Name: _______________________________________________________________ Date: __________ Station 1- Characteristics of Life
1. What are the 8 characteristics of Life: a. e.
b. f.
c. g.
d. h.
2. What does it mean to be a unicellular organism?________________________________________________
3. What does it mean to be a multicellular organism?_______________________________________________ 4. What is a prokaryote?_____________________________________________________________________ 5. What is a eukaryote?_____________________________________________________________________ 6. What are the 2 types of reproduction? What is the difference between the 2? 7. What is DNA? 8. What is the difference between growth and development? 9. What is homeostasis? Provide and example of how an organism maintains homeostasis? 10. Look at the images below. Each one is related to a characteristic of life. Some images may be related to more than one characteristic of life. See if you can match at least one characteristic of life to each image: A. _______________________ B. ________________________ C. ________________________ E. _______________________________ F. ______________________________ D. ________________________
G. _______________________________ H. _____________________________
Open- Ended Questions Structureandfunctionisacentralthemetothestudyofbiology.Eachmajorgroupoforganismshasevolveditsownparticularbodypart“toolkit”–acollectionofstructuresthathaveevolvedinwaysthatmakeparticularfunctionspossible.Fromcapturingfoodtodigestingit,andfromreproducingtobreathing,organismsusestructuresthathaveevolvedintodifferentformsasspecieshaveadaptedtolifeindifferentenvironments.Thestructureofwings,forexampleenablebirdsandinsectstofly.Thestructuresoflegsenablehorsestogallopandkangaroostohop.
1. Think about your own teeth. What kinds of foods do you think human teeth are suited for? 2. List at least three ways the structure of human teeth serve the function of eating meat and plant material. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Now, last but not least apply the theme of structure and function to something you’re very familiar with - your hands. List out all the ways you can think of that the structure of your hands serve the function of your hands. Hint – you are a primate! 4. Biological Levels of Organization→ Rate the following levels from smallest to largest. Organ Systems Organs Cells Organisms Tissues __________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. ScientificMethod/ScientificTerms:Thescenesbelowshowthestepsinvolvedinthescientificmethodreadthroughtheexperimentalscenarioandanswerthequestionsbelow.
A. Basedonthescenariowhatisthedifferencebetweenahypothesisandaninference?
B. Howdidthecontrolgroupdifferfromtheexperimentalgroup?
C. Whatwerethedependentandindependentvariables?
D. Whatwastheobservationthatstartedtheresearch?
6. Insciencethewordtheoryappliestoawell-testedexplanationthatunifiesabroadrangeofobservationsandhypothesesandthatenablesscientiststomakeaccuratepredictionsaboutnewsituationsAhypothesisisascientificexplanationforasetofobservationsthatcanbetestedinwaysthatsupportorrejectit.
Identify whether each statement is a hypothesis or a theory. For a hypothesis, write an “H” on the line. For a theory, write a “T.” A. The rate that grass grows is related to the amount of light it receives. ________ B. All life is related and descended from a common ancestor. _______
C. The universe began about 15 billion years ago. _________ D. New tennis balls bounce higher than old tennis balls. _________
E. Caffeine raises blood pressure. _________
Keystone Assessed Questions 1. Whichcharacteristicissharedbyallprokaryotesandeukaryotes?
a. abilitytostorehereditaryinformationb.useoforganellestocontrolcellprocessesc.useofcellularrespirationforenergyreleased.abilitytomoveinresponsetoenvironmentalstimuli2. Livingorganismscanbeclassifiedasprokaryotesoreukaryotes.Whichtwostructuresarecommontobothprokaryotic
andeukaryoticcells?a. cellwallandnucleus b.cellwallandchloroplast
c.plasmamembraneandnucleus d.plasmamembraneandcytoplasm
3. Alveoliaremicroscopicairsacsinthelungsofmammals.Whichstatementbestdescribeshowthestructureofthealveoliallowsthelungstofunctionproperly?a. Theyincreasetheamountofenergytransferredfromthelungstotheblood.b. Theyincreasetheflexibilityofthelungsastheyexpandduringinhalation.c. Theyincreasethevolumeofthelungs,allowingmoreoxygentobeinhaled.d. Theyincreasethesurfaceareaofthelungs,allowingefficientgasexchange.
4. Whichexampleisanactivitythatafishmostlikelyusestomaintainhomeostasiswithinitsbody?
a. usingcamouflagetoavoidpredatorsb. feedingatnighttoregulatebodytemperaturec. movingtodeeperwatertoregulatemetabolicwastesd. exchanginggasesthroughitsgillstoregulateoxygenlevels
5. Whichstatementbestdescribesaneffectofthelowdensityoffrozenwaterinalake?
a. Whenwaterfreezes,itcontracts,decreasingthewaterlevelinalake.b. Waterinalakefreezesfromthebottomup,killingmostaquaticorganisms.c. Whenwaterinalakefreezes,itfloats,providinginsulationfororganismsbelow.d. Waterremovesthermalenergyfromthelandaroundalake,causingthelaketofreeze
6.Whichdiagrambestrepresentstherelationshipoftheitemsinthelistbelow?
1. Cell2. Organ3. Organelle4. Organsystem5. Tissue6. Wholeorganism
A. XB. YC. ZD. W
Station 2- Cells and Cellular Organization
Complete the following table by writing the name of the cell part or organelle in the right hand column that matches the structure/function in the left hand column. A cell part may be used more than once.
