National Plant Protection WorkshopHotel Le-Himalaya, Lazimpat, Kathmandu
Date: Falgun 19, 2075 (March 03, 2019) Sunday
STATUS AND MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT FLY IN NEPAL
Presented by:Debraj Adhikari, [email protected]
ASenior Agriculture Officer, Junar Superzone (PMAMP), SindhuliBFormer Principal Scientist, NARC, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal
CProfessor of Entomology, Agriculture and Forestry University, NepalDFounder & CEO, Beijing Ecoman Biotech Co. Ltd., China
EChief, Plant Quarantine and Pesticide Management Centre, NepalFSecretary, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, Nepal
Presentation Outline
About Fruit fly host country- Nepal
Introduction
Fruit fly species in Nepal
Quarantine fruit fly species
What we did after the agreement?
Fruit fly surveillance in Sindhuli
Fruit fly problem in Nepal
Fruit fly management
Assessment of fruit fly management measures
Chinese Citrus Fly
Area Wide Control Program
Conclusion
2Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal
About Fruit fly host country- Nepal
Country: Nepal
Capital: Kathmandu
Geography: Surrounded by India and
China in land locked mode.
Climate: Tropical to temperate climates
geared with elevation ranging
from 90 to 8848 masl.
Nepal has four major seasons, namely
Winter, Spring, Summer and Autumn
• Only 30 percent of the total cultivated
land is irrigated in the country.
Nepal, occupying only 0.1% of earth, is
home to 2% of all the flowering plants
in the world.
Land use pattern in Nepal
Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal 3
Introduction
• There are several production problems of agricultural crops in Nepal. Obviously, crop insect pests pose problems to limit agricultural production.
• Fruit flies notoriously deplete vegetable- and tree-fruits qualitatively and quantitatively (Adhikari et al., 2018).
Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal 4
Introduction
• NPPO-Nepal is aware of the fruit fly pestilence in potentially tradable horticulture fruits of the country, and is making update on the country status of fruit flies through a regular surveillance (Sharma et al., 2015).
• Fruit fly management methods differ in their efficacy and are variably adopted by farmers.
• This presentation highlights the status and management of fruit fly in Nepal.
Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal 5
Fruit fly species in Nepal
Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal
S N Fruit fly species Reference Remarks
1 Bactrocera dorsalis Sharma et. al., 2015, Adhikari et al., 2017, Bhandari et al., 2017
Reported by Entomology Division NARC;and stored in Kirtipur laboratory
2 Bactrocera zonata Sharma et. al., 2015, Adhikari et al., 2017, Bhandari et al., 2017
Reported by Entomology Division NARC;and stored in Kirtipur laboratory
3 Bactrocera correcta Sharma et. al., 2015 Reported by Entomology Division NARC;
4 Bactrocera cucurbitae Sharma et. al., 2015, Adhikari et al., 2017, Bhandari et al., 2017
Reported by Entomology Division NARC;and stored in Kirtipur laboratory
5 Bactrocera tau Sharma et. al., 2015, Adhikari et al., 2017, Bhandari et al., 2017
Reported by Entomology Division NARC; and stored in Kirtipur laboratory
6 Bactrocera scutellaris Sharma et. al., 2015, Adhikari et al., 2017, Bhandari et al., 2017
Reported by Entomology Division NARC;and stored in Kirtipur laboratory
7 Bactrocera diversus Sharma et. al., 2015 Reported by Entomology Division NARC;
8 Bactrocera caudatus Sharma et. al., 2015 Reported by Entomology Division NARC;
9 Bactrocera minax Sharma et. al., 2015, Bhandari et al., 2017
Reported by Entomology Division NARC;
10 Bactrocera yoshimotoi Sharma et. al., 2015,Bhandari et al., 2017
Stored in Kirtipur laboratory
11 Bactrocera tsuneonis Nepal China Agreement, 2012 Listed in quarantine species of fruit fly
12 Dacus longicornis Adhikari and Joshi, 2016, Adhikari et al., 2017,
Reported from sweet orange orchards of Sindhuli 6
Fruit fly species in Nepal
Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal 7
Special Remark
Bactrocera tsuneosis• Collected species of fruit fly from Sweet Orange at
Helambu, Sindhupalanchock on 1984 was previously identified as Bactrocera tsuneosis which was later taxonomically corrected as Bactrocera minax.
• There exists no fruit fly species like B. tsuneosis in Nepal.
• But, while making Agreement with China, B. tsuneosis was listed as a Nepali species.
Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal
Fruit fly species in Nepal
Five other species of fruit fly were identified in the trainingof fruit fly identification which was conducted by PlantProtection Directorate, Hariharbhawan, Lalitpur (R. D.Gautam, S. K. Singh and R. Kumar) in 2015 at NARCEntomology Division, Khumaltar and the species arepreserved in Plant Protection Laboratory, Hariharbhawan.
