopian University Hospital. Pharmacy Practice 11: 51-57
18 Milos V, Rekman E, Bondesson A, Eriksson T, Jakobsson U, Westerlund T, Midlov P (2013) Improving the quality of pharmacotherapy in elderly primary care patients through medication reviews: A randomised controlled trial. Drugs Aging 30: 235-246
19 Nicholas A, Divine H, Nowak-Rapp M, Roberts KB (2007) University and college of pharmacy collaboration to control health plan prescription drug costs. J Am Pharm Assoc 47: 86-92
20 Ross LA, Bloodworth LS (2012) Patient-centered health care using pharmacist-delivered medication therapy management in rural Mississippi. J Am Pharm Assoc 52: 802-809
21 Strand LM, Cipolle RJ, Morley PC, Frakes MJ (2004) The impact of pharmaceutical care practice on the practitioner and the patient in the ambulatory practice setting: twenty-five years of experience. Curr Pharm Des 10: 3987-4001
22 Stratton TP, Cernohous T, Hager K, Bumgardner M, Traynor A, Worley MM, Isetts BJ, Larson T, Seifert R (2012) College of pharmacy-based medication therapy management program for a university system. J Am Pharm Assoc 52: 653-660
23 Wermeille J, Bennie M, Brown I, McKnight J (2004) Pharmaceutical care model for patients with type 2 diabetes: integration of the community pharmacist into the diabetes team - a pilot study. Pharm World Sci 26: 18-25
24 Westberg SM, Sorensen TD (2005) Pharmacy-related health disparities experienced by non-English-speaking patients: Impact of pharmaceutical care J Am Pharm Assoc 45: 48-54
25 Hussainy SY, Box M, Scholes S (2011) Piloting the role of a pharmacist in a community palliative care multidisciplinary team: an Australian experience BMC Palliative Care
10: 1-1226 Williams M, Peterson GM, Tenni PC, Bindoff IK, Stafford AC (2012) DOCUMENT: a system for
classifying drug-related problems in community pharmacy. Int J Clin Pharm 34: 43-5227 Comite de Consenso (2002) Second consensus of Granada on drug therapy problems. Ars
Pharmaceutica 2002; 43: 179-187 www.ugr.es/~ars/abstract/43-179-02.pdf. Accessed 5 Mar 2014. 28 Armando PD, Semeria N, Itenllado M, Sola N (2001) Dader program in Argentina: Results of the
first trimester activities. Pharm Care Esp 3: 196-20329 Baena MI, Faus MJ, Fajardo PC, Luque FM, Sierra F, Martinez-Olmos J, Cabrera A, Fernandez-
Llimos F, Martinez-Martinez F, Jimenez J, Zarzuelo A (2006) Medicine-related problems resulting in emergency department visits. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 62: 387-393
30 Barbero Gonzalez JA (2001) Detection of drug-related problems in the community pharmacy: registered users versus non-registered users. Pharm Care Esp 3: 204-215
31 Barris D, Faus MJ (2003) An initiation in Dader methodology in the pharmacotherapeutic monitoring in a community pharmacy. Ars Pharm 44: 225-237
32 Castro I, Guardiola JM, Tuneu L, Sala ML, Faus MJ, Mangues MA (2013) Drug-related visits to the emergency department in a Spanish university hospital. Int J Clin Pharm 35: 727-735
33 Costa S, Santos C, Madeira A, Santos MR, Santos R (2004) Using two different classifications of drug related problems in community pharmacies - the Portugese experience Seguim Farmacoter 2: 267-285
34 de Almeida Nascimento Y, da Silva Carvalho W, de Assis Acurcio F (2011) Evaluation of a pharmaceutical care service in Belo Horizonte (Brazil) focusing on the process and clinical results. Lat Am J Pharm 30: 1109-1116
35 de Almeida Nascimento Y, da Silva Carvalho W, de Assis Acurcio F (2009) Drug-related problems observed in a pharmaceutical care service, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Braz J Pharm Sci 45: 321-330
36 Escutia Gutierrez R, Cortez Alvarez CR, Alvarez Alvarez RM, Flores Hernandez JLV, Gutierrez Godinez J, Lopez Y Lopez JG (2007) Pharmaceutical services in a Mexican pain relief and palliative care institute Pharmacy Practice 5: 174-178
37 Fornos JA, Andres NF, Andres JC, Guerra MM, Egea B (2006) A pharmacotherapy follow-up program in patients with type-2 diabetes in community pharmacies in Spain. Pharm World Sci 28: 65-72
38 Garcao JA, Cabrita J (2002) Evaluation of a pharmaceutical care program for hypertensive patients in rural Portugal. J Am Pharm Assoc 42: 858-864
39 Garcia Cuadevilla M, Garcia Jimenez E, Tena M, Urbon A (2002) Drug therapy follow up in pharmacies, by the Aragon officials pharmacists association (1). The implementation of the Dader method. Pharm Care Esp 4: 231-241
40 Niquille A, Bugnon O (2010) Relationship between drug-related problems and health outcomes: a cross-sectional study among cardiovascular patients. Pharm World Sci 32: 512-519
41 Krska J, Jamieson D, Arris F, McGuire AJ, Abbott S, Hansford D, Cromarty JA (2002) A classification system for issues identified in pharmaceutical care practice. Int J Pharm Pract 10: 91-100
42 AbuRuz SM, Bulatova NR, Yousef AM (2006) Validation of a comprehensive classification tool for treatment-related problems. Pharm World Sci 28: 222-232
43 AbuRuz SM, Bulatova NR, Yousef AM, Al-Ghazawi AM, Alawwa IA, Al-Saleh A (2011) Comprehensive assessent of treatment related problems in hospitalized medicine patients in Jordan. Int J Clin Pharm 33: 501-511
44 Basheti IA, Qunaibi EA, Bulatova NR, Samara S, AbuRuz S (2013) Treatment related problems for outpatients with chronic diseases in Jordan: the value of home medication reviews. Int J Clin Pharm 35: 92-100
45 Chen TF, Hurst R (2000) A comparative study of two collaborative models for the provision of domiciliary medication review. St George medico/pharmacy project. In: ed. The University of Sydney, pp7-129.
