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Cornell University Library

KF 425.S96 1904Statutes and statutory construction, inci

3 1924 018 031 702

STATUTESAND

STATUTOET CONSTEUCTIONINCLUDINa

A

DISCUSSION OF LEGISLATIVE POWERS, CONSTITUTIONAL

REGULATIONS RELATIVE TO THE FORMS OP LEGISLATION AND TO LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURE

J.AuTHOE or

a."A

SUTHERLANDTkeatiss on the

Law of Dakaqes"

SECOND EDITIONBY

JOHN LEWISAuthor of

"A

Treatise on the

Law

of Eminent Domain*

VOLUMECHICAGO

I

CALLAGHAN AND COMPANY1904

COPYEIGHT,

1904,

BY

CALLAGHAN AND COMPANT.

1,^

STATE JOURNAL FEINTING COMPANT,Fbintebs and Sterbotypebs,uasisoh, wis.

PREFACE TO THE SECONDEDITION.The favor which has ben accorded thethisfirst

edition of

work by the

profession and the courts, well deserves aoffered,

new edition, which is now

with the hope that

it

will

merit a continuance of such favor.

About

six

thousand

new

cases have been incorporated in the present edition.

Nomost

material change has been

made in the arrangement or plan offirst

the work and the text of thepart,

edition has, for the

been preserved without change.

Nearly two hundred

and

fifty

new

sections have been added,

which gives some

idea of the importance and variety of theallel references

new

cases.

Par-

have been made, in the

notes-,

to the Re-

porter System, American Decisions, American Eeports,

American State Keports, Lawyers' Eeports Annotated, TheFederal Cases and to the Lawyers' Edition of the UnitedStates

Supreme Court1904,

decisions.

John Lewis.Chicago, October,

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.Noit is

apology to the profession

is

necessar}'

from the author

for offering a

new book on StatutoryIt

Construction, although

a subject which his predecessors in the same work haveis

treated in a masterly manner.

a field in no danger of

being over-cultivated.

The law

for the construction of written contractsis

andas

other private documents

as certainscience.

and well definedThisis

upon any other branch of legal

not equally

true of the law for the construction of Written Laws.

They

deal with subjects of greater complexity; they are the pro

duct of so

many

minds, not having

common

views, that in-

congruities cannot

be wholly excluded, and threads of;

diverse ideas are often interwoven

and, moreover, oppos-

ing considerations of broader range press for recognition intheir construction.

In

many ways

converse rules overlap,

and

the lines of distinction are faint

and

shifting.

The natural tendency' and growthat once practical

of the

law

is

towards

system and towards certainty, towards modes of operation

and

just,

by the process ofis

its

intelligent

judicial administration;

but this process

impaired by

overwork and

legislative interference.

Whenare,

it is

considered

how many legislative

bodies there

and how many independent courts administer theirwhich have occurred

laws, the diversities of construction

"VI

PEBFACE TO THE FIEST EDITION.

are not surprising; these divergencies lead to permanentcontrarieties

bounded by

state lines.

Under such circumview to maintain-

stances

it is

important that cognate cases be often collated

and

their principles generalized, with a

ing the domain of the law as a science by remarking thetrue lines.

The frequentillustrations is

assertion of sound doctrine with copious

promotive of harmony.

The author has em-

bodied incases,

^this

work the

result of

thorough reading of the

and a thoughtful and earnest endeavor to extract and

put in elementary form their best teaching.mitsit

And

he sub-

in the

modest hope thatfindit

his fellow-practitioners

and

the courts

may

useful

and contributory to that end.J.

G.

S.

Salt Lake City,Deeemher, 1890,

TABLE OF CONTENTS.VOLUMECHAPTER LTHE LEGISLATIVE POWER AS DISTINGUISHED PROM OTHER SOVEREIGK POWERS, AND THE GENERAL NATURE OF STATUTORY LAW.1.

I.

2-5.

The order of subjects. The three departmentsfunctions.

of e:overnment

and

their respective

6.

7.

8.

The judicial power. The legislative power. 9. Statutory law in generalRules of action.Legislative rules of action

10.

11, 13.

essential limitations.

13-15.16, 17.

Statutes have no extraterritorial effect.Extraterritorial operation of laws in case of colonization of

18, 19.

of a new country. English statutes passed after the establishment of theonies.

col-

20.

Continuance of laws after a change of sovereignty.

21.

Laws

of states in rebellion.

22. 23. 24, 25.6.

Federal and state statutes.Territorial statutes.

Territories have but

temporary governments

Are

in tutelage

to

become state&

CHAPTERTHE ENACTMENT OF LAWS AND27.

II.

HOW

THEIR EXISTENCE

IS

ESTABLISHED.

The

legislature.

28.

How existence of statute established English rulaLegislative records.

29, 80. 31.

Constitutional provisions prescribing parliamentary procedure.

32-43.44.

Courts holding enrolled act conclusive. Courts holding enrolled act not conclusive provisions as to procedure mandatory.Legislative journals as evidence.

Constitutional

45.

VUl46.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.Unreliability of the journals. Evidence to impeach enrolled bill Legislative journala

47, 48.49. 50. 51. 53. 53.

Court will not act on admission of parties. Presumption in favor of enrolled act. Enrolled act not impeached by silence of journals. What suflScient to impeach enrolled act. Matters which the constitution expressly requires to be enteredin journal.

54, 55.56.

Required reading, printing and reference of

bills.

Necessity of signature of presiding officers. 57-59, How the question of the due passage or enactment ofstatutes60, 61.is tried.

62, 63.64.

Approval by exeoutiva How a bill will become a law without approval

Presentation to executive

Veto.

65.66.

Extra

sessions.bills

Limitation of time for introduction ofsion,

or duration of

ses-

67, 68.

Forms of legislationConstitutional provisions as to enacting style held directory. Constitutional provisions as to enacting style heldtory.

69, 70.

71-73.

manda-

7475. 76. 77. 78. 79.

Enrolled act conclusive as to words. of statute. Adoption of code or revision by reference. Statutes and legislative rules relating to the enactment of laws.

Federal courts follow state courts.

80.

Notice of private and local bills. Where the power to legislate upon a subject is conditioned upon the existence of certain facts. Miscellaneous cases as to procedure in the enactment of laws.

CHAPTER

III.

VALTDITT OF STATUTKS IN GENERAL AND DELEGATION OP THE LEGISLATIVE POWEE.81. 83.

The constitution a limitationPresumption in favor ofStatutes construed,if possible,

Legislative authority plenary.so as to be valid.act.

validity.

88.84. 85.

Fraud ov conspiracy in passingConsiderations of the justice,Spirit of the constitution.

wisdom and

policy of statutes

86.

WhenWhatPower

statutes void for uncertainty.legislative

87. 88.89.

Therules

is

power cannot be delegated. Authority to a delegation of legislative power

make

and

i-egulations.

90.

to suspend

and put

in force a statute at pleasure.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.91.

IX

Authority to prescribe form of insurance policy. Acts for the incorporation of municipalities or for annexing or excluding territory. 93, Acts held to be a delegation of legislative power. 94 Acts held not to be a delegation of legislative power. 96-98. Effect of submitting laws or questions controlling their effect to popular vote of the state at large. 99. Cases maintaining the constitutionality of such acts. 100. The operation and terms of an act may be made to depend on93.

foreign legislation,101.

103.103.

power to suspend operation of act Local laws dependent on popular vote generally held valid. Operation of law dependent upon adoption by corporate auEffect of giving presidentthorities.

104. 105.

Operation of general law dependent upon local adoption.

Adoption must be co-extensive with territory affected by thelaw.

106.

Municipalitiescharters.

may

not be authorized to

make

or

amend

their

107. 108.

Other decisions on the validity of statutes, Acts done under an invalid statute.

CHAPTER

IV.

CONSTITUTIONAL REQUIREMENT THAT NO ACT EMBRACE MORE THAN ONE SUBJECT AND THAT IT BE EXPRESSED IN THE TITLK'

109, 110.

