1H

2 LiquefactionS

ymposium

, 27 Septem

ber 2019, Perth, A

ustralia

Pre-normative R

EsearchforSafe use

ofLiquid HYdrogen

Prenormative

REsarch

for Safe use of Liquid HYdrogen

Thomas Jordan, K

IT; Donatella C

irrone, Ulster U

niversityH

ydrogen Liquefaction Sym

posium27 S

eptember 2019, P

erth, Australia

2H

2 LiquefactionS

ymposium

, 27 Septem

ber 2019, Perth, A

ustralia

Outline

�M

otivation�

PR

ES

LHY O

verview�

WP

3 Release

�W

P4 Ignition

�W

P5 C

ombustion

�E

xploitation�

Closure

Motivation -P

RE

SLHY O

verview -W

P3 R

elease -WP

4 Ignition -WP

5 Com

bustion –E

xploitation -Closure

3H

2 LiquefactionS

ymposium

, 27 Septem

ber 2019, Perth, A

ustralia

�S

cale-up of existing and new applications increase H

2 demand.

�Liquid hydrogen (LH

2) provides larger densities and gains in efficiencyand

potentially reduces risks compared to com

pressed gaseous transport and storage

�M

any knowledge gaps w

rt accidental behavior of LH2 and inconsistentand

potentially over-conservative RC

S (e.g. NFPA 2 and E

IGA

)

Motivation

!

?

Motivation -P

RE

SLHY O

verview -W

P3 R

elease -WP

4 Ignition -WP

5 Com

bustion –E

xploitation -Closure

4 H2 Liquefaction Symposium, 27 September 2019, Perth, Australia

PRESLHY Objectiveso Report initial state-of-the-art and knowledge gaps with priorities wrt intended use of LH2

o Execute adjusted experimental program addressing release, ignition and combustion phenomena with highest priorities

o Document and publish detailed, aggregated and interpreted data in a FAIR way

o Develop suitable models and engineering correlations and integrate them in a suitable open risk assessment toolkit

o Provide enhanced recommendations for safe design and operations of LH2 technologies

o Support international SDOs in• updating of existing standards or • developing of new international

performance based and risk informed standardso Document and disseminate the enhanced state-of-the-art

Motivation - PRESLHY Overview - WP3 Release - WP4 Ignition - WP5 Combustion – Exploitation - Closure

5H

2 LiquefactionS

ymposium

, 27 Septem

ber 2019, Perth, A

ustralia

Partners & A

dvisorsAdvisor

Com

panyN

ation

Andrei TchouvelevAV

T, ISO

TC 197

Canada

Christoph H

aberstrohU

ni Dresden

Germ

any

Ethan Hecht

SN

LU

S

Derek M

illerA

ir Products

US

Etienne StuderC

EA

France

Franz Grafw

allnerE

T Energiesystem

eG

ermany

Herve B

arthelemy

CE

N/C

EN

ELE

CE

U

John Khalil

IEA H

ydrogen Task 37

US

Jens FranzenD

aimler

Germ

any

Julien SalvatToyota M

otor E

uropeB

elgium

Karl Verfondern

JülichG

ermany

Klaus Schäfer

DLR

Germ

any

Lee PhilipsS

hellU

K

Olav H

ansenLloyds

UK

Salvador AcevesLLN

LU

S

Shoji Kam

iyaK

HI

Japan

PartnerShortN

ame

Nation

Karlsruhe

Institute ofTechnology

KIT

Germ

any

Air LiquideA

LFrance

Health &

Safety Laboratory

HS

EU

nited Kingdom

International Association for H

ydrogen Safety

HYS

AFE

Belgium

INER

ISIN

ER

ISFrance

National

Center for

Scientific R

esearch "D

emokritos"

NC

SR

DG

reece

Pro-Science G

mbH

PS

Germ

any

University of

Ulster

UU

United K

ingdom

The U

niversity of W

arwick

UW

AR

United K

ingdom

Motivation -P

RE

SLHY O

verview -W

P3 R

elease -WP

4 Ignition -WP

5 Com

bustion –E

xploitation -Closure

6H

2 LiquefactionS

ymposium

, 27 Septem

ber 2019, Perth, A

ustralia

External Netw

orking / Dissem

inationH

ySafe (+ Hydrogen Safety Panel)

RC

S SCGJR

C

(HIAD

)ISO TC

197

IEA H

ydrogen Task 37 US D

OE

WP1 –

Manage-m

ent(K

IT)

WP2

-Strategy

(AL)W

P5–

Com

bus-tion

(KIT)

WP3

–R

elease &

Mixing

(NC

SR

D)

