Status-quo for the city of Almada including presentation of the...

SURECITY - Sustainable and Resource Efficient Cities -

Holistic simulation and optimization for smart cities.

ERA-NET Co-fund Smart Cities and Communities

Project no: 646453

2016-04-01 - 2019-03-31 (36 months)

Deliverable 2.1.1

Status-quo for the city of Almada

including presentation of the

possible future scenarios

Revision 0 Luís Dias (3Drivers), João Cleto (CMA), Pedro Gomes

(CMA), Sofia Simões (CENSE)

Preparation date 2016-05-01 (m2)

Due date 2017-04-30 (m9)

Project Coordinator AIT

SURECITY D2.2 Status-quo for the three cities – Almada 2

24th April 2017 Confidential until completion

Acronyms and Abbreviations

Term Definition

SEAP Sustainable Energy Action Plan

GHG Greenhouse Gas

NMVOC Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds

NOx Nitrogen Oxides

SO2 Sulphur Dioxide

RES Renewable Energy Resources

kt kilo tonnes

pkm Passenger.kilometres

vkm Vehicle.kilometres

PT Public transportation

GJ Giga-Joule

EV Electric vehicle

kWh kilowatthour



Executive Summary

This report refers to WP2 (Tasks 2.1. to 2.6.). It includes the compilation of the relevant information to set the status quo of the city of Almada: i) necessary model inputs data including current conditions and future scenarios; ii) identification and analysis of existing and potential air quality, energy and emission control policies and measures that can be decided on city-level. Five annex files complement this report consisting the harmonized databases to be input to the tool in WP5.



Table of contents

1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 6

1.1. Overview of the SURECITY project ................................................................. 6

1.2. Scope and outline of the report ..................................................................... 6

1.3. Main data sources ....................................................................................... 7

2. City sustainability planning ........................................................................ 7

2.1. General description of the city ....................................................................... 7

2.2. Existing and expected relevant sustainable energy and other policies and measures

..................................................................................................................... 10

2.3. Policy and governance framework ............................................................... 20

3. City energy profile ................................................................................... 22

3.1. City energy balance ................................................................................... 22

3.2. Primary energy supply and electricity and heat generation ............................. 26

3.2.1. Electricity generation, non-thermal, within the city .................................. 26

3.2.2. District heating and thermal electricity generation within the city ............... 26

3.2.3. Biofuel production within the city ........................................................... 27

3.2.4. Energy distribution ............................................................................... 28

3.2.4.1. Electricity distribution network ......................................................... 28

3.2.4.2. Natural gas network ....................................................................... 30

3.2.4.3. Petrol stations and LPG network ....................................................... 31

3.3. Residential, municipal and services buildings ................................................ 34

3.3.1. Residential buildings ............................................................................ 34

3.3.1.1. Generic overview of residential buildings and dwellings ....................... 34

3.3.1.2. Energy performance of current residential dwellings ........................... 38

3.3.1.3. Current energy technologies in residential dwellings ........................... 41

3.3.1.4. Residential buildings energy performance improvement ...................... 44

3.3.2. Buildings managed by the municipality ................................................... 45

3.3.2.1. Offices and Administrative Buildings ................................................. 47

3.3.2.2. Sports facilities .............................................................................. 48

3.3.2.3. Socio-cultural facilities .................................................................... 49



3.3.2.4. Education facilities .......................................................................... 50

3.3.2.5. Social housing ............................................................................... 55

3.3.3. Other services buildings ........................................................................ 55

3.4. Industry activities ...................................................................................... 60

3.5. Urban areas .............................................................................................. 61

3.5.1. Public lighting ...................................................................................... 61

3.5.2. Gardens/green areas and public fountains .............................................. 63

3.6. Transport ................................................................................................. 65

3.6.1. Transport network infrastructure ........................................................... 65

3.6.2. Mobility patterns and vehicle fleet .......................................................... 72

4. Air quality and emission inventories ........................................................ 75

4.1. Climate, meteorological and air quality data ................................................. 75

4.2. GHG and air pollutant emission inventories ................................................... 78

4.3. Characterization of stationary emission sources ............................................ 79

4.4. Emission control and abatement .................................................................. 79

5. Socio-economic situation and non-energy components ........................... 79

5.1. Socio-economic context ............................................................................. 79

5.1.1. Future developments on socio-economic context ..................................... 81

5.2. Environmental aspects other than emissions to air ........................................ 84

5.2.1. Water use and wastewater systems ....................................................... 84

5.2.2. Other ................................................................................................. 86

6. Data gaps and measures to overcome them ............................................. 87

7. Towards low carbon city integrated planning .......................................... 88

7.1. Setting the targets towards low-carbon integrated planning ............................ 88

7.2. Scenario definition and evaluation metrics .................................................... 88

8. References ............................................................................................... 89



1. Introduction

This report refers to WP2 “Status quo of the demonstration cases” (Tasks 2.1. to 2.6.) of the SURECITY project.

Its objective is to compile the relevant information is compiled to set the status quo of the demonstration

sites: i) necessary model inputs data including current conditions and future scenarios; ii) identification and

analysis of existing and potential air quality, energy and emission control policies and measures that can be

decided on city-level.

1.1. Overview of the SURECITY project SURECITY´s mission is to support smart city level integration of policies and measures towards a low carbon

energy system including mobility services, keeping sustainability goals on air quality, sustainable land-use,

efficient water use, job creation and improved governance supporting to the local authorities, companies

and citizens to develop and analyse sustainable energy and transport strategies and markets and also to

incentivize the creation of new business models.

To do so, SURECITY will develop a software platform which will bridge scientific models to perform holistic

and optimal assessments to design local energy and emission abatement strategies in the medium- and long-

term for neighbourhoods and cities and the end users, i.e. municipalities, citizens and companies, allowing

to design and assess the social, technological and economic impact of measures in all major economic

sectors.

Stakeholders, e.g. enterprises, municipalities and regional government, will be closely involved into the

definition of requirements and functionalities of the platform to maximize the development of new services

and business models including the design and assessment of policy, market measures and strategies. The

SURECITY’s platform will be implemented and validated within three cities: Almada (PT), Malmö (SE) and

Judenburg (AT).

1.2. Scope and outline of the report The scope of this report is to present the energy and sustainability situation in the city of Almada. The

geographical scope of the Almada case-study is the municipality of Almada including its eleven civil parishes.

The economic sectors to be covered are the ones referring to activities that take place within the city

boundaries and structured as follows: primary energy supply (i.e. electricity generation, heat production);

heat, power and transport fuels distribution; energy consumption in residential and services buildings, in

transport, in industry and in agriculture (although the latter in a aggregate format). Besides energy, the

following components are considered since they are relevant for addressing the sustainability of the city:

waste and waste water production and treatment, air quality, water consumption, land-use, overview of the

socio-economic status of the residents and of the governance system in place.

The report is organized in seven chapters, starting by presenting an overview of the city in terms of

sustainability planning. This is followed by a summary of its energy profile (both supply and demand), by a

summary of the air quality status and of the available data on fixed and mobile GHG and air pollutants

emissions. The next chapter shortly outlines the General description of the city as well as of the other non-

energy components considered in the project.



1.3. Main data sources The main data sources used in this report , besides information supplied by the Almada energy Agency

(AGENEAL), are:

• DGEG - national energy directorate of the Ministry of Economy;

• INE - Statisics Portugal office;

• Pordata - national statistical information portal;

• CCDR-LVT - Lisbon regional authority for environment, land planning and economic activities;

• APA - Portuguese Environment Agency;

• EUROSTAT: Urban Europe — statistics on cities, towns and suburbs

(http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-

explained/index.php/Urban_Europe_%E2%80%94_statistics_on_cities,_towns_and_suburbs)

• ERSE - Portuguese Energy Market Regulator;

• Renováveis na hora - website with information on deployment of renewable energy;

• Adene – National Energy Agency

The main sources of information supplied by AGENEAL are:

- Maps with the location of petrol stations;

- Maps with the location of the LPG storage facilities;

- Information on the buildings and services (i.e. public lighting) managed by the municipality of Almada

- Transport sector indicators;

- Information regarding the enegy consumption and main indicators (i.e. number of students) of public

schools managed by the municipality;

2. City sustainability planning

This section presents an overview and analysis of the existing and expected current policy & governance

frameworks for Almada within the topic sustainability.

2.1. General description of the city Located on the south bank of the Tagus River across from Lisbon (Figure 1), Almada is one of 18 municipalities

within the Lisbon Metropolitan Area, with 169 914 (in 2015) (INE, 2016) full-time residents in an area of

around 72 km2.

In spite of being mostly urban, Almada still manages to maintain and preserve 25% of its territory as a natural

protected area of great natural richness and biodiversity. Almada confines with water to the East and North

(Tagus River) and to the West (Atlantic Ocean). Almada´s Atlantic beachfront extends for approximately 13

km and is a popular leisure destination within the Lisbon Metropolitan Area, attracting an estimated 8 000

000 visitors per year.



Figure 1: Location of Almada in Portugal and Europe

The municpality of Almada is composed by eleven civil parishes: Almada; Caparica; Costa da Caparica; Cova

da Piedade; Trafaria; Cacilhas; Pragal; Sobreda; Charneca de Caparica; Laranjeiro; Feijó (Figure 3). The

resident population distribution across the Almada parishes is presented in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Almada municipality resident population across parishes (based on: INE, 2011b)

The eleven parishes of the city of Almada spatial zones that will be used in SURECITY as the spatial layer for

the description of the energy consuming sectors (described in the next sections of this report) and later on

in the modelling in WP3, WP4 and WP5. Additionally, an overview of Almada municipality energy

consumption is presented.



Figure 3: Almada municipality civil parishes

The number of buildings, households and resident population for each city zone is presented in Table 1.

Table 1: Main characteristics of city zones considered in SURECITY regarding residential buildings

Region Code Region name Area Resident population

Number of dwellings

Number of residential buildings

km2 # # #

Z1 Almada 1.37 16 584 10 377 1 672

Z2 Caparica 11.01 20 454 10 954 3 430

Z3 Costa da Caparica 10.18 13 418 13 990 3 362

Z4 Cova da Piedade 1.42 19 904 10 899 1 905

Z5 Trafaria 5.73 5 696 3 290 2 022

Z6 Cacilhas 1.09 6 017 3 722 457

Z7 Pragal 2.27 7 156 3 382 465

Z8 Sobreda 6.17 15 166 6 921 4 024



Z9 Charneca de Caparica 23.14 29 763 18 210 12 865

Z10 Laranjeiro 3.88 20 988 10 544 1 480

Z11 Feijó 3.95 18 884 9 247 2 481

Total 70.21 174 030 101 536 34 163

2.2. Existing and expected relevant sustainable energy and other policies and measures The implemented energy and air quality policies and measures are summarised in Table 2.

Table 2: Existing energy and air quality policies in Almada

Policy name and date of adoption

Target sector Description

Main responsible for implementation

ELAC All sectors Started in 2009, the Local Strategy for Climate Change, which comprises

the dimensions of mitigation and adaptation. Includes all the policies,

tools, plans and actions actions towards the goals for mitigation and

adaptation and is a global strategy in continuous development. - ongoing

Municipality of almada and Local stakeholders

Local Development Strategy

All sectors Framework for the local activity for the last 3 decades - For the current decade the motto is Almada+: Sustainability, Solidarity and Eco-Efficiency - ongoing

Municipality of Almada

Local Master Plan

All sectors Local Master plan currently under revision. The diagnosis and evaluation of the previous plan ha been developed. It is the first Local Master Plan to include a book solely focused on the energy system. Available at www.m-almada.pt. Current Master plan adopted in 1999 currently under revision.


Sustainable Urban Logistics Plan

Transport (urban logistics)

Sustainable Urban Logistics Plan developed under the European project Enclose – sets the logistics context and activities in Almada City Center and devises measures form improvement of urban logistics such as urban consolidation centers, loadng uloading bays policies, innovative options such as cargo-bike, e-carrier for the market areas etc.

Municipality of Almada, AGENEAL, local commerce, logistics operators

Local Eletric Mobility Plan and Network

Transport (e-mobility)

The municipality has already a network of 48 electric recharging points, located at parking buildings and street parking areas. Moreover the 6 parking buildings managed by ECALMA are some of the spots equipped with electric charging points. Almad aoperates two electric mini-buses and other utilizatry eletctrical and hybroid vehicles. It is currently renewing its fleet with electric vehicles.

Municipality and Mobi-e (state company responsible for the management of e-mobility network)

Acessibilidades XXI

Transport 1st generation Parking and Circulation Plan (Plano de Estacionamento e Circulação Acessibilidades 21, published in 2002), whose objective was to diagnose problems and present proposals to increase the use of public transportation and soft modes (cycling and walking). Building the tram infrastructure allowed the creation of new pedestrian areas, namely the city centre, which was transformed into a mixed area with a speed limit of 20 km/h, with restrictions to car parking and circulation. Although part of this effort has since been revoked, there are still pedestrianized areas in Almada that constitute a good example of how sustainable mobility actually boosts the local economy.

Municipality of Almada (also ECALMA – municipal company for traffic mand parking management)

PUMA Transport Almada is currently developing its second generation Mobility Plan (PUMA), following the SUMP guidelines elaborated by the European

Municipality of Almada (also ECALMA –

http://www.m-almada.pt/







Commission. The development of the Almada Mobility Plan has four main objectives:

• Planning and developing a Multimodal Transport System;

• Creating better infrastructures for Public Transport and Soft Modes;

• Promoting the use of new and more efficient technologies/alternative fuels (including electric mobility);

• Involving citizens in the decisions, informing and raising awareness.

municipal company for traffic and parking management) and AGENEAL

PACICLA Transport (bicycles)

PACICLA – ACC Cycling Plan - conceived a network of 233 km of cycling routes, focusing on the bicycle as a competitive transport mode for short-distance travel and commuting. On going (22 km already constructed).

Municipality of Almada and urban developers

RUMA Buildings Almada’s Urban Regulation – sets rules for the urban developmnts in the municipality including a chapter on energy and transport best pratices and rules (obligations for the isntallations of solar panels, parking places for bikes, green roofs, orientation, places for drying clothes on the outside, etc,etc)

Municipality of Almada and urban developers

Compact of Mayors

All sectors The Compact of Mayors is an international coalition of citites that establishes a common platform to capture the impact of cities’ collective actions through standardized measurement of emissions and climate risk, and consistent, public reporting of their efforts. Almada commited to the compact in 2015. The overall target is, for now the same as the SEAP. The SEAP is currently being revised as SECAP also to accommodate all the new requirements and latest energy consumption development.


Covenant of Mayors

Buildings, Transport, Industry

Subscription of the Covenant of Mayors in February 2009, which entailed the production of the Sustainable Energy Action Plan, which has a CO2eq 22% reduction objective, relative to the base year (2006). See also SEAP below. The latest evaluation data shows that Almada has already achieved a 30% CO2eq reduction in 2012, which is beyond the most optimistic reduction scenarios


Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate & Energy

All sectors international coalition of cities and local governments with a shared long-term vision of promoting and supporting voluntary action to combat climate change and move to a low emission, resilient society. It is basically joining the Covenant and the Compact of Mayors. Having complied with all the procedures for the two iniciatives, Almada automatically joined the Global Covenant in 2016.


Mexico City Pact - Mexico City Pact

All sectors Voluntary initiative of mayors and local authority representatives that aims to advance climate actions. By signing the Pact, signatories commit to 10 action points, including the reduction of emissions, adaptation to the impacts of climate change and fostering city-to-city cooperation


SEAP Buildings, Transport, Industry

Sustainable Energy Action Plan submitted under the Convenant of Mayors - includes several measures for each sector. For highlights and list of measures please check detailed table below.