Substantial agreement of constitutional provisionsceptions.

Ex-

111,

The mischief intended

to be remedied

The purpose

of these

restrictive provisions,

113-114,115.

Regarded as mandatory.chief.

Liberally construed to sustain legislation not within the mis-

116.

117.

118. 119.130.

The subject or object of a statute. The constitution does not restrict the scope of the subject embraced by an act. The provisions of an act must be germane to one subject. Requirement as to form or manner of expressing subject in title. The subject in an act can be no broader than the statement ofit

in the

title.

131,

Requisites of title generally

It need not index the details of"andfor other purposes," in

,

the act.133,

Effect of "etc,"title,

"and

so forth,"

133.

Title misleading

by reason of

generality.

134.

The

title

may be broader and more comprehensive

than the act.

X125.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.Misleadingtitles.

126.

The

title

should accompany a

bill

in

Its

passage through the

legislature.137, 128.139.

130.

Title and act liberally construed to sustain legislation. The subject or object stated generally in the title includes incidents and subsidiary details. The subject or object stated generally in the title includes the

abolition of things inconsistent.131.

Whei-e the

title

expresses a general subject

and

also details,

particulars or sub-titles.133.183.

Effect of title referring to act or other sources of information.

Errors in

title,

and whether

title

can be corrected by act orits

otherwisa134.

The subject may be expressed by the description ofsubdivisions.

parts or

135.136.

Words of act

restrained or qualified

by

title.

Acts to prohibit, regulate, protect,civil liabilities.

etc.,

imply penalties and

137.

138. 139.

140.

141.

title and subject of amendatory and supplemental acts General principles. Effect of error or uncertainty in title of amendatory act. Effect of title specifying the section or sections to be amended. Whether Effect of title indicating the amendments to be made a limitation. Whether title specifying section is sufficient, without giving References to codes and title or subject of act amended

The

compilations, official143.

and otherwise.

Title

of

amendatory acts

Illustrationstitle.

and miscellaneous

cases.143.

Whether an

act embraces a plurality of subjects.

144.145.

Effect of duplicity of subject in act or

Provisions in an act not within the subject expressed in the

146.

Examples. title Acts incorporating or relating to railroads andriers.

common

car-

147.

Acts creating, regulating or otherwise relating to corporationsin general.

148.

Acts to create municipal corporations or toconsolidate their charters.

revise,

amend

or

149. 150.

Acts relating to light, water, railroads, etc., in municipalities. Acts relating to municipal streets, improvements, buildings,lands, etc.

151.

Acts relating to the annexation and exclusion of territory to or from municipalities.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.j

Xi

153.

153.154.

155. 156.157.

158. 159.

Acts Acts Acts Acts Acts Acts Acts

Miscellaneous acts relating to municipal corporations. relating to counties and county seats.relating to schools, school districts relating to ofiSces

and education.and thelike.

and

officers.

relating to irrigation, drainage, levees, relating to roads, bridges, ferries, etc. relating to courts

and

judicial practice

relating to probate law

and prooeedinga and the descent and distribution

of property.IfiO.

161.

163.163. 164. 165.

166.167.

168. 169.

Acts relating to elections. Acts relating to taxation and revenue. Curative acts and provisions. Acts relating to intoxicating liquors. Pure food lav^s. Acts relating to gaming, pool-selling, etc. Acts relating to fish, game, etc. Acts relating to crimes in general. Acts relating to convicts and penal institutions.Miscellaneous cases in which acts were held to conform to theconstitution as totitle.

170.

Miscellaneous cases in which acts were held not to conform to the constitution as to title.Miscellaneous points as totitles.

171.

CHAPTER172. 173.

V.

TIME OP TAKING EFFECT,

When

silent as to

commencement Dateeffect

of passage.

Acts of parliament formerly tookthe session.

from the

first

day of

174175. 176.

The actual date of passage adopted in this country. The legislature may fix a future day for an act to takeeffect

effect.

Constitutional provisions regulating the time of acts taking

Emergency clause.

177.

WhereTaking

the constitution requires the legislature toeffect

fix

the time.

178.179. 180.181.

on publication. The precise time of taking effect Acts approved on the same day.

Fractions of a day.

Time

183.183.

When

Miscellaneous cases. act provides for things to be done before it takes effect. Meaning of words " now," "heretofore," "hereafter,' "from andafter the passage of this act," etc.

of taking effect

184-187.

Computation of time when an act is to takefied

effect in a speci-

number

of days.

188.

When Sundaysb

are included or excluded,

Xil

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER VIREQUIREMENT OF GENERAL LAWS AND THAT THEY BE OF UNIFOEM OPEEATION.

g 189.190.

The The

constitutional requirements.

191. 193.

When

constitutional provisions mandatory. a'general law on the subject is in existence.

Local and special laws valid if not forbidden. Peculiar provision in South Carolina. 194-196. What are general laws General principles.193.

197. 198. 199.

What are

laws of a general nature. The uniform operation of laws of a general nature.Special and local laws.

200.

Whether act general orquestion of form,

special

General

principles

Not

a

301.

Acts whose operation is dependent upon local adoption fect of limit of time for adoption.Class legislation.Classification of subjects for legislation

Ef-

303.303. 204.

General principles. Cali-

Classification of municipalities according to populationfornia.

205. 303.307. 208. 209.

310. 311.

Same Minnesota. Same Missouri. Same New Jersey. Same Ohio. Same Pennsylvania. Same Other states. For what purposes themissible.

classification of municipalities is per-

313.

Municipalities under special charters,

213. 214.315.

Other

classification of municipalities or for

Classification based

Validity of classor a few.

municipal purposes, on existing or past conditions. not dependent upon number Classes of one

316.317. 318. 819.230.

Evasive classification

Examples.and legislation in respect thereto, and school affairs.

Classification of counties

Schools, school districts

Railroads.

231. 332.233, 224.

Courts and judicial procedure. Insurance and insurance companies, Building and loan associations, Wages Labor Employees.

Mines.

335.226.

Sunday

laws.plaintiff

Allowing

an attorney's

fee.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.227.228.

XIU

Criminal laws.Miscellaneous."

829.

Amendatory

aircl

curative aoti

CHAPTER

VII.

AMENDATORY ACTS AND ACTS TO REVIVE, ADOPT OR EXTEND THE PROVISIONS OF OTHER ACTS.230.

The

constitutional requirement as to

amendments and

its

pur-

pose.231. 332,288.

Requisites of amendatory act.

Constitutional provisions in Georgia, Nebraska and Tennessee.

Amendment

of repealed or void act or section.

234.

Effect of second

amendment

of section

which ignores prior

amendment.235.

When

236.

section subdivided into clauses or paragraphs. Discrepancy between amendment specified and section as

amended.S37.238.239.

EflEect of

amendment " so as to read as follows." Repeal and re-enactment Construction and effect. Amendments by implicatipn not within the constitutional

quirement240.

Acts complete in themselves.

re-

Whether act amendatory within theIllustrations.

constitutional provision

241.242.

Miscellaneous oases and questions in regard to amendatory acts. Revival of law.Constitutional provisions against adopting or extending the provisions of a law.

243.

CHAPTER244.245.

VIIL

REPEALS AND REPEALING ACTS.Duration of statutes and power of repeal. Repealing effect of an unconstitutional statute, Modes of repeal Express or implied Effect of disuse. Repeals by implication General rules Same not favored, Negative and affirmative statutes. Repealing effect of afiQrmative statutes conferring power and

246.247.

248. 249.

regulating250.

its exercise.

grant of part of power already possessed. 251-253. Repealing effect of new statutes changing criminal laws. 254. Statutes granting larger or different power or right. 355. Repeal by radical change of leading part or system.356.

New

Effect of clause repealing all acts with new law.

and parts of acts inconsistent

357.

Effect of repeal of statute adopter! by reference.