WP6

–Im

plementation (U

U)

WP4

–Ignition(H

SL)

PRESLH

Y A

dvisory Board

Presentationon 19.10.2018

ISO/PW

I 24077: „Safe Use of LH

2 in N

on-Industrial Settings“ established on 6.12.2018

Presentationplanned

fornextm

eeting

GexC

on, IFE, E

quinor

SNL

KH

I, Toyota

Motivation -P

RE

SLHY O

verview -W

P3 R

elease -WP

4 Ignition -WP

5 Com

bustion –E

xploitation -Closure

7H

2 LiquefactionS

ymposium

, 27 Septem

ber 2019, Perth, A

ustralia

General A

pproachM

otivation -PR

ESLH

Y Overview

-WP

3 Release -W

P4 Ignition -W

P5 C

ombustion –

Exploitation -C

losure

WP6

–Technical Im

plementation

WP1 –

Managem

entW

P2-Technical S

trategy&

Evaluation

WP5

–C

ombustion

WP3

–R

elease &

Mixing

Advisory B

oard

WP4

–Ignition

8H

2 LiquefactionS

ymposium

, 27 Septem

ber 2019, Perth, A

ustralia

WP2 -R

efined Work Program

me

Motivation -P

RE

SLHY O

verview -W

P3 R

elease -WP

4 Ignition -WP

5 Com

bustion –E

xploitation -Closure

WP3 -R

ELEASE &

MIXIN

G�

Two-phase flow

anddispersion

�Im

pingingand/orw

all attachedjets

�LH

2 poolformation

andevolution

�W

ind effecton large-scaleLH

2 releases

�R

elease in congested/confined

spaces

WP4 -IG

NITIO

N�

Electrostatic

chargein

coldjet/plum

e�

LFL, UFL and

MIE

forcryogenic

H2

�H

2/condensedO

2 phase

mixtures

�LH

2 poolignition

WP5 -C

OM

BU

STION

�C

ryogenicand

LH2 jetfires

�LH

2 poolfires�

Flame acceleration FA and D

DT

�C

ombustion in congested or

confined areas�

BLEV

E

Envisaged revision of

ISO/TR

15916:2015“Basic considerations for the safety of hydrogen”via IS

O P

WI24077

9H

2 LiquefactionS

ymposium

, 27 Septem

ber 2019, Perth, A

ustralia

WP6

–Technical Im

plementation

WP1 –

Managem

entW

P2-Technical S

trategy&

Evaluation

WP5

–C

ombustion

WP3

–R

elease &

Mixing

Advisory B

oard

WP4

–Ignition

WP3

–R

elease &

Mixing

Motivation -P

RE

SLHY O

verview -W

P3 R

elease -WP

4 Ignition -WP

5 Com

bustion –E

xploitation -Closure

10 H2 Liquefaction Symposium, 27 September 2019, Perth, Australia

Modelling HEM / HNEM Two-Phase Choked Flowe.g. NASA test 1197 (P0=12.9 bar, T0=30.7 K)

Motivation - PRESLHY Overview - WP3 Release - WP4 Ignition - WP5 Combustion – Exploitation - Closure

11 H2 Liquefaction Symposium, 27 September 2019, Perth, Australia

Benchmarking� KIT / PS

� Design and set-up of tests E3.1, E3.4� HSL

� Design of tests E3.5 � INERIS

� Sharing of existing LHe experiments data� Excluded tests

� test 0 for no humidity info� tests 1,2 for too large wind variation� tests 7-9 for no H1, H2, L info

� Tests 3 and 6 selected for validation

L the length of the cloud on the groundH1 the height of the base of the cloudH2 the height at the top of the cloud.

Motivation - PRESLHY Overview - WP3 Release - WP4 Ignition - WP5 Combustion – Exploitation - Closure

12 H2 Liquefaction Symposium, 27 September 2019, Perth, Australia

• > 200 tests performed at DISCHA facility at HYKA / KIT• Warm tests (ambient temp) and cold tests (77 K Tsat,LN2)

where 2.81 L stainless steel vessel and release line cooled by bath of LN2

• 4 nozzle diameters (0.5, 1, 2, 4 mm) • 7 initial vessel pressures (5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 150, 200 bar)• Every experiment was repeated at least 2 times (> 100

warm and | 100 cold tests in total)• Only single (gaseous) phase conditions at nozzle were

achieved• D3.4 delivered M18 and data for selected tests published

in website

Experimental series E3.1a Small Scale Multiphase Release experiments (PS/KIT)

Motivation - PRESLHY Overview - WP3 Release - WP4 Ignition - WP5 Combustion – Exploitation - Closure

13H

2 LiquefactionS

ymposium

, 27 Septem

ber 2019, Perth, A

ustralia

Experimental series E3.1a

Small scale, high p 80K

+300 K release experim

ents

Motivation -P

RE

SLHY O

verview -W

P3 R

elease -WP

4 Ignition -WP

5 Com

bustion –E

xploitation -Closure

see https://doi.org/10.5445/IR

/1000096833.