Municipality, AGENEAL and local stakeholders

PLAC Buildings, Transport, Industry

The local community is crucial for the definition of Local Climate Change Strategy (LCCS) and implementation of SECAP (Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan). The PLAC (local stakeholders platform for climate change) in Almada is a voluntary participation forum in which its partners discuss, share and disseminate information and knowledge to support a local action to contribute to the de-carbonization of the activities in Almada. It will address the gap between the municipalities’ commitments (especially the 80% reduction on GHG until 2050) and for climate change and the responsibility of the community as whole without whom the targets are unachievable. The starting point for the PLAC are the frontrunners (circa 70 members from several sectors such as commercial sector, big and small industry, universities, public institutions, among others) which have signed their commitment for action towards the

Municipality, AGENEAL, University and local stakeholders






overall municipal targets and will develop the PLAC together in a participative approach. Started in April 2016 - ongoing

Almada Carbon Less Revolving fund

Municipality Buildings

In 2009 the city of Almada set up the “Almada Less Carbon Climate Fund” which aims at reducing Almada’s carbon footprint by financing energy efficiency and renewable energy investments. After first seven years of successful operation, the Fund is now being redesigned and upgraded - it will become a revolving fund. This means that the cost savings resulting from implemented energy efficiency measures will directly return to the Fund, ensuring leverage of the fund and boosting further investments in a clean energy transition. Between 2009 and 2016 it deployed roughly 1,6 M€ of investment reducing 953 tCO2/year reducing energy consumption in 3 000 000 kWh and saving 375 000 €/year on energy costs. Some measueres implemented are: Telemanagement system for the public lighting in Almada, LED lighting on all traffic lights and tests in Public Lighting, Energy efficient lighting and HVAC systems in municipal buildings, Electric vehicles for the municipal fleet, Efficient lighting in historical monuments, Efficient lighting in schools, Solar PV on municipal buildings, Energy retrofitting of social housing buildings, Envelope refurbishment in office buildings, among others.


Almada has adopted a Local Development Strategy, which has been used as the framework for the local

activity for the last 3 decades. Each of these decades has then been devoted to a particular topic related to

the local needs and reality at each moment, which has allowed the City Council to follow a balanced, smooth

and coherent development pattern, based in solid sustainability criteria.

For the current decade, Almada City Council has adopted the motto “Almada+: Sustainability, Solidarity and

Eco-Efficiency”. The objectives of this motto are to pursue a develop pattern in Almada along the following

guiding principles:

• Establish Almada as a territory of high environmental quality, whose territorial identity lays on the

Tagus estuary and its Atlantic dimension;

• Consolidate Almada’s Green Infrastructure, which safeguards the biophysical functions of the

territory;

• Achieve an efficient and smart use of natural resources;

• Reduce environmental impacts of the different activities developed in its territory and promote an

efficient energy use, to foster a progressive energy transition leading to a low carbon city.

These guiding principles are expressed in the different development axis that implement this strategy and

pursue the objectives stated above. In the field of “Environment, Biodiversity and Energy”, Almada has been

implementing its Local Strategy for Climate Change (ELAC), which comprises the dimensions of mitigation

and adaptation. The mitigation component addresses the reduction of energy related carbon emissions, by

reducing energy use through the improvement of the efficiency in the use of energy and the replacement of

fossil energy sources with renewable endogenous energy sources, thus paving the way towards a low carbon

city. On the other hand, the adaptation component identifies and implements the planning solutions that

guarantee the resilience of the natural, urban, social and economic systems in Almada.

The municipality is also a member of several international initiatives, such as Energy-Cities, ICLEI, the Mexico

City Pact, Covenant of Mayors, World Mayors Council on Climate Change, EU Mayors Adapt, Durban Chart



on Adaptation, Compact of Mayors and Climate Paris Agreement. Under this agreement, the city is

committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050.

Almada has been involved and active in several initiatives related to smart cities’ development in Portugal

(Mobi-E – electric mobility network or Smart Cities network). It has also been involved in several European

Projects related to the subject, which have been implemented or are on-going (e.g. intelligent street lighting,

state-of-the-art efficient technology and ICT deployment in social housing). Almada is also a partner of the

URBAN LEDS project, led by ICLEI, in the framework of the UN, in which Almada is showcasing some of its

eco-efficient solutions to other partner cities from different continents, namely African, Asian and South

American.

All these projects are a first step and an opportunity for expanding the solutions tested and to validate results

and technologies in the local context. For instance, a social housing building was retrofitted with state-of-the

art technologies developed under an FP7 project (HERB - Holistic Energy-efficient Retrofitting of residential

Buildings) including a solar thermal/photovoltaic hybrid system ICT monitoring. The pilot building is

integrated in a large social housing neighbourhood with “unlimited” possibilities of expansion. The creation

of a nearly zero energy social housing district is a medium to long term objective that addresses both energy

conservation issues, poverty alleviation and is also an optimal ground for replication testing, since these

buildings are representative of the majority of multi-apartment buildings in Portugal. Almada has also been

a front runner in the usage of efficient public lighting telemanagement systems in Portugal. This system

encompasses 5% of the total system with full possibility of expansion. Besides allowing for dimming profiles

across night periods and according to user needs, reducing dramatically the energy consumption, it is an

integrated tool for the management and maintenance operations. It can also be coupled with other systems

and sensors giving a full outlook of public infrastructures: GIS integration, irrigation systems coupled with

weather sensors and traffic lights, just to name a few possibilities. The drinking water infrastructure in

Almada also has a telemanagement system that has allowed significant reductions in energy use and

optimization of management and maintenance operations.

Table 3 and Table 4 present the list of the main energy and climate measures in Almada Municpality .

Table 3: Overvivew of main energy and climate measures in Almada Municpality with indication of status in 2016

Key Actions Area of

intervention Policy instruments

Origin of the Action

Respnsible body

Start End Status of

Implementation

Estimated implementati

on cost (€)

Implementation Cost

spent so far (€)

Estimates in target year

RES energy production

Renewable energy

production

CO₂ reduction

(MWh/yr) (MWh/yr) [t CO₂ /yr]

MUNICIPAL BUILDINGS, EQUIPMENT/FACILITIES

Promote the implementation of rationa use of energy plans in order to obtain higher energy rating (A to A+) - regulation

Integrated action (all

above) Public procurement Local authority


2006 2020 Ongoing - 800,000 9,105 - 2,735

Estimated reduction not associated with any reported

actions - 9,105 - - 2,735

TERTIARY BUILDINGS, EQUIPMENT/FACILITIES

Promote the implementation of rationa luse of energy plans in order to obtain higher energy rating (A to A+) - fiscal incentives


above)

Energy / carbon taxes

Local authority

Municipality of Almada and private

sector

2006 2020 Ongoing - 32,828 - 10,481

Implement a pooling scheme for renting of roof area for third party installation of renewable electricity production systems and incentives to local energy production

Other Not applicable Local authority Municipality of Almada

2010 2020 Not started - 14,196 - 4,532

Promote the use of renewable energy

Renewable energy for

space heating and hot water

Other Other

(national, regional, ...)

National government

2010 2020 Ongoing - - - 2,878


actions - 47,024 - - 17,891

RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

Incentives for acquiring eficient electric appliances

Energy efficient electrical

appliances

Other Not possible to

say

ADENE, Municipality of Almada,

DGEG

2006 2020 Ongoing - 33,208 - 10,603



Key Actions Area of



Respnsible body

Start End Status of

Implementation


on cost (€)

Implementation Cost

spent so far (€)



Renewable energy

production

CO₂ reduction


Promote replacement of uneficcient lighting

Energy efficient lighting systems

Awareness raising / training

Local authority


and AGENEAL

2010 2020 Ongoing - 12,879 - 4,112

Campaign on stand-by apppliances reduction

Behavioural changes


Local authority


and AGENEAL

2010 2020 Completed - 2,762 - 882

Promote house refurbishment through incentives on solar thermal panel installation, on larger refurbishment actions and awareness raisign

Building envelope

Energy / carbon taxes

Not possible to say

ADENE, National

government, Municipality of Almada

2010 2017 Ongoing - 12,820 - 3,003

Incentive to local electricity and heat production

Renewable energy for

space heating and hot water


Local authority


and AGENEAL

2010 2020 Ongoing - 7,095 - 2,265

Incentivize zero-energy buildings - fiscal benefits and certification


above)

Energy certification / labelling

Other (national,

regional, ...) ADENE 2010 2020 Ongoing - 2,216 - 596


Other Other Other


National gonvernment

2010 2020 Ongoing -

- - 2,893


actions - 70,980 - - 24,354

PUBLIC LIGHTING

Renewal of public lighting system by installing higher efficiency equipments

Energy efficiency

Public procurement Local authority Municipality of Almada

2009 2020 Ongoing 500,000 250,000 13,154 - 4,200

Implementing ICT systems for public lighting control and regulation

Energy efficiency


2009 2020 Ongoing

1,000,000

500,000 1,350 - 431



Key Actions Area of



Respnsible body

Start End Status of

Implementation


on cost (€)

Implementation Cost

spent so far (€)



Renewable energy

production

CO₂ reduction


Installing photovoltaic luminaires Integrated renewable

power Public procurement Local authority


2009 2020 Not started - 272 -

87

Replacing standard traffic lights for LED traffic lights

Energy efficiency

Public procurement Local authority Municiplaity of Almada

2010 2013 Completed 65,000 65,000 2,250 - 718


actions - 17,026 - - 5,436

INDUSTRY

Promoting voluntary rational use of energy plans on small industries not subject to mandatory regulation on energy

Energy efficiency in

industrial processes


Not possible to say


sector

2010 2020 Not started - 1,299 - 217

promote the instalation of local energy production

Renewable energy


Not possible to say


sector

2010 2019 Not started - 3,193 - 913


Renewable energy

Other Other


National Government

2010 2020 Completed - - - 459


actions - 4,492 - - 1,589

TRANSPORT

Audits and rational use of energy plans with route optimization and new vehicles efficiency standards revision

Other Transport / mobility planning regulation

Local authority

Local Companies, Univesristies

and Municipality of Almada

2010 2020 Ongoing - 1,434 - 385



Key Actions Area of



Respnsible body

Start End Status of

Implementation


on cost (€)

Implementation Cost

spent so far (€)



Renewable energy

production

CO₂ reduction


Improvement of local transport network with the expansion of the FLEXIBUS (green line operated by the municipality)

Electric vehicles (incl. infrastructure

)


and ECALMA 2012 2020 Ongoing - 235 -

63

Eco driving workshops to citizens Eco-driving Awareness

raising/training Local authority


and AGENEAL

2015 2020 Not started - 986 - 264

Replacement of fossil fuel internal combustion vehicles for other energy sources such as electricty


)

Integrated ticketing and charging

Other (national,

regional, ...)

NAtional Government,

MOBI-E, Municipality of Almada

2010 2020 Ongoing - 956 - 256

Expansion of light rail system


)

Public procurement Other


NAtional Government,

Regional Coordinator, Municipality of Almada

2017 2020 Postponed - 11,154 - 2,989

Improve service quality in public transport by implementing an integrated ticcketing system and real time information on schedules

Modal shift to public

transport

Awareness raising/training

Local authority

Municipality of Almada,

Local Transport Operators

2013 2020 Ongoing - 10,000 5,257 - 1,409

Installing the "House of Mobility" - operational centre for public transport operators in their connection to the public


transport

Integrated ticketing and charging

Local authority

Local Tranpsort Operators,

Municiplaity of Almada

2010 2020 Postponed - 10,154 - 2,817

Financing the monthly ticket to municipality workers and internal real-time information system


transport

Grants and subsidies

Local authority Municipality of Almada

2010 2020 Not started - 60 -

16

Creating a carpooling platform Car

sharing/pooling

Other Local authority Municipality of Almada

2015 2020 Not started - 3,495 - 936



Key Actions Area of



Respnsible body

Start End Status of

Implementation


on cost (€)

Implementation Cost

spent so far (€)



Renewable energy

production

CO₂ reduction


Continue implemetntaion of Almada Cycling Plan, create a bike sharing scheme and promote the use of soft modes

Modal shift to walking and

cycling Other Local authority

Municiplaity of Almada

2010 2020 Ongoing - 3,203 - 858

Promoting the implementation of national plan on energy efficiency

Cleaner/efficient vehicles

Other Other


National Government

2010 2020 Ongoing - 60,417 - 16,189

Promoting the use of renewable energy such as biodiesel in line with national objectives

Cleaner/efficient vehicles

Other Local authority Municipality of Almada

2010 2020 Not started - 13,728 - 5,537


actions - 111,079 - - 31,719

TOTAL 1,565,000 1,625,000 259,706 - 83,724

Source: Monitoring Report of the SEAP made in 2016 to the Covenat of Maoys (supplied by AGENAL)

Table 4: Overvivew of already in place and future main energy and climate measures in Almada Municpality (Source: AGENEAL communication)

Already in place [introduced between 2013-2016] Indoor lighting renovation at primary schools (introduction of energy efficient light bulbs, sensors, LED): Basic schools: Marco Cabaço Cataventos Peace, No. 3 Monte de Caparica, No.1 Monte de Caparica, Almada, Miquelina Pombo, No. 1 Cova da Piedade, No. 1 Monte de Caparica (includes outdoor LED lighting).

LED exterior lighting at Casa da Cerca

Installation of condenser batteries in several municipal buildings (10 buildings)

Energy-saving refurbishment of one social housing buildings - Exterior facades insulation, efficient glazing, roof insulation, installation of hybrid photovoltaic system, LED lighting in all fractions and common areas

Photovoltaic system and solar thermal system in the Paquer da paz administrative buildings

Technical Services Building - New HVAC installation



Public lighting - installation of LED luminaires and optimization of schedules. Replacement of mercury vapor lamps by more efficient technologies.

In the short term (between 2017-2018) Municipal Technical Services Building - Facades Insulation, replacement of glazing

Renewal of the solar thermal systems of the swimming pools of Sobreda and Charneca

Public lighting - Installation of remote control system (flow regulation) in conjunction with LED luminaires in 3335 luminaires

Energy refurbishment of around 15 social housing buildings (insulation of facades, roofing, efficient glazing, solar thermal)

Refurbishment of the Romeu Correia Forum HVAC system and PV system installation

Acquisition of 15 electric vehicles (passengers and cargo)

In the mid term (till 2020)

Transpraia* network enlargement (*The Transpraia is a tourist train that connects the beach of Costa da Caparica to Fonte da Telha)

Bus Rapid Transit in Charneca / Caparica

Large Photovoltaic Solar Installation in Vale Figueira Parque

2.3. Policy and governance framework In terms of policy and governance framework the main policy areas are summarised in the next table.

Table 5: Overview of main policy decision areas in Almada relevant for SURECITY

Policy topic Responsible municipality body Other stakeholders involved

Dependence on national and regional policy-making

Major transport infrastructure (trams, highways)

Municipality of Almada was part of the task force for the implementation of the light rail system (2008)

National government and current private operator responsible for operation of the tram system

Defined by national bodies

Bicycle lanes Energy, Climate, Environment and Mobility Department

Private urban developers (if the urban development coincides with the cycling plan)

None

Parking, speed limits, traffic restrictions within the city

ECALMA – municipal company for traffic and parking management

AGENEAL – Local Energy Management Agency

None

Expansion to new building areas in the city

Economic Develepment and Urban Planning Department and Energy, Climate, Environment and Mobility Department - Municipality of Almada

Energy efficiency of these new areas set by national legislation and by the rules within the new urban development plans that included aspects such as orientation, solar gains, wind mapping and adaptation measures.

Local GHG targets Energy, Climate, Environment and Mobility Department

AGENEAL – Local Energy Management Agency of Almada

None

Air quality targets Energy, Climate, Environment and Mobility Department

APA – Portuguese Envirnemt Protection Agency

Set by national legislation and national strategy on air quality

Energy efficiency of private buildings

Urban Administration Department and Energy, Climate, Environment and Mobitlkity Department

AGENEAL Set by national legislation, local regulations (RUMA) and local development plans in new areas

Public lighting Division for Road Infrastrucutres and Public Lighting and Energy, Climate, Environment and Mobility Department

EDP distribuição – national energy distribution company with a contract to maintain public lighting infrastructure

None

School buildings Equipments and Educational Resources Division

Energy, Climate, Environment and Mobility Department and AGENEAL

Social housing Social Intervention and Housing Department

Energy, Climate, Environment and Mobility Department and AGENEAL

Set by national legislation

In terms of energy, for example regarding the adoption of a SEAP, the main decision body in the city is City

Council and validated by the Municipal Assembly.