46 Freeman CR, Cottrell WN, Kyle G, Williams ID, Nissen L (2013) An evaluation of medication review reports across different settings. Int J Clin Pharm 35: 5-13
47 Barnett MJ, Frank J, Wehring H, Newland B, VonMuenster S, Kumbera P, Halterman T, Perry PJ (2009) Analysis of pharmacist-provided medication therapy management (MTM) services in community pharmacies over 7 years. J Manag Care Pharm 15: 18-31
48 Bondesson A, Holmdahl L, Midlov P, Hoglund P, Andersson E, Eriksson T (2012) Acceptance and importance of clinical pharmacists' LIMM-based recommendations. Int J Clin Pharm 34: 272-276
49 Bondesson A, Eriksson T, Kragh A, Holmdahl L, Midlov P, Hoglund P (2013) In-hospital medication reviews reduce unidentified drug-related problems. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 69: 647-655
50 Castelino RL, Bajorek BV, Chen TF (2011) Are interventions recommended by pharmacists during Home Medicines Review evidence-based? J Eval Clin Pract 17: 104-110
51 Christensen AB, Holmbjer L, Midlov P, Hoglund P, Larsson L, Bondesson A, Eriksson T (2011) The process of identifying, solving and preventing drug related problems in the LIMM-study. Int J Clin Pharm 33: 1010-1018
52 Finkers F, Maring JG, Boersma F, Taxis K (2007) A study of medication reviews to identify drug-related problems of polypharmacy patients in the Dutch nursing home setting. J Clin Pharm Ther 32: 469-476
53 Gilbert AL, Roughead EE, Beilby J, Mott K, Barratt JD (2002) Collaborative medication management services: improving patient care. Med J Aust 177: 189-192
54 Gisev N, Bell JS, O'Reilly CL, Rosen A, Chen TF (2010) An expert panel assessment of comprehensive medication reviews for clients of community mental health teams. Soc Psychiat Epidemiol 45: 1071-1079
55 Leendertse AJ, de Koning FHP, Goudswaard AN, Belitser SV, Verhoef M, de Gier HJ, Egberts ACG, van den Bemt PMLA (2013) Preventing hospital admissions by reviewing medication (PHARM) in primary care: an open controlled study in an elderly population. J Clin Pharm Ther 38: 379-387
56 Naunton M, Peterson GM (2003) Evaluation of home-based follow-up of high-risk elderly patients discharged from hospital. J Pharm Pract Res 33: 176-182
57 Nishtala PS, McLachlan AJ, Bell JS, Chen TF (2011) A retrospective study of drug-related problems in Australian aged care homes: medication reviews involving pharmacists and general practitioners J Eval Clin Pract 17: 97-103
58 Rao D, Gilbert AL, Strand LM, Cipolle RJ (2007) Drug therapy problems found in ambulatory patient populations in Minnesota and South Australia. Pharmacy World & Science 29: 647-654
59 Roughead EE, Barratt JD, Gilbert AL (2004) Medication-related problems commonly occurring in an Australian community setting. Pharmacoepidemiology & Drug Safety 13: 83-87
60 Ruths S, Straand J, Nygaard HA (2003) Multidisciplinary medication review in nursing home residents: what are the most significant drug-related problems? The Bergen district nursing home (BEDNURS) study. Qual Saf Health Care 12: 176-180
61 Samoy LJ, Zed PJ, Wilbur K, Balen RM, Abu-Laban RB, Roberts M (2006) Drug-related hospitalizations in a tertiary care internal medicine service of a Canadian hospital: A prospective study. Pharmacotherapy 26: 1578-1586
62 Scott DM, Dewey MW, Johnson TA, Kessler ML, Friesner DL (2010) Preliminary evaluation of medication therapy management services in assisted living facilities in rural Minnesota. Consult Pharm 25: 305-319
63 Smith M, Giuliano MR, Starkowski MP (2011) In Connecticut: Improving patient medication management in primary care. Health Affairs 30: 646-654
64 Stuijt CCM, Franssen EJF, Egberts ACG, Hudson SA (2008) Appropriateness of prescribing among elderly patients in a Dutch residential home. Drugs Aging 25: 947-954
65 Triller DM, Clause SL, Briceland LL, Hamilton RA (2003) Resolution of drug-related problems in home care patients through a pharmacy referral service. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 60: 905-910
66 Villa LA, Von Chrismar AM, Oyarzun C, Eujenin P, Fernandez ME, Quezada M (2009) Pharmaceutical care program for dyslipidemic patients at three primary health care centers: Impacts and outcomes. Lat Am J Pharm 28: 415-420
67 Young SW, Bishop LD, Conway A (2012) Interventions performed by community pharmacists in one Canadian province: a cross-sectional study. Ther Clin Risk Manag 8: 415-421
68 Zaal RJ, Jansen MMPM, Duisenberg-van Essenberg M, Tijssen CC, Roukema JA, Van Den Bemt PMLA (2013) Identification of drug-related problems by a clinical pharmacist in addition to computerised alerts. Int J Clin Pharm 35: 753-762
69 Jones M, Whitehead P (2004) Classifying the process of medication management review. Pharm Educ 4: 213
70 Bell JS, Whitehead P, Aslani P, McLachlan AJ, Chen TF (2006) Drug-related problems in the community setting: pharmacists findings and recommendations for people with mental illnesses. Clin Drug Invest 26 (7): 415-425
71 Kwint H-F, Faber A, Gussekloo J, Bouvy ML (2011) Effects of Medication Review on Drug-Related Problems in Patients Using Automated Drug-Dispensing Systems. Drugs & Aging 28 (4): 305-314
72 Kwint H-F, Gussekloo J, Bouvy ML (2012) The contribution of patient interviews to the identification of drug-related problems in home medication review. J Clin Pharm Ther 37: 674-680
73 Stafford AC, Tenni PC, Peterson GM, Jackson SL, Hejlesen A, Villesen C, Rasmussen M (2009) Drug-related problems identified in medication reviews by Australian pharmacists. Pharm World Sci 31: 216-223
74 Stafford L, Stafford A, Hughes J, Angley M, Bereznicki L, Peterson G (2011) Drug-related problems identified in post-discharge medication reviews for patients taking warfarin. Int J Clin Pharm 33: 612-626
75 Tenni P, Stafford A, Peterson G, Jackson SL (2007) A comparison of drug related problems identified in RMMRs and HMRs. Aust Pharm 26: 414-420
76 de Oliveira MPF, Novaes MRCG (2011) Drug-related problems in institutionalised elderly in Brazilia, Brazil. Biomedicine and Aging Pathology 1: 179-184
77 Gastelurrutia P, Benrimoj SI, Espejo J, Tuneu L, Mangues MA, Bayes-Genis A (2011) Negative clinical outcomes associated with drug-related problems in heart failure (HF) outpatients: Impact of a pharmacist in a multidisciplinary HF clinic. J Cardiac Fail 17: 217-223
78 Gomez MA, Villafaina A, Hernandez J, Salgado RM, Gonzalez MA, Rodriguez J, de la Concha MM, Tarrino A, Gervasini G, Carrillo JA (2009) Promoting appropriate drug use through the application of the Spanish drug-related problem classification system in the primary care setting. Ann Pharmacother 43: 339-346
79 Martinez-Lopez I, Do-Pazo-Oubina F, Lozano-Vilardell P (2011) Comprehensive pharmaceutical care in a vascular surgery department. Farm Hosp 35: 260-263
80 Lopez MAP, Saliente MTA, Company ES, Monsalve AG, Cueva MA, Domingo EA, Hernandez MM, Carrion CC, Marti MC, Querejeta NB, Blasco JB, Mila AR (2010) Drug-related problems at discharge: results on the Spanish pharmacy discharge programme CONSULTENOS. Int J Pharm Pract 18: 297-304
81 Crisp GD, Burkhart JI, Esserman DA, Weinberger M, Roth MT (2011) Development and testing of a tool for assessing and resolving medication-related problems in older adults in an ambulatory care setting: The individualised Medication Assessment and Planning (iMAP) tool. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 9 (6): 451-460
82 Roth MT, Ivey JL, Esserman DA, Crisp G, Kurz J, Weinberger M (2013) Individualised medication assessment and planning: optimizing medication use in older adults in the primary care setting. Pharmacotherapy 33: 787-797
83 Krska J, Avery AJ (2007) Evaluation of medication reviews conducted by community pharmacists: a quantitative analysis of documented issues and recommendations. Br J Clin Pharmacol 65 (3): 386-396
84 Andersson AC, Brodin H, Nilsson JLG (2003) Pharmacist interventions in relation to patient drug-related problems. J Soc Admin Pharm 20: 82-91
85 McGuire AJ, Silburn JN, Radley AS (1996) Pharmaceutical care planning in a community setting. Pharm J 257: R12
86 Krska J, Cromarty JA, Arris F, Jamieson D, Hansford D (2000) Providing pharmaceutical care using a systematic approach. Pharm J 265: 656-660
87 Krska J, Cromarty JA, Arris F, Jamieson D, Hansford D, Duffus PRS, Downie G, Seymour DG (2001) Pharmacist-led medication review in patients over 65: a randomised, controlled trial in primary care. Age and Ageing 30: 205-211
88 Davidsson M, Vibe OE, Ruths S, Blix HS (2011) A multidisciplinary approach to improve drug therapy in nursing homes. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare 4: 9-13
89 Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe Foundation (2003) The PCNE Classification for drug related problems V 4 http://www.pcne.org/sig/drp/documents/PCNE%20classification%20V4-00.pdf Accessed 5 Mar 2014.