XIV358.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.Reconcilement of aflBrmative statutes Illustrationa Repeal by implication Acts Particular acts construed

259.

re-

260.

Same ActsSame Acts Same Acts Same Actsetc.

lating to the liquor

traflBc.

relating to courts, jurisdiction, practice, procedrelating to oflSoers, their election, appointment.

ure, etc.

361.

removal,

fees,

compensation,

etc.

368. 263.

relating to municipal corporations.relating to revenue, taxation, bonds, assessments,

364. 265.

366.267. 268.

Same Acts relating to married women. Same Acts relating to the limitation of actions. Same Miscellaneous cases.

Repeals by implication avoided, if possible. Provisions in same act. Acts passed at same session 269. Repeal by revision. As a general rule whatever is excluded from the revised 370, 271.

act373.

is

repealed.

373.

Effect of express reApparent exceptions to the general rule peal of inconsistent acts and parts of acts. Repeal and re-enactment Effect of re-enactment on interme-

diate acts.274, 375.

As a

rule general laws will not impliedly repeal those

which

are special or local.276.

The questionIllustrations

is

one of intent.

277.

Local Localacts.

and special acts held to be repealed by

general acts.878.

Illustrations

and

special acts held not to be repealed

by general279.

Effect of constitutional provisions requiring genesal lawslaws.

and

laws of uniform operation upon repeal of special by general380. 381.

What

is

the later law which

is

potent to repeaL

888.883.

Effect where different statutes are incorporated into a revision.. Effect of repeal in general,Effect on inchoate rights.Effect on vested rights.

384. 285. 286.

Effect on powers, jurisdiction

and pending proceedings.

Effect of repeal of a penal statute.

287.288.

Saving clauses and general saving statutes. Revival by repeal of repealing statute.Constitutional provisions as to repeals,

289.390.

291. 292.

Repeal by constitution. An act to repeal a void act. Construction of express repeals.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.293.394. 295.

XV

Errors and mistakes in express repeals.Effect of a statute

and

its

repeal

upon the common

law.

Miscellaneous points and cases.

CHAPTER IXSTATUTES VOID IN PAET.896. 297.298.

may be void in part and good in part, General rules and principles. Eule when physical severance is impossible Whether words or provisions can be severed in their application or scope.Statutes

399, 300. 301, 302. 303.

The same question in case of criminal statutes. The main purpose being unconstitutional the whole actthe void partis

void.

When

inducement to or consideration of residue

of act

304305.

Same Illustrations.Thevalid part

must be complete and accord with the

legislative

intent.306. 307. 308.Eflfeot of

When

void exceptions, provisos, restrictions, etc. act intended to operate as a whole.

Miscellaneous acts held severable.

VOLUMECHAPTER

II.

X

JUDICIAL NOTICE AND PROOF OF STATUTES AND OP PACTS RELATING TO THEIR VALIDITY, OPERATION AND CONSTRUCTION.309.

Judicial notice of statutes.

310.

311.

Courts will take notice of facts that affect the validity, operation or construction of a statute. Judicial notice of facts relating to the passage or existence ofstatutes.

312.

Judicial notice of English statutes

and of the common law.

313.

State statutes in the federal courts.Interpretation of state and federal laws.

314. 315.

Foreign statutes, how proved. 320. The functions of the court and jury in regard to foreign laws. Private statutes. 321, 323. 333. Miscellaneous cases.316-319.

CHAPTER XICLASSIFICATION 334.335.

AND DESCRIPTION OP STATUTES.

The names of

statutes.

Ancient statutes of England.Federal, state, territorial

326.

and

colonial statutes.

XVI 327, 828.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

329, 380.

Public and private statutes. Declaratory statutes. 331-333. Affirmative and negative statutes. 834. Perceptive, prohibitive and permissive statutes.335.

336.337.388.

Prospective and retrospective Remedial statutes. Penal statutes.

statutes.

Repealing statutes.

CHAPTER 339, 340.341, 342. 343.

XII.

PARTS OF A STATUTE AND THEIR RELATIONS.

The title. The preamble.

344, 345. 346.

The enacting style. The purview One part

to be construed

by another.

Partial conflict resolved into an exception.

347, 348. 349, 350.

Words expanded

Effect of total conflict betweenProvisos, exceptions

or limited to accord with intent. two parts of an act.

351-357. 858-360.361.

and saving

clauses.

Interpretation clauses.notes.

Punctuation.

862.

Headings and marginal

CHAPTER 363.864. 365. 366. 367.is

XIIL

INTERPRETATION AND CONSTRUCTION

GENERAL PRINCIPLES.all interpretation,

The intent of the statute the law. To find out the intent is the object ofIntentfirst

Interpretation and construction compared.to be sought in language of statuteitself.

If intent plainly expressed it is to be followed

without further

inquiry.368. 369.

The

entire statute to be considered in ascertaining intent.

370.

General intent of statute the key to meaning of the parts. The intention of the whole act will control interpretation of theparts.

371-373.374, 875.

Same Illustrations.The Theflexibility of

words and clauses to harmonize with gennot controlling, be given every word, clause and sen-

eral intent. 376-878.379.

literal sense

Letter and intent.

380.

Some

effect, if possible, to

tence.381.382. 388.

Words enlarged or restriotad to carry out intent. Words deemed inserted to carry out intent One word substituted for another.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.384.385. 386. 387.

XTU

Words

disregarded or eliminated. Implied exceptions to general language.

Transposition of words and phrases.Particular and general intent.

388.389. 39(X

There can be no intent of a statute not expressed in its words. General rules. Interpretation of words and phrases Words and phrases should be construed as they are generally

understood.391. 898.

Meaning of words for the court How general words construed.Technical words.

Sources of information.

393.

894-896.397. 398.399.

Use

technical meaning. words " or " and " and." Words having a special sense in the common law.of the

Words having both a popular and

Statutory use of words.Particular words and phrases construed.'

400.

401, 402.403.

Change

of phraseology of statutes.

'

404405.

Ee-enaoted statutes and parts of statutes. Statutes adopted from other states or jurisdictions. Statutes which adopt other statutes by particular or generalreference.

406.407.

Examples of the two modes of adoption. Construction and effect of acts adopting other acts in particularcases.

408. 409.

Interpretation with reference to grammatical sense.

410-413.414-419.

Mistakes

Their

correction and effect.

420, 431.

422-484.

and association of words and phrases Maxim, noscitur a sociis. Relative and qualifying words and phrases. When general words follow particular Doctrine of ejttsEffect of context

dem435.

generis.

General words following particular, will not include things of asuperior class.It is

436.

otherwise when this rule would leave the general words without effect.

437-441.442.

Qualifications

and exceptions to the rule of ejusdem generis.singulis.

Reddendo singulamateria.

443-448.

Interpretation as affected by other statutes

Acts in pari

450, 451.

statutes are in pari materia. Eesort to original acts in case of revisions and codifications. 452. Repealed and invalid statutes may be considered. 453-455. Interpretation with reference to the common law.449.456.

When

457-460.

Extraneous facts in aid of construction. Judicial knowledge.

XVIH 461.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.Of facts relative to foreign states and nations. Judicial notice of historical and other facts relating toislation.

463, 463.

leg-

464-469.470.

Judicial knowledge of facts in general.tee reports, etc.

Proceedings in the legislature

Amendments, debates, commit

Mischief to be remedied. Surrounding facts and conditions Contemporaneous construction. 473-478. General usage and practical construction,471.

473.

479-486. 487-490. 491-495.496-499. 500-518,513.

Stare

decises.

Effects

and consequences.

Eocpressio unius est exclusio alteriits.

514.

Presumptions. Implications and incidents. Acts deemed to refer and apply to persons and things within the state and within the power of the legislature. Whether state or public corporations embraced by general

words of515..

statute.

Mistake of legislature as to existence, application or effect ofstatute.

516.

Miscellaneous.

CHAPTER 517-519.520-527.

XIV.

STRICT CONSTETJCTION.Literal

and

strict construction

compared.