Local governments, international institutions, national governments, public and private sector entities,

companies, associations and civil society, all must be active agents of change that need to undertake and

mitigate the effects of climate change. Therefore, seeking to deepen its Local Strategy for Climate Change

and continue to focus on sustainability in the use of energy resources, Almada City Hall is promoting the

creation of the Local Platform Almada Climate PLAC. The PLAC aims to establish itself as a voluntary forum

for discussion, sharing and dissemination of information and knowledge, which support an integrated

approach to contribute to the decarbonisation of the activities in Almada and promoting the resilience of the



territory, thus supporting the effort of global fight against climate change. It is intended that PLAC, with joint

action of its partners, to compete in achieving that objective of reducing greenhouse gas emissions originated

in Almada city by 80% up until 2050. The PLAC (Local Stakeholders Platform for Climate Change), will be

materializaed as a online pltform and annual meetings that will address the gap between the municipality’s

commitments for climate change (especially the 80% reduction on GHG by 2050) and the responsibility of

the community as whole without whom the targets are unachievable.

It has now over 75 members including local authorities, civic institutions, industry and commercial sector

among many other representatives. The PLAC will provide tools such as training on emission inventories and

mitigation actions, online resources for applying the technical knowledge acquired and develop

autonomously the inventories, and an online observatory where the overall progress can be interactively

tracked and the members can search for solutions, solutions providers and share their experiences. After this

consolidation phase (1-2 years) the platform will open to the overall population with specific resources and

with the support and dissemination of the frontrunners which will have benefited and build up a consistent

platform by that time. It will inform the development and revision of the new SECAP (Sustainabe Energy and

Climate Plan).

Almada has experience and continuous working with children and awareness raising on the population. There

is a division within the municipality solely dedicated to environmental education: one of the major projects

is the Children’s Parliament where, every year, students take on school projects during the year and

participate actively in the parliament to influence local policies and measures. Roughly 500 students and

teachers are directly involved in this project each year.

The process for the revision of the local master plan has been widely disseminated and included the

organization of two municipal congressess (2015 and 2016). Each one had preparatory participating sessions

(one for each administrative district and deditacted to a relevant issue in that area) and ended in a bigger

congress where the main issues were developed. The conclusions of this participatory process should be fed

into the strategy and program for the master plan which is currently under development. Roughly 1200

citizens participated in the sessions of the first congress which had over 80 speakers and moderators.

As an example, one can see the overall governance of the local Climate Fund on the figure below. It can, and it is, mimicked to other policies and measures.



The adoption of measures by the city regarding the urban energy system and its associated environmental

and sustainability aspects faces the following main barriers: meeting the European energy and climate policy

objectives and the local target will require the mobilisation of substantial investment at local level into energy

efficiency and renewable energy sources. Considering both the substantial effort necessary to finance the

energy transition and tight municipal budgets, it is clear that the objectives cannot be met through traditional

public financing such as grants or direct investment. The limited scope of action of the municipality (besides

configuring only 5% of the emissions it is also severely hampered by national policies and lack of autonomy

in certain areas) is also a barrier for action.

3. City energy profile

This section presents an overview of the energy system for Almada regarding energy supply infrastructure

and energy consumption profiles and the existing energy and emission abatement technologies.

3.1. City energy balance The city energy balance for Almada is depicted in Figure 4 for the year of 2015, showing the final energy

consumption of Almada municipality flows.



Figure 4: Energy balance for 2015 for the city of Almada

Figure 5: Final energy consumption in Almada in 2015 (Source: DGEG, 2017a, DGEG, 2017b and DGEG, 2017b)



The total energy consumption in 2015 was nearly 6.4 PJ, with 37% of this consumption correspond oil

products (gasoline, fueloil, diesel and LPG), followed by natural gas (30%) and electricitry (27%) (Figure 5).

The consumption oil products manly occurs in the transport sector (73%) (Figure 6), of which 60%

corresponds to diesel and 40% to gasoline. LPG consumption, although not significant expression in the

transport sector (0.4 %), still represents 7% of the total oil products consumed. The LPG is mostly consumed

in the residential sector (82%).

Figure 6: Final Energy Consumption of oil products per sector for 2015 for the city of Almada [Source: DGEG, 2017c]

Electricity accounted for 28% of total final energy consumption with 38% consumed in the residential sector

and services (41% of total final energy consumption) sectors and 12% in industry (Figure 7). Natural gas is

consumed in those same sectors (Figure 8) representing 30% of total final energy consumption. Although,

for the natural gas consumption industry has the highest share with 76%, and with residential and services

diving equally the remaining 24%. The renewable energy sources, in particular, biomass, PV and solar

thermal represented around 3% of total final energy consumption, and were exlusivly consumed in

residential buildings.



Figure 7: Final Energy Consumption of electricity per sector for the city of Almada in 2015 [Source: DGEG, 2017a]

Figure 8: Final Energy Consumption of natural gas per sector for the city of Almada in 2015 [Source: DGEG, 2017b]

Figure 9: Final Energy Consumption for the city of Almada between 2006 and 2015 ((Source: DGEG, 2017a, DGEG, 2017b and DGEG, 2017b)



The final energy consumption in the municipality has been stable between 2006 and 2015 (Figure 9).

Although the registed deacrease in 2011 (around 12% when comparing with values of 2006), due to the

national economy crisis, the consumption has increase back to the levels of 2010. The final energy

consumption per capita for the residents in the city is around 37GJ/inhanbitant.

3.2. Primary energy supply and electricity and heat generation

3.2.1. Electricity generation, non-thermal, within the city The city endogenous electricity production is only represented by descentralized photovoltaic systems. In

2014, the municipality had 894 kW of photovoltaic systems (Figure 10).

Figure 10: Photovoltaic installed capacity in Almada from 2008 to 2014 (source: MEE, 2016)

The natural gas network of Almada municipality is managed by Setgás, Sociedade de Produção e Distribuição

de Gás, S.A.. The network is composed by tree types of infrastruture: Primary, secundary grids and points of

reduction and measurement. In 2010, the total network extension was 357 km, with 8 km for the primary

network and 350 km correspondent to the secondary grid. The main consumers of natural gas are the

industry Sovena and the Hospital Garcia da Horta. The natural grid also suppy the residential, services and

other industry sectors.

Although Almada municipality has available rural areas for PV utility scale power plants, land use restrictions

limit its possible deployment. Also, the urban density of Almada muinicipality confine the installation of

relevant solar parks, therefore the potential of solar energy use is mostly associated with buildings, either in

in the production of hot water or in the generation of electricity. In fact, the area available in roofs and

facades in existing and new buildings is massive, therefore a considerable potential to be exploited.

3.2.2. District heating and thermal electricity generation within the city There is no district heating supply network within Almada municipality boundaries and no thermal

powerplants.



3.2.3. Biofuel production within the city There is biofuel production witin the city boundaries made by the industrial company Sovena Oilseeds

Portugal located in Zone 7 – Pragal and occupying circa 198 000 m2. This is the largest industrial facility in

Almada and its activities cover extraction of vegetable oils from sunflower, rapeseed and soya, refining of

rapeseed and soy oils for production of fodd oils for human consumption and flours for animal feedstock, 1st

generation biodiesel production (via transesterification) and production of heat and power in a CHP power

plant (see the following table).

Table 6: Overview of main products from SOVENA Oil Seeds

Output Productive process Substance t/year

Raw vegetable oils for human consumption

Extraction and refining of vegetable oild

Sunfloweer oil, rapeseed oil, soya oil

>1000

Deodoration distillates Refining of vegetable oils Deodoration distillates 100-1000

Biodiesel Biodiesel production Fatty acids metil esther of vegetable oils

> 1000

Glicerin Biodiesel production Glicerol > 1000

Source: adapted from Silva (2014)

In terms of production process the plant is divided in Factory 1, Factor2, Refinery, Pre-Treatement and

Biodiesel production Unit. The plant operated continuously throughout the whole year. The productive

process entails substantial water consumption, both from the river Tejo (salted water) and treated water.

The first is mainly used in cooling and then in the refinery for colling the oil and in the barmoetric circuit,

after which is returned to the river. In the refinery process the water is used for dluuting the citric acide and

caustic soda and in the condensed tanks (Silva, 2014). In 2015 SOVENA Oil Seeds consumed 4 950 336 m3

from the Tejo river and 307 063 m3 from the municipal water supply system (SOVENA, 2015).

Sovena has a dedicate river port for shipping its raw materials and products. This plant is within the scope of

EU-ETS and has emitted in 2015 15 308 ktCO2e from direct energy consumption plus 6 748 ktCO2e from

electricity consumption (SOVENA, 2015). The plant consumed in 2015 501,636 GJ of which 169,262 GJ were

electricity (produced in the CHP plant which operates on natural gas since 2013), 332,317 GJ were natural

gas, and 48 GJ were LPG. This represents roughly 10% of total energy consumption of the municipality in

2015 (or 16% if accounted the SOVENA’s electricity consumption which is both generated internally and

bought to the grid). SOVENA Oil seeds employs circa 126 persons (Silva, 2014).

The biodesel produced by the company is not directly consumed in the municipality as is exported for the

national biodiesel supply system. From 2006 onwards the biodiesel is incorporated in the diesel oil consumed

in the transport sector. The level of blending at national has increased in time (Figure 11), but in 2014 there

was a decrease and it was set as 6.31%.



Figure 11: incorporation rate derived for the period 2006-2014 (source: NIR, 2016)

The plant has plans for expansion of its production unit and storage facilities, the so-called SOVENA XXI (B&A,

GPFA, Ambitude, 2013). This would entail a new unit for sunflower oil refining, a new packaging and storage

unit for both finished products and bulk refined oils, a new set of storage silos (from the current 186 000 m3

and 100 000t) for storing seeds and animal stock flours. The expected electricity consumption would be of

30 kWh/t (4 455 MWh/year) and for natural gas 4.0 Nm3/h (594 000 Nm3/year). However, the permission

for this expansion was not granted by both the municipality and the local Enviroment and Economic

Development Authority CCDR LVT.

3.2.4. Energy distribution

3.2.4.1. Electricity distribution network The Almada municipality electricity grid is constituted by: high, medium e low voltage lines (Figure 12). The

high voltage network supply directly 3 costumers, and feeds 6 substations that transform high tension

electricity to medium voltage. The medium tension grid supply directly electricity to 114 constumers and 427

substantions from where it spreads the low voltage distribution network to general costumers (e.g.

households).

Table 7: Almada municipality high, medium and low voltage networks extension and number of consumers in 2009 (source: CMA, 2011)

Networks Extension (km) Clients

High-voltage transmission networks 39 3

Medium-voltage distribution networks 463 114

Low-voltage distribution networks 1033 468

112 296



Figure 12: Almada municipality electricity network [High voltage (left), Medium voltage (center) and low voltage (right)] (source: EDP Distribuição, 2008)

The Almada municipality electricity grid is also used to assure the electric mobility modes: train connection

to Lisbon and Setúbal, operated by Fertagus (private company) and Light Rail System operated by MST, Metro

Transportes do Sul (private company), both described in section 3.6.1. The electricity grid also supply a EV 28

charging points network (Figure 13). The EV charging network (RPME- Rede Piloto para a Mobilidade Elétrica)

is part of a pilot project Mobi-e, that aims the deployment of road electric mobility model in Portugal.



Figure 13: Almada municipality electric vehicles charging points (Source: CMA/DEGAS, 2010)

3.2.4.2. Natural gas network Almada municipality also have a natural gas supply network managed by Setgás - Sociedade de Distribuição

de Gás Natural, S.A. with three types of infraestrutcture: primary, secoundary network (Figure 14) and

measurement and reduction points. The network length is around 357 km (SETGAS, 2010). In 2015, the

natural gas was mainly consumed in industry (76%) mostly related with Sovena facility, and the remaining

consumption in residential (12%) and services (12%). Within the services sector the natural gas is essentialy

(59%) consumed in the Hospital Garcia da Horta.



Figure 14: Almada municipality natural gas primary (left) and secoundary (right) network (Setgás, 2010)

3.2.4.3. Petrol stations and LPG network

Almada municipality has sixteen petrol stations (Figure 15) and some private stations to supply companies

fllet (example: Transporte Sul do Tejo, located in Laranjeiro). The municipality also have a LPG supply network

(Figure 16) that connect the storage facilities located in the municipality river coast (Figure 17).



Figure 15: Location of Almada municipality petrol servies stations (Source: AGENEAL)

Figure 16: Almada municipality LPG pipeline network



Figure 17: Location of the fuels storage facilities in Almada municipality (source: AGENEAL)

Table 8: Identification of the fuel storage facilities in Almada municipality (adapted from CMA, 2011)

Company Location (Almada

Civil Parish)

Main characteristics

A OZ Energia e Gás, S.A. Trafaria Main Fuels: Diesel, Butane and propane and

other minerals oils

Movement capacity: 302 000 t/year

Storage capacity: 61 900 m3

B ETC – Terminais Marítimos,

S.A.

Porto Brandão Main Fuels: Liquid fuels



C Petrogal – Petróleos de

Portugal, S.A.

Porto Brandão Main Fuels: Liquid fuels



D REPSOL Combustíveis S.A. Banática Main Fuels: Diesel, fueloil, LPG and chemical

products



E SOVENA Oilseeds Portugal S.A. Palença de Baixo Main Fuels: biodiesel and solid seeds

Movement capacity: 1 570 000 t/year

Storage capacity: 90 000 t



3.3. Residential, municipal and services buildings

3.3.1. Residential buildings

3.3.1.1. Generic overview of residential buildings and dwellings In Portugal, and specifically in Almada, the low quality of the building structure construction materials and

techniques induces the use of ative equipments for indoor space heating and cooling. This is demosntrated

by the high installation rate of this type of equipment on the existing residential and commercial buildings.

In terms of construction period of the residential building in Almada, 70% of it dates back to 1990, as it can

be seen in Figure 18. In fact, the peak of residential building construction occurred in the 80s, before the

building first thermal regulations were published (RCCTE1), resulting in poor building construction quality.

Figure 18: Distribution of residential buildings by construction period. Adapted from: (CMA, 2011)

After the intense construction period in the 80s, it can been observed a trend to a decrease in construction

in the more recent years due to the saturation of the available areas for new construction. The municipality

permits for new buildings construction decreased from 467 licences in 2002 to 303 in 2005, and 115 in 2010

(INE, 2016). Nevertheless, the evolutions of number of residential buildings from 2001 to 2011 shows

different patterns in the municipality parishes (Figure 19). The highest construction rate was verified in the

Sobreda parish (Zone 8), and the lowest at Almada parish due to the available construction area.

1 RCCTE – regulation on characterstics and thermal comfort of residential buildings - Decree-Law no. 40/90 of 6 february, replaced

currently by REH - regulation on energy performance of residential buildings – Decree-Law no. 118/2013.



Figure 19: Number of buildings construction rate registed between 2001 and 2011 in Almada municipality parishes (Source: CMA, 2014)

The total number of households in Almada Municipality in 2011 were 101 506 (INE, 2011b), with 71%

occupied by the correspondent owners and 29% rented or other cases (CMA, 2014). Aggregated information

on the characteristics of these dwellings can be found in the Census for Portugal – (2011, 2001, 1991 and

1981). The Population and Housing Census (INE, 2011b) are the largest and exhaustive statistical operations

the country undertakes. Its main purpose is to provide a complete picture of the country. It characterizes the

people living in the country, the kind of housing they live in and their living conditions.

The building typologies considered under the SURECITY project are defined by type of building: Detached

house and multi-apartment, and by age of building: defined by six periods of construction between before

1999 and after 2000 (Table 9). Table 10 present the number of buildings of each typology per city sector. The

defined building typologies correspond to 70% of all municipality dwellings. The basis for classifying the

residential dwellings into these typologies is the work of Simões, et al. (201 6) and is mainly motivated by the

different heating and cooling demands of these typologies which have been estimated by the authors.