90 Granas AG, Berg C, Hjellvik V, Haukereid C, Kronstad A, Blix HS, Kilhovd B, Viktil KK, Horn AM (2010) Evaluating categorisation and clinical relevance of drug-related problems in medication reviews. Pharm World Sci 32: 394-403
91 Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe Foundation (2006) The PCNE Classification for drug related problems V 5.01 http://www.pcne.org/sig/drp/documents/PCNE%20classification%20V5.01.pdf. Accessed 5 Mar 2014.
92 Ahmad A, Nijpels G, Dekker JM, Kostense PJ, Hugtenburg JG (2012) Effect of a pharmacist medication review in elderly patients discharged from the hospital. Arch Intern Med 172: 1346-1347
93 Bladh L, Ottosson E, Karlsson J, Klintberg L, Wallerstedt SM (2011) Effects of a clinical pharmacist service on health-related quality of life and prescribing of drugs: a randomised controlled trial BMJ Qual Saf 20: 738-746
94 Brulhart MI, Wermeille JP (2011) Multidisciplinary medication review: evaluation of a pharmaceutical care model for nursing homes. Int J Clin Pharm 33: 549-557
95 Chan D-C, Chen J-H, Kuo H-K, We C-J, Lu I-S, Chiu L-S, Wu S-C (2012) Drug-related problems (DRPs) identified from geriatric medication safety review clinics. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 54: 168-174
96 Chan D-C, Chen J-H, Wen C-J, Chiu L-S, Wu S-C (2012) Effectiveness of the medication safety review clinics for older adults prescribed multiple medications. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association http:/dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2012.04.013
97 Eichenberger PM, Lampert ML, Kahmann IV, van Mil JWF, Hersberger KE (2010) Classification of drug-related problems with new prescriptions using a modified PCNE classification system. Pharm World Sci 33: 362-372
98 Halvorsen KH, Ruths S, Granas AG, Viktil KK (2010) Multidisciplinary intervention to identify and resolve drug-related problems in Norwegian nursing homes. Scand J Prim Health Care 28: 82-88
99 Hooper R, Adam A, Kheir N (2009) Pharmacist-documented interventions during the dispensing process in a priary health care facility in Qatar. Drug Healthc Patient Saf 1: 73-80
100 Huri HZ, Wee HF (2013) Drug related problems in type 2 diabetes patients with hypertension: a cross-sectional retrospective study. www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6823/13/2. BMC Endocrine Disorders 13: 1-12
101 van Roozendaal BW, Krass I (2009) Development of an evidence-based checklist for the detection of drug related problems in type 2 diabetes. Pharm World Sci 31: 580-595
102 Hatah E, Tordoff J, Duffull SB, Braund R (2014) Pharmacists performance of clinical interventions during adherence support medication reviews. RSAP 10: 185-194
103 Schaefer M (2002) Discussing basic principles for a coding system of drug-related problems: the case of PI-Doc. Pharm World Sci 24: 120-127
104 Eickhoff C, Hammerlein A, Griese N, Schulz M (2012) Nature and frequency of drug-related problems in self-medication (over-the-counter drugs) in daily community pharmacy practice in Germany. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 21: 254-260
105 Hammerlein A, Griese N, Schulz M (2007) Survey of drug-related problems identified by community pharmacies. Ann Pharmacother 41: 1825-1832
106 Haugbolle LS, Sorensen EW (2006) Drug-related problems in patients with angina pectoris, type 2 diabetes and asthma - interviewing patients at home. Pharm World Sci 28: 239-247
107 Lewinski D, Wind S, Belgardt C, Plate V, Behles C, Schweim HG (2010) Prevalence and safety-relevance of drug-related problems in German community pharmacies. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 19: 141-149
108 Nicolas A, Eickhoff C, Griese N, Schulz M (2013) Drug-related problems in prescribed medicines in Germany at the time of dispensing. Int J Clin Pharm 35: 476-482
109 Schroder S, Martus P, Odin P, Schaefer M (2011) Drug-related problems in Parkinsons disease: the role of community pharmacists in primary care. Int J Clin Pharm 33: 674-682
110 Allenet B, Bedouch P, Rose FX, Escofier L, Roubille R, Charpiat B, Juste M, Conort O (2006) Validation of an instrument for the documentation of clinical pharmacists' interventions. Pharmacy World & Science 28: 181-188
111 Belaiche S, Romanet T, Bell R, Calop J, Allenet B, Zaoui P (2012) Pharmaceutical care in chronic kidney disease: experience at Grenoble university hospital from 2006 to 2010. J Nephrol 25: 558-565
112 Belaiche S, Romanet T, Allenet B, Calop J, Zaoui P (2012) Identification of drug-related problems in ambulatory chronic kidney disease petients: a 6-month prospective study. J Nephrol 25: 782-788
113 Stemer G, Laml-Wallner G, Kuegler I, Poelzleitner P, Messner S, Steininger S, Dolinar E, Zehetmayer S (2012) Comprehensive evaluation of clinical pharmacists' interventions in a large Austrian tertiary care hospital. Eur J Hosp Pharm 19: 529-534
114 Strand LM, Morley PC, Cipolle RJ, Ramsey R, Lamsam GD (1990) Drug-related problems: their structure and function. Drug Intell Clin Pharm (Ann Pharmacother) 24: 1093-1097
115 Hepler CD, Strand LM (1990) Opportunities and responsibilities in pharmaceutical care. Am J Hosp Pharm 47: 533-543
116 Alagiriswami B, Ramesh M, Parthasarathi G, Basavanagowdappa H (2009) A study of clinical pharmacist initiated changes in drug therapy in a teaching hospital. Ind J Pharm Pract 1: 36-45
117 Alderman CP, Farmer C (2001) A brief analysis of clinical pharmacy interventions undertaken in an Australian teaching hospital. J Qual Clin Practice 21: 99-103
118 Al-Hajje AH, Atoui F, Awada S, Rachidi S, Zein S, Salameh P (2012) Drug-related problems identified by clinical pharmacists students and pharmacists interventions. Ann Pharm Fr 70: 169-176
119 Beaucage K, Lachance-Demers H, Thank-Thao Ngo T, Vachon C, Lamarre D, Guevin J-F, Martineau A, Desroches D, Brassard J, Lalonde L (2006) Telephone follow-up of patients receiving antibiotic prescriptions from community pharmacies. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 63: 557-563
120 Bednall R, McRobbie D, Hicks A (2003) Identification of medication-related attendances at an A and E department. J Clin Pharm Ther 28: 41-45
121 Bedouch P, Charpiat B, Conort O, Rose F-X, Escofier L, Juste M, Roubille R, Allenet B (2008) Assessment of clinical pharmacists interventions in French hospitals: results of a multicenter study. Ann Pharmacother 42: 1095-1103
122 Bedouch P, Allenet B, Grass A, Labarere J, Brudieu E, Bosson J-L, Calop J (2009) Drug-related problems in medical wards with a computerised physician order entry system. J Clin Pharm Ther 34: 187-195