Strict construction of penal statutes.

528-580.

Courts will not by the strict construction of penal statutes defeat the intention of the law-maker.

531-533.534,535.

What statutes are penal. Miscellaneous cases on the construction of penal statutes.Eevenuelaws.

536-538.539, 540.541.

Statutes which impose burdens

Taxes.

Exemption from taxation or other general burden. Acts delegating the power of taxation.Statutes against

542, 543.544. 545.

common

right.

546.547.

Statutes of limitations. Limitations as to new trials and appeals. Statutes interfering with legitimate industries. Statutes creating liability.

548.549.550.

551.

Public grants. Grants of franchises and privileges. Public grants of land in aid of railroads and for other purposes. Acts creating municipal corporations or granting power thereto.Construction of particular powers to municipal corporations.

552. 553.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

XIX

^

554-557.

Acts creating private corporations or granting powerthereto.

Public grants in general. 559-561. Statutes for exercise of power of eminent domain, 562-567. Statutes granting power.558.

568-570.571, 572.

Jurisdiction of courts.

Statutory rights.Statutes in derogation of theInterpretation clauses.

573-575.576-579.580.

common

law,

581.

Retrospective laws, Construction of acts affecting previous statutory policy,

CHAPTER XV.LTBEBAL CONSTEUCTION.; 582.

General statement of the subject. Remedial statutes to be liberally construed remedial statutes. Equitable construction. 587, 588.583-586.

What

are

588-590.591-604.

What is

liberal construction.

Illustrations of liberal construction,

605-609.

Casus omissus.

CHAPTER XVLDIRECTORY AND MANDATORY STATUTES.:::

610.fill.

Preliminary explanation of directory and mandatory statutes., Whether statute directory or mandatory General considera-

tion.

613-616.617.

Provisions directory as to time.

Time provisions held mandatory. 618-631. Formal and incidental requirements directory, 632, 633. Statutes which confer new right, privilege, etc. 634-636. Statutes which are permissive.in form.Permissive statutes held mandatory. Permissive statutes held not mandatory, The words " may " and " shall"

637, 638.639. 640.

CHAPTER

XVII.

RETROACTIVE STATUTES.! 641.

Retroactive statutes regarded with disfavor.Statutes operate prospectively only unless intent clear to the contrary.

642, 643.

644.'645.

Acts relating to husband and wife. Acts relating to taxation.

XX 646.647. 648.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.Miscellaneous cases. Retrospective statutes not necessarily invalid. Constitutonal provisions forbidding retrospective or retroactivelaws.

-

Ex post facfo la.wB. Acts relating to procedure only General principles. 653. Particular acts held to be ex post facto. 653. Particular acts held not to be ex post facto 654. Acts relating to evidence. 655. Acts in relation to jurisdiction Change of venue, etc. Acts relating to practice and procedure. 658. Habitual criminals statutes. 657. Change of punishment by subsequent legislation. 658. Changing the mode of executing sentence. 659. 660-664. Laws impairing the obligation of contracts, 665-668. Change of remedy.649,650.651.

669. 670.

Whether judgment a

contract.

Acts held not to impair contiacts. 671-673. Vested rights inviolable. Remedial statutes may apply to past transactions and pending^ 674.oases.

675-677.

Curative statutes.

CHAPTER XVHLCONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAE STATUTES. 678.685.

679-684.

Scope and explanation of chapter. Remedial statutes in general.

Arbitration statutes.

686-689.

690, 691.693.

Acts relating to judicial procedure, pleading, practice, etx Mechanics' lien statutes. Other lien laws.statutes.

-

Exemption statutes. Attachment and garnishment 695-701. Civil damage acts.693. 694.

703-705.706, 707.

Statutes of limitation.

Acts changing the period of limitation.

708. 709.710. 711. 712. 713. 714.

Whether rights once barred may be revived. Election and ballot laws. Statutes giving an action for wrongful death. Married women's acts. Other acts relating to husband and wife.

Game

laws.officers, their qualifications,

Acts relating to publiction, election, etc.

compensa--

TABLE OF CONTENTS. 715.716. 717.718.

XXT

Statutes requiring majority vote.

Words and

provisions relating to time

and

Its

computation.

Statutes relating to appeals, writs of error, etc,Statutes relating to costs.Conflicting petitions for the organization of tei-ritorylike.

719.

and the

720.721.

Statutes givingMiscellaneous,

new

rights

and remedies.

TABLE OF CASES CITED.The references are to the pages:Vol.J,

pp. 1-603; Vol. n, pp. 605-1315.v.

A.AaronV.

AdamAdamsV,

Wright, 84 Ga. 720:

457,

565, 566.v.

State, 40 Ala. 307: 655,

v.

Abram,

38 Mich. 302:

561, 683.

1306.

State,

34 Tex; Grim.

App^

103: 470.

V.

Bank

Ackerlund, 168 III. 632: 3a of Oxford, 78 Miss. 532;899, 906.

Abbotsford, The, 98 U.930.

a

440: 758,

V. Beloit,V.

105 Wis. 363: 174, 360,

AbbotV.

Wood, 22 Me.

541: 990,V.

393.

991.

Field, 21 Vt. 266: 930.

Middleton, 7699, 747.v,

a

L.

Caa

68:

V. V.

Foster, 20 John. 452: 941.

Lock wood,1049.

30

Kan.S.

773:

Abeel AbelV. V,

Clark, 84 Cal. 226: 210.

V.

Douglass, 4 Denio, 805610.

V. V.

Nashville, 95 U.

19: 614.S.

New614

York, 192 U.

585:

Lee, L. R. 6 C. P. 371: 793.

Minneapolis, 68917, 918, 1311.

Minn.

89

V.

Oaks, 20 John. 282: 941.

V.

San Angelo W. W.Saratoga, etc. R.328: 1040.

Co. 86

Aberdare Local Board v. Eammelt,L. R. 10 Q. B. 162: 1108.V.

Tex. 485: 193, 271, 920.

Ca

10 N. Y.

AbernathyV.

v.

Miohell, 113 Ga. 127

239, 441, 797, 801.

V. Sleeper,

64 Vt. 544: 707, 722L403, 407.19.

State, 78 Ala. 411: 465.v.

1131.V.

AbingtonV.

Cabeen, 106 IlL 200

Smith, 6 Dak. 94:156 Ind. 596:

221, 258.

V. State,V.

Duxbury, 105 Masa 287: 641v.

Turrentine, 8 Ired. L. 147:748, 757, 864.

AblemanAbleyv.

Booth, 21

How.

506: 39.V.V.

Dale, 11 C. B. 378: 702,

Tyler, 131 Mass. 380: 1102.

704, 705.

Webster, 26 La. Ann. 142:221, 251.

Acker v. Acker, 81 N. Y. 143: 505, Ackerson v. Supervisors, 73 Hun,616: 467.

V.

Yazoo,

etc,

R. R. Co.

75

Miss. 275: 694, 708, 713, 732,Dist.v.

Ackley SchoolU.

Hall, 113

733, 1003.

S. 135: 222, 275.v.

Adams

Adam

Stephens, 88 Ky. 443: 468.

Express Co. 85Ky.265: 527.

v.

Owensboro,

XXIV

TABLE OF OASES CITED.The references are to the pages:Vol.I,

pp. 1-603; Vol.v.

II,

pp. 605-1315.

Adamsonv.AdkinsonAdjutant

Davis, 47 Mo. 268:

SO.

Alberts1299.

Torrent, 98 Mich. 513:

v.

Handle, 93 Ky. 310:v.

710, 730, 741.

AlbertsonDossee,16: 1276.v.

v.

General

9

V. State,

Moore, 887: 28. Adler v. State, 55 Ala. Advance Thresher Co.Ore. 469: 464.

AlbionEsteb, 41

V.

Robeson, 1 Dall. 9: 310. 9 Neb. 429: 541, 668. Maple Lake, 71 Minn.

503: 636.

