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30 October 2009 Hans Postema - CERN Status of CO2 cooling CMS Upgrade Workshop FNAL 1
30 October 2009 Hans Postema - CERN
Status of CO2 cooling
CMS Upgrade Workshop
FNAL
1
Participating places (1)
Hans Postema - CERN30 October 2009 2
• RWTH Aachen – Lutz Feld, Michael Wlochal, Jennifer Merz
• IPN Lyon – Nick Lumb, Didier Contardo
• University Karlsruhe – Wim de Boer et al.
• Fermilab – Simon Kwan, Richard Schmitt, Terry Tope, Kirk Arndt
Participating places (2)
• PSI – Roland Horisberger
• CERN Cryolab – Friedrich Haug, Jihao Wu, Torsten Koettig, Christopher Franke
• University Esslingen – Walter Czarnetzki, Stefan Roesler
• CERN DT group – Joao Noite, Antti Onnela, Paolo Petagna, Paola Tropea,
30 October 2009 3Hans Postema - CERN
Participating places (3)
• NIKHEF Atlas – Bart Verlaat, Auke-Pieter Colijn
• SLAC Atlas – Marco Oriunno
• CERN Atlas – Danilo Giugni, Jan Godlewski, Jose Direita
• EPFL Lausanne – John Thome et al.
• CERN CMS – Duccio Abbaneo, Hans Postema
30 October 2009 4Hans Postema - CERN
CO2 Full scale setup
• Following the example of the LHCb cooling plant, we will build a full scale setup for testing purposes
• Setup based upon CMS-TEC cooling plant provided by Karlsruhe
• R404 chiller has cooling power of 4 kW at
-35 C• System uses Lewa pump and SWEP heat
exchanger also provided by Karlsruhe
Hans Postema - CERN30 October 2009 5
LHCb schematic
Hans Postema - CERN30 October 2009 6
Engineering
• Collaboration, involving people from NIKHEF, CERN-Atlas, CERN-DT, CERN-Cryolab, CERN-CMS
• Schematic created in August, finalized and approved in September.
• Parts list created in August, approved, except for a few components.
• Budgets identified, ordering has started.
Hans Postema - CERN30 October 2009 7
Schematic
Hans Postema - CERN30 October 2009 8
CMS-TEC cooling plant
Hans Postema - CERN30 October 2009 9
LEWA pump
Hans Postema - CERN30 October 2009 10
SWEP heat exchanger
Hans Postema - CERN30 October 2009 11
Conclusions
• Full agreement on schematic (P&I)
• Detail design is advancing
• Budgets agreed and available
• Ordering has started
• Contact with CERN safety established– In principle no serious obstacles– Will work together to obtain certification
• Project is advancing at full speed
Hans Postema - CERN30 October 2009 12
CERN CryolabCERN CryolabCOCO22 cooling for pixel detectors cooling for pixel detectors
Investigation of heat transferInvestigation of heat transfer
Christopher Franke, Torsten Köttig, Jihao Wu, Friedrich HaugChristopher Franke, Torsten Köttig, Jihao Wu, Friedrich Haug
TE-CRG-CITE-CRG-CI
14
Content:Content:• Objectives of the studyObjectives of the study
• Test setupTest setup
• Measurement conditionsMeasurement conditions
• Investigation tube diameter Investigation tube diameter
• SummarySummary
Objectives of the studyObjectives of the study
Experimental verification of 2-phase COExperimental verification of 2-phase CO22 flow regimes and stability flow regimes and stability criteria of COcriteria of CO22 flow in minichannels suitable for cooling of the upgraded flow in minichannels suitable for cooling of the upgraded pixel detector of CMS.pixel detector of CMS.
Establish a rather comprehensive experimental database in the range of Establish a rather comprehensive experimental database in the range of relevant mass flux and heat flux α = f(x,q,G,Trelevant mass flux and heat flux α = f(x,q,G,Tsatsat).).
Validation of existing correlations for heat transfer coefficient and Validation of existing correlations for heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop.pressure drop.
If necessary, adapt existing correlations to the database at the range of If necessary, adapt existing correlations to the database at the range of interest. interest.