123 Bedouch P, Tessier A, Baudrant M, Labarere J, Foroni L, Calop J, Bosson J-L, Allenet B (2012) Computerised physician order entry system combined with on-ward pharmacist: analysis of pharmacists interventions. J Eval Clin Pract 18: 911-918
124 Blakey SA, Hixson-Wallace JA (2000) Clinical and economic effects of pharmacy services in a geriatric ambulatory clinic. Pharmacotherapy 20: 1198-1203
125 Blix HS, Viktil KK, Reikvam A, Moger TA, Hjemaas BJ, Pretsch P, Vraalsen TF, Walseth EK (2004) The majority of hospitalised patients have drug-related problems: results from a prospective study in general hospitals. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 60: 651-658
126 Blix HS, Viktil KK, Moger TA, Reikvam A (2008) Risk of drug-related problems for various antibiotics in hospital: assessment by use of a novel method. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 17: 834-841
127 Blix HS, Viktil KK, Moger TA, Reikvam A (2006) Characteristics of drug-related problems discussed by hospital pharmacists in multidisciplinary teams. Pharm World Sci 28: 152-158
128 Burkiewicz JS, Sweeney BI (2006) Medication reviews in senior community housing centers. Consult Pharm 21: 715-718
129 Castelino RL, Sathvik BS, Parthasarathi G, Gurudev KC, Shetty MS, Narahari MG (2011) Prevalence of medication-related problems among patients with renal compromise in an Indian hospital. J Clin Pharm Ther 36: 481-487
130 Celin AT, Seuma J, Ramesh A (2012) Assessment of drug-related problems in stroke patients admitted to a South Indian tertiary care teaching hospital. Ind J Pharm Pract 5: 28-33
131 Chisholm MA, Vollenweider LJ, Mulloy LL, Jagadeesan M, Wade WE, DiPiro JT (2000) Direct patient care services provided by a pharmacist on a multidisciplinary renal transplant team. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 57: 1994-1996
132 Doucette WR, McDonough RP, Klepser D, McCarthy R (2005) Comprehensive medication therapy management: Identifying and resolving drug-related issues in a community pharmacy. Clin Ther 27: 1104-1111
133 Elliott RA, Woodward MC (2011) Medication-related problems in patients referred to aged care and memory clinics at a tertiary care hospital. Australas J Ageing 30 (3): 124-129
134 Ellis SL, Billups SJ, Malone DC, Carter BL, Covey D, Mason B, Jue S, Carmichael J, Guthrie K, Sintek CD, Dombrowski R, Geraets DR, Amato M (2000) Types of interventions made by clinical pharmacists in the IMPROVE study. Pharmacotherapy 20: 429-435
135 Emmerton L, Shaw J, Kheir N (2003) Asthma management by New Zealand pharmacists: a pharmaceutical care demonstration project. J Clin Pharm Ther 28: 395-402
136 Ernst ME, Doucette WR, Dedhiya SD, Osterhaus MC, Kumbera PA, Osterhaus JT, Townsend RJ (2001) Use of point-of-sale health status assessments by community pharmacists to identify and resolve drug-related problems in patients with musculoskeletal disorders. Pharmacotherapy 21: 988-997
137 Ernst ME, Iyer SS, Doucette WR (2003) Drug-related problems and quality of life in arthritis and low back pain sufferers. Value in Health 1: 51-58
138 Grymonpre RE, Williamson DA, Montgomery PR (2001) Impact of a pharmaceutical care model for non-institutionalised elderly: results of a randomised, controlled trial. Int J Pharm Pract 9: 235-241
139 Hohl CM, Zed PJ, Brubacher JR, Abu-Laban RB, Loewen PS, Purssell RA (2010) Do emergency physicians attribute drug-related emergency department visits to medication-related problems? Ann Emerg Med 55: 493-502
140 Joseph J, Ramesh M, Harugeri A, Parthasarathi G, Basavanagowdappa H (2010) Frequency and nature of medication-related problems in elderly Indian inpatients. J Pharm Pract Res 40: 279-283
141 Kassam R, Farris KB, Burback L, Volume CI, Cox CE, Cave A (2001) Pharmaceutial care research and education project: pharmacists interventions. J Am Pharm Assoc 41: 401-410
142 Kaur S, Roberts JA, Roberts MS (2012) Evaluation of medication-related problems in medication reviews: A comparative perspective. Ann Pharmacother 46: 972-982
143 Khdour MR, Jarab AS, Adas HO, Samaro EZ, Mukattash TL, Hallak HO (2012) Identification of drug-related problems: A prospective study in two general hospitals. Curr Clin Pharmacol 7: 276-281
144 Laaksonen R, Duggan C, Bates I (2010) Performance of community pharmacists in providing clinical medication reviews Ann Pharmacother 44: 1181-1190
145 Lucca JM, Ramesh M, Narahari GM, Minaz M (2012) Impact of clinical pharmacist interventions on the cost of drug therapy in intensive care units of a tertiary care teaching hospital. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 3: 242-247
146 Manley HJ, McClaran ML, Overbay DK, Wright MA, Reid GM, Bender WL, Neufeld TK, Hebbar S, Muther RS (2003) Factors associated with medication-related problems in ambulatory hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 41: 386-393
147 Manley HJ, Drayer DK, Muther RS (2003) Medication-related problem type and appearance rate in ambulatory hemodialysis patients. BMC Nephrology 4: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2369/1474/1410
148 Manley HJ, Drayer DK, McClaran M, Bender W, Muther RS (2003) Drug record discrepancies in an outpatient electronic medical record: frequency, type, and potential impact on patient care at a hemodialysis center. Pharmacotherapy 23: 231-239
149 McDonough RP, Doucette WR (2003) Drug therapy management: an empirical report of drug therapy problems, pharmacists interventions, and results of pharmacists actions. J Am Pharm Assoc 43: 511-518
150 Midlov P, Bondesson A, Eriksson T, Petersson J, Minthon L, Hoglund P (2002) Descriptive study and pharmacotherapeutic intervention in patients with epilepsy or Parkinsons disease at nursing homes in southern Sweden. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 57: 903-910
151 Mirkov SR, Ball PA (2003) Design and pilot of a medication review clinic in a dialysis centre. J Pharm Pract Res 33: 199-203
152 Mirkov S (2009) Implementation of a pharmacist medication review clinic for haemodialysis patients N Z Med J 122: 25-37
153 Mortimer C, Emmerton L, Lum E (2011) The impact of an aged care pharmacist in a department of emergency medicine. J Eval Clin Pract 17: 478-485
154 Osterhaus JT, Dedhiya SD, Ernst ME, Osterhaus M, Mehta SS, Townsend RJ (2002) Health outcomes assessment in community pharmacy practices: A feasibility project. Arthritis and Rheumatism 47: 124-131
155 Pai AB, Boyd A, Chavez A, Manley HJ (2009) Health-related quality of life is maintained in hemodialysis patients receiving pharmaceutical care: a 2-year randomised, controlled study. Hemodialysis International 13: 72-79