Structure/Function Cell Part
Membrane bound structures found in eukaryotic cells which have a specific function
Stacked, flattened sacs – modifies and packages proteins for exit out of the cell
The sites of protein synthesis
Transports proteins within the cell
The region inside the cell except for the nucleus
Organelle that manages or controls all the cell functions in a eukaryotic cell. Houses the cells DNA
Contains chlorophyll, a green pigment that traps energy from sunlight and gives plants their green color
Digests excess or worn-out cell parts, food particles and invading viruses or bacteria
Organelle that produces lipids and detoxifies cell
Rigid, protective structure that gives the cell its shape in plants, fungi, most bacteria and some protests
Powerhouse of the cell -Produces a usable form of energy for the cell- ATP
Stores water, large, found in plant cells
Site where ribosomes are made
The membrane surrounding the cell, composed of phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it
Provides support for the cell,
DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, thin and threadlike, seen in a non-dividing cell
Small hair-like structures used for movement or sensing things
Condensed and coiled DNA in a dividing cell
Longer whip-like structures used for movement
Putacheckintheappropriatecolumn(s)toindicatewhetherthefollowingorganellesarefoundinplantcells,animalcellsorboth
Organelle Plant Cells
Animal Cells
Cell Wall
Vesicle
Chloroplast
Chromatin
Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Keystone Released Questions 1.Whichcharacteristicissharedbyallprokaryotesandeukaryotes?
a. Abilitytostorehereditaryinformationb.Useoforganellestocontrolcellprocessesc.Useofcellularrespirationforenergyrelease d.Abilitytomoveinresponsetoenvironmentalstimuli2.Livingorganismscanbeclassifiedasprokaryotesoreukaryotes.Whichtwostructuresarecommontobothprokaryoticandeukaryoticcells?
a. Cellwallandnucleus b.Cellwallandchloroplastc.plasmamembraneandnucleusd.plasmamembraneandcytoplasm3.Prokaryoticcellsaregenerallymuchsmallerthaneukaryoticcells.PartA:Identifyastructuraldifferencebetweenprokaryoticcellsandeukaryoticcellsthatisdirectlyrelatedtotheirdifferenceinsize.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
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PartB:Basedonstructuraldifference,explainwhyprokaryoticcellscanbemuchsmallerthaneukaryoticcells._______________________________________________________________________________________________
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PartC:DescribeoneSimilaritybetweenprokaryoticcellsandeukaryoticcellsthatisindependentofsize._______________________________________________________________________________________________
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4.Alveoliaremicroscopicairsacsinthelungsofmammals.Whichstatementbestdescribeshowthestructureofthealveoliallowsthelungstofunctionproperly?
A. Theyincreasetheamountofenergytransferredfromthelungstotheblood> B. Theyincreasetheflexibilityofthelungsastheyexpandduringinhalation. C. Theyincreasethevolumeofthelungs,allowingmoreoxygentobeinhaled. D. Theyincreasethesurfaceareaofthelungs,allowingefficientgasexchange.
5.Usethediagramattherighttoanswerthequestion.Ascientistobservesasingle-celledorganismwithseverallong,whip-liketails.Whichfunctiondothewhip-liketailsmostlikelyperformfortheorganism?a.Defenseagainstpredatorsb.Movementthroughanenvironmentc.Detectionofthelocationofalightsourced.Measurementofatmospherictemperaturechanges6.Livingorganismscanbeclassifiedasprokaryotesoreukaryotes.Whichtwostructuresarecommontobothprokaryoticandeukaryoticcells?
a. Cellwallandnucleus b.Cellwallandchloroplastc.Plasmamembraneandnucleus d.PlasmamembraneandcytoplasmLook at the image above: Identify its structure and function. _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________
A new
type of
treatment: Some human diseases involve the unregulated growth of cells. Although some patients are not affected by these
growths, many are harmed. Cells in harmful growths divide uncontrollably and can eventually invade other cells, tissues and
organs of the body. Some patients carry a mutation on one or more growth suppressor genes (GSGs). GSGs help to repair
damage to DNA. This mutation decreases an individual’s ability to fight these harmful growths. Recently researchers reported
on the results of using a combination of two types of medicine
to treat patients with unregulated growths caused by a lack of
functioning GSGs. When medicine “X” and “Y” are used
together they cause the cell processes in the targeted cell to fail.
In order for medicine X to produce the effects that the
researchers observed, it must have entered into which part of the
targeted cells?
a. Nucleus b. Endoplasmic reticulum c. golgi apparatus d. Ribosomes
Part A: Describe how the cell structures in this list can be used to classify the cell as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Use examples of the structures that would help identify the cell in your answer.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Part B: Compare how both prokaryotes and eukaryotes use two of the cell structures listed and describe the common functions of these structures.
Structure 1: __________________________________________________________________________________________
Common Function: ____________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Structure 2: ___________________________________________________________________________________________
Common Function: ____________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
The function of which human organ is most like the cell walls of bacteria?
a. Skin b. Liver c. Heart d. Pancreas
A group of students is given a sample of an unknown substance. The students are asked to gather evidence to determine whether the substance is living or nonliving. The students take a small sample of the substance and observe it using a microscope. Part A: Describe two characteristics of the substance that could be observed to indicate whether it is living or nonliving. Characteristic 1: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Characteristic 2: ______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Part B: Describe an investigation that could be performed to classify the substance as living or nonliving
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Station 3- Macromolecules
1. Define and illustrate an ionic and covalent bond: 2.Whatdoesitmeanforacompoundtobeorganic?3.Wateris(circleone)polar/nonpolarbecausetheelectronsarenotevenlyshared.Draw2watermoleculesandlabelacovalentandhydrogenbond.4.Explainthefollowingpropertiesofwaterandhowtheyareimportanttolivingthings:Universal solvent:___________________________________________________________________________ Specific Heat:______________________________________________________________________________ Cohesion:_________________________________________________________________________________ Adhesion:_________________________________________________________________________________ Capillary action:____________________________________________________________________________ Polarity:___________________________________________________________________________________5.Whatisthedifferencebetweenamonomerandpolymer?6.Dehydrationsynthesis___________waterto________abond,whilehydrolysis______waterto___________abond.Draw2aminoacidsandIllustratedehydrationsynthesis.7.Carbohydrateshavea___:___:___ratioofC:H:O.Carbohydratesarethemain______________sourceforacell.8.Whatarethetwomonomersoflipids?_________________________________________9.Lipidsmakeupthemajorityofthecell___________________10.Whatarethemonomersofaprotein?________________________________. 11.Comparedtomostothersubstances,agreatdealofheatisneededtoraisethetemperatureofwaterbyagivenamount.Thisisbecausewater:A.isanacidB.readilyformssolutionsC.hasahighheatcapacityD.actsasabuffer12.Frozenwaterislessdensethanliquidwater.Explainwhythisisimportantforaquaticorganisms.13.DefineMacromolecules:Macromolecule
Elements monomer(buildingblock)
Drawthemonomer Function/sListAll!