Aechternacht

v.

Watmough,987.v.

8

Albion Nat. Bank v. Montgomery, 54 Neb. 681: 770. Albon V. Pyke, 4 M. & Gr. 424:1053.

Watts

&

S. 163:

Aerated Bread Co.

Gregg, L. R.

8 Q. B. 355: 748, 755.

^tnaV.

Ins. Co.

v.

Harvey, 11 Wis.

894: 938.

Albright v. Fisher, 164 Mo. 56: 5, 13. V. Lapp, 26 Pa. St. 99: 947. V. Payne, 43 Ohio St. 8: 688. V. Sussex Co. L. & P. Com., 6^N.J.

New1165.v.

York, 153 N. T. 331:State, 51 Neb. 91: 216,

L. 533: 347, 363, 368,

408, 1117, 1120.

Affholder217.

Alcorn

v.

Hamer, 88v.

Miss. 653: 146,

164, 170, 171.

Aggers V. People, 20 Colo. 348: 1001. Alderman 336. Ah Hoy, Ex parte, 23 Ore. 89: 711,717, 745, 956, 979.

Phelps, 15 Mass. 335:Co., 39

AldrichV.

v.

Columbia Ry.

Ah KingAhlV.

v.

Police Court, 139 Cal.St. 319: 640.

Ore. 263: 541. Parnell, 147 Mass. 409: 1375.v.

718: 247.

Rhoads, 84 Pa.

AldridgeV.

MardoC, 33 Tex.

304:

Aicard v. Daly, 7 La. Ann. 613: 899. Aikin v. Western R. Co 20 N.

733.

R

Tuscumbia,St.

etc. R. R. Co.,

3

Y. 370:

684.v.

&

P. 199: 1217.

Aikman

Edwards, 55 Kan. 751:

V.

Williams, 8v.

How. 9:

883, 888.

301, 446.

Allegheny Co.

Howe's Case, 77

Airy v. People. 21 Colo. 144: 800. Alabama, etc. Ry. Co. v. Williams,78 Miss. 209: 760, 861, 1291.

Pa

St. 77: 251, 581.

Alexander v. Alexander, 85 Va. 853:934.V. V. V.V.

Alabama GreatV.

So.

R. R.

Co.

v.

Bennett, 60 N. Y. 204: 1051.

Fowler, 104 Ga. 148: 963. Reed, 134 Ala. 253: 133, 221. Alabama Ins. Co. v. Boykin, 38Ala. 510: 1231.

Burnham,

18 Wis. 199: Duluth, 57 Minn. 47: 898, Duluth, 77 Minn. 445:373, 398.

871. 593. 863,

Alabama Med.Ala. 603: 544.

Coll. v.

Muldon, 46Co.v.

V.

Saulsbury, 37 Ala. 375: 1062,1294.

Alabama State Land108 Ala, 71: 1319.

Beck,

V.

State, 56 Ga. 478: 931.

V. State,V.

9 Ind. 337: 443, 443.5

Albany

v.

Gilbert, 144 Mo. 224: 469.v.

Worthington,698, 699.

Md. 471:v.

660,

AlbersonAlbertv.

Mayor, 83 Ga.

30: 230,

231, 384.

Alexandria Co. Sup'rs511.

Alexan-

Twohig, 85 Neb. 563:

dria, 95

Va. 469:

375.

TABLE OF CASES CITED.The references are-

XXV

to the pages: Vol.

I,

pp. 1-603; Vol. n, pp. 605-1315.

Alferitz V. Borgwardt, 126 Cal. 2C1:907.

Allen's820.

Appeal, 81* Pa.

St.

303:

Alina, The, 5 Ex. Div. 337: 814..-Alina, The, 5 Prob. Div. 138: 814.-

Allen's Appeal, 99 Pa. St. 190: 748,757, 864.

AlkinsAllaire

V.

Jupe, 3 C. E. D. 375: 649.

Allentown332: 633.

v.

Hower, 93 Pa. StCo., Ill

v.

Howell WorksPeople, 197111.

Co. 14 N.

J. L. 21: 986.

Allerton501: 209,

v.

Monona

Iowa,Dec.

AUardt427.

v.

560: 1167, 1225.

Alley in Kutztown, 3V.

Woodw.

^AllenV.

Allen, 114 Wis. 615: 1117,L. 303:

(Pa.) 373: 638.

1119.

AllhusenJ.

v.

Brooking, L. R. 36 Ch.111.

Bernards Tp. 57 N.202, 230, 585, 1159.

Div. 564: 1160, 1324.

Ailing

V.V.

Wenzel, 133

264: 706.J.

V.

Board of State Auditors, 133 AllisonMich. 334: 131. Colburn. 65 N. H. 37: 1164,1330, 1295.

Crocker, 67 N.

L. 596:

381, 437, 439.

T.

AllmanAllorV.

v.

Owens, 31 Ala.

167: 876.

Wayne

Co. Auditors, 43

-v.

Forest, 8

Wash.

700: 1316.1390.

V.

Glynn, 17 Colo. 338:14

V. Hall,V.

Bush

85: 283.

Mich. 70: 319, 653. v. Day, 7 H. & N. 463: 1065. Alma Spinning Co., In re, L. R. 16

AUsop

V.-V.

Hirsoh, 8 Ore. 412: 624. Hopkins, 63 Kan. 175: 227. Louisiana, 103 U.592.S. 80: 579,

Ch. Div. 686: 911, 915.

Almy

V.

Harris, 5 John. 175: 636,

638, 917, 1057, 1058.

V. Manasse, 4 Ala. 654: 1098.V.V. V.

Massey, 17 Wall. 351:

614.

Aloe V. Fidelity Mut. L. Ass'n, 164 Mo. 675: 857, 858. Alsbath V. Philbrick, 50 N. J. L.581: 378.

Parish, 3 Ohio, 198: 739.

Pioneer Press, 40 Minn. 117:369, 386, 433.

Alter

V.

Shepherd, 27 La. Ann. 207:v.

1001, 1096.

V.

V.

Ramsey, 1 Met. (Ky.) 635: 778. Reed, 10 Okl. 105: 43.Roundtree, 1Russell, 39Spear.s. 80 1278.:

AltmeyerAltoonav.

Caulfield, 37

W.

Va.

847: 1059, 1261.

T.V. V.V.

Calvert, 31 Pa. Co. Ct.

Ohio St.

336: 688.

363: 530.

V.

Salem, 10 Ind. App. 650: 468. Savannah, 9 Ga. 286: 912. Scharinghausen, 8 Mo. App.339: 879.

Altrincham634.

Union v. Cheshire Lines Com., L. R. 15 Q. B. Div. 597:V.

AlvordV.

Lent, 33 Mich. 373: 704.16 Fla. 158:

V. Sohweigert, 110 Ga. 333: 1358.v. Stevens, 29 N. J. L. 509: 986.V. Tison,

Lent, 33 Mich. 369: 1258.19.

V. Little,

50 Ga. 374: 321, 245.(S.

Ambler

v.

Whipple, 139re,

III

311:

V.

Watson, 2 Hill611, 613, 619.

C.)

319:

717, 731, 815, 830, 831.

Ambrosewf, In80: 716, 1297.484.

109 Cal. 264:

V.

Young, 76 Me.

_^llen. Ball286: 788.

&

Co.

v.

Mayor, 9 Ga.

Americanbolt, 48

B.

&

L. Ass'n v. Rain135, 1161,

Neb. 434:

1191.

.

XXVI

TABLE OF CASES CITED.The references are to the pages:Vol.I,

pp. 1-603

;

Vol. H, pp. 605-1315.

American FurAmerican

Co.

v.

United States,

AndersonV.

v.

Dunn, 6 Wheat.

304: 17.

3 Pet. 367: 963.Ins. Co. v. Canter, 1 Pet.

Folger, 11 La. Ann. 369: 869.

V. Hill,V.

54 Mich. 477: 313.

541: 34,43,46, 609.