156 Pai AB, Boyd A, Depczynski J, Chavez IM, Khan N, Manley H (2009) Reduced drug use and hospitalization rates in patients undergoing hemodialysis who received pharmaceutical care: A 2-year, randomised, controlled study. Pharmacotherapy 29: 1433-1440
157 Parthasarathi G, Ramesh M, Kumar JK, Madaki S (2003) Assessment of drug-related problems and clinical pharmacists interventions in an Indian teaching hospital. J Pharm Pract Res 33: 272-274
158 Patel HR, Pruchnicki MC, Hall LE (2005) Assessment for chronic kidney disease service in high-risk patients at community health clinics. Ann Pharmacother 39: 22-27
159 Prot-Labarthe S, Therrien R, Demanche C, Larocque D, Bussieres J-F (2008) Pharmaceutical care in an inpatient pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant service. J Oncol Pharm Practice 14: 147-152
160 Repp KL, Hayes C, Woods M, Allen KB, Kennedy K, Borkon MA (2012) Drug-related problems and hospital admissions in cardiac transplant recipients. Ann Pharmacother 46: 1299-1307
161 Schrecengost-Kibbey MA, Ptachcinski RJ, Tuttle AL, McKaveney TP (2002) Impact of pharmacist home visits on drug therapy. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 59: 1293-1294
162 Sorensen L, Stokes JA, Purdie DM, Woodward MC, Elliott RA, Roberts MS (2004) Medication reviews in the community: results of a randomised, controlled effectiveness trial. Br J Clin Pharmacol 58 (6): 648-664
163 Stell R, Bonollo M, Fiddes K, Dooley MJ (2008) Successful integration of a clinical pharmacist into a disease management unit. J Pharm Pract Res 38: 132-136
164 Titley-Lake C, Barber N (2000) Drug-related problems in the elders of the British Virgin Islands. Int J Pharm Pract 8: 53-59
165 Viktil KK, Blix HS, Reikvam A, Moger TA, Hjemaas BJ, Walseth EK, Vraalsen TF, Pretsch P, Jorgensen F (2004) Comparison of drug-related problems in different patient groups. Ann Pharmacother 38: 942-948
166 Viktil KK, Blix HS, Moger TA, Reikvam A (2006) Interview of patients by pharmacists contributes significantly to the identification of drug-related problems (DRPs). Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 15: 667-674
167 Viktil KK, Blix HS, Moger TA, Reikvam A (2006) Polypharmacy as commonly defined is an indicator of limited value in the assessment of drug-related problems. Br J Clin Pharmacol 63: 187-195
168 Wang HY, Chan ALF, Chen MT, Liao CH, Tian YF (2008) Effects of pharmaceutical care intervention by clinical pharmacists in renal transplant clinics. Transplant Proc 40: 2319-2323
169 Yeoh TT, Si P, Chew L (2013) The impact of medication therapy management in older oncology patients. Support Care Cancer 21: 1287-1293
170 Zed PJ, Riyad B, Abu-Laban RB, Balen RM, Loewen PS, Hohl CM, Brubacher JR, Wilbur K, Weins MO, Samoy LJ, Lacaria K, Purssell RA (2008) Incidence, severity and preventability of medication-related visits to the emergency department: a prospective study. CMAJ 178: 1563-1569
171 Tomechko MA, Strand LM, Morley PC, Cipolle RJ (1995) Q and A from the pharmaceutical care project in Minnesota. Am Pharm NS35: 30-39
172 Becker C, Bjornson DC, Kuhle JW (2004) Pharmacist care plans and documentation of follow-up before the Iowa pharmaceutical case management program. J Am Pharm Assoc 44: 350-357
173 Van Den Bemt PMLA, Egberts ACG (2002) Bijwerkingen en medicatiefouten systematisch ingedeeld. Pharmaceutisch Weekblad 137: 1540-1543
174 Bulsink A, Imholz ALT, Brouwers JRBJ, Jansman FGA (2013) Characteristics of potential drug-related problems among oncology patients. Int J Clin Pharm 35: 401-407
175 Montgomery AT, Kalvemark-Sporrong S, Tully P, Kettis-Lindblad A (2008) Follow-up of patients receiving a pharmaceutical care service in Sweden. J Clin Pharm Ther 33: 653-662
176 Willoch K, Blix HS, Pederson-Bjergaard AM, Eek AK, Reikvam A (2012) Handling drug-related problems in rehabilitation patients: a randomized study. Int J Clin Pharm 34: 382-388
177 Lampert ML, Kraehenbuehl S, Hug BL (2008) Drug-related problems: evaluation of a classification system in the daily practice of a Swiss university hospital Pharm World Sci 30: 768-776
178 Leikola S, Virolainen J, Tuomainen L, Tuominen RK, Airaksinen MSA (2012) Comprehensive medication reviews for elderly patients: fndings and recommendations to physicians. J Am Pharm Assoc 52: 630-633
179 Mannheimer B, Ulfvarson J, Eklof S, Bergqvist M, Andersen-Karlsson E, Pettersson H, von Bahr C (2006) Drug-related problems and pharmacotherapeutic advisory intervention at a medicine clinic. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 62: 1075-1081
180 Nickel CH, Ruedinger JM, Messmer AS, Maile S, Peng A, Bodmer M, Kressig RW, Kraehenbuehl S, Bingisser R (2013) Drug-related emergency department visits by elderly patients presenting with non-specific complaints. http://www.sjtrem.com/content/21/1/15 SJTREM 21: 1-9
181 Rashed AS, Neubert A, Alhamdan H, Tomlin S, Alazmi A, Al Shaikh A, Wilton L, Wong ICK (2013) Drug-related problems found in children attending an emergency department in Saudi Arabia and in the United Kingdom. Int J Clin Pharm 35: 327-331
182 Rashed AS, Neubert A, Tomlin S, Jackman J, Alhamdan H, AlShaikh A, Attar A, Aseeri M, Wilton L, Wong ICK (2012) Epidemiology and potential associated risk factors of drug-related problems in hospitalised children in the United Kingdom and Saudi Arabia. Eur J Clin Pharmacol Published online 30 May 2012 DOI 10.1007/s00228-012-1302-x
183 Touchette DR, Massica AL, Dolor RJ, Schumock GT, Choi YK, Kinm Y, Smith SR (2012) Safety-focused medication therapy management: A randomized controlled trial. J Am Pharm Assoc 52: 603-612
184 Taegtmeyer AB, Curkovic I, Rufibach K, Corti N, Battegay E, Kullak-Ublick GA (2011) Electronic prescribing increases uptake of clinical pharmacologists recommendations in the hospital setting. Br J Clin Pharmacol 72: 958-964
185 Taegtmeyer AB, Curkovic I, Corti N, Rosen A, Egbring M, Russmann S, Gantenbein AR, Weller M, Kullak-Ublick GA (2012) Drug-related problems and factors influencing acceptance of clinical pharmacologists' alerts in a large cohort of neurology inpatients. Swiss Med Wkly 142: w13615
186 Abdelhalim D, Mohundro BL, Evans JD (2011) Role of student pharmacists in the identification and prevention of medication-related problems. J Am Pharm Assoc 51: 627-630
187 Al-Jazairi AS, Al-Agil AA, Asiri YA, Al-kholi TA, Akhras NS, Horanieh BK (2008) The impact of clinical pharmacist in a cardiac-surgery intensive care unit. Saudi Med J 29: 277-281