14H

2 LiquefactionS

ymposium

, 27 Septem

ber 2019, Perth, A

ustralia

Next R

elease & M

ixing Experiments

�E

3.1b CR

YO

STAT 2-P

hase release (KIT/P

S)

�E

3.4 Pool release (K

IT/PS

)�

E3.5 R

ain-out tests (HS

E)

Motivation -P

RE

SLHY O

verview -W

P3 R

elease -WP

4 Ignition -WP

5 Com

bustion –E

xploitation -Closure

LH2

Flow-

MeterValve

Nozzle

PT

T

PosI

PosII

Line as shortas possible

15H

2 LiquefactionS

ymposium

, 27 Septem

ber 2019, Perth, A

ustralia

WP6

–Technical Im

plementation

WP1 –

Managem

entW

P2-Technical S

trategy&

Evaluation

WP5

–C

ombustion

WP3

–R

elease &

Mixing

Advisory B

oard

WP4

–Ignition

WP4

–Ignition

Motivation -P

RE

SLHY O

verview -W

P3 R

elease -WP

4 Ignition -WP

5 Com

bustion –E

xploitation -Closure

16H

2 LiquefactionS

ymposium

, 27 Septem

ber 2019, Perth, A

ustralia

E4.1 MIE D

evice(IN

ERIS)

�Triggered

spark�

Currentand voltage m

easuredin the spark

gap�

Inductance = 1 mH

or zero�

Capacitance : variable

�From

a few m

icrojoules to 1 joule�

Am

bient reference tests successful

�80K

tests under preparation

Motivation -P

RE

SLHY O

verview -W

P3 R

elease -WP

4 Ignition -WP

5 Com

bustion –E

xploitation -Closure

17H

2 LiquefactionS

ymposium

, 27 Septem

ber 2019, Perth, A

ustralia

E4.1 Ignition by hot surfaces/power

(INER

IS)

Motivation -P

RE

SLHY O

verview -W

P3 R

elease -WP

4 Ignition -WP

5 Com

bustion –E

xploitation -Closure

-

100,00

200,00

300,00

400,00

500,00

600,00

700,00

-140-120

-100-80

-60-40

-200

20

T ignition (°C)

Temperature of the atm

osphereFirst results:�

Ignition on hot surface independent on T of surface�

Stoichiom

etry and flow velocity m

arginal influence

18H

2 LiquefactionS

ymposium

, 27 Septem

ber 2019, Perth, A

ustralia

�The electrostatic ignition experim

ents in cold jets are completed

�E

lectrostatic field measurem

ents with 2 field m

ills were perform

ed in more

than 100 DisC

ha-experiments (Î

E3.1a)

�N

o spontaneous ignition was observed in the com

plete DisC

ha-campaign (> 200 experim

ents)

Field M

ill 2(FM

2)

Field M

ill 1(FM

1)

E4.2 ElectrostaticIgnition in cold jet (K

IT)M

otivation -PR

ESLH

Y Overview

-WP

3 Release -W

P4 Ignition -W

P5 C

ombustion –

Exploitation -C

losure

19H

2 LiquefactionS

ymposium

, 27 Septem

ber 2019, Perth, A

ustralia

Preliminary results

�S

trong electrostatic fields (~6000 V/m

)observed for 80 K

releases (~ factor 100 larger than at ambient T)

�P

ositive as well as negative values

�Larger electrostatic fields close to nozzle (field m

ill FM1)

than at farther position (FM2)

�Larger electrostatic fields for cold than for w

arm releases

�Increasing electrostatic field values w

ith increasing pressure

E4.2 ElectrostaticIgnition in cold jet (K

IT)M

otivation -PR

ESLH

Y Overview

-WP

3 Release -W

P4 Ignition -W

P5 C

ombustion –

Exploitation -C

losure

see https://doi.org/10.5445/IR/1000096833.