Table 9: Selected representative dwellings buildings typologies of the municipality of Almada

Typology Number Building Type Period of Construction

TP1 Unspecified Before 1919

TP2 Detached house 1919 -1945

TP3 Multiaparment building 1919 -1945

TP4 Detached house 1945 - 1960

TP5 Multiaparment building 1945 - 1960







TP10 Detached house After 2000

TP11 Multiaparment building After 2000

Table 10: Number of households per building typology in Almada disaggregated by the municipality civil parishes

Parishes/

Typology

Number

TP1 TP2 TP3 TP4 TP5 TP6 TP7 TP8 TP9 TP10 TP11

Almada 295 636 360 1624 2401 449 1493 51 398 23 51

Caparica 249 312 11 1115 48 2059 552 1439 1505 228 280

Costa da

Caparica

12 544 27 1038 163 2053 496 783 673 74 90

Cova da

Piedade

308 400 133 2534 1297 690 2442 51 625 18 179

Trafaria 105 177 3 806 72 688 78 232 55 50 9

Cacilhas 171 159 67 177 433 336 1197 116 73 12 18

Pragal 581 200 12 224 12 54 357 278 1034 36 18

Sobreda 33 91 0 207 3 1598 166 1947 695 324 539

Charneca

de Caparica

44 57 2 160 3 2260 177 5413 855 1457 607

Laranjeiro 57 312 96 1496 538 1416 2589 357 1156 85 278

Feijó 114 271 43 1109 342 1266 804 869 1821 385 619

Total 196

9

3159 754 10490 5312 12869 10351 11536 8890 2692 2688

The typological distribution shows that the majority of the occupied dwellings in the city municipality were

constructed in the 1960 and 1980 period (TP6 and TP7) which account for 33% of the stock. Of this group,

TP6, Detached house between 1960 and 1980, are by far the most common type of housing found in the

municipality representing 18% of the stock alone.

According to INE, 2011a, around 27% of all the existing residential buildings in Almada municipality require

some structural reparing intervection (Figure 20: Share of residential buildings requiring reparingFigure 20).

Although this figures show a high necessity for building renovation, it also configure an opportunity to reduce

the energy consumption, given the mandatory application of thermal requirements in the building that the

reparing represent more than 25% of the property value.



Figure 20: Share of residential buildings requiring reparing in Almada parishes (source: INE, 2011a)

The information refers to occupied dwellings and not residential buildings because it is necessary to estimate

energy consumption which is determined by the number of persons occupying the dwellings in the residential

buildings.

Figure 21 shows the average floor area of the typologies analyzed. It is possible to observe that in average

the useful area of the dwellings is around 150 square meters, , although there are substantial differences per

considered typology

Figure 21: Almada dwellings average useful area



3.3.1.2. Energy performance of current residential dwellings The households average energy necessities for space heating (Nic) and cooling (Nvc) and water heating (Nac),

and also the nominal overall primary energy needs per dwelling typology (Ntc) are presented in Figure 22. It

can be seen that space heating needs are lower in more recent buildings, given the improvements in

materials and construction methods.

Figure 22: Average nominal energy needs for hot water production, space cooling and heating (Nic), and evolution of nominal average primary energy needs. Based: ADENE (2016)

Till 2016, 12 907 building energy performance certificates were issued according to the EPDB Directive,

corresponding to solely 17% of Almada’s dwellings. The correspondent results in terms of energy efficiency

classifications distribution are presented in Table 11.

Table 11: Overview of number of existing energy performance certificates for residential dwellings in Almada

Building construction period (aggregation of typologies)

Energy label < 1919 1919 - 1945 1946 - 1960 1961 -

1980

1981 - 2000 2001 - 2016 Total

A+ 0 0 0 0 2 78 80

A 0 0 0 0 6 252 258

B 0 0 2 42 137 486 667

B- 2 0 26 162 427 360 977

C 4 18 235 1484 2595 698 5034

D 14 17 194 798 1715 405 3143

E 5 13 160 409 760 149 1496

F 2 14 91 121 188 26 442

Total energy

certificates

27 62 708 3016 5830 2454 12097



Total dwelings 1969 3913 15802 23220 20426 5380 70710

Representativity

of certified

dwellings (%)

1% 2% 4% 13% 29% 46% 17%

Figure 23 present the Almada’s energy performance of buildings certificates distribuition in terms of energy

classes, per building typologies and construction year. The building typologies with the highest number of

certificates are the multiappartment built between 1981 and 2000. It can be noticed that untill 2001 the

detached houses present a tendency to be more energy effiecient than multiappartment buildings. The

buildings built between 2001 and 2016 present a increase in the energy performance, has a consequence of

the utilization of buildings materials with higher thermal quality.

Figure 23: Almada energy performance of buildings certificates

Due to significant differences between energy performance estimation methods from RCCTE 20062 and REH

20133 the certificates obtained from the RCCTE2006 were converted to the more recent regulation (REH

2 RCCTE 2006 - Regulations on Thermal Behaviour of Buildings (RCCTE) [Decreto-Lei 80/2006,

de 4 de Abril, Regulamento das Características de Comportamento Térmico dos Edifícios (RCCTE)]

3 REH 2013 – Energy Performance of Residential Buildings [Decreto-Lei n.º 118/2013, de 20 de

Agosto, estabelece o Regulamento de Desempenho Energético dos Edifícios de Habitação (REH)]



2013). The results are presented in Figure 24, and show a decrease in the energy classes due to the higher

requirements in the REH regulation to obtain higher building energy performance label.

The method to convert conversion the building certificates from from RCCTE 2006 to REH 2013 was based

on the approach used by (Rodrigues, 2014). Rodrigues (2014) compared both regulations and provided Points

of convergence and divergence that made possible to estabilish methodology for conversion.

Figure 24: Almada energy performance of buildings certificates adjusted with more recent regulation

Although the System for Energy Certification of Buildings has been in force since 2006, the analyzed data

refer only to certificates issued since 2010, since it correspond to the period in which the data is more

complete, and at parish level. Regarding the distribution of the certificates in the Almada parishes, as shown

in Figure 25 , the civil parishes of Costa de Caparica and Charneca da Caparica are the ones that have more

certified dwellings. This phenomenon can be related to the tourist factor, in the case of the parish of Costa

da Caparica, which involves the sale and rental of real estate more frequently, while in the case of Charneca

de Caparica it may be related to the new constructions that also need to be certified. Concerning the

distribution of the energy classes, there is a higher predominance of higher building energy classes (between

A+ and B-) in the parishes of Sobreda and Charneca da Caparica. On the other hand, it is possible to find lower

energy classes, between C and F, in the parishes of Trafaria and Costa da Caparica.

It is important to notice that in the analysis of certificates distribution per civil parishes we could not consider

all issued caertificates but only 6 487, around 50% of the total number of issued certificates. This difference

is due to the impossibility to access the postal code of the certified dwellings since 2013, and therefore, it

was not possible to point the location of the dweling and correspondent parish.



Figure 25: Buildings energy performance certficates in Almada parishes

Figure 26 shows the evolution of the buildings energy classes emited since 2010. The increase on the number

registed in 2014 is due to the fact that since december 2013, the building nergy certification became

mandatory for any property that is sold/rented or for sale/rent. Bet ween 2013 and 2014 the number of

emited certificates more than twofold. It is also perceived the increase of the representativeness of buildings

with D energy classe, from 12% in 2013 to 36% in 2014, and the decrease in the higher energy efficient labels.

Figure 26: Evolution of residential dwellings energy performance certficates in Almada since 2010

3.3.1.3. Current energy technologies in residential dwellings In terms of space heating and cooling technologies, 73% of the households do not have access to fix systems

(Figure 27). Althought, it is important to mention that the dwellings energy audits do not account for mobile

equipments, as electric portable heaters. Therefore, individual mobile units, such as electric equipments

resistances, are not included in the figure below correctly displayed (they are installed later, owned by the



user and are not part of the housing itself). The majority of the households have individuals units for space

heating and cooling, with the centralized systems showing a lower share.The type of air conditioners used

are manly used for both space heating and cooling (Figure 28). More detailed information by building type

and construction year is provided in the auxiliary excel file.

Figure 27: Type of space heating and cooling systems

Figure 28: Type of air conditioning system

The stock of equipments for space heating in Almada households shows a predominance of split and multi-

split HVAC (heating, ventilating and air conditioning) systems Figure 29. Althought with a lower share (around

16%), boilers (based on solid fuel or other) are also an widely use equipment in Almada dwellings.



Figure 29: Type of space heating equipments in Almada (note: VRV – Variable Refrigerant Volume)

The space cooling equipments stock in Almada dwellings (Figure 30) have also a predominance of HVAC

systems. It is important to mention the high representativeness (around 24%) of heat pumps for cooling.

Both systems are also used for space heating (as referred previously) due to the dual output capacity of this

technologies.

Figure 30: Type of space cooling equipments in Almada (note: VRV – Variable Refrigerant Volume)

Figure 31 shows the ownership rates of water heating production equipment in the energy certified dwelings.

There is a clear predominance (81%) of Gas (natural gas or LPG) water heaters. The electric accumulator

occupies approximately 8.6% of the dwelings.



Figure 31: Type of domestic hot water equipments in Almada (in dweelings constructed till 2008)

The solar thermal equipments stock is not included in Figure 31 since is not available in ADENE, 2016 buildings

energy certificates database. Nevertheless, necessary estimations were made in order to include this

important type of water heating systems. In this way the building stock was divided in houses built before

2008 and housing built after 2008, as there is a large difference in the ownership rate due to the entry into

force in 2008 of legislation that impose the deployment of solar thermal equipment in new constructed

house.

The ownership rates of solar thermal equipments in Almada for buildings constructed after 2008 is in average

50%, and before 2008 is in average 2.3%. The high difference between the two values for solar thermal

ownership can be justified by the legislation refered in the previous paragraph. A more detailed information

is provided in the auxiliary excel file. A further analysis by the energy systems modeling team needs to be

made, in order to validate this results. Also there will be done a comparison with a the information national

project BDLadapt in order to validate this space heating and cooling figures.

3.3.1.4. Residential buildings energy performance improvement According to the buildings energy certificates database, nearby 97% of issued certificates in Almada had some

kind of improvement measure suggested by the energy auditor. If the recomended improvement measures

were applied, about 70% of certified housing would change its energy class.

Figure 32 shows the impact in the distribution of the building energy energy classes if the recommended

improvement measures were adopted. It can be seen a high potential for improvement, with a increase on

the number of buildings with more efficient energy class (A+, A and C) when comparing with the predomncy

of the lower energy claases (B- and C) in the current situation.



Figure 32: Energy Classes distribution before and after improvement measures in Almada.

The types of suggested measures were very diverse (Figure 33), with most referenced one the upgrading of

the type of hot water production, followed by measures specific for walls and windows. The information on

the types of measures is also available for each building typology and city sector.

Figure 33: Type and number of occurences of the energy auditor suggested building energy improvement measures

3.3.2. Buildings managed by the municipality The buildings managed by the Almada municipality are subdivided in the following broad cathegories:

educational establishments; offices and administrative services; socio-cultural facilities; sports facilities and

cocial housing as in the following table:



Table 12 – Overview of buildings managed by the municipality of Almada

Type of building Number of buildings Area (m2)

Share in total area (%)

Offices and administrative services 15 42,000 16%

Sports facilities 9 16,595 6%

Socio-cultural facilities 37 28,973 11%

Educational establishments 46 17,963 7%

Social housing 250 156,450 59%

Other 9 3,600 1%

TOTAL 375 265,581 100%

Source: AGENEAL

Before entering into a more detailed analysis of the buildings managed by the municipality and of the energy

consumption of the remainder services sector, the following table presents a short overview on the total

consumption for the municipal and non-municipal services sectors and sub sector. This is important since in

many cases there is no detailed information on the municipally managed buildings energy consumption and

this needs to be estimated considering the overall picture.

Table 13 – Final energy consumption in 2015 in the services sector (municipal, public and private) in the Almada municipality according to the energy reported by DGEG

Energy consumption in GJ % of the consumption of the energy carrier per sub-sector

Sub-sector Electricity LPG Gasoline Diesel Fuel Gas Total Electricity LPG Gasoline Diesel Fuel

Education 8533 4224 0 0 0 5109 17866 1% 18% 0% 0%

University 2361 0 0 0 0 546 2907 0% 0% 0% 0%

Health 28167 1030 0 0 0 130338 159535 4% 4% 0% 0%

Hospital 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0% 0% 0% 0%

Hotel 14140 7662 0 0 0 4602 26404 2% 33% 0% 0%

Restaurants 36478 1978 0 0 0 23400 61856 5% 9% 0% 0%

Offices 34258 183 0 1470 9845 2340 48097 5% 1% 4% 22%

Retail + Supermarkets + Shopping mall

123701 0 0 32270 35507 5538 197016 17% 0% 95% 78%

Sports 9767 1370 0 0 0 9867 21005 1% 6% 0% 0%

Social Housing 6387 1757 0 0 0 3588 11732 1% 8% 0% 0%

Culture 37190 0 0 0 0 195 37385 5% 0% 0% 0%

Public Administration

263237 3841 0 293 0 41730 309101 36% 17% 1% 0%

Other 168795 977 0 0 0 9126 178898 23% 4% 0% 0%

Total 733016 23022 0 34033 45352 236379 1071803 100% 100% 100% 100%

Share per carrier in total services

68% 2% 0% 3% 4% 22% 100%

Source: DGEG (2017a, 2017b, 2017c)

Regarding the buildings mnaged by the municipality, Almada municipality has a study detailing the total

energy consumption of the buildings it manages for 2012 and was estimated a value of 26 570 GJ of electricity

and 5 120 GJ of natural gas. Some of these buildings also consume LPG and solar thermal, although there is

no detailed information available for these energy carriers.



The municipality has already studied and implemented several energy efficiency measures it its buildings. A

detailed characterisation of these is out of the scope of this report, but when implementing the next steps

of the SURECITY project, these measures will be consulted.

3.3.2.1. Offices and Administrative Buildings Regarding Offices and administrative buildings an overview of the allocation of these over the city zones is

presented in the next table:

Table 14 – Overview of the buildings managed by the Almada municipality – Offices and administrative buildings

Region Code

Zones Building Name Area (m2)

Availability of detailed energy information (via

certificate or other source)

Energy Classification (classified - not to be

included in the report)

Z1 Almada

Casa Municipal do Ambiente 360 yes C

CIAC-centro informação apoio consumidor

100 no not applicable

Comissão de trabalhadores / sindical 100 no not applicable

Departamento de Administração Geral e Finanças (DAGF)


Departamento de Acção Socio-Cultural (DASC)


Divisão Serviços Urbanos 500 no not applicable

Paços do Concelho 688 yes D

Projecto de Reabilitação Urbana (PRU) 100 no not applicable

Edifício Urbanismo e Obras (Serviços Técnicos)

2700 yes D

Serviços de Saude Organizacional (SSO) - Saúde no Trabalho (Admin)


Z2 Caparica none not applicable not applicable not applicable

Z3 Costa da Caparica

none not applicable not applicable not applicable

Z4 Cova da Piedade

Departamento de Recursos Humanos (DRH)


Assembleia Municipal 200 no not applicable

Z5 Trafaria none not applicable not applicable not applicable

Z6 Cacilhas none not applicable not applicable not applicable



Region Code

Zones Building Name Area (m2)



Energy Classification (classified - not to be

included in the report)

Z7 Pragal Protecção Civil 100 no not applicable

Z8 Sobreda Vale Figueira Parque 8266 no not applicable

Z9 Charneca de Caparica

none not applicable not applicable not applicable

Z10 Laranjeiro none not applicable not applicable not applicable

Z11 Feijó Departamento de Acção Desportiva 500 no not applicable

Source: AGENEAL

For each of these buildings it is possible to obtain an estimate of electricity and natural gas consumption, and

it a slightly less accuracy level, estimates of consumption of LPG. For the buildings with an energy certificate

there is substantially more detailed information including on energy efficiency measures implemented and

that potentially can be implemented.

3.3.2.2. Sports facilities Regarding sports facilities, there are only 9 buildings as detailed in the next table. The buildings are fairly

recent, with less than 20 years.

Table 15- Overview of the sports buildings managed by the municipality

Region Code

Region name Building Name Type Year of

construction Area (m2)

Availability of detailed energy

information (via certificate

or other source)

Energy measures implemented

Z1 Almada Piscina Almada Swimming

pool

Currently being

renovated no

Z2 Caparica Piscina Frois Swimming

pool 2012/2013

213 gym + 312.5

swimming pool

yes Solar thermal hot

water


Not applicable Not

applicable Not

applicable Not

applicable Not applicable Not applicable

Z4 Cova da Piedade Not applicable Not

applicable Not

applicable Not


Z5 Trafaria Not applicable Not

applicable Not

applicable Not


Z6 Cacilhas Not applicable Not

applicable Not

applicable Not


Z7 Pragal Not applicable Not

applicable Not

applicable Not


Z8 Sobreda

Pista de Atletismo -

Sobreda

Race course

no

Piscina Sobreda

Swimming pool

yes


Pavilhão Municipal da

Sport hall yes



Region Code

Region name Building Name Type Year of


Availability of detailed energy

information (via certificate

or other source)

Energy measures implemented

Charneca da Caparica

Piscina Charneca

Swimming pool

2009 447.11 yes

Z10 Laranjeiro Pavilhão

Municipal do Laranjeiro

Sport hall 1992 1000 yes

Z11 Feijó Complexo

Municipal dos Desportos

Swimming pool and

multi-sport hall

1989 1728 yes

Source: AGENEAL

There is detailed information on the energy consumption and energy efficiency possibilities for the majority

of these buildings, from the available energy certificates.