Hill, 43 N. J. L. 351: 538.

AmericanS.

Invest; Co.

v.

Tliayer, 7

V.

Levely, 58 Md. 192: 146, 945,946.

D. 73: 1160, 1166.L.

American

& S.111.

Co.

v.

Minn.

etc.

V.

Levyson,518.

1

Tex. App. 520:F. Ass'n Co.,154.1117,.

E. R. Co., 157

641; 1158.V.

American Manganese Co. v. Va. Manganese Co., 91 Va. 373: 815. American Net & Twine Co. v.Worthington, 141 U.956, 995.S. 468: 883,

Manchester Minn. 182:1119.

59

V.

Mayfield, 93 Ky. 330:

V.

O'Donnell, 391174.

S. C.

355: 33^-

American PrintingHousev. Dupuy, 37 La. Ann. 188: 204. American Print Worlis v, Lawrence, 23 N.J.

V.

Seymour, 70 Minn. 358: 303,429, 846, 1169, 1335.

L. 590: 577, 681.v.

V.V.

Trenton, 43 N.

J. L. 486: 377.

American

Refrig. T. Co.

Adams,

Whatcom275.

Co,, 15

Wash.

47:

28 Colo. 119: 1158.

American Surety Co. v. Great W. S. Co., 58N. J. L. 536: 235. American Transportation Co. v.Moore, 5 Mich. 368: 818, 819. Americus v. Perry, 114 Ga. 871;140, S66.7,

V.

Anderton

Winfree, 85 Ky. 597: 929. v. Milwaukee, 83 Wis..Co.v.

279: 209.

Andrew

Schell, 135 Mo. 31:

717, 732, 846, 854.

AndrewsV.

v.

Ada

Co., 7 Idaho,

453r1219i,_

AmesV.

V.

Martin, 6 Wis. 361: 1097.

234.

MoCamber, 134 Mass. 85623.

Beane, 15 R. L 451: 797,1234.

V.

U. P. R. R. Co., 64 Fed. 16578, 93, 137.v.

V.V.

Herriot, 4 Cow. 508: 23.

Amsbry

Hinds, 48 N. Y. 57:S.

641,

V.V. V.

Hoxie, 5 Tex. 171: King, 77 Me. 234:

610, 622. 933.

Amy616.

V.

Watertown, 130 U.v. v.

301

Knox

Co., 70III.

111.

65: 607,

87a.

People, 75

605: 516.

Anable

Patch, 3 Pick. 360:

643.

V.V.

Russell, 7 Blackf. 474: 550.

Ancona794.

Becker, 3 Pa. Dist. 86111,

Schott, 10 Pa. St. 47: 1005.Shaffer, 12

V.v.

Andel790.

People, 106

App. 558

V.

How. Pr. 441 940 United States, 3 Story, 20a:

645, 959, 964.v.

AndersonV.

Anderson, 33 Tex. 639Co.,

869.

Angele de Sentamanat La. Ann. 609: 797.AngellV.V.

v.

Soule, 3&

Chicago, etc. Ry. Minn. 337: 1038.

85

Cass Co., 11 N. D. 265: 577,City,

603.

V.

Commonwealth,295: 447.

18

Gratt.

West Bay

117 Mich.

685: 1159, 1167.

TABLE OF OASES CITED.The references are to the pages: VoLI,

XXVll

pp. 1-603; Vol. n, pp. 605-1315:

Anglo-Greek Steam2 Eq. 1: 816.

Co.,

In

re, L.

R.

Armsv. Ayer,428.

192

111.

601: 157,800,

Anheuser-Busch Brewing Ass'n v. Bond, 66 Fed. 653: 1161, 1192. Annan v. Houck, i Gill, 332: 1084. Annapolis v. State, 80 Md. 112: 190. Anna, The, L. R. 1 P. Div. 259: 891,893.

ArmstrongV.

v.

Berreman, 18 Ind.236, 452,

423, 482.

Mayer, 60 Neb. 423:917, 1811.

V. V.

Ross, 20 N.Toler,11

J.

Eq. 109: 1142.358: 938.

Wheat.

Anness1049.

v.

Providence, 18 R.

L

17:

V,

United

States, 1 Pet. C. C.

46: 1184.

Ann, The Brig, 1 Gall. 61: 808. Anonymous, 2 Hill, 375: 885,337.

Arnold v. Arnold, 140 Ind. 199:386,V.

1076,

1395.

Cambridge, 106 Mass. 353:757.

Anonymous, 2 Stew. 228: 1227. Anonymous) 1 Strange, 86: 837.Ansleyv.

V.

Council Bluffs, 85 Iowa. 441:530, 745, 955.

Meikle, 81 Ind. 260: 619.25.V.

Antelope, The, 10 Wheat. 66:

Kelley, 5

Anthony v. State, 39 Ala. 27: Antony V. Cardenham, Fortes.1089.

778.

V.V.

309:

W. Va. 446: 19, 343. Nye, 28 Mich. 286: 331. U. S., 9 Cranoh, 104: 331, 329,672.

AplinV.

Baker, 84 Mich. 113: 1306. Stiles, 88 Mich. 460: 247.V.

Appeal Tax Court v. Western Md. R. R. Co., 50 Md. 275: 462, 1159,1219.

Apple

V.

Apple, 1 Head, 348: 748,

757, 864.

Arnoult v. New Orleans, 11 La. Ann. 54: 433. Arthur v. Adam, 49 Miss. 404: 1181. V. Bokenham, 11 Mod. 150: 868. V. Dodge, 101 U. S. 84: 521. V. Homer, 96 U. S. 187: 463, 466. V. Morrison, 96 U. S. 108: 708,755.

Appleton

W. W.

Co.

v.

Appleton,

116 Wis. 863: 392, 511, 909.

Artman1396.

v.

Ferguson, 73 Mich. 146:

Aranzo v. Mudie, 10 Ex. 203; 1042. Archbishop of Canterbury's Case,2 Rep. 460: 830.

Arundel

v.

McCuUoch, 10 Mass.

70:

1040, 1044.

Archer Arding881.

v. v.

Ellison, 28 S. C. 238: 689.

Ash

V.

Thorp, 65 Kan. 60: 211, 249,v.

Bonner, 2 Jur.

(N. S.) 763:

275, 389.

AshbrookRef.

Schaub, 160 Mo. 107:

ArgandArgentiArguelloArittV.

Ca

v.

Quinn, 39

W.

137.

Va. 535: 781.v.

AshburyAshford

Co. v. Riche, L, R. 7 H. L.

San Francisco, 16 CaLUnitedStates, 18

653: 817.v.

283: 1033.v.

Watkins, 70 Ala. 156:v.

How.

626.

550: 606.

Ashland Sav. BankH. 834: 1229.

Bailey, 66 N.

Elmore, 2 Bailey, 695: 1281.

Arkle471:

v.

Commissioners, 41

W.

Va.

Ashland Water Co.87 Wis. 209: 442.

v.

Ashland

Co.,

6, 10.

C

XXVIU

TABLE OF OASES OITED.Vol.I,

The references are to the pages:

pp. 1-603; Vol. n, pp. 605-1315.

Ashley, Appellant, 4 Pick. 31: 517,635.

Atlantic City

W. W.Co.,

Co.J.

v.

Con-

sumers W.v.

44 N.

Eq. 427:

AshleyV.

Harrington, 1 D. Chip.

136, 369, 377, 389.

348: 444.

Martin, 59 Ala. 587: 873.

Ashley's Case, 4 Pick. 33: 688.

Asraole

v.

Goodwin. 3 Salk. 624V.

336, 337.

D. Ry. Co. v. Lyons, 101 Atlantic Va. 1: 890. Attorney-General v. Abbot, 131 Mich. 540. 1301. V. Amos, 60 Mich. 373: 265.V.

&

Aspinwall364: 548.

Daviess Co., 33 How.

Anglesea,396.

58 N. J. L. 873:

Asplin1149.