188 Andreazza RS, De Castro MS, Koche PS, Heineck I (2011) Causes of drug-related problems in the emergency room of a hospital in southern Brazil. Gac Sanit 25: 501-506
189 Austwick EA, Brown LC, Goodyear KH, Brooks DJ (2002) Pharmacists input into a palliative care clinic. Pharm J 268: 404-406
190 Bergqvist M, Ulfvarson J, Karlsson EA, Von Bahr C (2008) A nurse-led intervention for identification of drug-related problems. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 64: 451-456
191 Bergqvist M, Ulfvarson J, Karlsson EA (2009) Nurse-led medication reviews and the quality of drug treatment of elderly hospitalized patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 65: 1089-1096
192 Bosse N, Machado M, Mistry A (2012) Efficacy of an over-the-counter intervention follow-up program in community pharmacies. J Am Pharm Assoc 52: 535-540
193 Bourne RS, Dorward BJ (2011) Clinical pharmacist interventions on a UK neurosurgical critical care unit: a 2-week service evaluation. Int J Clin Pharm 33: 755-758
194 Bremberg ER, Hising C, Nylen C, Ehrsson H, Eksborg S (2006) An evaluation of pharmacist contribution to an oncology ward in a Swedish hospital. J Oncol Pharm Practice 12: 75-81
195 Christensen DB, Roth MT, Trygstad T, Byrd J (2007) Evaluation of a pilot medication therapy management project within the North Carolina state health plan. J Am Pharm Assoc 47: 471-483
196 Claydon-Platt K, Manias E, Dunning T (2012) Medication-related problems occurring in people with diabetes during an admission to an adult teaching hospital: a retrospective cohort study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 97: 223-230
197 Delate T, Chester EA, Stubbings TW, Barnes CA (2008) Clinical outcomes of a home-based medication reconciliation program after discharge from a skilled nursing facility. Pharmacotherapy 28: 444-452
198 Dhabali AAH, Awang R, Hamdan Z, Zyoud SH (2012) Association between the prescribing of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the potential prescription-related problems in a primary care setting. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 50: 851-861
199 Eichenberger PM, Haschke M, Lampert ML, Hersberger KE (2011) Drug-related problems in diabetes and transplant patients: an observational study with home visits. Int J Clin Pharm 33: 815-823
200 Elliott RA, Martinac G, Campbell S, Thorn J, Woodward MC (2012) Pharmacist-led medication review to identify medication-related problems in older people referred to an aged care assessment team. A randomiized comparative study. Drugs & Aging 29 (7): 593-605
201 Farrell B, Szeto W, Shamji S (2011) Drug-related problems in the frail elderly. Can Fam Physician 57: 168-169
202 Farris KB, Ganther-Urmie JM, Fang G, doucette WR, Brooks JM, Klepser DG, Fries DJ, Kuhle CL (2004) Population-based medication reviews: A descriptive analysis of the medication issues identified in a Medicare not-for-profit prescription discount program. Ann Pharmacother 38: 1823-1829
203 Fejzic JB, Tett SE (2004) Medication management reviews for people from the former Yugoslavia now resident in Australia. Pharm World Sci 26: 271-276
204 Foisy MM, Akai PS (2004) Pharmaceutical care for HIV patients on directly observed therapy. Ann Pharmacother 38: 550-556
205 Furniss L, Burns A, Craig SKL, Scobie S, Cooke J, Faragher B (2000) Effects of a pharmacists medication review in nursing homes:Randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 176: 563-567
206 Ganachari MS, Mahendra-Kumar BJ, Wali SC, Fibin M (2010) Assessment of drug therapy interventions by clinical pharmacist in a tertiary care hospital. Indian J Pharm Pract 3: 22-28
207 Gordon KJ, Smith FJ, Dhillon S (2005) The development and validation of a screening tool for the identification of patients experiencing medication-related problems. Int J Pharm Pract 13: 187-193
208 Haley M, Raymond C, Nishi C, Bohm E (2009) Drug-related problems in patients undergoing elective total joint arthroplasty of the hip or knee. Can J Hosp Pharm 62: 360-366
209 Hata M, Klotz R, Sylvies R, Hess K, Schwartzmann E, Scott J, Law AV (2012) Medication therapy management services provided by student pharmacists. Am J Pharm Educ 76 Article 51: 1-6
210 Herborg H, Soendergaard B, Froekjaer B, Fonnesbaek L, Jorgensen T, Hepler CD, Grainger-Rousseau T-J, Ersboell BK (2001) Improving drug therapy for patients with asthma - Part 1: Patient Outcomes. J Am Pharm Assoc 41: 539-550
211 Hugtenburg JG, Blom ATG, Gopie CTW, Beckeringh JJ (2004) Communicating with patients the second time they present their prescription at the pharmacy. Pharm World Sci 2004 (26): 328-332
212 Imberg AJ, Swanoski MT, Renier CM, Sorensen TD (2012) Maximizing medication therapy management services through a referral initiative. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 69: 1234-1239
213 Kimland E, Bergman U, Lindemalm S, Bottiger Y (2007) Drug related problems and off-label drug treatment in children as seen at a drug information centre. Eur J Pediatr 166: 527-532
214 Koh Y, Kutty FBM, Li SC (2003) Therapy related hospital admission in patients on polypharmacy in Singapore: a pilot study. Pharm World Sci 25: 135-137
215 Koh Y, Kutty FBM, Li SC (2005) Drug-related problems in hospitalized patients on polypharmacy: the influence of age and gender. Ther Clin Risk Manag 1: 39-48
216 Krahenbuhl J-M, Kremer B, Guignard B, Bugnon O (2008) Practical evaluation of the drug-related problem management process in Swiss community pharmacies. Pharm World Sci 30: 777-786
217 Krahenbuhl J-M, Decollogny A, Bugnon O (2008) Using the costs of drug therapy to screen patients for a community pharmacy-based medication review program. Pharm World Sci 30: 816-822
218 Krass I, Smith C (2000) Impact of medication regimen reviews performed by community pharmacists for ambulatory patients through liaison with general medical practitioners. Int J Pharm Pract 8: 111-120
219 Krska J, Ross SM, Watts M (2005) Medication reviews provided by general medical practitioners (GPs) and nurses: an evaluation of their quality. Int J Pharm Pract 13: 77-84
220 LaFleur J, McBeth C, Gunning K, Oberda L, Steinvoort C, Oberda GM (2006) Prevalence of drug-related problems and cost-savings opportunities in Medicaid high utilizers identified by a pharmacist-run drug regimen review center. J Manag Care Pharm 12: 677-685
221 Lam A (2011) Practice innovations: delivering medication therapy management services via videoconferencing interviews. Consult Pharm 26: 764-773
222 Langebrake C, Hilgarth H (2010) Clinical pharmacists interventions in a German university hospital. Pharm World Sci 32: 194-199
