Josep Armengol and Carlos Agustí-Brisach
VIENNA, February 25 th - 26 th, 2016
STATUS OF BLACK-FOOT PATHOGENS OF GRAPEVINES
BLACK-FOOT PATHOGENS OF GRAPEVINE
BBLACKLACK--FOOTFOOTPATHOGENSPATHOGENS
SOILBORNESOILBORNE PATHOGENS OF PATHOGENS OF THE ROOT SYSTEM AND THE ROOT SYSTEM AND
CROWN AREACROWN AREA
SYMPTOMS
►Root decay ►Crown root
►Wilting of foliage ►Plant death
►Reduction in yield and quality
BBLACKLACK--FOOTFOOTPATHOGENSPATHOGENS
SOILBORNESOILBORNE PATHOGENS OF PATHOGENS OF THE ROOT SYSTEM AND THE ROOT SYSTEM AND
CROWN AREACROWN AREA
CHALLENGES
►Simultaneous infections from multiple species result in a disease complex►Survive in soil for many years (chlamydospores)►Difficult to predict, detect and diagnose►Soil environment is extremely complex
BLACK-FOOT PATHOGENS OF GRAPEVINE
•Caused by a complex of species from different genera
•Main diseases associated with young grapevine decline
•Frequently detected in grapevine nurseries
BLACK-FOOT
BLACK-FOOT
Halleen et al., 2004. Studies in Mycology 50: 431-455.
BLACK-FOOT
A DC
I
E F G H
LKJ
B
Colonies of black-foot pathogens grown on PDA. A, Ilyonectria destructans; B, Dactylonectria pauciseptata; C, Neonectria obtusispora; D, D. alcacerensis; E, Ilyonectria. liriodendri; F, D. novozelandica; G, D. macrodidyma; H, D. torresensis; I, Campylocarpon fasciculare; J, Campyl. pseudofasciculare; K, Cylindrocladiella parva; L, Cyl. peruviana. (Agustí-Brisach and Armengol, 2013. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 52: 245-261).
►Cylindrocarpon-like anamorphs
►Cylindrocladiella
Cylindrocarpon
• C. destructans (Booth, 1966)
• C. obtusisporum (Booth, 1966)
TAXONOMY ►Cylindrocarpon-like anamorphs
Cylindrocarpon
• C. destructans (Booth, 1966)
• C. obtusisporum (Booth, 1966)
• C. macrodidymum (Halleen et al., 2004)
• C. liriodendri (Halleen et al., 2006b)
• C. pauciseptatum (Schroers et al., 2008)
Campylocarpon
• Campyl. fasciculare (Halleen et al., 2004)
• Campyl. pseudofasciculare (Halleen et al., 2004)
TAXONOMY ►Cylindrocarpon-like anamorphs
Multigene analyses: ITS and βTUB
TAXONOMY ►Cylindrocarpon-like anamorphs
Chaverri et al., 2011; Cabral et al., 2012
“Cylindrocarpon”/Ilyonectria
• “C”. destructans
• “C”. obtusisporum
• “C”. pauciseptatum
• I. liriodendri
• I. alcacerensis
• I. estremocensis
• I. macrodidyma
• I. novozelandica
• I. torresensis
• I. sp. 1
• I. sp. 2
I. macrodidymacomplex
Campylocarpon
• Campyl. fasciculare (Halleen et al., 2004)
• Campyl. pseudofasciculare (Halleen et al., 2004)
IlyonectriaNew genus
TAXONOMY ►Cylindrocarpon-like anamorphs
Chaverri et al., 2011; Cabral et al., 2012
“Cylindrocarpon”/Ilyonectria
• “C”. destructans
• “C”. obtusisporum
• “C”. pauciseptatum
• I. liriodendri
• I. alcacerensis
• I. estremocensis
• I. macrodidyma
• I. novozelandica
• I. torresensis
• I. sp. 1
• I. sp. 2
I. macrodidymacomplex
Multigene analyses:
ITS, TUB, histone H3 gene (his3)and translation-elongation factor 1-α (TEF).
Campylocarpon
• Campyl. fasciculare (Halleen et al., 2004)
• Campyl. pseudofasciculare (Halleen et al., 2004)
IlyonectriaNew genus
TAXONOMY ►Cylindrocarpon-like anamorphs
Dactylonectria/Ilyonectria/Neonectria
• D. alcacerensis • Ilyonectria destructans
• D. estremocensis • I. europaea
• D. macrodidyma • I. liriodendri
• D. novozelandica • I. lusitanica
• D. pauciseptata • I. pseudodestructans
• D. torresensis • I. robusta
• D. vitis • I. sp. 1
• I. sp. 2
• Neonectria obtusispora
Campylocarpon
• Campyl. fasciculare (Halleen et al., 2004)
• Campyl. pseudofasciculare (Halleen et al., 2004)
Lombard et al., 2014
Dactylonectria/Ilyonectria/Neonectria
• D. alcacerensis • Ilyonectria destructans
• D. estremocensis • I. europaea
• D. macrodidyma • I. liriodendri
• D. novozelandica • I. lusitanica
• D. pauciseptata • I. pseudodestructans
• D. torresensis • I. robusta
• D. vitis • I. sp. 1
• I. sp. 2
• Neonectria obtusispora
TAXONOMY ►Cylindrocarpon-like anamorphs
Campylocarpon
• Campyl. fasciculare (Halleen et al., 2004)
• Campyl. pseudofasciculare (Halleen et al., 2004)
Lombard et al., 2014
Dactylonectria/Ilyonectria/Neonectria
• D. alcacerensis • Ilyonectria destructans
• D. estremocensis • I. europaea
• D. macrodidyma • I. liriodendri
• D. novozelandica • I. lusitanica
• D. pauciseptata • I. pseudodestructans
• D. torresensis • I. robusta
• D. vitis • I. sp. 1
• I. sp. 2
• Neonectria obtusispora
TAXONOMY ►Cylindrocarpon-like anamorphs
Campylocarpon
• Campyl. fasciculare (Halleen et al., 2004)
• Campyl. pseudofasciculare (Halleen et al., 2004)
DactylonectriaNew genus
Multigene analyses:
ITS, β-TUB, Partial 28S nrRNAgene (LSU), ATP citrate liase (acl1), RNA polymerase II largest subunit (rpb1), RNA polymerase II second largestsubunit (rpb2), canmoldulin(cmdA), α-actin (act), histone H3 (his3), and translation-elongation factor 1-α (TEF).