16
Test setupTest setup
88
Cooling cycle schematic and log(p)-h diagramCooling cycle schematic and log(p)-h diagram
17
Test setup Test setup Piping and Instrumentation DiagramPiping and Instrumentation Diagram
Operating temperatures -40°C to -5°COperating temperatures -40°C to -5°C
Mass flow up to 1.5 g/sMass flow up to 1.5 g/s
Heat flux at test section up to 30 kW/m²Heat flux at test section up to 30 kW/m²
Tube diameter (test section) up to 2.0 mmTube diameter (test section) up to 2.0 mm
Design pressure of the setup 100 barDesign pressure of the setup 100 bar
Cooling power Pulse Tube Cryocooler 150W@225K Cooling power Pulse Tube Cryocooler 150W@225K
Insulation vacuum 5⋅10Insulation vacuum 5⋅10-5 -5 mbarmbar
Test setupTest setup
19
Test setupTest setup
flow directionflow direction
• Stainless steel Stainless steel • Length of the actual test section (heated Length of the actual test section (heated
part) part)
l = 0.15 ml = 0.15 m• Inner diameter dInner diameter dii = 1.4 mm = 1.4 mm
• Wall thickness s = 120 μmWall thickness s = 120 μm• Max. heat flow QMax. heat flow QTSTS = 30 W = 30 W
20
Test setupTest setup
21
Test setupTest setup
22
Measurement conditionsMeasurement conditions1. Saturation Temperatures:1. Saturation Temperatures:
Change in saturation temperature causes a change of the fluid Change in saturation temperature causes a change of the fluid properties which on the other hand influence the flow pattern and properties which on the other hand influence the flow pattern and heat transfer coefficient respectively!heat transfer coefficient respectively!
Following fluid properties are used for calculation:Following fluid properties are used for calculation:• Density ρ (liquid and gas phase)Density ρ (liquid and gas phase)• Dynamic viscosity η (liquid and gas phase)Dynamic viscosity η (liquid and gas phase)• Surface tension σ (liquid phase)Surface tension σ (liquid phase)• Latent heat of vapourization hLatent heat of vapourization hLVLV
Proposed temperature levels for measurement:Proposed temperature levels for measurement:
ϑϑSat Sat
[°C][°C] -5-5 -10-10 -12-12 -15-15 -20-20 -25-25 -30-30
TTSatSat [K] [K] 268,15268,15 263,15263,15 261,1261,155
258,15258,15 253,15253,15 248,15248,15 243,15243,15
23
Measurement conditionsMeasurement conditions1. Saturation Temperature:1. Saturation Temperature:
temperature in °Ctemperature in °C
surf
ace
ten
sion
in N
/msu
rfa
ce te
nsi
on in
N/m
ΔT = 25 KΔT = 25 KΔσ = 5,4E-3 N/m Δσ = 5,4E-3 N/m
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Measurement conditionsMeasurement conditions2. Mass flow (density):2. Mass flow (density):
Change in mass flow m and mass flow density G respectively Change in mass flow m and mass flow density G respectively influences the flow pattern which on the other hand determine the influences the flow pattern which on the other hand determine the heat transfer coefficient!heat transfer coefficient!
Proposed mass flow (density) steps for measurement:Proposed mass flow (density) steps for measurement:
G [kg/m²s]G [kg/m²s] m [mg/s]m [mg/s]
7575 132,5132,5
150150 265,1265,1
300300 530,1530,1
450450 795,2795,2
600600 1060,31060,3
750750 1325,41325,4
900900 1590,41590,4
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Measurement conditionsMeasurement conditions2. Mass flow (density):2. Mass flow (density):
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Measurement conditionsMeasurement conditions3. Heat flux test section:3. Heat flux test section:
Change in heat flux and influences the quality factor where dryout Change in heat flux and influences the quality factor where dryout occure.occure.
Proposed heat flux levels for measurement:Proposed heat flux levels for measurement:
QQTSTS [W] [W] qqTSTS [kW/m²] [kW/m²]
0,50,5 0,660,66
0,750,75 1,001,00
1,01,0 1,331,33
1,251,25 1,991,99
2,02,0 3,893,89
4,14,1 5,445,44
There are 2 theoretical heat flux thresholds:There are 2 theoretical heat flux thresholds:1.1. Onset of nucleate boiling qOnset of nucleate boiling qONBONB = 1 kW/m² ( = 1 kW/m² (VDI WärmeatlasVDI Wärmeatlas))2.2. Critical heat flux qCritical heat flux qcritcrit = 794 kW/m² ( = 794 kW/m² (S.S. KutateladzeS.S. Kutateladze))
QQTSTS [W] [W] qqTSTS [kW/m²] [kW/m²]
7,07,0 9,289,28
10,010,0 13,2613,26
20,020,0 26,5326,53
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Measurement conditionsMeasurement conditions3. Heat flux test section:3. Heat flux test section:
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Measurement conditionsMeasurement conditions
Due to CMS requirements of [email protected] ([email protected]) at -12°C, Due to CMS requirements of [email protected] ([email protected]) at -12°C, tube diameter 1.4 mm the following measuring plan is proposed.tube diameter 1.4 mm the following measuring plan is proposed.