223 Lee J, McPherson ML (2006) Outcomes of recommendations by hospice pharmacists. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 63: 2235-2239
224 Leonor OLI, Ernesto VRM (2012) Drug related problems associated with the psychoactive drugs used on geriatric, hospitalized patients. Braz J Pharm Sci 48: 453-460
225 Lindell-Osuagwu L, Sepponen K, Farooqui S, Kokki H, Hameen-Anttila K, Vainio K (2013) Parental reporting of adverse drug events and other drug-related problems in children in Finland. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 69: 985-994
226 Maxwell K, Harrison J, Scahill S, Braund R (2013) Identifying drug-related problems during transition between secondary and primary care in New Zealand. Int J Pharm Pract 21: 333-336
227 McGivney MS, Hall DL, Stoehr GP, Donegan TE (2011) An introductory pharmacy practice experience providing pharmaceutical care to elderly patients. Am J Pharm Educ 75: 1-9
228 McKinnon A, Jorgenson D (2009) Pharmacist and physician collaborative prescribing. Can Fam Physician 55: 86-91
229 Moczygemba LR, Goode J-VR, Gatewood SBS, Osborn RD, Alexander AJ, Kennedy AK, Stevens LP, Matzke GR (2011) Integration of collaborative medication therapy management in a safety net patient-centered medical home. J Am Pharm Assoc 51: 167-172
230 Moczygemba LR, Barner JC, Lawson KA, Brown CM, Gabrillo ER, Godley P, Johnsrud M (2011) Impact of telephone medication therapy management on medication and health-related problems, medication adherence, and Medicare part D drug costs: a 6-month follow-up Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 9: 328-338
231 Moczygemba LR, Barner JC, Gabrillo ER (2012) Outcomes of a medicare part D telephone medication therapy management program. J Am Pharm Assoc 52: e144-e152
232 Mok S, Minson Q (2008) Drug-related problems in hospitalized patients with HIV infection. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 65: 55-59
233 Nurgat ZA, Al-Jazairi AS, Abu-Shraie N, Al-Jedai A (2011) Documenting clinical pharmacist intervention before and after the introduction of a web-based tool. Int J Clin Pharm 33: 200-207
234 Ou Y-J, Huang R-D, Chen S-H, Wu H-L (2002) A survey of Pharmacists recommendation in a unit dose drug distribution system. Chinese Pharm J 54: 449-455
235 Puts MTE, Cosat-Lima B, Monette J, Girre V, Wolfson C, Batist G, Bergman H (2009) Medication problems in older, newly diagnosed cancer patients in Canada: How common are they? A prospective pilot study. Drugs Aging 26: 519-536
236 Puts MTE, Monette J, Girre V, Cosat-Lima B, Wolfson C, Batist G, Bergman H (2010) Potential medication problems in older newly diagnosed cancer patients in Canada during cancer treatment. Drugs Aging 27: 559-572
237 Ramanath KV, Nedumballi S (2012) Assessment of medication-related problems in geriatric patients of a rural tertiary care hospital. J Young Pharm 4: 273-278
238 Randall RL, Bruno SM (2006) Can polypharmacy reduction efforts in an ambulatory setting be successful? Clinical Geriatrics 14: 33-35
239 Rogers K, Tierney M, Singh A, McLean W (2003) Assessment of a seamless care prescription/discharge notes form. Can J Hosp Pharm 56: 14-23
240 Rossing C, Hansen EH, Krass I, Traulsen JM (2003) Pharmaceutical care in Denmark: perceived importance of medicine-related problems and participation in postgraduate training. Pharm World Sci 25: 73-78
241 Roth MT, Esserman DA, Ivey JL, Weinberger M (2009) Racial disparities in the quality of medication use in older adults: Baseline findings from a longitudinal study. J Gen Intern Med 25: 228-234
242 Roth MT, Esserman DA, Ivey JL, Weinberger M (2011) Racial disparities in quality of medication use in older adukts: Findings from a longitudinal study. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 9: 250-258
243 Saastamionen LK, Klaukka TJ, Ilomaki J, Enlund H (2009) An intervention to develop repeat prescribing in community pharmacy. J Clin Pharm Ther 34: 261-265
244 Satish Kumar BP, Dahal P, Venkataraman R, Fuloria PC (2013) Assessment of clinical pharmacist intervention in tertiary care teaching hospital of southern India. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 6: 258-261
245 Schnipper JL, Kirwin JL, Cotugno MC, Wahlstrom SA, Brown BA, Tarvin E, Kachalia A, Horng M, Roy CL, McKean SC, Bates DW (2006) Role of pharmacist counseling in preventing adverse drug events after hospitalization. Arch Intern Med 166: 565-571
246 Setter SM, Corbett CF, Cook D, Johnson SB (2000) Exploring the clinical pharmacists role in improving home care for patients with diabetes. Home Care Provider 5: 185-192
247 Shimp LA, Kucukarslan SN, Elder J, Remington T, Wells T, Choe HM, Lewis NJW, Kirking DM (2012) Employer-based patient-centered medication therapy management program: evidence and recommendations for future programs. J Am Pharm Assoc 52 (768-776)
248 Soendergaard B, Kirkeby B, Dinsen C, Herborg H, Kjellberg J, Staehr P (2006) Drug-related problems in general practice: results from a development project in Denmark Pharm World Sci 28: 61-64
249 Somers A, Robays H, Vander Stichele R, Van Maele G, Bogaert M, Petrovic M (2010) Contribution of drug related problems to hospital admission in the elderly. J Nutr Health Aging 14: 477-482
250 Somers A, Robays H, De Paepe P, Van Maele G, Perehudoff K, Petrovic M (2013) Evaluation of clinical pharmacist recommendations in the geriatric ward of a Belgian university hospital. Clin Interv Aging 8: 703-709
251 Spinewine A, Dhillon S, Mallet L, Tulkens PM, Wilmotte L, Swine C (2006) Implementation of ward-based clinical pharmacy services in Belgium - description of the impact on a geriatric unit. Ann Pharmacother 40: 720-728
252 Sturgess IK, McElnay JC, Hughes CM, Crealey G (2003) Community pharmacy based provision of pharmaceutical care to older patients. Pharm World Sci 25: 218-226
253 Syfrett M (2001) Pharmacist intervention in th pharmaceutical care of persons with Parkinsons Disease. Consult Pharm 16: 137-145
254 Ulfvarson J, Rahmner PB, Fastbom J, Sjoviker S, Karlsson EA (2010) Medication reviews with computerised expert support. Evaluation of a method to improve the quality of drug utilisation in the elderly. Int J Health Care Quality Assurance 23: 571-582
255 Van Mil JWF, Dudok van Heel MC, Boersma M, Tromp FJ (2001) Interventions and documentation for drug-related problems in Dutch community pharmacies. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 58: 1428-1431
256 Vercaigne LM, Grymonpre RE, Metge C, Sekyere J, Cooper R (2000) Manitoba pharmaceutical care project; interim report. Can Pharm J 133: 1-7