V.

Blackman, 7 Ex. 386v.

V. V.

Bailey, 1 Ex. 281:755.

Baker, 9 Rich. Eq. 531: 1115.

Assessors

Osbornes, 9

WalL

567

V.

Bank, 5 Ired. Eq. 71:Eolger, 128 Mich. 355:336.

888,

553, 1169.

Assignment of Gilbert, 94 Wis. 108524.

331,

Astor

V.

Arcade Ry.v.

Co., 113 N. Y.

Brown,

1

Wis. 513:

457, 686.

93: 191, 331, 834, 364.

Atcheson

Everett, 1 Cowp. 391v.

Brunst, 3 Wis. 787: 784. Chelsea W. W. Co., Fitzgib.195: 541, 669.

1075, 1086, 1108.

Atchison, etc. R. R. Co.

Haynes,

Commissioner, 117 Mich. 477:518.

8 Okl. 576: 528, 530.V.

Kearney375.

Co.,

58

Kan, 19

Day,

1

Ves. Sr. 221: 1101.

Detroit, 78 Mich. 545: 140. Detroit, etc. Co., 3 Mich. 138:709, 781.

V. V.

Matthews, 58 Kan. 447: 414. Matthews, 174 U. S. 96: 371,414.

Detroit, etc.

Plank R.

Co.,

Tanner, 19 Colo. 559: 988. Atkin V. Kansas, 191 U. S. 307: 417,V.

97 Mich. 589: 113, 113.

Donaldson, 10 M.981.

& W.

117:

1194 AtkinsV.

V.

Disintegrating

Co., 18

Edison Telephone

Co., L. R.

Wall. 373: 659, 693, 733, 730.

6 q. B. D. 344: 1036.Erie, etc. R. R. Co., 55 Mich.31: 635.

Kinnan, 30 Wend. 3411137.v.

:

]

046,

AtkinsonV.

Atkinson, 15 La. Ann.

Gramlich, 139 Mich. 630:

577.

491:611.Duffy, 16 Minn. 49: 190, 303,318, 231,

Joy, 55 Mich. 94: 73, 124, 22a

Kwok-A-Sing,179: 668, 729.

L. R. 5 P. C.

Dunlap, 50 Me. Ill: 19, 641. Rhea, 7 Humph. 59: 1117. Atlanta v. Gate City S. T. Ry. Co., 80V. V.

Lamplough, L. R. 3 Ex. D.333: 545.

Look wood,

9 M.

&&

W.

391:

Ga. 376: 199, 366. Atlanta Savings Bank107 Ga. 629: 341.

484, 730, 793.v.

Spencer,

Middleton, 3 H.

N. 138:

TABLE OF OASES CITED.The references are to the pages:Vol.I,

XXIXII,

pp. 1-603; Vol.etc.

pp. 605-1316.

Attorney-GeneralV. Parsell,

v.

Netherlands90,

Aurora,

Turnpike v. Holthouse,Veal, 10 Ind. 355: 877.

Ins. Co., 181 Mass. 533: 31.

7 Ind. 59; 641.

100

Mich. 170:

AusmanAustinV.V.

v.

518, 523.V. Pitcher,V. V.V.

Aldermen, 7 Wall 694:

183 Mass. 513: 964.

585.

Fowls, Kay, 186: 748. Preston, 56 Midi. 181:Primati, 1 Jebb317:

Bunyard, 6Carter, 11044.

R&Mass.

S. 687: 914.

893.

V.

280:

1039,

&

Symes,V.

88a

Gulf, etc. R. R. Co., 45 Tex.234: 853.

V.

Eioe, 64 Mich. 385: 214, 815.

V.V.

Saggers, 1 Price, 183: 956.

V.

McCall, 95 Tex, 565: 327,1081.

937,

SiUem, 3

a

&

C.

431: 699,V. V. V.

708, 710, 883, 884, 960, 961.V.

Murray, 16 Pick. 121: 1019.State, 71 Ga. 595: 959.State, 101 Tenn. 563: 585.

Smith, 311073.

Mich. 359:

909,

V.

Stewart, 8 Merio. 163: 610.

V.

Stevens, 34 Mo. 530: 643.v.

V.

Tuckerton, 67 N.61, 138.

J. L.

120:

Averill1054.

Perrott, 74 Mich. 296:

V.;03.

Champion476: 869.

v.

15 N. J. Eq.

Charless

v.

Lamberson,v,

1

Iowa, 435:

312, 325, 1098, 1358.

Charles St. Ave. Co. Chan V. Brandt, 45 Minn. 98: 39. 10 Md. 536: 715. Chance v. Adams, 1 Lord Eaym.77: 630, 648.

Merryman,

CharlestonElizabeth, 64 N.J.

v.

Johnston, 170 III 336:

Chancellor503: 433..

v.

L.

788.

Charlestonof,

&

Chancellor of Oxford, The Case10 Coke, 57: 628.

Kanawha134.

Co. Ct., 41

Soutbside B. Co. v. W. Va. 658:

ChandlerV.

v.

Hanna, 73 Ala.

390:

Charlestown

v.

County Com'rs,

3

473, 1056, 1057.

V. Nilett,

Nash, 5 Mich. 400: 1051, 1054. 3 Saund. 130: 1378,1383.v. State,

Met. 203: 1039, 1044. Charlotte v. Chouteau, 33 Mo. 194:018, 633.

Chaney1338.

31 Ala. 342: 643,

Shepard, 132 N. C. 602: 93, 95. Charter v. Greame, 13 Q. B. 216:V.

1117.v,

Chartered Mercantile Bank, etc. v. Wilson, L. R. 3 Ex. D. 108: 809. V. Curtenius, 15 111. 427: 1096. & Brooks Paper Chase v. Insurance Ca, 9 Allen, 311 V. Persse Works, 30 Conn. 461: 959, 611. Chealy v. Brewer, 7 Mass. 259: 1055, 1354. 1077. Chapman, In re (1896), 1 Ch. 333: Cheatham v, Brien, 3 Head, 553: 1160. 1116. Chapman, In re, 166 U. S. 661: 955. Chapman v. Foster, 6 Allen, 136: Cheek v. Commonwealth, 100 Ky.

Chapin

Crusen, 31 Wis. 209: 674.

941.

1: 766.

Ivi

TABLE OF OASES CITED.The references are to the pages;Vol.I,

pp. 1-603; Vol. n, pp. 605-1315.v.

Cheever

v.

Wilson, 9 Wall. 108:v.

41,

Chicago, etc. R. R. Co.121111.

Chicago,112

613, 866.

176: 1041.etc. R. R. Co.,

Chegaray220: 819.

Mayor,

etc.,

13 N. Y.Pa.

V.

Chicago,111.

589: 1043.37.

Cheltenham Tp. Road, 140136: 408.

St

V.

Doyle, 60 Miss. 977:

V.

Dunn, 58

IlL 360: 644.

Chenango BridgeCherry Overseers

Co. v.

Bingham548.

V. V. V.V. V.

ton Bridge Co., 27 N. Y. 87:v.

Eaton, 59 Neb. 698: 847, Forest Co., 95 Wis, 80: 407.Glover, 159 Ind. 166: 135.III. 579: 132a Hartshorn, 30 Fed. Rep. 541:

Marion Over-

seers, 96 Pa, St. 528: 1136.

Guthrie, 193

& O. Canal Co. v. Railroad Co., 4 Gill & J. 1:709. Chesapeake & P. Tel. Co. v. Manning, 186 U. a 238: 674, 926.Chesapeake

558.V.

Iowa, 9411.

S. 155: 411.

ChesneyChesnutV.

v.

MoClintock, 61 Kan. 94:Elliott,

V.Jones, 149 IlL 361: 580. V. Lane, 130 IIL 116: 846.V.

86, 87, 339.v.

McGlinn, 114 U.

S.

543: 34.

61 Miss.

569:

V.

Ottumwa,1013.

113 Iowa, 300: 999,

1132.