Examples
CarbohydratesFrequentlyendsin-__________
Lipids
ProteinsEnzymesendin____________
NucleicAcids
18.Whatoccursduringachemicalreaction?19.Whatisthedifferencebetweenaproductandareactant?20.Energyisuseddifferentlyindifferenttypesofchemicalreactions.Explainhowenergyusediffersinenergy-releasingandenergy-absorbingreactions.21.Howisenergyrelatedtotheproductsandreactantsofachemicalreaction?22.Whatistheroleofanenzymeinlivingorganisms?Explainenzymespecificity.Giveexample.23..Inwhatwaydoenzymes/catalystsincreasetherateofreactions?Howdoenzymesaccomplishthistask?23.Describetherelationshipbetweenenzymesandsubstrate.24.How/Whyisthestructureofanenzymesoimportanttoitsfunctioninlivingthings?Whydoesthestructureofanenzymedeterminethetypeofreactionitwillcatalyze?25.WhathappenstoenzymefunctionwhenthetemperatureorpHconditionschange?Why?26.Theenergyneededtogetareactionstartedisthe:A.adhesionenergyB.cohesionenergyC.activationenergyD.chemicalenergyKeystone released questions1. Whichstatementcorrectlydescribeshowcarbon’sabilitytoformfourbondsmakesituniquelysuitedtoform
macromolecules?a.Itformsshort,simplecarbonchains.b.Itformslarge,complex,diversemolecules.c.Itformscovalentbondswithothercarbonatoms.c.Itformscovalentbondsthatcanexistinasingleplane.2. Thediagramshowsareactionthatformsapolymer
fromtwomonomers.Whatisthistypeofreactioncalled?A.glycolysisB.hydrolysisC.photosynthesisD.dehydrationsynthesis
3. Carbohydratesandproteinsaretwotypesofmacromolecules.Whichfunctionalcharacteristicofproteinsdistinguishesthemfromcarbohydrates?
A. largeamountofstoredinformationC.abilitytocatalyzebiochemicalreactionsB.efficientstorageofusablechemicalenergyD.tendencytomakecellmembraneshydrophobic4.SubstanceAisconvertedtosubstanceBinametabolicreaction.Whichstatementbestdescribestheroleofanenzymeduringthisreaction?
A. ItadjuststhepHofthereactionmedium.C.Itprovidesenergytocarryoutthereaction.B. ItdissolvessubstanceAinthereactionmedium. D.Itspeedsupthereactionwithoutbeing
consumed.5.Ascientistobservesthat,whenthepHoftheenvironmentsurroundinganenzymeischanged,theratetheenzymecatalyzesareactiongreatlydecreases.WhichstatementbestdescribeshowachangeinpHcanaffectanenzyme?
A. ApHchangecancausetheenzymetochangeitsshape.B. ApHchangecanremoveenergynecessarytoactivateanenzyme.C. ApHchangecanaddnewmoleculestothestructureoftheenzyme.D. ApHchangecancauseanenzymetoreactwithadifferentsubstrate.
6.Wheneverbiologicalorganiccompounds,suchasproteinsandcarbohydrates,arebrokendownorsynthesized...b. aphasechangeofmatterresults.c. thermalexpansionoccurs.d. sunlightisrequired.e. energyisabsorbedorreleased.
7.Whydoesanenzymefunctionasacatalystinareaction?
f. ItcreatestherightpHneededforthereaction.g. Itdecreasestheamountofenergyneededforthereaction.h. Itprovidestheextraenergyneededforthereaction.i. Itmaintainsthepropertemperatureneededforthereaction.
8. Proteins are a major part of every living cell and have many different functions within each cell. Carbohydrates also perform numerous roles in living things. Part A: Describe the general composition of a protein molecule.
Part B Describe how the structures of proteins differ from the structures of carbohydrates. Part C: Describe how the functions of proteins differ from the functions of carbohydrates
9.. The diagram below represents the chemical pathway of a process in a human liver cell.
A particular liver cell is unable to make substance C. One possible explanation for the inability of this cell to make substance C is that
1. Excess energy for step 2 prevented the conversion of substance B to substance C 2. An excess of enzyme X was present, resulting in a decrease in the production of substance B 3. Nuclear DNA was altered resulting in the cell being unable to make enzyme Y
4. A mutation occurred causing a change in the ability of the cell to use substance A researcher noticed that a similar CH2 molecular structure was also located in the plasma membrane of an animal cell. This CH2 molecular structure contained a negatively charged phosphate group. Which statement best describes the primary function of the CH2 and phosphate molecular structure located in the
plasma membrane?