257 Vink J, Morton D, Ferreri S (2011) Pharmacist identification of medication-related problems in the home care setting. Consult Pharm 26: 477-484
258 Vinks THAM, Egberts TCG, de Lange TM, de Koning FHP (2009) Pharmacist-based medication review reduces potential drug-related problems in the elderly. Drugs Aging 26: 123-133
259 Vinks THAM, de Koning FHP, de Lange TM, Egberts TCG (2006) Identification of potential drug-related problems in the elderly: the role of the community pharmacist. Pharm World Sci 28: 33-38
260 Welch EK, Delate T, Chester EA, Stubbings T (2009) Assessment of the impact of medication therapy management delivered to home-based medicare beneficiaries. Ann Pharmacother 43: 603-610
261 Westerlund LOT, Marklund BRG, Handl WHA, Thunberg ME, Allebeck P (2001) Nonprescription drug-related problems and pharmacy interventions. Ann Pharmacother 35: 1343-1349
262 Witry MJ, Doucette WR, Gainer KL (2011) Evaluation of the pharmaceutical case management program implemented in a private sector health plan. J Am Pharm Assoc 51: 631-635
263 Yussuff KB, Tayo F (2011) Frequency, types and severity of medication use-related problems among medical outpatients in Nigeria. Int J Clin Pharm 33: 558-564
264 Zaidi STR, Hassan Y, Postma MJ, Ng SH (2003) Impact of pharmacist recommendations on the cost of drug therapy in ICU patients at a Malaysian hospital. Pharm World Sci 25: 299-302
265 Zargarzadeh AH, Emami MH, Hosseini F (2007) Drug-related hospital admissions in a generic pharmaceutical system. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 34: 494-498
266 Charpiat B, Goutelle S, Schoeffler M, Aubrun F, Viale J-P, Ducerf C, Leboucher G, Allenet B (2012) Prescriptions analysis by clinical pharmacists in the post-operative period: a 4-year prospective study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 56: 1047-1051
267 Prot-Labarthe S, Di Paolo ER, Lavoie A, Quennery S, Bussieres J-F, Brion F, Bourdon O (2013) Pediatric drug-related problems: a multicenter study in four French-speaking countries. Int J Clin Pharm 35: 251-259
268 Foro de Atencion Farmaceutica (2006) Consulta las definiciones de PRM y RNM en Portalfarma Farmaceuticos 316: 41
269 Arias JL, Santamaria-Lopez JM (2008) Improvement of the drug therapy results in patients with high blood pressure at a community pharmacy. Ars Pharm 49: 13-24
270 Agness CF, Huynh DH, Brandt N (2011) An introductory pharmacy practice experience based on a medication therapy management service model. Am J Pharm Educ 75 Article 82: 1-8
271 Al-Arifi M, Abu-Hashem H, Al-Meziny M, Said R, Aljadhey H (2013) Emergency department visits and admissions due to drug related problems at Riyadh military hospital (RMH), Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2013.01.001. Accessed 10 Jan 2014
272 Al-Olah YH, Al Thiab KM (2008) Admissions through the emergency department due to drug-related problems. Ann Saudi Med 28426-429
273 Easton KL, Chapman CB, Brien JE (2004) Frequency and characteristics of hospital admissions associated with drug-related problems in paediatrics. Br J Clin Pharmacol 57: 611-615
274 Easton-Carter KL, Chapman CB, Brien JE (2003) Emergency department attendances associated with drug-related problems in paediatrics. J Paediatr Child Health 39: 124-129
275 MacKinnon NJ, Morais CL, Rose T (2007) Drug-related problems identified in a workplace asthma self-management program. Can Pharm J 140: 110-115
276 Nickerson A, MacKinnon NJ, Roberts N, Saulnier L (2005) Drug-therapy problems, inconsistencies and omissions identified during a medication reconciliation and seamless care service. Healthcare Quarterly (Toronto, Ont) 8: 65-72
277 Ong SW, Fernandes OA, Cesta A, Bajcar JM (2006) Drug-related problems on hospital admission: relationship to medication information transfer. Ann Pharmacother 40: 408-413
278 Raybardhan S, Balen RM, Partovi N, Loewen PS, Liu G, Jewesson PJ (2005) Documenting drug-related problems with personal digital assistants in a multisite health system. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 62: 1782-1787
279 Rogers S, Wilson DA, Wan S, Griffin M, Rai G, Farrell J (2009) Medication-related admissions in older people. A cross-sectional, observational study. Drugs Aging 26: 951-961
280 Sellors J, Kaczorowski J, Sellors C, Dolovich L, Woodward C, Willan A, Goeree R, Cosby R, Trim K, Sebalt R, Howard M, Hardcastle L, Poston J (2003) A randomised controlled trial of a pharmacist consultation program for family physicians and their elderly patients. CMAJ 169: 17-22
281 Singh H, Kumar BN, Sinha T, Dulhani N (2011) The incidence and nature of drug-related hospital admission: A 6-month observational study in a tertiary helth care hospital. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2: 17-20
282 Ax F, Branstad J-O, Westerlund T (2010) Pharmacy counselling models: a means to improve drug use. J Clin Pharm Ther 35: 439-451
283 Ellitt GR, Engblom E, Aslani P, Westerlund T, Chen TF (2010) Drug related problems after discharge from an Australian teaching hospital. Pharm World Sci 32: 622-630
284 Paulino EI, Bouvy ML, Gastelurrutia MA, Guerreiro M, Buurma H (2004) Drug related problems identified by European community pharmacists in patients discharged from hospital. Pharm World Sci 26: 353-360
285 Westerlund M, Branstad J-O, Westerlund L (2008) Medicine-taking behaviour and drug-related problems in adolescents of a Swedish high school. Pharm World Sci 30: 243-250
286 Westerlund T, Marklund B (2009) Assessment of the clinical and economic outcomes of pharmacy interventions in drug-related problems. J Clin Pharm Ther 34: 319-327
287 Westerlund T, Gelin U, Pettersson E, Skarlund F, Wagstrom K, Ringbom C (2013) A retrospective analysis of drug-related problems documented in a national database. Int J Clin Pharm 35: 202-209
288 Cipolle RJ, Strand LM, Morley PC (2004) Pharmaceutical Care Practice: The Clinicians Guide 2nd edition. McGraw-Hill
289 Panel de consenso ad hoc (1999) Consenso de Grenada sobre problemas relacionados con medicamentos. Pharm Care Esp 1: 107-112
290 Comite de Consenso (2007) Third consensus of Grenada on drug related problems (DRP) and negative outcomes associated with medicines http://farmacia.ugr.es/ars/pdf/374.pdf Accessed 5 March 2014.
291 Ahmad A, Hugtenburg J, Welschen LMC, Dekker JM, Nijpels G (2010) Effect of medication review and cognitive behaviour treatment by community pharmacists of patients discharged from a hospital on drug related problems and compliance: design of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 10: 133-143