3.3.2.3. Socio-cultural facilities The municipality manages 23 buildings that are used for socio-cultural activities as shown in the next table.

A substantial part of these buildings are historic buildings where museums are located and thus with very

specific energy efficiency options that can be implemented. Quite a few of these buildings have been

renovated in the last 10 years.

Table 16 – Overview of socio-cultural buildings managed by the municipality

Region Code

Region name # Building Name Type Year of




Z1 Almada

1 Casa da Cerca Museum <1900 1144 yes

2 Museu de Sitio de Almada Museum <1900 300 no

3 Museu Olho de Boi Museum <1900 1000 no

4 Museu Filarmonica Museum <1900 400 yes

5 Centro de Informática (MBica) Office

support 1970-1990 100 no

6 Espaço Almada Informa /

Almada Office

support 1970-1990 no

7 Forum Municipal Romeu

Correia Theater >1990 3398 yes

8 Galeria Municipal Theater <1900 501 no

9 Oficina da Cultura Theater 1970-1990 706 no

10 Casa Pargana Museum <1900 501 no

11 Teatro Almada Theater >1990 8000 yes

Z2 Caparica 12 Biblioteca Maria Lamas Library 1970-1990 700 no



Region Code

Region name # Building Name Type Year of





13 Convento dos Capuchos Museum <1900 1449 yes

14 CMIA Museum >1990 473 yes

Z4 Cova da Piedade

15 Museu da Cidade Museum <1900 2400 yes

16 Biblioteca Municipal - Polo da

Piedade Library 1970-1990 200 no

Z6 Cacilhas 18 Casa Municipal da Juventude Recreation

center 1970-1990 528 no

Z8 Sobreda 20 Solar dos Zagallos Museum <1900 2128 yes


21 Espaço Almada Informa /

Charneca Office


Z10 Laranjeiro 22 Centro Cultural e Juvenil de

Sto Amaro Recreation

center 1970-1990 1445 no

Z11 Feijó 23 Espaço Almada Informa / Feijó Office


Source: AGENEAL

For 8 of these 23 buildings there is very detailed information on energy consumption from energy audits

performed by the municipality, which mainly consume electricity and some gas.

3.3.2.4. Education facilities In the Almada municipality there are public and private schools ranging from pre-school (up to 6 years old),

primary school (roughly from 6-9 years old), intermediate school (roughly from 9-14 years old), secondary

education, up to university education and including education for senior citizens. The municipality manages

the pre-schools and public primary schools, whereas the other public schools are managed by the Ministry

of Education. In total, the public education facilities in the municipality include a total of 59 public schools,

with 21 986 students in the school year of 2016/17 (CMA, 2017). An overview of these is presented in the

following table:

Table 17 – Overview of public and private schools in Almada municipality

Zone Pre-school Primary Intermediate Secondary University

Public Private Public Private Public Private Public Private Public Private

Z1 Almada 3 6 4 1 2 1 1 1

Z2 Caparica 5 9 6 3 3 1 1 1 1 1

Z3 Costa da Caparica 1 5 2 3 1 0 0 0

Z4 Cova da Piedade 1 6 4 0 2 0 1 2

Z5 Trafaria 2 3 4 1 1 0 0 0

Z6 Cacilhas 1 4 1 1 0 0 1 0

Z7 Pragal 2 5 2 1 1 0 1 0 1

Z8 Sobreda 2 4 3 4 2 2 1 0

Z9 Charneca da Caparica

3 8 5 4 2 1 0 0

Z10 Laranjeiro 4 5 5 1 3 2 3 1 1

Z11 Feijó 4 7 6 0 2 0 1 0

Municipality 28 62 42 19 19 7 10 5 2 2

Source: CMA (2017) and CMA (2011)



In this table, some establishments are repeated, since they provide simultaneously different levels of

education. However, the table serves to illustrate the proportion between the public and private

establishments and across different education levels. The energy balance data supplied by DGEG is

aggregated for all these estabilshments and does not discriminate further (see the following figure).

Basic education is composed of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd cycle and presents a total of students of 6,721, 4,012

and 5,970 respectively in a total of 698 classes. The average number of students per class in this school year

is 22, with the highest number being 26 and the lowest being 19. About 5,136 students in 222 classes attend

the public secondary school of the public school, of which 1405 students attend professional education

distributed in 42 courses and 71 classes.

The average number of students per class in this school year in the 2nd and 3rd cycle of primary and

secondary education is 23 students. The private professional education network consists of 2 schools, the

Professional School of Almada (EPA) and the Professional School of Education for Development (EPED), which

in total have a school population of 500 students, distributed in 25 courses and 28 Groups.

The energy consumption in the education sector (Figure 34) is dominated by electricity followed, and equally,

by natural gas and LPG.

Figure 34: Energy cconsumption in 2015 in education service setor in the Almada municipality

The municipality, as previously mentioned, only manages the public pre-school and primary school

educational establishments. These represent 48 establishements and are summarised in the following table.

For some of these schools (18) AGENEAL has detailed information on electricity consumption and it is thus

possible, albeit with some uncertainty, to deduct their consumption from the total energy consumption

associated to education in Almada municipality presented in the beginning of section 3.3.2. From that data

it is estimated that the annual electricity consumption of primary schools and kindergardens varies between

33.75 – 546.30 kWh per student/year with a median consumption of 292.99 kW kWh per student/year. As

shown in the previous figure, these schools also consume LPG and natural gas, but this data is not available

solely for the schools managed by the municipality.



Of these municipality schools only EB Maria Rosa Colaço is certified according to the Energy Performance of

Buildings Directive and corresponding national legislation with a B classification.

Table 18 – Overview of the schools managed by the municipality

School Name Pre-

School Primary School

Intermediate School (2nd cycle)

Intermediate School (3rd cycle)

Secondary School

Zone Area (m2)

Energy consumption data available

No. students

EB Feliciano Oleiro √ √ Pragal 2,204 yes 179

EB no 1 Pragal √ √ Pragal 1,099 yes 190

EB Comandante Conceição e Silva √ √ Cova da Piedade

EB no 1 Cova da Piedade √ √ Cova da Piedade

EB no 2 Cova da Piedade √ Cova da Piedade

EB Alfeite √ √ Laranjeiro

EB no3 Laranjeiro √ √ Laranjeiro

EB Costa Caparica √ √ Costa da Caparica 1,634 yes 238

EB no 2 Costa de Caparica √ √ Costa da Caparica

EB José Cardoso Pires √ √ Costa da Caparica

EB Vila Nova de Caparica √ √ Costa da Caparica

EB Carlos Cargaté √ √ √ Charneca 150

EB Louro Artur √ √ Charneca yes 322

EB Vale Rosal √ √ √ Charneca

EB Marco Cabaço √ Charneca

EB no 2 Vale Figueira √ Charneca

EB Presidente Ma Emilia √ √ Charneca 246

JI Marco Cabaço √ Charneca

JI Vale Rosal √ Sobreda

EB Elias Garcia √ √ √ Sobreda 230

EB Miquelina Pombo √ √ Sobreda 2,093 yes 232

JI Sobreda √ Sobreda

EB Almada √ √ Almada 966 yes 139

EB no 3 Almada √ √ Cova da Piedade 572 yes 60

EB Cova da Piedade √ √ Cova da Piedade

EB no 3 Cova da Piedade √ Cova da Piedade 951 yes 161



School Name Pre-

School Primary School

Intermediate School (2nd cycle)

Intermediate School (3rd cycle)

Secondary School

Zone Area (m2)

Energy consumption data available

No. students

EB Cataventos da Paz √ √ Cova da Piedade 1,535 yes 221

EB Maria Rosa Colaço √ √ Feijó 1,603 yes 218

EB Chegadinho √ √ Feijó 1,924 yes 162

JI Feijó √ Feijó

EB Miradouro Alfazina √ √ √ √ Caparica 102

EB no 2 Monte de Caparica √ √ Caparica 1,412 yes 82

EB Monte Caparica √ √ Caparica

EB no1 Monte de Caparica √ √ Caparica 1,829 yes 215

EB Rogério Ribeiro √ √ Caparica

EB no 3 Monte de Caparica √ √ Caparica

EB Fonte Santa √ √ Caparica

EB no 1 Laranjeiro √ √ Laranjeiro 3,773 yes 276

EB no 2 Laranjeiro √ √ Laranjeiro 1,953 yes 197

EB no 1 Alfeite √ √ Laranjeiro 871 yes 75

EB Alembrança √ √ √ Feijó

EB no 1 Feijó √ √ Feijó 1,288 yes 248

EB no 2 Feijó √ Feijó 452 yes 72

EB Vale Flores √ √ Feijó 1,803 yes 188

EB Trafaria √ √ Trafaria

EB no 1 Trafaria √ Trafaria

EB no 3 Trafaria √ Trafaria

EB Cremilde Castro e Norvinda Silva √ Trafaria

Source: CMA (2017) and AGENEAL

3.3.2.5. Social housing The municipality of Almada manages 259 social housing buildings with 2235 dwellings and distributed over

the municipality zones as in the following table. Most of the housing is located in Laranjeiro and in Caparica.

Theser are mostly multi-appartment large buildings with up to 31 dwellings per building and built during the

80’s in Laranjeiro, Caparica and Feijó, but older for the other zones.

Table 19 – Overview of Social housing buildings and dwelligs managed by the municipaity

Zone Dwellings Buildings Share in total no. dwellings

in social housing Type

Z1 Almada 6 26 0% Single/double house

Z2 Caparica 705 51 32% Multi-appartment,

average 16 dwellings per building

Z3 Costa de Caparica 52 22 2% Single/double house

Z5 Trafaria 80 26 4% Single/double house

Z10 Laranjeiro 898 51 40% Multi-appartment,


Z11 Feijó 494 41 22% Multi-appartment,


Total 2235 217 100% _

Source: AGENEAL/CMA

These buildings consume only circa 1% of the final energy consumption in the whole (public and private)

service sector in Almada municipality (see table in beginning of section 3.3.2), namely 6387 GJ of electricity,

1757 GJ of LPG and 3588 GJ of natural gas. However, these are specially vulnerable consumers for which

energy improvements provide substantial increase in well-being and thus they are ne of the priorities of the

municipality.

In fact, there was a pilot project within which a complete retrofit of one of the social housing buildings in

Caparica was performed. The municipality has the goal to expand this project as much as possible.

3.3.3. Other services buildings Besides the aggregated data on energy consumption supplied by DGEG and included in the table in the

beginning of section 3.3.2.1 there is relatively little information available on the very large and very varied

service sector not managed by the municipality. This includes the following sub-sectors:

• Education, i.e. both private schools of all ages and the11 public secondary schools, which are not

managed by the municipality, located in Pragal (2), Laranjeiro (3), Caparica (1), Sobreda (1), Almada

(2), Feijó (1) and Cacilhas (1). Together with the primary schools managed by the municipality, the

educational establishments as whole consumed in 2015 only 2% of the total services energy



consumption in Almada, representing 1% of the municipality electricity consumption, 2% of the gas

and 18% of the LPG (DGEG, 2017a, 2017b, 2017c);

• Universities, which mainly refer to the large campus of FCT-NOVA University in Caparica (88 000 m2

built in 1977-2006 period) (Graça, 2011), the Piaget Institute in Pragal (5564 m2) , the Naval School

in Laranjeiro and the Egas Moniz Medical School in Caparica. There is no detailed energy

consumption for universities in DGEG (2017a, 2017b, 2017c). However, according to CMA (2011a),

FCT-NOVA represents 48% of the Education consumption and there is an averega consumption of

185 kWh per student;

• Health, which includes the very large Hospital Garcia de Orta located in Pragal Caparica (69 792 m2

built in 1991-2009 period), as well as several other substantially smaller clinics. According to CMA

(2011a) the hospital consumed circa 90% of all natural gas in the health sub-sector;

• Hotels, which include the large Lisboa Almada Hotel in Pragal Caparica (6500 m2 built in 2009),

another one in Charneca and several more in Costa da Caparica. In Costa da Caparica the largest

hotels are Melia Aldeia dos Capuchos (16 264 m2 built in 2008) and Hotel Costa da Caparica with

circa 10628m2 built in 1994-2001. According to DGEG data (2017a, 2017b, 2017c), hotels

represented in 2015 only 2% of energy consumed in the whole services sector. They consumed

mostly LPG (33% of all LPG consumed in the services in the municipality), electricy and gas (2% of the

municipality services consumption each);

• Restaurants consumed in 2015 6% of energy consumed in the whole services sector. They consumed

9% of all LPG consumed in the services in the municipality, 5% of the electricy and 10% of gas;

• Offices, according to DGEG data (2017a, 2017b, 2017c), these represented in 2015 only 4% of energy

consumed in the whole services sector. They consumed 1% of all LPG consumed in the services in

the municipality, 5% of the electricy and 1% of gas;

• Retail + Supermarkets + Shopping mall, this sub-sector is dominated by the very large Almada Forum

shopping mall, located in Feijó with 78 815 m2 and built in 2002. The mall consumed in 2015 29873

GJ of electricity (representing 27% of the consumption of the services sector in the municipality).

Besides the shopping mall there are other very large retail shops located mostly next to the shopping

mall and a very large and unknown number of medium and small sized retail commerce. According

to DGEG data (2017a, 2017b, 2017c), these activities (including the mall) represented in 2015 18% of

energy consumed in the whole services sector. They consumed more than 27% of all electricity

consumed in the services in the municipality, and 2% of gas. DGEG also reports consumption of fuel

oil and diesel in this sub-sector, which needs to be clarified;

• Sports facilities which are mainly gyms and privately owned swimming pools. According to DGEG

data (2017a, 2017b, 2017c), these represented in 2015 only 2% of energy consumed in the whole

services sector. They consumed 6% of all LPG consumed in the services in the municipality, 1% of the

electricy and 2% of gas;

• Culture, (5% of total services energy consumption in 2015) which refers to a substantial number of

small and medium associations which provide several services to its associates but that consume

only electricity (DGEG, 2017a, 2017b, 2017c);

• Public Administration, which includes central government office buildings (e.g. courts, social

security, finances, etc.), besides the ones managed by the municipality and that were presented in

the previous section. According to DGEG data (2017a, 2017b, 2017c), public administration (here this



includes the municipality as well) represented in 2015 a substantial share (29%) of energy consumed

in the whole services sector. They consumed mostly electricity (36% of all consumed in the services

in the municipality), LPG and gas (17% and 18% of the municipality services consumption each).

While is is possible to develop a releatively good picture of the large service buildings in Almada muicpality,

complemented with the information available in the energy certificates, this is very difficult to do with the

small service buildings for which there is much less information. According to Statistics Portugal, there were

16 743 services establishements active in Almada in 2013 as in the following table.

Table 20- Services establishements in Almada municipality in 2013

Sub-Sector Number Share of

total

Car repair 304 2%

Bulk Commerce 801 5%

Retail commerce 2199 13%

Hotels 53 0%

Restaurants and similar 1369 8%

Health 1575 9%

Education 907 5%

Sports and culture 547 3%

Other 8988 54% 16743

Source: INE,Statistics Portugal Empresas (N.º) por Localização geográfica (NUTS - 2013), Atividade

económica (Divisão - CAE Rev. 3) e Forma jurídica; Anual (1)

There is no information locating these establishements in the 11 zones considered for Almada and for this

reasons it was decided to adopt the proportional share as in the already issued energy certificates for “small

services” establishemnts which is made available by ADENE - National Energy Agency, as shown in the

following table.