Trees are typically able to transport water from their roots to their stems and leaves. Which statement describes the property of water that most supports the transportation of water to all parts of a tree? a. Water forms a crystalline structure when it freezes. b. Water dissolves fewer substances than any other liquid. c. Water has strong attractions to itself and many other molecules. d. Water can absorb large amounts of energy with minimal temperature changes. Which statement best describes a relationship between enzymes and a simple biological reaction? a. Enzymes will increase the amount of substrate formed during a biological reaction b. Enzymes will decrease the amount of substrate formed during a biological reaction c. A reaction rate can be increased when the specific enzyme for a biological reaction is present d. A reaction rate can be decreased when multiple enzymes for a biological reaction are present Lookattheimagetotheright:Whichofthefollowingisapropertyofwaterthatallowsawaterstridertowalkonthe
surfaceofwater?a.Solubility b.Cohesionc.highspecificheatd.LowfreezingpointCarbonicanhydraseisanenzymeinvolvedinthereactionofcarbondioxidewithwatertoformamoleculethatdissolveswellintheliquidpartofblood.Howdoescarbonicanhydraseaffectthisreaction?a.Bymakingthereactionreversibleb.Bychangingchemicalproducts
ofthereactionC.byincreasingthetimeneededforthereactiontooccur
D.bydecreasingtheamountofenergyneededtocompletethereaction
UsetheBiologicalmoleculeinformationchartbelow.
Molecule Structure CellularUse
1 Amoleculemademostlyofcarbonwithtwononpolarchainsandapolarhead
Isacomponentofplasmamembranes
2 Apolarmoleculemadeofrepeatingunitsofsugarbondedtoaphosphateandanitrogenousbase
Storesgeneticinformation
Whichbiologicalmoleculesaremostlikelyrepresentedbymolecules1and2?a. Molecule1:lipid b.Molecule1:lipid
Molecule2:nucleicacid molecule2:proteinc.molecule1:carbohydrates d.Molecule1:carbohydratesMolecule2:nucleicacid molecule2:proteinWhichstatementdescribestheformationofaproteinmolecule?a.Aminoacidscombinetoformaproteinchainb.Fattyacidmonomersdissolvetoformaproteinchainc.Fattyacidmonomerscombinetoformaproteinchaind.Aminoacidsdissolvemonomerstoformaproteinchain
Lipaseisanenzymethatbreaksdownlipidsinthedigestivesystemofhumans.ItfunctionsbestatapHrangeof4.0-5.0.Whenapersontakesanantacidtablettorelieveheartburn,theantacidincreasethepHtoaround7incertainareasofthedigestivesystem.WhichinitialeffectwouldmostlikelybecausedbyachangeinpH?a.Morelipidswouldbedigested b.Theproductionoflipasewoulddecrease c.Theproductionoflipasemoleculeswouldincreased.Fewerlipidswouldbedigested
Station 4- Cell Transport 1.Whatispassivetransport?2.Parameciumarefreshwaterprotozoan.Thesaltcontentofitscytoplasmisgreaterthanthatofthesurroundingmedium.
A. Doeswatertendtoenterorleavetheparamecium?Isthisprocessofpassiveoractivetransport?
B. Howdoestheparameciumexpelwater?Isthisaprocessofpassiveoractivetransport?Explain.
C. Wheredoestheenergyforactivetransportcomefrom?
PracticeQuestions:3.Usingamicroscope,astudentobservesasmall,greenorganelleinaplantcell.Whichenergytransformationmostlikelyoccursfirstwithintheobservedorganelle?a.ATPtolightb.lighttochemicalc.heattoelectricald,chemicaltochemical4.Carbondioxideandoxygenaremoleculesthatcanmovefreelyacrossaplasmamembrane.Whatdeterminesthedirectionthatcarbondioxideandoxygenmoleculesmove?
a. orientationofcholesterolintheplasmamembraneb. concentrationgradientacrosstheplasmamembranec. configurationofphospholipidsintheplasmamembraned. locationofreceptorsonthesurfaceoftheplasmamembrane
5.Asodium-potassiumpumpwithinacellmembranerequiresenergytomovesodiumandpotassiumionsintooroutofacell.Themovementofglucoseintooroutofacelldoesnotrequireenergy.Whichstatementbestdescribesthemovementofthesematerialsacrossacellmembrane?
a. Sodiumandpotassiumionsmovebyactivetransport,andglucosemovesbyosmosisb. Sodiumandpotassiumionsmovebyactivetransport,andglucosemovesbyfacilitateddiffusion.c. Sodiumandpotassiumionsmovebyfacilitateddiffusion,andglucosemovesbyosmosisd. Sodiumandpotassiumionsmovebyfacilitateddiffusion,andglucosemovesbyactivetransport.
6.Thecellmembraneservesmanyfunctions.Oneofthecellmembrane'sfunctionsistohelpthecellmaintainhomeostasis.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestsupportsthisclaim?
a. Thecellmembranecontainsapolarregionandanonpolarregion.b. Thecellmembranecontainsproteins.c. Thecellmembranecontainsphospholipids.d. Thecellmembraneregulateswhatgoesinandoutofthecell.
7.Inorderfornervecellsandmusclecellstofunctionproperly,theyrequireahighconcentrationofpotassiumionsinsidethecellsandahighconcentrationofsodiumionsoutsidethecells.Tomaintainthiscondition,cellsutilizesodium-potassiumpumpsembeddedwithintheircellularmembranestomovetheionsagainsttheirconcentrationgradientsSincesodium-potassiumpumpsrequireaninputofenergytooperate,theyareanexampleof…a.passivetransport.b.facilitateddiffusion.c.Filtration. d.activetransport.Whenapersoninhales,oxygenfillstinyairsacsintheperson'slungs.Next,theoxygenmovesfromtheseairsacsintosmallbloodvesselsthatlinethelungs,andthenitmovesintothebloodstreamsothatitcanbetransportedaroundthebody.Oxygenmovesbyrandommolecularmotionfromtheairsacsofthelungstothebloodvesselsbecausetheconcentrationofoxygenintheairsacsishigherthantheconcentrationofoxygeninthebloodvessels.8.Thismovementofoxygenmoleculesfromanareaofhigherconcentrationtoanareaoflowerconcentrationisknownas...a.Diffusionb.Osmosisc.Respirationd.photosynthesis
Open-endedQuestion:Someanimalscanproduceapotassiumionconcentrationinsidetheircellsthatistwentytimesgreaterthanthatoftheirenvironment.Thisionconcentrationgradientismaintainedbytheplasmamembrane.PartA:Identifytheprocessinthecellmembranethatproducesthisdifferenceinconcentration.______________________________________________________________________________________________________
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PartB:Explaintheprocessthatoccursasthecellproducestheionconcentrationgradient.______________________________________________________________________________________________________
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PartC:Comparetheprocessofpotassiumiontransporttoanothermechanismthatmovesmaterialacrosstheplasmamembrane.______________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Station5-Bioenergetics(Photosynthesis&CellularRespiration)
1.Whatarethedifferentenergymoleculesinthecell?Describetheenergystoragecapacityofeachandrelatethistotheirfunctioninlivingorganisms.2.WhatarethethreepartsofanATPmolecule?___________________________ _________________________ ___________________________3.EnergyisreleasedfromanATPmoleculewhen:A.aphosphategroupisadded C.adeninebondstoriboseB.aphosphategroupisremovedD.themoleculeisexposedtosunlight.