B. nigrofemoralis (White & Tsuruta) Tiwari, 2016
B. latifrons (Hendel) Tiwari, 2016
B. aritfacies (Perkins) [Tiwari, 2016; and Bhandari et al., 2017] ,
B. tuberculata (Bezzi) [Tiwari, 2016; and Bhandari et al., 2017] and
D. ciliatus (Loew) Tiwari, 2016
Thus, presently, 17 species of fruit flies are available in Nepal.
Tiwari, D. B. (2016). Fruit fly and Their Management. Plant ProtectionBulletin. Plant protection Directorate, Hariharbhawan, Nepal 25: 7-8. 9
Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal
Quarantine fruit fly species
• In the Nepal-China bilateral agreement on 2012 to exportNepalese citrus fruits to China five species of fruit flieswere listed as pest of quarantine significance by thecontracting party.
Source: Sharma et. al., 2015Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal
What we did after the agreement?
• Discussion, review, guidelines preparation and field
works to support agreement.
• PPD as NPPO has focused on specific survey to detect
the concerned pests.
• Pest survey protocols for quarantine pests and survey
plans are prepared.
• Orchard Selection and Registration (by DADO)
• Field survey for the particular pests are continued since
May 2014.
• Internal Quarantine Directive
Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal 11
Fruit fly surveillance in Sindhuli
12Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal
POPULATION DYNAMICS OF FRUIT FLIES IN SWEET ORANGE ORCHARDS IN SINDHULI, NEPAL
Figure 2. Number of fruit flies trapped in different lures on May 2014 to May 2015 in Sweet
orange orchard of Sindhuli, Nepal.
13Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal
The problem of fruit fly
• The groups of horticultural crops most affected by fruit fly problems were cucurbit fruits (79%) followed by tree fruits (14%) and solanaceous fruits (6%) Adhikari et al., 2018).
• G.C. (2001) recorded 42-68% bitter gourds losses due to fruit flies invasion.
• Chinese citrus fly (B. minax) is a very serious insect causing sweet oranges losses as high as 97 % by the end of harvesting season in the eastern middle mountain regions of Nepal (NCRP, 2012) and it is moving towards the central parts of the country (Adhikari et al., 2018). 14Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal
Fruit fly managementS.
N.
Management
measures
Practices recommended by plant doctors
(No. of recommendation reported in POMS among 180 entries)
1 Sanitation Collect, remove, destroy,
bury infested fruits (127) i.e. 70.6%
2 Pheromone
lure/trap
Methyl eugenol, Cue lure,
composite lure (168) i.e. 93.3%
3 Chemical
insecticides
Malathion and other
insecticides (47) i.e. 26.1%
4 Botanicals Neem based (Azadiractin)
and JHOLMAL (44) i.e. 24.4%
5 Cultural
methods
Soil treatment/tillage, Removal of host plants,
Crop rotation, Clean cultivation,
Weeding, Pruning (40) i.e. 22.2%
6 Exclusion
measures
Netting whole plants, bagging
(wrapping fruits) (11) i.e. 6.1%
7 Food lure/
Protein
hydrolysate
Ripe fruits (pumpkin, banana + insecticide as
bait (8) i.e 4.4%Figure: Fruit Fly management measures recommended by the plant
doctors in the plant clinic sessions from September 2013 to July 201615Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal
Assessment of fruit fly management measures
S N Management measures
1 Sanitation
2 Pheromone lure/trap
3 Chemical insecticides
4 Botanicals
5 Cultural measures
6 Exclusion measures
7 Food lure / Protein hydrolysate
8 Bio pesticides/Biological measures
9 Post-harvest fruit treatment
10 Sterile Insect Technique (SIT)
CriteriaEconomic, Effective, Safe, Practical and Locally available
Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal 16
Assessment of fruit fly management measures
Criteria Measures
Economic Sanitation, cultural, botanicals,
Effective Para-pheromone, sanitation, exclusion
Safe Para-pheromone, botanicals, exclusion
Practical Para-pheromone, sanitation, botanicals
Locally available
Sanitation, cultural, botanicals
Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal 17
Chinese Citrus Fly (Bactrocera minax)
Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal 18
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19Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal
20Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal
Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal 21
Chinese Citrus Fly (Bactrocera minax) (Enderlien)
Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal 22
Adhikari & Joshi, 2018Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal 23
INTRODUCTION
24Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal Adhikari & Joshi, 2018
Loss of Sweet Orange Fruit
25Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal
INTRODUCTION
26Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal
27Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal
28Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal
29Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal
Sanitation vs. miss-management
We have technology, What can we do ? 30Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal
Quarantine!
Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal 31
Conclusion
Fruit flies, Bactocera cucurbitae, B. tau, B. dorsalis, B. zonata, B. scutellaris, and B. minax are predominantly occurring flies in horticultural ecosystem and infesting fruits in Nepal.
B. minax is becoming dangerous pest of tight skinned oranges in Nepal.
The integrated management measures should be employed to manage fruit fly problems in horticultural crops.
Area Wide Control Program has been succeed to manage Chinese Citrus Fly in Sindhuli, Nepal.
Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal 32
Thank you!
Status and management of fruit fly in Nepal 33