Table 21- Energy certificates for services sector issued in Almada municipality

Small services No. Certificates Share in total certificates

Almada 1249 61%

Cacilhas 8 0%

Caparica 213 10%

Charneca de Caparica 202 10%

Costa de Caparica 224 11%

Cova da Piedade 30 1%

Feijó 17 1%

Laranjeiro 35 2%

Pragal 11 1%

Sobreda 57 3%

Trafaria 18 1%

Total Small Services 2064 100%

Large services No. Certificates Share in total certificates

Almada 39 49%



Cacilhas 0 0%

Caparica 11 14%

Charneca da Caparica 10 13%

Costa de Caparica 3 4%

Cova da Piedade 1 1%

Feijo 2 3%

Laranjeiro 2 3%

Pragal 4 5%

Sobreda 7 9%

Trafaria 1 1%

Total Small Services 80 100%

Source: ADENE

For the “large services”, since theser are much less, an analysis of the certificates and of other souces as

Graça (2011) was made to locate the buildings (as nin the following table).

Table 22- Overview of large services sector issued certificates in Almada municipality (not managed by the municipality)

Type Zone Name Class Certification

year Area (m2)

Construction date

Management

Health

Almada B 2016 Private

Caparica CUF Almada B- 2009 2010 Private

Caparica Centro Social Paroquial

do Cristo Rei B- 2012 2013 Private

Caparica Instituto de Cardiologia Preventiva de Almada

B- 2015 Private

Laranjeiro B- 2011 2012 Private

Pragal Hospital Garcia de Orta C 2016 17448 1991-2009 Public

Hotel

Caparica Resid Estudante B- 2008 2009 Private

Caparica Student residence Egas

Moniz B- 2012 1388 2013 Private


C 2016 3105.6 Private

Costa de Caparica Hotel Costa da Caparica C 2016 10628 1994-2001 Private

Costa de Caparica Hotel Praia do Sol C 2016 1435 Private

Pragal Lisboa Almada Hotel B 2008 6500 2009 Private

Pragal Lisboa Almada Hotel C 2014 4992 Private

Trafaria B 2015 Private

Kindergarden

Feijo B- 2009 2010 Private

Feijó B- 2012 2013 Private

Sobreda Centro dia e creche da

sobreda A 2009 2010 Private

Large retail shop

Almada Decathlon B- 2014 Private

Almada Worten Almada B- 2016 Private

Almada Worten Almada 2 B- 2016 Private

Feijó FNAC Almada F+orum C 2012 2002 Private

Pragal B- 2008 2800 2009 Private

Pragal Staples B- 2008 2009 Private

Sobreda A 2011 2012 Private

Almada Loja MEO Almada B- 2009 1985 Private

Almada A 2015 2505 2005 Private

Feijo Auto stand B- 2008 2009 Private

Offices Almada CTT B- 2013 1979.5 Private

Almada B- 2013 Private




year Area (m2)

Construction date

Management

Almada C 2014 Private

Almada C 2015 1950 Private

Almada C 2016 1440.7 Private

Cova da Piedade C 2015 1199 1990 Private

Cova da Piedade C 2016 Private

Pragal C 2012 Private

Pragal Edifício Estradas de

Portugal B 2013 15774 1993 Private

Sobreda B- 2012 1222 2013 Private


B 2016 Private

School

Almada Escola Secundária

Anselmo de Andrade B- 2011 13315 1990 Public

Almada Escola Fernão Mendes

Pinto B 2011 30350 1990 Public

Caparica Escola Secundária do Monte da Caparica

B 2010 28900 1985 Public


B- 2016 1961 Private

Cova da Piedade Escola Emídio Navarro? B- 2009 2010 Public

Laranjeiro Agr. Escolas Professor

Ruy Luís Gomes B 2009 22500 2010 Public

Trafaria EPED B- 2016 1848.55 Private

Shopping Mall

Feijó Almada Forum Office C 2014 2002 Private

Feijó Almada Forum B- 2016 78814 2002 Private

Sports

Feijó B- 2015 Private

Feijó B 2016 2016 Private

Pragal B- 2015 Private

Sobreda B 2010 2011 Private

Supermarket

Almada Pingo Doce Almada B 2010 1750 2011 Private

Sobreda Intermarché C 2011 2012 Private

Almada B- 2012 Private

Almada Jumbo Natureza A 2013 2013 Private

Almada Pingo Doce Almada R. D.

Leonor B- 2015 2017 Private

Caparica Continente Bom Dia

Pragal B- 2014 Private

Caparica Pingo Doce dos

Capuchos C 2016 1845 2000 Private


B- 2012 2013 Private


A 2013 1250 Private


C 2014 651 Private


B- 2014 872 Private


A 2014 Private


B- 2016 Private


B- 2016 Private

Costa de Caparica Minipreço B- 2012 153 Private

Feijó Pingo Doce Feijó C 2012 Private

Feijó A 2014 Private




year Area (m2)

Construction date

Management

Feijó Lidl Almada Feijó B 2015 1300 Private

Feijó Jumbo Almada Fórum B- 2016 21000 Private

Laranjeiro Continente Bom Dia B- 2014 Private

Pragal A 2013 Private

Pragal Lidl Almada Pragal B- 2015 2005 Private

Sobreda C 2012 145 Private

Sobreda Lidl Sobreda B- 2014 1800 Private

Source: ADENE Energy Cerrtificates, Graça (2011)

3.4. Industry activities Almada is a municipality has no big industrial parks as it has more predominance of tertiary sector. The

industry in almada municipality is almost represented by the biofuel production company Sovena Oilseeds

Portugal, already caracterized in section 3.2.3, and other small industries manufacturing industries related

manly tofood, beverage and tobacco industries (Figure 35). Sovena Oilseeds Portugal industry is not present

in Figure 35 due to its economic head office is in another municipality.

Figure 35: Gross added value by type of industry in Almada municipality (INE, 2015a)

The activity of the industry facilities located in the municipality is not defined, and should will be completed,

namely through direct contact to the responsible industry, or a more top-dwon approach (using the gross

added value). Figure 36 present the final energy consumption industrial sub sector in Almada municipality. It

is important to refer that the energy consumption of the sector Industry-CHP relates to the CHP facilities

associated to the Sovena industry and Almada - Hospital Garcia da Horta. Further work will be done in order

to locate the different small industries within the municipality. An possible approach, can be the one used by

the national GHG and air pollutant emission inventiory, by using a set of spatial emission distribution

parameters, for example population density.



Figure 36: Almada municipality industry sub-sectors final energy consumption 2006 to 2015 (Source: DGEG, 2017a, DGEG, 2017b, DGEG, 2017c)

3.5. Urban areas

3.5.1. Public lighting The municipality of Almada is responsible for the public lighting, including the lighting levels and schedules,

the type and number of luminaires and lamps used. The Almada municipality public lighting network (Figure

37) consist in the following elements: 545 transformation points, each one connect to electricity

consumption smart metering and all with astronomical time clock control system.

The system has a total of 36 800 complete light points. The predominant type of lamp in the municipality is

the High pressure Sodium (82%), followed by Mercury (14%) and Metal Iodates (3%). In more recent years

there has been a continuous replacement of the oldest lamps with more efficient technology like LEDs and

fluorescent ones, but its share is still not significant: 0.4%. Also, 1 993 luminaires associated with a remote

management system, and there is the expectation of expansion of this systems to more municipality zones

(Table 23). Specific information is available per municipality region and is currently being prepared. It will be

available in the next phases of the project.



Figure 37: Almada municipality public lighting network in 2010 (EDP Distribuição, 2008)

Table 23: Almada municipality public lighting and traffic lights past and future measures

Measures description

and type of equipments

Year of

application

Number of

equipments

Electricity

consumption after

the introduction of

the measure

(kWh/year)

Investment

cost (€)

Redution in

the total final

energy

(kWh/year)

Yearly cost

reduction

(€/year)

Sustainable traffic lights –

implementation of LED

lamps

2013 1 090 45 972 79 457 260 506 -

Remote management -

Electronic ballasts,

luminaire controllers,

segment controllers,

routers, modems, among

others

2013 1 472 451 072 227 705 336 444 46 693



Measures description

and type of equipments

Year of

application

Number of

equipments

Electricity

consumption after

the introduction of

the measure

(kWh/year)

Investment

cost (€)

Redution in

the total final

energy

(kWh/year)

Yearly cost

reduction

(€/year)

Remote control

measurement + LED

illumination: Acquisition,

installation of equipment,

training, system

programming, software

as a service and

communications for a

period of 12 years -

intelligent systems for

management of public

lighting network and

introduction of luminaires

with LED technology

To be installed

between 2017

and 2020

3 335 379 430 1 263 95 € 1 178 777 168 484 €

The electricity consumption for public lighting was estimated at 62 051 GJ (17 236 482 kWh) (value provided

by AGENEAL), corresponding to around 3% of total electricity consumption in Almada. In recent years,

Almada has already applied a list of measures to reduce its electricity consumption associated with traffic

lights, through the replacement of current inefficient systems with LED (Table 23).

3.5.2. Gardens/green areas and public fountains The gardens and green areas in Almada municipality are divided in public green spaces with and without

equipments. Table 24 and Figure 38and Figure 39present the location of the larger parks in Almada

municipality. According to AGENEAL the public fountains, and also the main parks were already Intervened

in order to reduce the electricity consumption, for exemple through the substitution of the existing

luminaires with more efficient ones. Nevertheless, a review of the importance of the energy consumption of

this places to the municipality, to check the energy efficient improvement potential, since they are directly

managed by the municipality and would be easier to intervene.

Table 24: Almada municipality public green areas location and area (CMA, 2011)

Public green areas

Subtype Name Region Code

Area (ha)

With equipments

Sub-urban zones

Parque da paz Z1 60.6

Jardim Urbano de Sto. António

Z3

Urban Zones

Parque Comandante Júlio Ferraz

Z1 24.2

Jardim dos Capuchos Z2

Parque Multiusos Z8



Public green areas

Subtype Name Region Code

Area (ha)

Parque Aventura Z9

Parque Verde Z10

Parque Urbano das Quintinhas

Z11

Without equipments

Proximity parks Dispersed 46.1

Complementary green spaces Dispersed 276.6

Figure 38: Almada municipality urban green parks (in green) and the correspondent influence area (in light green) (CMA, 2010)



Figure 39: Alamada municipality residential proximity parks

3.6. Transport

3.6.1. Transport network infrastructure In the framework of the regional accessibilities, Almada road netword is a vital insfrastructure and was a key

driver for the development of the south bank of the Tagus river during the 2nd half od the 20th century. In this

regional framekowrn, Almada road network supports itself in two main axis (see Figure 40), namely:

• IP 7 (main itineraty 7), a structuring route that connects to Spain and also connects the two banks of

the Tagus river, linking Almada and Lisbon across the “25 de Abril” Bridge. In Almada the section of

this route consists of A 2 (Highway 2);

• IP 1, another structuring route that connects to the south of Portugal and establishes the north-south

link through the “Vasco da Gama” Bridge, having a common section with the IP7 between Palmela

and Marateca.

These two fundamental axes are supported by a complementary network:



• IC 32 (complementary itineraty 32), radial axis that connects the municipalities of the South margin

and potentiates the main connections to the north and the south of the river;

• IC 20, which develops perpendicularly to IP 7/A 2 and connects Almada with the Costa da Caparica,

where the beachfront is located;

• IC 21 that establishes the connection between IP 7/A2 and the neighbouring municipality of Barreiro.

Figure 40: Almada regional road access network

In terms of the local road network, Almada comprises the following mais roads:

• ER10 (regional road 10) connectes the urban centers of Almada and Seixal;

• ER 377-2 which connects the beachfronts of Costa da Caparica and Fonte da Telha.

The structure of the local network is thus based on the north-south crossing via IP 7/A 2, connected by the

Almada node to the main transverse crossing (IC 20), which in turn establishes a connection to the IC 32

serving the interior of the municipality. This route will be the closing of the internal regional circular of the

Setúbal peninsula (see Figure 41).



Figure 41: Internal regional circular of the Setúbal peninsula

For decades, Almada public transport network was based on bus and boat connections to Lisbon. Nowadays,

with a modern suburban train (1999) and especially with the recent tram system (2008) that runs in the

central axis of the urban area, Almada public transport is substantially different, and includes as main

operator services (Figure 42):

• Two boat connections between Almada and Lisbon downtown operated by Transtejo (public

company);

• A bus network with 60 lines in Almada and links to Lisbon and the southern regions operated by TST,

Transportes Sul do Tejo (private company);

• One train connection to Lisbon and Setúbal, operated by Fertagus (private company);

• A Light Rail System operated by MST, Metro Transportes do Sul (private company) with 3 lines and

a total of 19 stops, 17 of which within Almada;



Figure 42: Almada public transports

Nevertheless, several other public transport services are present in Almada, namely a mini-train in the beach

area (Transpraia), an urban lift connecting Almada old town to the riverfront (Elevador da Boca do Vento),

and an inclusive flexible electrical mini-bus service (FLEXIBUS), running in Almada historical area.

The coverage of the collective transportation network in Almada (Figure 43) is satisfactory in terms of space

coverage, with 62% of the territory being covered by the PT network (comprising 91% of the population).

Despite the territorial coverage, there are still areas within Almada municipality where there is a lower quality

of coverage, namely in Charneca da Caparica and Sobreda. On the other hand, the frequency of some

collective road transport routes is relatively low, revealing an insufficient service offer for this considerable

part of the territory.



Figure 43: Almada Public Transport Network

In terms of e-mobility, the Municipality has a network of 32 recharge points for electric vehicles (28 for cars

and 4 for motorcycles and pedelecs), located at parking buildings and street parking areas. Almada is one of

the 25 Portuguese Municipalities that initially subscribed to electric mobility and is an active member of the

National Network of Intelligent Cities, a Living Lab created with the purpose to foster innovation, namely

through e-mobility and related services.

Regarding soft modes, there is a growing network of cycling routes, from a total of about 223 km foreseen in

Almada’s Cycling Plan, linking entire territory of Almada (Figure 44). Thus creating conditions for the bicycle

to become an alternative mode of transport to the car when traveling short distances, everyday trips and

leisure travel.



Figure 44: Almada Cycling network (existing routes and future developments)

In terms of new transport infrasctructures the following ones are expected:

Modernization and expansion of Transpraia rail service

The Transpraia is a small train which runs during the 3-month holiday season, connecting the beach from

Costa da Caparica to Fonte da Telha, on a course of about 7 km, which comprises 19 stops. From its

inauguration, in 1960, until 2007 the train service started at the urban center of Costa da Caparica. With the

works of urban requalification and the environmental valuation of the Costa da Caparica Polis program, the

beginning of the line was transferred further south. This change reduced the attractiveness of the service

given the distance to the center of Costa da Caparica and the lack of public transport in the immediate

vicinity.

In this context, Almada intends to study different scenarios for the valorization of the service provided by

Transpraia, by extending the line to the public transport interface of Costa da Caparica, and its energy and

environmental rehabilitation, with the possibility of guaranteeing some of its needs from photovoltaic solar

power. The train currently has conventional diesel traction, and Almada intends to study the technical and

economic viability of the reconversion to a light-rail powered by solar energy, using endogenous resources



and increasing energy efficiency and environmental sustainability. This study is scheduled to start in

2017/2018.

Expansion of the tram to Costa da Caparica

The Municipality of Almada defends the expansion of this transport system to the Costa da Caparica and to

Trafaria, as well as the execution of the next steps already foreseen, with the connection to Seixal and

Barreiro. The expansion of the MTS tram service Costa da Caparica would allow for the improvement of the

public transport service (which is currently provided by bus only), promoting a confortable, clean and fast

alternative to private car. This would allow for a major modal shift in the trips associatyed with the ~8 000

000 annual visitors to Almada’s beachfront. There is no implementation plan at the moment, although this

expansion was predicted in the eraly stages of the project, before 2008.

Establishment of a high capacity public transport service (Bus Rapid Transit)

The spatial coverage of Almada's mobility system is very asymmetrical in the municipality, and in some areas

there is an offer of mobility, particularly in collective transport and soft modes, which is inadequate for

demographic evolution, urban occupation and economic activities. This situation is particularly critical in

Charneca da Caparica and Sobreda, parishes where there was a greater population growth between 2001

and 2011, and where there is an intensive use of individual transport in daily trips.

To counteract this trend, it will be necessary to promote the attractiveness of collective transport and

diversify the current supply, increasing the speed of circulation and making it competitive with individual

transportation. The establishment of routes dedicated exclusively public transport will allow to increase the

average speed of circulation of the buses and contribute to the decongestion in peak hours. This solution for

redeploying road space favoring public road transport, also known as Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) or Bus with

High Level of Service (BHLS) is a system that has been growing in popularity all over the world. The reasons

for this include the attractiveness and comfort for its passengers, its high performance and quality, and the

possibility of being built quickly, incrementally, and economically. BRT systems also provide sufficient

transport capacity to respond to demand in corridors with high population density.