4.Howdoheterotrophsandautotrophsdifferinthewaytheyobtainenergy?______________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Photosynthesis:
1.Whichorganelleisinvolvedinphotosynthesis?Listanddescribethepartsofthisorganelle.2.Explainwhathappenstoenergyduringphotosynthesis.Inwhatformdoesitenterphotosynthesis?Inwhatformdoesitexistduringphotosynthesis?Inwhatformdoesitleavephotosynthesis?Howisthisrelatedtotheoverallgoalofphotosynthesis?3.Plantsabsorbenergywithlight-absorbingmoleculescalled:4.Whatistheprimarypigmentinvolvedinphotosynthesis?Whydoplantsalsocontainaccessorypigments?5.Astudentexposedoneplanttoonlyredlightandanothertoonlygreenlight.Whichshouldgrowbetterandwhy?6.Writethebasicequationforphotosynthesisusingthenamesofthemoleculesinvolved.Identifytheproductsandreactants.Islightaproductorreactant?Ifnot,whatdoesitsupplytotheequation?7.Astudentiscollectinggasbeinggivenoffbyaplantindirectsunlight.Thegasismostlikely:
CellularRespirationandFermentation
1.Whataretheproductsandreactantsofcellularrespiration?Wheredoesthereactiontakeplaceincells?2.Howisenergytransformedduringcellularrespiration?Inwhatformdoesitentercellularrespiration?Inwhatformdoesitleavecellularrespiration?Howisthisrelatedtotheoverallgoalofcellularrespiration?3.Whatisacalorie?Brieflyexplainhowcellsuseahigh-caloriemoleculesuchasglucose.4.Compareandcontrastphotosynthesisandcellularrespirationintermsofproduct,reactant,andenergytransformationsineach.5.Whyarephotosynthesisandcellularrespirationconsideredoppositereactions?7.Compareandcontrastfermentationandcellularrespirationintermsofproduct,reactant,andenergy
transformationsinvolved.8.Becausefermentationtakesplaceintheabsenceofoxygen,itissaidtobeA.aerobic B.anaerobicC.cyclic D.oxygen-rich9.Inwhatcircumstancesisfermentationabetteroptionthancellularrespirationandviceversa?10.Certainbacteriathriveinconditionsthatlackoxygen.Whatdoesthatfactindicateaboutthewaytheyobtainenergy?11.Incertaincases,regularexercisecausesanincreaseinthenumberofmitochondriainmusclecells.Howmightthatsituationimproveanindividual’s ability to perform energy-requiringactivities?12.Whymustplantscontainmitochondria,despitethefactthattheycanturnlightenergyintochemicalenergy?
CellA CellB
13.HowdocellsAandBobtainenergy?Explainenergytransformationinbothcelltypes.14.Thediagramtotherightshowsanenergytransformationthattypicallyoccursinplantcellplastids.Whichstatementbestdescribesthisroleofplastidsintheplantcell?
a. Chloroplaststransformlightenergyintochemicalenergyb. Mitochondriatransformlightenergyintochemicalenergyc. Chloroplaststransformchemicalenergyintoelectromagneticenergyd. Mitochondriatransformchemicalenergyintoelectromagneticenergy
15.UsethediagramtotherighttoanswerthefollowingquestionsPartA:ExplainwhyATPisimportantinbiochemicalreactions
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PartB:Give2examplesofbiochemicalreactionsandexplainhowanorganismusesATPwithinthereactions
Example Explanation
Station6-CellCycleandCellDivision
Inthetableprovided,placeacheckmarkinthecolumnsthatapplytotheparticularevent.Ifappropriateindicatewhetherithappensinprophase(P),metaphase(M),anaphase(A),ortelophase(T)
Description/Event Interphase Mitosis MeiosisI MeiosisII NeitherNuclearmembranestartstobreakdown
Sexcellsresult Daughtercellsareidenticaltoparent
Bodycellsresult Homologouschromosomeslineupinmiddleofcell Finalchromosome#isthesameastheparentcell
Diploidcellsresultatend Homologouschromosomesassortindependently
Tetradsform DNAisreplicated
Chromosomesmigratetooppositepoles Cytokinesisbegins
Cellsaregeneticallydifferent Spindlefibersform HaploidCellsResult
Sisterchromatidsseparate Crossingoverhappens
Eachcellcontainsonlyonecopyofeachgene
4.Celldivisioncanoccureitherthroughmeiosisormitosis.Thefigureshowncomparesmeiosisinaspermcellwithmitosisinaskincell.Whichkeydifferenceisobservedinthedaughtercellsafterboththecellscompletecelldivision?a.Spermcellsproducetwodaughtercellsforeachoriginalcell.b.Themeioticcelldivisionofthespermproduceshaploiddaughtercells.c.Daughtercellsproducedthroughmitosisintheskincellshavetwonuclei.