77xx 99xx44(7)(7)
0,05 ≤ x ≤ 10,05 ≤ x ≤ 1Δx ≈ 0,025Δx ≈ 0,025
==252252
(441)(441)casescases
TTSatSat [K] [K]
268,15268,15
-263,15-263,15
261,15261,15
-258,15-258,15
253,15253,15
-248,15-248,15
243,15243,15
QQTSTS [W] [W]
0,50,5
0,750,75
1,01,0
1,251,25
22
4,14,1
7,07,0
10,010,0
20,020,0
G [kg/m²s]G [kg/m²s]
7575
150150
300300
450450
600600
750750
900900
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Investigation tube diameterInvestigation tube diameter
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Investigation tube diameterInvestigation tube diameter
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Investigation tube diameterInvestigation tube diameter
Inner diameterInner diameter(average)(average) lowlow highhigh
Sample 1Sample 1 1,4201,420 1,3971,397 1,4421,442 mmmm
Sample 2Sample 2 1,4331,433 1,4101,410 1,4551,455 mmmm
Sample 3Sample 3 1,4211,421 1,3971,397 1,4451,445 mmmm
Average (1,2 & Average (1,2 & 3)3) 1,4241,424 mmmm
Wall thicknessWall thickness(average)(average) lowlow highhigh
Sample 1Sample 1 119,9119,9 118,4118,4 121,3121,3 μmμm
Sample 2Sample 2 115,4115,4 114,3114,3 116,4116,4 μmμm
Sample 3Sample 3 117,8117,8 117,2117,2 118,4118,4 μmμm
Average (1,2 & Average (1,2 & 3)3) 117,7117,7 μmμm
Inner diameterInner diameter
Wall thicknessWall thickness
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SummarySummary
Test session for 1.4 mm inner diameter tube in horizontal Test session for 1.4 mm inner diameter tube in horizontal
orientation (according to CMS requirements)orientation (according to CMS requirements)
This results an outcome of 252 (441) cases α = f(x) This results an outcome of 252 (441) cases α = f(x)
Good database for comparison with existing flow mapsGood database for comparison with existing flow maps
Good database for comparison with existing calculation models Good database for comparison with existing calculation models
for heat transfer coefficientfor heat transfer coefficient
Extensive commissioning and validation of the setupExtensive commissioning and validation of the setup
Pixel CO2 Cooling Test Status
April 21, 2023 33João Noite PH-DT
Detector Technology Group
Physics Department
CO2 Cooling Test Status
• 1.4mm ID, 5.5m length cooling pipe tested in different heat loads and flow conditions.
April 21, 2023 34João Noite PH-DT
• Available empirical models for two phase pressure drop prediction were used and compared with experimental data.
• Upgrades on the test setup are being made in order to improve the measurements.
• Pixel cooling pipe mockup provided by PSI will be tested during the following weeks.
CO2 Cooling Test Setup
April 21, 2023 35João Noite PH-DT
PRESSURE GAUGE
METERING VALVE
OPTIONAL CAPILLARY TUBE
DETECTOR TUBE WITH ELECTRIC HEATING
MASSFLOW METER
CO2 BOTTLE WITH PLUNGER
CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
VENT TO ATMOSPHERE
PROPORTIONAL RELIEF VALVE
WATER BATH HEATER
p-h Diagram
April 21, 2023 36João Noite PH-DT
Pres
sure
[Bar
]
Enthalpy [KJ/Kg]
HEX
Detector Water Bath HeaterHEX
Latest Results
April 21, 2023 37João Noite PH-DT
Latest Results
April 21, 2023 38João Noite PH-DT
Latest Results
April 21, 2023 39João Noite PH-DT
Test Stability
Stable Readings
Unstable Readings
April 21, 2023 40João Noite PH-DT