Lombard et al., 2014
TAXONOMY
Cylindrocladiella• Cyl. parva (Crous and Wingfield, 1993; Lombard et al., 2012)• Cyl. peruviana (Crous and Wingfield, 1993; Lombard et al., 2012)
►Cylindrocladiella
Morphology - Dactylonectria, Ilyonectria, Neonectria
Conidiophores: 40–160 μm long, generally simple, unbranched or sparsely branched
Macro- and microconidia: abundant
Macroconidia: Straight or curved, hyaline, 1–3-septate, rarely > 3-septate, generally with a prominent basal or lateral abscission scar or hilum
Microconidia: Ellipsoidal to ovoid, hyaline, 0–1-septate, with a lateral or basal hilum
Chlamydospores: Abundant, generally intercalary,globose, single or in chains, becoming brownish
Colony colour: White to yellow or light todark brown
Conidiophores: Appear arising laterally from single or fasciculate aerial hyphae or from creeping substrate hyphae, singly or in loose or dense aggregates
Macroconidia: Mostly curved, hyaline, with up to 6-septate, apical cell obtuse, basal cell obtuse or withinconspicuous hilum
Microconidia: Absent
Chlamydospores: Rare or also absent
Colony color: White to off-white or slightlybrownish
Morphology - Campylocarpon
Colony color: Dark to light brown
Conidiophores: Hyaline, single, subverticillate, as well as penicillate, with primary and secondary branches
Conidia: Cylindrical, rounded at both ends, straight, hyaline, (0) –1-septate, sometimes becomingswollen at one end with age
Chlamydospores: Abundant or moderate, more frequently arranged in chains than clusters
Morphology - Cylindrocladiella
• They are soilborne fungi able to act as saprophytes in plant debris andweeds, or as pathogens affecting grapevine or other hosts:
•Actinidia chinensis (Erper et al., 2011; 2013)•Arecaceae spp. (Aiello et al., 2014)•Eriobotrya japonica (Agustí-Brisach et al., 2016)•Liriodendron tulipifera (MacDonald and Butler, 1981)•Olea europaea (Úrbez-Torres et al., 2012)•Panax quinquefolius (Rahman and Punja, 2005)•Persea americana (Vitale et al., 2012)•Pinus radiata (Agustí-Brisach et al., 2011)•Pinus sylvestris (Menkis and Burokiene, 2012)•Proteaceae spp. (Lombard et al., 2013)•Vivurnum tinus (Aiello et al., 2015)
• Several species produce chlamydospores, which facilitate the survival in soil for long periods of time
Black-foot pathogens - Biology and hosts
Black-foot pathogens - Epidemiology
Nursery field
Hydration tanks Scissors
Grafting machines
Peat used for callusing
Rootstock mother fields
Black foot pathogens detected:
• Dactylonectria macrodidyma
• D. novozelandica
• D. pauciseptata
• D. torresensis
• Ilyonectria sp. 2
• I. liriodendri
Grapevine nurseries
Control +
Control –
Soil DNA
Black-foot pathogens - Epidemiology
Control
D. macrodidymaIsolate MH-44
qPCR from soil DNAs
WEEDS
SOIL
Black-foot pathogens - Biology and hosts
Arecaceae spp.
Ilyonectria palmarum
Aiello et al., 2014. European Journal of Plant PathologyPlant Pathology 138: 347-359
Black-foot pathogens - Biology and hosts
Proteaceae spp.
Ilyonectria capensis
Lombard et al., 2013. Australasian Plant Pathology 42: 337-349
Black-foot pathogens - Biology and hosts
Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica)
Cylindrodendrum alicantinum
Agustí-Brisach et al., 2016. European Journal of Plant Pathology(in press).
Thanks to:
►Dr. Carlos Agustí-BrisachDepartamento de Agronomía-Patología Agroforestal
Universidad de Córdoba (Spain)
►Research Group onPhytopathogenic Fungi
Josep Armengol and Carlos Agustí-Brisach
VIENNA, February 25 th - 26 th, 2016
STATUS OF BLACK-FOOT PATHOGENS OF GRAPEVINES