d.Mitoticcelldivisionoftheskincellscausesareductioninthechromosomenumber.14.Thediagramtotherightshowsinformationaboutthereproductionanddevelopmentofarabbit.Whichletterinthediagramrepresentsfertilizationa.A b.B c.C d.DInsexuallyreproducingspecies,thenumberofchromosomesineachbodycellremainsthesamefromonegenerationtothenextasadirectresultofa.meiosisandfertilizationb.mitosisandmutationc.differentiationandagingd.homeostasisanddynamicequilibriumThediagrambelowrepresentspartofthehumanfemalereproductivesystem.Fertilizationanddevelopmentnormallyoccurinstructures
a.1and5b.2and4c.3and1d.4and5Inanimals,thenormaldevelopmentofanembryoisdependentona.fertilizationofamatureeggbymanyspermcellsb.productionofnewcellshavingtwicethenumberofchromosomesasthezygotec.productionofbodycellshavinghalfthenumberofchromosomesasthezygoted.mitosisandthedifferentiationofcellsafterfertilizationhasoccurred
Whichphrasebestdescribesaprocessrepresentedinthediagrambelow?
zygotea.azygotedividingbymitosisb.azygotedividingbymeiosisc.agametedividingbymitosis d.agametedividingbymeiosis
Whichstudentcorrectlycomparedtheoutcomesofmeiosisandmitosis?a.student1b.student2c.student3d.student4Whichstatementbestdescribestheoutcomesofbothmeiosisandmitosis?a.CelldivisionresultsindaughtercellsthatcontainDNA.b.Eachdaughtercellhastwocompletesetsofchromosomes.c.Withinacell,twochromosomespairupandexchangesegmentsofgeneticmaterial.d.Geneticallyidenticaldaughtercellsareproducedthatcanfunctionasbodycellsorsexcells.
Whichstatementbestdescribesthephaseofthecellcycleshown?A.Thecellisinprophaseofmitosisbecausethenumberofchromosomeshasdoubled.B.ThecellisinprophaseIofmeiosisbecausethenumberofchromosomeshasdoubled.C.Thecellisintelophaseofmitosisbecausethecellisseparatingandcontainstwocopiesofeachchromosome.D.Thecellisintelophaseofmeiosisbecausethecellisseparatingandcontainstwocopiesofeachchromosome.3.Whichprocessoccursduringmeiosisbutnotduringmitosis?a.crossingoverb.genemutationc.nucleardivision d.replicationofDNA9.Thereproductivesystemofthehumanmaleproducesgametesanda.transfersgametestothefemaleforinternalfertilizationb.producesenzymesthatpreventfertilizationc.releaseshormonesinvolvedinexternalfertilizationd.providesanareaforfertilizationDefinefertilizationanddescribetheresultingdevelopmentofahumanembryo.Inyouranswer,besuretoincludeadefinitionoffertilizationandthefunctionsoftheovary,uterus,andplacenta.Circlethetermsfertilization,ovary,uterus,andplacentainyourdescription.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Station7-Genetics
1.Twofishmeetatthecoralreef,fallinlove,andgetmarriedthatsamenight.Theydecidetomakebabiesrightaway.Themomfishhasabigfluffytail(TT)whilethedadhasaveryboringflattail(tt).Thedadisworriedthathewillpasshisuglytaildowntohiskids.Whatisthechancethatthefirstchildwillhaveaflattail?T=fluffytail t=flattail GenotypicRatio:_______________PhenotypicRatio:__________________
2.InJapanesefour-o’clocks,thegeneforredflowercolor(R)isincompletelydominantoverthewhiteflowercolor(W).Predictthegenotypicandphenotypicratiosofaredplantcrossedwithawhiteplant.RR–RedRW’=pinkWW=white 3.Thepalominohorseisahybrid(mix)showingagoldencoatwithalightermaneandtail.Apairofcodominantalleles,D1andD2isknowntobeinvolvedinthistrait.HorseswiththeD1D1genotypearechestnutcolored,horseswiththeD1D2genotypearepalomino,andhorseswiththeD2D2genotypearewhiteincolor.Twopalominohorsesmatebyartificialinsemination.Whattypesofoffspringcouldbeproduced?
D1D2=palomino D1D1=Chestnut D2D2=whitePhenotypicratio=________________________ genotypicratio=____________________________ 4.Whiteeyedfruitfliesaretheresultofasex-linkedrecessivegene.Showtheresultsfromacrossbetweenared-eyed(R)maleandwhite-eyed(r)femalefruitfly.Cross=femaleXrXr xmaleXRY5.Howcouldcloninghelphumansinneedoforgans?6.Onthelinesbelow,writeTnexttoanexampleofatransgenicorganism,andCnexttoanexampleofaclone._____a.Agoatthatproducesspider’ssilkinitsmilk
_____b.AlambthatisbornwiththesameDNAasadonorcell
_____c.Acolonyofbacteriathatgrowsfromonebacterium_____d.Abacteriumthatcanproducehumaninsulin 7.Lookattheimagetotheright.Whichtwosamplesmightbefromasetofidenticaltwins?__________Mitosisandmeiosisareprocessesbywhichanimalandplantcellsdivide.Whichstatementbestdescribesadifferencebetweenmitosisandmeiosis?A.Meiosisisamulti-stepprocess.B.Mitosisoccursonlyineukaryoticcells.C.MeiosisisusedintherepairD.Mitosisproducesgeneticallyidenticaldaughtercells.ofanorganism.8.SupposethatthecentralC-GbasepairintheDNAmoleculetotherightissubstitutedbyanA-Tbasepair.Whatisthemostlikelyresultofthismutation?a.geneticvariationb.geneticclonesc.incompletetranslationd.identicaloffspring9.Hemophiliaisaninheritablegeneticdisorderthatprohibitstheproperformationofbloodclots.TherecessivegenethatcauseshemophiliaislocatedontheX-chromosome.Giventhisinformation,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?
a.Inorderforamaleoffspringtobeahemophiliac,hismothermustbeahemophiliac.b.Inorderforafemaleoffspringtobeahemophiliac,herfathermustbeahemophiliac.c.Inorderforamaleoffspringtobeahemophiliac,hisfathermustbeahemophiliac.d.Inorderforafemaleoffspringtobeahemophiliac,hermothermustbeahemophiliac.