At the moment, Almada is preparing the technical and economic feasibility studies for the creation of a BRT

service, aiming at promoting the use of the bus in the area of Charneca da Caparica and Sobreda at the

expense of individual transport, that responds to the specific needs of the trips Urban areas, namely the

connection to the multimodal interfaces of Pragal and Cacilhas. These studies are scheduled to start in

2017/2018.

New railway station of Vale Flores

The municipality of Almada has been defending the construction of a new railway station on the north-south

axis, in the area of Vale Flores (located between the current stations of Pragal and Corroios). This project,

recommended in 2002 in the Mobility Plan "Acessibilities 21" will have the objective of reducing pressures

on the multimodal interface of Pragal, serving the interior of the municipality and the nodes of the South

Center and Laranjeiro, increasing the demand for public transportation. The interior area of the municipality

of Almada is currently less well served by the public transportation system, and despite the proximity to the



railway infrastructure, it is verified that the accessibility of these populations to the stations of Pragal and

Corroios is conditioned by two important physical barriers: north the IC 20, and southeast the A2.

3.6.2. Mobility patterns and vehicle fleet Almada still faces many traffic problems due the large number of private cars and commercial vehicles. Almada

motorization value reaches 404 cars per 1000 inhabitants (73% of the population have access to a car),

although this number is below the average for the Lisbon Metropolitan Area. This represents approximately

70 400 cars and 3 800 motorcycles. This car fleet is relatively old, with about 35% of cars being more than

10 years old and only 17% younger than 5 years old (Figure 45). About 99% of them are conventionally

fueled, of which 51% diesel and 49% gasoline (Figure 46). Finally, about 70% of cars have size engines

between 1000 and 2000 cm3 (Figure 47). There is no detailed data for freight vehicles.

Figure 45: Age of the car fleet of Almada

Figure 46: Fuel types of the car fleet of Almada



Figure 47: Size engines of the car fleet of Almada

Nearly 50% of the trips made in Almada refers to crossing traffic, as Almada is the southern gateway to Lisbon:

the bridge crossing the Tagus river, connecting Almada and Lisbon, serves to funnel about 150 000 vehicles

per day (Figure 48).

Figure 48: Almada municipality road connection to Lisbon

Mobility patterns of the population of the municipality of Almada are also influenced by the fact that from the

total employed residents, about 46% work in a different municipality (mostly Lisbon). The result is that from

the 285.000 daily trips of Almada residents about 67% are internal and 33% refer to people from Almada

commuting to other municipalities (mostly Lisbon).

The fact that there are several public and private companies operating within the municipality, and connecting

Almada with other municipalities, affects the integration of different transport modes which often operate in

competitive rather than cooperative way. This fact diminishes the attraction of PT in Almada. It is fundamental

to address this problem with the development of more efficient transport networks, adopting an intermodal

vision, and rationalizing redundancy and competition between modes that generates inefficiencies and

operating imbalances.

Based on the results from the 2015 Mobility inquiry in Almada, the modal split showed that 47% of resident’s

trips were made by private motorized vehicle, 36% by public transport and 17% by soft modes. People are



very car-oriented: surveys show that 73% of households own cars, with 31% of these owning two or more,

with only 26% own a bike (Figure 49). Nevertheless, 56% of private car users would be available to abandon

this form of transport if public transport was fast, efficient, timely and coordinated enough. On the other hand,

25% of daily private car users stated that, under any circumstances would leave this type of mobility. Overall,

respondents stated that the improvement of public transport is the most important and most effective measure

to reduce traffic in cities. This is not only a problem of Almada, but a cultural issue that encompasses all of

the Lisbon Metropolitan Area. The recent increase in prices and decrease in quality of service, due to the

economic crisis, has helped shift even more users from public transportation to private car.

Figure 49: Modal split of Almada based on the 2015 mobility inquiry

The average distance traveled by the daily trips of residents is 5.9 km, but this value will vary depending on the motive for the trip and destination (Figure 50). In intra-municipal travel the average distance traveled (in a straight line) is 3,7 km, and in intra-parish travel the average distance is 1.1 km. In Almada's travels to the rest of the Lisbon Metropolitan Area the average distance traveled per trip is about 10 km.

Figure 50: Average distance travelled by resident’s trips, based on destination

3,7

1,1

9,7 10,0

3,2

Inter-Freguesias Intra-Freguesias Almada - AML Norte Almada - AML Sul AML Norte - AMLNorte

Distância Média das Viagens por tipo de fluxo OD



Commuting trips travel 6.4 km on average. This relates to the average distance between the residence and

the place of employment, which is 7.0 km (straight line), with maximum value of 10.1 km in the parish of

Charneca da Caparica and a minimum value of 5.1 km in Almada and Laranjeiro parishes.

4. Air quality and emission inventories

This section summarises the existing climate and meteorological data to be input into the SURECITY

environmental models. It also analyses existing emission inventories to calibrate the models including a

characterization of fixed emission sources.

4.1. Climate, meteorological and air quality data The meteoreological data from Almada can be extracted from: (Sitema nacional de informação de recursos

hidricos http://snirh.pt/). There is a weather station in the Almada municipality, more precisely in parish

Monte da Caparica (Figure 51). The station provide a robust and vast number of weather parameters,

namely: Wind direction and speed; precipitation and temperature.

Figure 51: Location of Almada Weather station

In 2013, it was made an Assessment of air quality in the municipality of Almada within the framework of the

European Mobility Week - Air Quality Monitoring Report (DCEA - FCT / UNL, 2013). The study provided

information for climate, meteorological and air quality data for Almada municipality based on local

mesaurements. The results of the study include the analysis of the wind intensity and predominance in the

municipality (Figure 52) and also the nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (left) and ozone (O3) (right) concentrations

(Figure 53). The information used for the Environmental Assessment model (developed in the project next

working tasks) can be obtained opon request at DCEA - FCT / UNL.

http://snirh.pt/



Figure 52: Wind rose in Almada municipality in 2013 (DCEA - FCT / UNL, 2013).

Figure 53: Almada municipality nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (left) and ozone (O3) (right) concentrations (DCEA - FCT / UNL, 2013).



The data currently available for the city is summarised in the table:

Table 25: Existing climate, meteorological and air quality data in Almada municipality

Parameter Units Spatial detail Time resolution Source of data

Temperature ºC Whole municipality/civil parishes

Daily averages from 1975 till current date. Also specific for 2013

Municipality meteorological station

Relative humidity % Whole municipality/ civil parishes

National Meteorological Institute

Wind direction °

Wind speed m/s

Global radiation W/m2

Precipitation mm

Air quality

PM10 ug/m3 1 km grid Regional Environmental Authority

PM2.5

NOx ug/m3 n.d. Specific studies

SO2

CO

Ozone ug/m3 n.d.

Benzene ug/m3

(…)

The city currently does not have access to an air quality model to assess air quality impacts in its territory.

Almada municipality was also part NACLIM project 4- Assessing Urban Heat Island Effect within Local Strategy

Climate Change, and allowed, throught the analysis of the Urban Heat Island Effect in Almada, the access to

high detailed climate, meteorological parameters. Some of the base case information for Almada

municipality is presented in Figure 54. The project also developed a set of scenarios linked to urban planning

and existing urban plans/projects, namely5:

• Effect of the urban heat island (UHI) on urban planning both today and in the future;

• Impacts of green roofs linked to potential green roof map/plan for each city for the timeframe

2030 - 2040 onwards;

• Impacts of the change in albedo (reflectivity) of buildings (e.g. through change to green roof type);

• Impacts of city expansion on climate change (e.g. projected Land Use Land Cover (LULC)).

4 More information at: http://www.naclim.eu/



Figure 54: Examples of the type of information available for Almada municipality uder NACLIM Porject (left - Heat waves in Almada (nº of days per year) and right - Average number of Heat waves in Almada per year - N.º of inhabitants 2011)

4.2. GHG and air pollutant emission inventories The national GHG and air pollutants emission inventories, respectively, National Inventory Report (NIR)5 and

Informative Inventory Report (IIR)6, does not include information at municipality level. Nevertheless, an

assessment at this level was developed in 2011 with information fo GHG and air populatnts emissions per

economic sector for the year 2009.

For the case of GHG, the municipality has developed its own emission inventory under the Convenant of

mayors and Carbonn Climate Registry agreements. As signatory of the EU Covenant of Mayors, Almada

municipality developed a GHG emission inventory (Table 26). In the SURECITY project the scope of inventory

will include more disaggregated sectors as there is under way a revision and merge of both GHG emission

inventory submition under Convenant of mayors and Carbonn Climate Registry projects.

.

5 Submitted under United Nations FrameworkConvention On Climate Change and The Kyoto

Protocol.

6 Submitted under Gothernburg Protocol to the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air

Pollution



Table 26: Almada municipality GHG emission inventory for 2013, submitted under covenant of mayors

Economic sector Emissions (Tonnes CO₂ equivalent)

Buildings, equipment facilities and industries

Municipal buildings, equipment/facilities 8 302

Tertiary (non municipal) buildings, equipment/facilities 71 980

Residential buildings 93 012

Public lighting 5 134

Industry Non-ETS 17 342

Subtotal 195 770

Transport

Municipal fleet 2 053

Public transport 11 573

Private and commercial transport 82 339

Subtotal 95 965

Total 291 735

Regarding non-GHG air pollutants a regional emissions inventory is being prepared for the greater Lisbon

area commissioned by the regional authority for Planning and Economic Development (CCDRLVT). This

includes the municipality of Almada and emissions fo NOx, SO2, PM, VOCNM, NH3 are inventaried at the

whole municipality level from 2011 to 2014. The inventory is not publically available yet

4.3. Characterization of stationary emission sources This information is not available for the municipality of Almada. Nevertheless, the previous referred non-

GHG air pollutants a regional emissions inventory for Lisbon and Almada area can provide more information

on this topic.

4.4. Emission control and abatement There is no emission control and abatement measures for fixed emission sources

5. Socio-economic situation and non-energy components

5.1. Socio-economic context Almada’s economy, similarly to the rest of the country, has been shifting from industry to services. Since the

1940’s till 1981 the population of the municipality has increased by almost a factor of five due to the

proximity with the capital city of Lisbon with its employement opportunities and after 1963 the development

of large industrial hubs (notably the shipyard of Lisnave located in Cacilhas). With the building of the bridge

over the Tagus river, connecting Almada to Lisbon by road in 1966, this trend has continued and even in

current days a substantial part of the municipality’s residents daily travel to Lisbon for work.

Nowadays, the shipyard has moved out of the municipality in the 90’s and its economic activities are mostly

services, including tourism in Costa da Caparica and commerce, notably with the building of the Almada

Forum shopping mall in Feijó in 2002, which also serves many residents from other municipalities. Besides

commerce the municipality of Almada functions as a service hub for inhabitants of other municipalities in



particular regarding healthcare (via the large Garcia da Orta hospital in Pragal) and university education

(specially via the Science and Technology College of NOVA University in Caparica). This is facilitated with the

public transport options available namely the passenger train and MST tram.

Within the municipality, the zones of Almada and Feijó host the largest share of jobs in the municipality (18%

and 14% respectively). These jobs are mostly taing place in services, where Almada has circa 1000 offices,

cafes, retail shops, etc, followed by Cova da Piedade, Feijó, Charneca da Caparica (more than 500

establishments each) (CMA, 2011). Regarding employment in industry, this takes place mostly in Charneca

(20% of all industry employment in the municipality). The construction activities are predominant in

Charneca, whereas employment in Hotels and Restaurants takes place mostly in Costa da Caparica. Finally,

Bulk and Retail Commerce, Education, Health and Culture jobs are mianly concentrated in Almada, which is

the administrative centre of the municipality (CMA, 2011). Although, rather small it should be mentioned

that there is some activity in agriculture in Costa da Caparica and in fishing mainly in Trafaria.

According to the most recent population CENSUS, Almada had in 2011 174,030 inhabitants (Table 27) and in

2015 169 914 inhabitants (PORDATA, 2017). Comparing with the previous population Census of 1991 and

2001, the population has increased roughly 12 473 inhabitants (i.e. a 6% increase in the period 1991-2001

and a growth of 8% in the period 2001-2011). Nonetheless, this increase in population was not enough to

contradict the trend towards an increasing share of elderly persons (CMA, 2011). It is unknown at the

moment if the short decrease seen since 2011 will be maintained. In any case, the INE population projections

show an expected growth for the whole of the Lisbon Matropolitan Area where Almada is located.xz

The population is distributed across the 11 considered municipality zones as show in the Table, and Charneca

da Caparica has the the biggest share of the population which is in line with being the largest zone in the

municipality. Besides that, the population is mainly located equally in the zones of Laranjeiro, Feijó, Caparica,

Cova da Pieade, Almada and Caparica (between 11 and 10% of the municipality’s population), slighty less so

in the zones of Costa da Caparica and Sobreda (9% and 8% of the municipality’s population), and clearly less

in the zones of Trafaria, Cacilhas and Pragal.

Table 27: Overview of main population indicators for Almada for 2011 according to Statistics Portugal last population Census

Zone numbe

r Zone

Share of population with 4 or less

years old (%)

Share of population with 65 or

more years old

(%)

% ownership

of dwellings

Share of populatio

n with university

degree (%)

Unemployment rate (%)

Total number

of resident

s

% of total

residents per zone

Almada Total 5% 21% 67% 15% 14% 174,030 100%

Z1 Almada 3% 33% 56% 16% 15% 16,584 10%

Z2 Caparica 5% 16% 53% 9% 18% 20,454 12%

Z3 Costa da

Caparica 5% 20% 61% 17% 14% 13,418 8%

Z4 Cova da Piedade 4% 27% 67% 16% 13% 19,904 11%

Z5 Trafaria 5% 22% 51% 5% 20% 5,696 3%

Z6 Cacilhas 3% 33% 62% 18% 13% 6,017 3%

Z7 Pragal 4% 17% 64% 19% 16% 7,156 4%

Z8 Sobreda 5% 17% 78% 16% 12% 15,166 9%

Z9 Charneca de

Caparica 6% 16% 82% 19% 11% 29,763 17%



Zone numbe

r Zone

Share of population with 4 or less

years old (%)

Share of population with 65 or

more years old

(%)

% ownership

of dwellings

Share of populatio

n with university

degree (%)

Unemployment rate (%)

Total number

of resident

s

% of total

residents per zone

Z10 Laranjeiro 5% 19% 64% 9% 18% 20,988 12%

Z11 Feijó 5% 17% 72% 14% 13% 18,884 11%

Source: INE, 2011b

All municipality zones are considered as mainly urban by the INE and the population density in Almada is of

2 427.0 inhabitants/km2, which is substantially higher not only than the national average (112.3

inhabitants/km2), but also than the one of the Lisbon Metropolitan Area (932.2 inhabitants/km2) (INE, 2016

and Pordata, 2017).

The monthly average income of the Almada residents in 2011 was of 1 034.9 euros which is higher than the

national average of 897.0 euros (INE, 2011b). Circa 21% of residents in 2011 were older than 65 years old

(national average was 26%) and only 5% of residents were younger than 4 years old (same as national

average) (INE, 2011b). The zones of Almada, Cacilhas and Cova da Piedade had the highest share of elderly

residents in 2011, whereas Charneca is the “youngest” municipality zone.

Regarding share of unemployed residents, the municipality had in 2011 14% unemployment (12% for the

national average) (INE, 2011b), with higher shares for Trafaria (20%), Caparica (18%) and Laranjeiro (18%)

and a lower share for Charneca (11%) (INE, 2011b). In terms of education 15% of residenets have a university

degree (7% for the national average), with higher values in Charneca and Pragal (19% each) and lower in

Trafaria (5%), Caparica and Laranjeiro (9% each) (INE, 2011b). These figures depict the socio-economic

context within the municipality with younger, more educated and wealthier resident population in Charneca

da Caparica, Pragal and Costa da Caparica.