20H

2 LiquefactionS

ymposium

, 27 Septem

ber 2019, Perth, A

ustralia

Next Ignition Experim

ents

�E

4.1b Cold M

IE (IN

ER

IS)

�E

4.3 Electrostatic Ignition in plum

e (HS

L)�

E4.4 Ignition above pool (K

IT)�

E4.5 C

ondensed phase ignition (HS

L)

Motivation -P

RE

SLHY O

verview -W

P3 R

elease -WP

4 Ignition -WP

5 Com

bustion –E

xploitation -Closure

21H

2 LiquefactionS

ymposium

, 27 Septem

ber 2019, Perth, A

ustralia

WP6

–Technical Im

plementation

WP1 –

Managem

entW

P2-Technical S

trategy&

Evaluation

WP5

–C

ombustion

WP3

–R

elease &

Mixing

Advisory B

oard

WP4

–Ignition

WP5

–C

ombustion

Motivation -P

RE

SLHY O

verview -W

P3 R

elease -WP

4 Ignition -WP

5 Com

bustion –E

xploitation -Closure

22H

2 LiquefactionS

ymposium

, 27 Septem

ber 2019, Perth, A

ustralia

E5.2: Com

bustion-Tube-FacilityTube experim

ents for FA and D

DT criteria for T dow

n to 80K

•E

nd-Flange with ports for:

�Therm

ocouple�

Pressure-S

ensor�

Gas-O

utlet

•Front-Flange w

ith ports for: �

Gas-Inlet

�G

low-P

lug�

Thermocouple

•A

long the tube 52 ports for:�

Pressure S

ensors (2 different types),�

Phototransistors

Motivation -P

RE

SLHY O

verview -W

P3 R

elease -WP

4 Ignition -WP

5 Com

bustion –E

xploitation -Closure

23H

2 LiquefactionS

ymposium

, 27 Septem

ber 2019, Perth, A

ustralia

E5.2: Com

bustion-Tube-Facility

•2 different obstacles (B

R 30%

and BR

60%),

•obstacles w

ill be positioned evenly along the complete tube length

(spacing: 1 inner diameter of tube) via three thin threaded rods,

•obstacles w

ere manufactured externally (already delivered).

BR

30%B

R 60%

•O

bstacles

Motivation -P

RE

SLHY O

verview -W

P3 R

elease -WP

4 Ignition -WP

5 Com

bustion –E

xploitation -Closure

24H

2 LiquefactionS

ymposium

, 27 Septem

ber 2019, Perth, A

ustralia

E5.5: Integral test in congested space

Pool in congestion rig

Jet release into congestion rig

Higher flow

rate release into rig, larger orifice

Jet opening angle? (24 deg)B

lockage ratio?

Variables:•

LH2 pool or jet

•C

ongestion level•

Confinem

ent level•

LH2 jet flow

rateIgnition source located just dow

nstream

of rig to limit inventory of unburnt gas

prior to entry into the congestion rig, this is to lim

it noise

Motivation -P

RE

SLHY O

verview -W

P3 R

elease -WP

4 Ignition -WP

5 Com

bustion –E

xploitation -Closure

25H

2 LiquefactionS

ymposium

, 27 Septem

ber 2019, Perth, A

ustralia

FAIR

Data M

anagement

Motivation -P

RE

SLHY O

verview -W

P3 R

elease -WP

4 Ignition -WP

5 Com

bustion –E

xploitation-C

losure

�D

evelopment of the

Data M

anagement P

lan�

Com

parison and final selection of K

ITopenfor the project O

pen S

cientific Data

Repository

�First prototypical data published

for WP3

experimental series E

3.1 https://doi.org/10.5445/IR

/1000096833.

26H

2 LiquefactionS

ymposium

, 27 Septem

ber 2019, Perth, A

ustralia

PRESLH

YExploitation

&

Dissem

inationA

ctivities

Managem

ent(W

P1)Im

plementation

(WP6)

Task 1.3 W

ebsite

Data

Managem

entEngineering

toolsH

andbookG

uidelines RC

S Recom

-m

endationsW

hite Paper

Task 6.6 D

issemina-

tionC

onference

Outreach

ww

w.preslhy.eu

Motivation -P

RE

SLHY O

verview -W

P3 R

elease -WP

4 Ignition -WP

5 Com

bustion –E

xploitation-C

losure

27H

2 LiquefactionS

ymposium

, 27 Septem

ber 2019, Perth, A

ustralia

Acknow

ledgement

The PR

ESLH

Y project has received funding from the Fuel C

ells and Hydrogen 2 Joint

Undertaking under the European U

nion’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program

under the grant agreem

ent No 779613.

Motivation -P

RE

SLHY O

verview -W

P3 R

elease -WP

4 Ignition -WP

5 Com

bustion –E

xploitation-C

losure

… and m

any thanks to all contributors(e.g. Equinor, SH

ELL, …)