10.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?a.Mitosisresultsintheformationoftwohaploidgameteswhichcanthencombinetoformadiploiddaughtercell.b.Duringtheprocessofmeiosis,haploidcellsareformed.Afterfertilization,thediploidnumberofchromosomesisrestored.c.Theprocessofmeiosisformsdaughtercellswhicharegeneticallyidenticaltotheirparentcells.d.Thedaughtercellsformedduringmitosisaregeneticallysimilarto,thoughnotidenticalto,theirparentcell.11.Inafloweringplantspecies,redflowercolorisdominantoverwhiteflowercolor.Whatisthegenotypeofanyred-floweringplantresultingfromthisspecies?A.redandwhiteallelespresentononechromosomeB.redandwhiteallelespresentontwochromosomesC.aredallelepresentonbothhomologouschromosomesD.aredallelepresentonatleastoneoftwohomologouschromosomes
12.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthewaythatgenes,chromosomes,andDNAarerelated?a.Chromosomescontainseveralgenes,whicharemadeupofsequencesofDNA.b.Genescontainseveralchromosomes,whicharemadeupofsequencesofDNA.c.GenescontainseveralsequencesofDNA,whicharemadeupofchromosomes.d.SequencesofDNAcontainseveralgenes,whicharemadeupofchromosomes.13.Ifacathas38chromosomesineachofitsbodycells,howmanychromosomeswillbeineachdaughtercellaftermitosis?a.19 b.11 c.76 d.38Usethetablebelowtoanswerthequestion.BloodTypes
14.Bloodtypeisinheritedthroughmultiplealleles,includingIA,IB,andi.AchildhastypeAblood.IfthefatherhastypeABblood,whatareallthepossiblephenotypesofthemother?a.phenotypesOorAb.phenotypesAorAB c.phenotypesA,B,ABd.phenotypesO,A,B,AB15.Geneticengineeringhasledtogeneticallymodifiedplantsthatresistinsectpestsandbacterialandfungalinfections.Whichoutcomewouldmostlikelybeareasonwhysomescientistsrecommendcautioninplantinggeneticallymodifiedplants?A.unplannedecosysteminteractionsB.reducedpesticideandherbicideuseC.improvedagriculturalyieldandprofitD.increasedgeneticvariationanddiversity16.Acellintheprocessofcelldivisioncontainsthenormalchromosomenumber.Eachchromosomeconsistsoftwoidenticalsisterchromatids.Duringwhichstagesandprocessescansuchacellexist?A.telophaseofmitosis,butnostageofmeiosisB.metaphaseofmitosis,butnostageofmeiosisC.anaphaseIofmeiosisandanaphaseofmitosisD.prophaseIofmeiosisandprophaseofmitosis17.Whichstatementcorrectlydescribestheallelesforanygeneinafemalecat’sbodycell?A.theyhavethesameDNAsequence,butarelocatedonseparatechromosomesB.TheyhavedifferentDNAsequences,butarelocatedonthesamechromosomeC.TheymayhavethesameordifferentDNAsequences,butarelocatedonthesamechromosomeD.TheymayhavethesameordifferentDNAsequences,butarelocatedonseparatechromosomes21.AchildhastypeOblood.Ifthechild’smotherhastypeAblood,whatareallthepossiblegenotypesandphenotypesofthefather?A.iionly B.iiandIAi C.ii,IAi,andIBi D.ii,IAi,IAIA,andIBi21.Thegeneforseedshapeinpeaplantshastwoalleles,resultingineithersmoothorwrinkledpeas.Apeaplantwithonesmoothalleleandonewrinkledalleleproducesonlysmoothpeas.Basedonthisinformation,whichconclusioncanbedrawn?A.bothallelesarecodominant B.onealleleisincompletelydominantC.thealleleforsmoothseedsisrecessive D.thealleleforwrinkledseedsisrecessive
22.Fruitfliesnormallyhaveredeyes.Arecessiveallelecausessomefruitfliestohavepurpleeyes.Whichstatementdescribesthepurple-eyedoffspringofared-eyedparentandapurple-eyedparent?A.TheoffspringhastworecessivealleleslocatedonthesamechromosomeB.Theoffspringhastwochromosomeswitharecessiveallelepresentoneach.C.TheoffspringhasonedominantandonerecessiveallelelocatedonthesamechromosomeD.Theoffspringhasonechromosomewithadominantalleleandonechromosomewitharecessiveallele.23.AscientistusesenzymestosplicegeneticDNAintoaplasmid,andtheninsertstheplasmidintoacell.Whichofthefollowingismostlikelyanapplicationofthisprocess?a.producinganexactgeneticcloneofprizedracehorse b.producingavaccineagainstthehumanpapillomavirusc.determiningwhichofseveralricevarietiesshouldbecrossedd.determiningwhetherasuspect’sbloodwaspresentatacrimescene24.Whichofthefollowingisnotanexampleofgeneticengineering?a.Anagriculturalscientistcreatesahybridstrainofricebycrossingtworicevarieties.b.AbiologystudentinsertsplantDNAintobacteriatodetermineitsroleinthecellcycle.c.Avaccinemanufacturerinsertsaplasmidcontainingageneformaavirusintoyeastcells.d.Amedicalresearcherisolatesafunctionalcopyofamusculardystrophygeneforgenetherapy.Open-endedQuestion:25.Acattlefarmergeneticallycrossesacow(female)withawhitecoatwithabull(male)witharedcoat.Theresultingcalf(offspring)isroan,whichmeansthereareredandwhitehairsintermixedinthecoatofthecalf.Thegenesforcoatcolorincattleareco-dominant.PartA:Althoughafarmhascattleinallthreecolors,thefarmerprefersroancattleoverwhiteorredcattle.Usethe Punnettsquaretoshowacrossthatwouldproduceonlyroanoffspring.