Another relevant socio-economic indicator is the share of residents living with the “social integration

subsidy” which in Almada was of 4.0% in 2015, thus above the national value (3.3%) and above the value of

Lisbon Metropolitan Area (3.1%) (PORDATA, 2017). This gives a crude idea on the degree of poverty in the

municipality. Note that most of the social housing dwellings managed by the municipality are located in

Caparica, Laranjeiro and Feijó. The number of crimes registed by the police per 1000 inhabitants was of 41

in Almada municipality in 2015 and thus higher than in Lisbon Metropolitan Area (40) and then in the national

average (34) (PORDATA, 2017).

5.1.1. Future developments on socio-economic context The evolution of Almada’s population until 2050 is represented in Figure 55. The histpric figures were

included for comparison purposes. These projection for future population were estimated based on the

forecasts of CMA for 2020 and 2025 (CMA, 2011) and after that on the Statistics Portugal population

projections from 2015 till 2050 for the Lisbon Metropolitan Area. Since there are no specific projection done

at municipality level after 2025, it was simply assumed that the same evolution from 2015 for AML, could be

applied to Almada municipality for the four different population scenarios considered by Statistics Portugal.

Based on those, the population in Almada in 2050 can either be maintained practically constant from 2015

values (Central Scenario), be 11% lower (Low Scenario) or even 12% higher (High Scenario) than in 2015.



Sources: Values until 2025 inclusive - CMA (2011), other values, elaboration based on evolution for AML from INE (2017)

Figure 55: Historic and future evolution of Almada municipality resident population

The values corresponding to the figure are presented in the following table:

Table 28: Population evolution from 2015 in AML and Almada municipality assuming evolution as in Statistics Portugal scenarios

Year

Nº residents % evolution from 2015

Low Central High No migration Low Central High No migration

Lisbon Metropolitan Area

2015* 2,810,923

2,810,923 2,810,923 2,810,923 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

2017 2,812,228 2,822,707

2,839,885 2,806,170 0% 0% 1% 0%

2020 2,810,622 2,843,859

2,889,255 2,794,194 0% 1% 3% -1%

2025 2,791,709 2,858,232 2,948,214 2,763,571 -1% 2% 5% -2%

2030 2,759,193 2,860,373 2,997,593 2,723,342 -2% 2% 7% -3%

2035 2,716,954 2,855,540 3,042,984 2,674,836 -3% 2% 8% -5%

2040 2,668,949 2,846,320 3,085,163 2,623,342 -5% 1% 10% -7%

2045 2,613,908 2,831,350 3,122,531 2,567,709 -7% 1% 11% -9%

2050 2,550,153 2,809,052 3,154,037 2,505,912 -9% 0% 12% -11%

Almada municipality

2015* 169,914 169,914 169,914 169,914 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

2017 168,953 168,953 168,953 168,953 -1% -1% -1% -1%

2020 167,992 167,992 167,992 167,992 -1% -1% -1% -1%

2025 164,878 164,878 172,000 164,878 -3% -3% 1% -3%

2030 166,787 172,903 181,198 164,620 -2% 2% 7% -3%

2035 164,234 172,611 183,942 161,688 -3% 2% 8% -5%

2040 161,332 172,054 186,491 158,575 -5% 1% 10% -7%

2045 158,005 171,149 188,750 155,212 -7% 1% 11% -9%

2050 154,151 169,801 190,654 151,477 -9% 0% 12% -11%

Source: For Lisbon Metropolitan Area – INE (2017), *2015 values are historic (PORDATA, 2017), Almada values till 2025 (CMA, 2011)

and rest elaboration from the authors; n.a. – not applicable



There are several strategic development projects that will shape the population evolution, namely (CMA,

2011):

• Almada Nascente: This project aims to revitalize a large area (115 ha) of the municipality in Cacilhas

and Cova da Piedade, in the margins of the Tejo river. The vision is to create na urban river front with

na increase in the urban population between 9 000 to 15 000 residents, distributed across 3 000 to

5 000 dwellings. This urban area will prividlege passive architecture, sustainable water and energy

usage, public transportation and green areas;

• Costa da Trafaria: This strategic project aims to preserve the social and natural characeristics of

Trafaria, while revigorating an area of 672 ha by incetivising tourism, renovating and expanding the

residential building stock, dynamising commerce and other services, as well as public urban areas. It

is foreseen building circa 2 000 new dwellings aiming to atract around 6 000 new inhabitants:

• Almada Poente: This strategic project focus on an area of 340 ha in the zones of Caparica and Pragal

counteracting the predominance of social housing in this location, which has led to difficulties in

integrating those populations. This plan aims to regenerate an existing urban area with 20 000

inhabitants, plus building circa 3 000 new dwellings aiming to atract around 9 000 new inhabitants.

None of these three projects has started and they are expected to take circa 10 years (or more in the case of

Almada Nascente) to develop (CMA, 2011). Besides these three larges projects, there are several smaller

ones:

• Ginjal - Quinta do Almaraz: located in the Tagus river shore in Cacilhas and Almada, this projects

aims to renovate the degraded semi-industrial river from to implement an artistical hub and an

archeological interpretation centre, possibly with a new hotel;

• Fonte da Telha: this project is located in Costa da Caparica in an area of 94 ha in the ocean front and

aims to requalify the sea front services facilities.

These projects are schematically represented in the following figure.



Figure 56: Schematic location of strategic development plans for Almada municipality

5.2. Environmental aspects other than emissions to air The environmental aspects that will be analysed in the SURECITY platform, mainly in the environmental

asssement model will be clarified in the next project tasks. Nevertheless, the next chapters present some

information regarding possible systems to be included in the Almada Enviromental Assessment Model.

5.2.1. Water use and wastewater systems Both water supply and waste water systems are managed by the SMAS Almada - Serviços Municipalizados de

Água e Saneamento de Almada. The water system is composed by eleven pumping stations and 25 reservoirs

(Figure 57), supplying 10 474 605 m3 of water to 105 122 consumers (97 167 domestic and 7 888 non-

domestic) (SMAS Almada, 2015). It also has 15 pipeline systems with about 880 km and an adductor system

with approximately 84 km. The 32 water extraction points are located Aquifer System of the Tagus-Sado

Basin - Left Bank, with 93% of these located outside the Almada municipality boundaries, in the neighbor

Seixal municipality. In terms of en use water consumption, the majority of water is consumed in the

residential sector (Table 29).



Figure 57: Water supply system in Almada municipality in 2009 (source: SMAS Almada, 2009)

Table 29: Water consumption by type of user in Almada municipality (Source: CMA, 2011)

Type of consumer

utilizador

2004 (m3) 2005 (m

3) 2006 (m

3) 2007 (m

3) 2008 (m

3) 2009 (m

3)

Residential 10 173 159 9 552 652 9 485 664 9 409 519 9 325 466 9 307 443

Services and industry 1 857 001 1 694 669 1 634 957 1 638 234 1 569 035 1 696 168

Public authorities 1 176 708 1 359 129 1 194 476 1 220 600 1 282 142 1 330 119

Other (local social associations) 447 158 471 942 471 315 435 940 468 257 613 652

Total 13 654 026 13 078 392 12 786 412 12 704 293 12 644 900 12 947 382

The Wastewater System (collection and treatment) of the municipality of Almada is constituted by a network

of collectors for domestic sewage, which currently reaches about 608 km of extension, and also another 502

km for rainwater drainage (SMAS, 2015). The system has four Wastewater Treatment Plant and is structured

in three large sub-systems, each associated with a Wastewater Treatment Plant: Portinho da Costa, Mutela

e Quinta da Bomba. The system covers 98% of municipality population and treats 100% of the wastewater.

Two of the four Wastewater Treatment Plant have biogas recovery systems, and more information is provided in the auxiliary excel file. The location of the Wastewater Treatment Plants: Mutela is located in Cova da Piedade parish (Z4), Portinho da Costa is located in Caparica parish (Z2), Quinta da Bomba is located in Miratejo, and therefore outside the municipality boundaries, Cova da Piedade parish (Z4) and Valdeão facility is located Pragal parish (Z7). More detailed information of this facilities, for example type of treatment and quantity treated, is available at SMAS website (http://www.smasalmada.pt).

http://www.smasalmada.pt/



Figure 58: Almada municipality Infrastructure drainage and wastewater treatment system. Waterwater treatment facilities in blue.

The energy consumption of the water and wastewater systems is available municipality level at DGEG, 2017a,

DGEG, 2017b and DGEG, 2017c. Nevertheless, during the next phases of the project more specific

information will be request to the companies.

5.2.2. Other Almada municipality also have information on the noise sensible areas within the municipality (Figure 59)

that can be used, if suitable, in the Almada Environmetanl Assessment model.



Figure 59: Noise sensible zones in Almada municipality (CMA, 2011)

6. Data gaps and measures to overcome them

The main data gaps identified are:

1. The existing solar thermal systems in the residential and services sector in Almada is not available.

2. The existing PV rooftop systems are not detailed in terms of location and type of building.



3. There is no studies on the technical-economical potential of renewable energy sources in the

municipality (for example: PV rooftop).

4. The activity of the industry facilities located in the municipality is not defined, and should be

completed, namely through direct contact to the responsible industry.

5. The information regarding public lighting needs to be further detailed at least civil parish level.

6. identify number of students in all schools managed by the municipality, as well as gas and LPG

consumption;

7. Obtain detailed energy consumption from the identified key-energy consumers in the private sector:

Shopping mall Almada Forum, Hospital Garcia de Orta and FCT-NOVA University

8. Analyse energy certificates for services sector to assess if more detailed information can be used;

9. Analyse the detailed energy consumption available for the office buildings managed by the

municipality and subtract these from the other private services consumption

To deal with the identified gaps in available information the following approaches are adopted:

For point 1 and 2m there will be defined an methodology to estimate the PV systems in each of the city

parishes. For point 3, two master students are developing there thesis on the technical potential of PV

rooftop in household/small services and big services buildings. Regarding point 4, the Almada municipality

technical team has already contact the companies associated with the different industries located in the

municipality.

7. Towards low carbon city integrated planning

7.1. Setting the targets towards low-carbon integrated planning This section presents the set of potential policies and measures that were identified as relevant for further

assessment by the SURECITY platform bearing in mind the city’s ambitions in terms of concrete sustainability

and low carbon energy and transport targets.

7.2. Scenario definition and evaluation metrics In this section is presented how the ambitions in terms of concrete sustainability and low carbon energy and

transport targets will be set for the demonstration cases including exploring new business concepts, scenario

development and energy and transport companies’ market strategies. The concrete scenarios to be used and

corresponding evaluation metrics are outlined. The measures included in current Almada’s SEAP and the

revised version will be also tested if possible.

Some examples of other possible measures to test (% values are indicative):

o Change lightbulbs in public lighting for more efficient ones

o Install solar thermal panels in a given % of the buildings

o Install double glazing windows in a given % of the buildings

o Install insulation in in a given % of the buildings



o Move a certain share of buildings from energy class E to B

o Ensure that a fixed share of the final energy in services and/or residential buildings is renewable

o Lower final energy consumption in buildings managed by the municipality in for example 30% by

2030 and 40% in 2050 compared to current values

o Make sure the a certain share of the buildings managed by the municipality are nearly zero buildings

o 50% of the passenger cars owned by residents are electric in 2050

8. References

• ADENE (2016) Sistema de Certificação Energética. Agência para a Energia. Consulta à base de dados

realizada entre Setembro de 2016 e Fevereiro de 2017.

• B&A, GPFA, Ambitude (2013). SOVENA XXI - ENSILAGEM, REFINARIA, EMBALAMENTO, ARMAZENAGEM

DE PRODUTO TERMINADO E ARMAZENAGEM DE ÓLEOS E AZEITES. PALENÇA DE BAIXO - CAPARICA –

ALMADA - Environmental Impact Assessment Synthesis Report. [In Portuguese]

• CMA (2011). Revisão do Plano Diretor Municipal- Estudos de Caracterização do Território Municipal -

Caderno 4 | Sistema Social e Económico. Câmara Municipal de Almada. Available at: http://www.m-

almada.pt/

• CMA (2011a). Revisão do Plano Diretor Municipal- Estudos de Caracterização do Território Municipal -

Caderno 3 | Sistema de Energia. Câmara Municipal de Almada. Available at: http://www.m-almada.pt/

• CMA (2017). ALMADA Educação – Rede Educativa. Câmara Municipal de Almada. Available at:


• CMA. (2011). Estudos de Caracterização do Território Municipal. Caderno 5 - Sistema Urbano. Almada:

Câmara Municipal de Almada.

• CMA. (2014). Território e População | Retrato de Almada segundo os Censos 2011 Serviço.

• CMA/DEGAS, AGENEAL, IST/DTEA (2009). Estratégia Local para as Alterações Climáticas do Concelho de

Almada: Componente de mitigação. Relatório técnico. Departamento de Estratégia e Gestão Amiental

Sustentável da Câmara Municipal de Almada, Agência Municipal de Energia de Almada e Divisão de

transportes, Energia e Ambiente do Instituto Superior Técnico. Almada, Portugal.

• DCEA - FCT / UNL (2013). Avaliação da qualidade do ar do concelho de Almada no âmbito da Semana

Europeia da Mobilidade - Relatório da monitorização da qualidade do ar. Equipa técnica: Francisco

Ferreira, Paulo Pereira, Pedro Gomes, Joana Monjardino, Hugo Tente. Departamento de Ciências e

Engenharia do Ambiente da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa. 2013.

Almada. Portugal.

• DGEG (2017ª). Electricity consumption. Department of Planning and Statistics. General directorate for

energy and geology. Available at: [www.dgeg.pt]

• DGEG (2017b). Natural Gas consumption. Department of Planning and Statistics. General directorate for

energy and geology. Available at: [www.dgeg.pt]

• DGEG (2017c). Oil products Sales. Department of Planning and Statistics. General directorate for energy

and geology. Available at: [www.dgeg.pt]

• EDP Ditribuição (2008). Plano de desenvolvimento e investimento da rede de distribuição 2009-2011




• Graça, F. (2011). Eficiência Energética em Edifícios de Serviços no Concelho de Almada. MSc Dissertation

in Chemical and Biochemistry Degree. Nova University of Lisbon - FCT. [In Portuguese]

• INE (2011a) Proporção de edifícios com necessidade de reparação por localização geográfica. Instituto

Nacional de Estatística.

• INE (2011b). Population Census 2011. Statistics Portugal. Available at: www.ine.pt

• INE (2015a) Valor acrescentado bruto das Empresas por Localização geográfica e Atividade económica.

Instituto Nacional de Estatística.

• INE (2015b). Territorial Statistics. Statistics Portugal. Available at: www.ine.pt

• INE (2016) Indicador Edifícios licenciados por Localização geográfica. Instituto Nacional de Estatística.

• INE (2017). População residente (projeções 2015-2080 - N.º) por Local de residência (NUTS - 2013), Sexo,

Idade e Cenário; Anual. Statistics Portugal. Available at: www.ine.pt

• MEE (2016). Renováveis na Hora - Sistema de Registo de Microprodução e Miniprodução [micro and mini

generation]. Ministry of Economy and Employment. Available at:

[http://www.renovaveisnahora.pt/web/srm]

• Multi (2016). Almada Forum Environment Report 2016. Avaible at: http://www.almadaforum.com/

• PORDATA (2017). Basic Statistic Information for Almada Municipality. PORDATA. Available at:

http://www.pordata.pt/Municipios/Quadro+Resumo/Almada+(Munic%C3%ADpio)-8544

• Rodrigues, M. P. (2014). Evolução da regulamentação térmica de edifícios: Estudo comparativo.

Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto.

• Silva, A. (2014). Implementação do REACH & Balanço de Energia no processo de refinação de óleos

vegetais e estudo de medidas de otimização. MSc Dissertation in Chemical and Biochemistry Degree.

Nova University of Lisbon - FCT. [In Portuguese]

• Simões, S., Gregório, V., Seixas, J. (2016). ClimAdaPT.Local – Manual Avaliação da Vulnerabilidade

Climática do Parque Residencial Edificado, ISBN: 978-989-99697-3-5. Lisboa. pp 28.

• SMAS Almada (2009). Relatório de Prestação de contas 2009. Almada. Portugal

• SMAS Almada (2015). Relatório de Prestação de contas 2015. Almada. Portugal. Available at:

http://www.smasalmada.pt/

• SOVENA (2015). SOVENA Sustainability Report 2015. Available at:

http://www.sovenagroup.com/media/reports/pdf/Sustainability-Report-2015.pdf

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