PartB:Explainhowaroancalfresultsfromonewhite-andonered-coatedparent.Inyourexplanation,useletterstorepresentgenes.Besuretoindicatewhatcolorsthelettersrepresent.PartC:Predictthepossiblegenotypesandphenotypesoftheoffspringproducedfromtworoancattle.
Station8-DNAReplication,TranscriptionandTranslation
DNAREPLICATION:Summarizetheprocessofreplication.Besuretoincludethefollowingterms:DNAhelicase,hydrogenbonds,DNApolymerase,nucleotides,thephaseofthecellcycleitoccursinandwhatisproducedasaresultofreplication
Accordingtothebasepairingruledeterminethecorrespondingsequence:TAGCCCTTATGGCATAGA
_________________________IfamRNAtranscripthas300nucleotides,howmanyaminoacidswouldthatcodefor?_______________Transcription:Explaintheprocessoftranscription.Includethefollowingterms:RNApolymerase,hydrogenbonds,mRNA,codonTRANSLATION-Defineandsummarizethesteps.Includethefollowingterms:ribosomes,tRNA,mRNA,aminoacids,polypeptides/proteins,anticodonWhatdoesthismessagecodefor?mRNA:AUGCUUCCAGAGUGADefinemutationsandexplaineachtypeofmutationbelow:___________________________________________Deletion:_____________________________________________________________________________________Duplication:___________________________________________________________________________________Inversion:____________________________________________________________________________________Translocation:_________________________________________________________________________________Pointmutation:________________________________________________________________________________Toemphasizethepointofmutation,IamusingEnglish(analphabetwith26letters,not4!)Imagineyouhavethefollowingmessage:THECATATETHERATUsingtheaboveboldedmutations,labelthetypeofmutationeachmustbe:____________________THEHATATETHERAT_____________________TTHEHATATETHERAT_____________________THEATATETHERATFillinthechart:
DNATriplet
mRNACodon
tRNAAnticodon
AminoAcid
TAC
GGA
TTC
AUC
WhichprocesshelpstopreservethegeneticinformationstoredinDNAduringDNAreplication?A.thereplacementofnitrogenbasethyminewithuracilB.enzymesquicklylinkingnitrogenbaseswithhydrogenbondsC.thesynthesisofuniquesugarandphosphatemoleculesforeachnucleotideD.nucleotidesliningupalongthetemplatestrandaccordingtobasepairingruleTheendoplasmicreticulumisanetworkofmembraneswithinthecell,anditisoftenclassifiedasroughorsmooth,dependingonwhetherthereareribosomesonitssurface.Whichstatementbestdescribestheroleofroughendoplasmicreticuluminthecell?A.Itstoresallproteinsforlateruse.B.Itprovidesanattachmentsiteforlargerorganelles.C.Itaidsintheproductionofmembraneandsecretoryproteins.D.Itstoresaminoacidsrequiredfortheproductionofallproteins.UsethediagramtotherighttoanswerthequestionWhichtypeofchangeinchromosomecompositionisillustratedinthediagram?A.deletionB.insertionC.inversionD.translocationWhichstatementdescribesacellprocessthatiscommontobotheukaryoticandprokaryoticcells?A.Bothcelltypescarryouttranscriptioninthenucleus.B.Bothcelltypesuseribosomestocarryouttranslation.C.Bothcelltypesassembleaminoacidstocarryouttranscription.D.Bothcelltypescarryouttranslationintheendoplasmicreticulum.Ageneticmutationresultedinachangeinthesequenceofaminoacidsofaprotein,butthefunctionoftheproteinwasnotchanged.Whichstatementbestdescribesthegeneticmutation?A.ItwasasilentmutationthatcausedachangeintheDNAoftheorganism.B.Itwasasilentmutationthatcausedachangeinthephenotypeoftheorganism.C.ItwasanonsensemutationthatcausedachangeintheDNAoftheorganism.D.Itwasanonsensemutationthatcausedachangeinthephenotypeoftheorganism.Whichofthefollowingisprimarilyresponsibleforthecodingoftheaminoacidsusedinthesynthesisofcellularproteins?
a. DNAb. transferRNAc. ribosomesd. Golgiapparatus
1.Whichstatementdescribesthediagramtotheright?a. DNAtranscriptionisproducingribosomalRNA.b. DNAtranslationisproducingmessengerRNA.c. DNAtranscriptionisproducingmessengerRNA.d. DNAtranslationisproducingribosomalRNA.
Whichorganelleisnotinvolvedinthesynthesisandsecretionofaproteinfromthecell?a. ribosome.b. SmoothER.c. Golgiapparatus.d. Plasmamembrane.Whichpairconsistsoftermsthatrepresentequivalentunitsofinformation?a. Codon:DNAb. Gene:polypeptidec. Chromosome:proteind. Nucleotide:aminoacidAtRNAmoleculewithwhichofthefollowinganticodonswouldbeabletobindtoamoleculeoflysine(hascodonsAAAorAAG)?a. TTTb. TTCc. AAAd. UUCSupposealloftheribosomesinacellweredestroyed.Howwouldthismostlikelyaffecttheprocessofgeneexpression?a. TheDNAdoublestrandwouldbeunabletoseparate.b. ThecellwouldbeunabletoformmRNAstrands.c. Theaminoacidscouldnotbejoinedtoformaprotein.d. ThetRNAmoleculeswouldbindtothewrongaminoacids.Open-endedQuestion:Considertheprocessofgeneexpressioninaeukaryoticcell.PartA:Describetwosimilaritiesbetweentranscriptionandtranslation:Couldhaveanyofthefollowingfourthings:PartB:Describetwodifferencesbetweentranscriptionandtranslation