Shane, 16 Ohio, 599: 888, 889,901, 1229.v.

V.

People, 67 IlL 11: 968.

V.

Smith, 78

111.

96: 645.86, 88.

ChesterV.

First Nat. Bank, 9 Pa.

V.

Smythe, 103 Fed. 376:1064.

Supr. Ct. 517: 1314.Pennell, 169 Pa. St. 300: 464,

V. State,

153 Ind. 134: 300, 846,

123aChester1284.

V.

Sturgis, 44 Mich. 538: 1030.

&

Cheraw

R. R. Co.

v.

V. V. V.

Wiltse, 116

111.

449: 1041.

Marshall, 40

S. O. 59: 1161, 1383,

Wolfe, 61 Neb. 503: 113. Zernecke, 59 Neb. 689: 847.Co.v.

Chester Glass

Ca

v.

Dewey, 16 Chicago LumberColo.(Miss.) 54:

Dillon, 13

Mass. 102: 1037.

Chew34,

V.

Calvert, 1

Walk.

App. 196: 1358. Chicago Packing Co. v. Chicago, 88IlL 331:1195.

Chew HeongU.

v.

United

States, 112

S. 536: 466, 1070.

Chicago V. Chicago, 307 IlL1004.V.

37: 1003,

Chicago Pub. Stock Exchange v. McClaughry, 148 111. 373: 1154. Chicago Theological Seminary v. Illinois, 188 U.S. 662: 1004,1008, 1070.V.

Hanseddy, 103510.

IlL

App.

1:

People, 189 IlL 439: 1003.

V. V.

Hasley, 35232: 335.

111.

595: 1103.

Vulcan Iron Works,v.

93

111.

Chicago Title & T. Co. v. O'Marr, 18 Mont. 568: 557. Chicago Union Traction Co. v. Chicago, 199111.

Chicago, etc. R. R. Co.

Avooa,

484: 815, 827.95.

99 Iowa, 556: 410, 1033.

Chicot567.

V.

Davies, 40 Ark. 200:

v.Bozarth, 91111. App. 68: 1348.V.

Chidsey '

v.

Scranton, 70 Miss. 449:

Chapman,

133

111.

96: 920.

TABLE OF OASES CITED.The references are to the pages:ChildsV.

Ivii

Tol.

I,

pp. 1-603; Vol. H, pp. 605-1315,v.

Hill, 20 Tex, Civ.

App.458,

Christy614.

Pridgeon, 4 Wall. 196:608.

162: 1191.V.

Shower, 18 Iowa, 261:593, 601.

Church, Matter of, 28 Hun, 476:

Church920, 1140.V.

V.

Crocker, 3 Mass. 17: 853,253. 618,

V.

Smith, 55 Barb. 45:V.

910,

V.

State, 97 Ala. 49: 455, 1117.

Detroit, 64 Mich. 571

:

'Chiles

Drake, 2 Met. (Ky.) 150:

v.

Hubbart, 2 Cranoh, 187:622, 869.

199,V.

Smith's Heirs, 13 B. Men.460: 329, 333.State, 2 Tex. App.' 37: 918,v.

T.

Rhodes, 6 How. Pr. 281551, 558.

:

463,

V,

V.

Stadler, 16 Ind. 463: 671.v.

Chipman

WayneFalls573.v.

Co, Auditors,

Churchill

Crease, 5 Bing. 177:

127 Mich. 490: 301.

532, 660.

-ChippewaWis. 611:

Hopkins, 109

V.

Georgia R.265; 749.

&

B. Co., 108 Ga,

-ChisholmV,

Northern Transporta- Church of the Holy Trinity v. United States, 143 U. S. 457: 650, Shields, 21 Ohio C. C. 231: 743, 880, 881, 924. Cicero v. McCarthy, 173 IlL 279: 707, 779.v.

tion Co., 61 Barb. 363: 1058,

V. Weisse, 3 Okl. 611: 784 -Chmelir v. Sawyer, 42 Neb. 863:

788.

Cicero, etc.374: 880,

Ca v. Craighead, 28 Ind,v,

1268.

Choate455.

v.

Buffalo, 39 App. Dlv. 379:

CincinnatiV.

Conover, 55 OhioBros.,

St.

82: 514, 848, 999, 1013.O.

Choctaw,

&

G. R. R. Co.

v.

Alex-

Rosohe

50 Ohio St.

ander, 7 Okl. 579: 619, 651, 703.

103: 397.V.

OhoUar Mining CoCal. .574: 1140.

v.

Wilson, 66

Steinkamp, 9 Ohio391.

C. C. 178:

-ChouteauV.

v.

Allen, 70 Mo. 290: 939.Co.,

Cincinnati College v. State, 19 Ohio,110: 1003,

Mo. Pao. Ry.375: 933.

123 Mo.

Cincinnati, etc, R, R. Co.age, 36

v.

Carth-

V.

Pierre, 9 Mo. 3: 606, 868.v.

Christie

Bayonne,64 N.

J, L. 181:

V.

Ohio St. 631: 119a Com'rs, 1 Ohio St. 77: 145,148, 170.

362.V.

Life Indemnity

& Invest. Co., &Davison,

V.

82 Iowa, 360: 221, 416.V.

V.

Hedges, 63 Ohio St. 339: 1163. Thieband, 114 Fed, 918: 417,

Umwin,

8 Perry

Citizen's

BankGas Gas

v.

Parker, 193 U,v.

S,

298: 1048.

73: 960, 1007,

-ChristophersonV.

v.

Lotinga, 15 C. B.

Citizens'J.

L. Co.

Alden, 44 R.

(U. S.) 809: 1097.

L. 648: 635.

Lotinga, 33 L. J. C. P. 123:793.

Citizens'

& Min. Co. v. Elwood,Commis-

114 Ind. 333: 1034, 1039.

Christy

v.

Board of

Suprs.,

39

Citizens' Life Ins. Co. v.

Cal. 3: 583.

sioner, 128 Mich, 85: 769.

Iviii

TABLE OF CASES CITEDThe references areto the pages: Vol.I,

pp. 1-603; Vol.

II,

pp. 605-1315.

Citizens' Nat.

Bank v. Graham,

147

TABLE OF CASES CITED.The references are to the pages: VoLI,

lixIt,

pp. 1-603; Vol.v.

pp. 605-1315.

ClarkV.

V.

Utica, 18 Barb. 451: 747,751.

Clay don691.

Green, L. R. 3 C. P. 531:

Washington, 13 Wheat.1009.

40:

Clayton's Case, 5 Coke, 1: 339.Clearfield Co.v.

Cameron111.

Tp., 135

V.

Wilkie, 4 Strob. 259: 1036.

Pa. St. 86: 303.

Clark,

Dodgev.

& Ca

v.

Davenport,

Cleary

v.

Hoobler, 107

97: 1158.

14 Iowa, 494: 1009.

Clem

v.

State, 33 Ind. 418: 357.v.

ClarkeV.

Bradlaugh, L. R. 7 Q. B.

ClementsV.

Anderson, 46 Miss. 598:

Div. 69: 788.Brookfield,^ 81 Mo. 503: 949.

846.

V.V.

Darr, 156 Ind. 693: 364.

Clementsonv.

Smith, 3 E. & E. 338: 1097. v. Mason, L. R. 10 C. P.309: 709, 733.

Gibbons, 83 N. Y. 107:Irwin, 5Nev. 134; 340.Pratt, 30 Ala. 470: S3.

505.

V.V.V.

Williams, 8 Cranch, 73: 1016. Clemmensen v. Peterson, 35 Ore.47: 186, 367.

Rochester, 38 N. Y. 605: 159,170.

Cleveland, PetitionN.J.

of.

In

re,

53

V.

State, 38 Miss. 361: 473, 1186.

L. 188: 174, 360.v.

Clark's Appeal, 58 Conn. 307: 675.

Cleveland83: 177.

Spartenburg, 54v.

S. 0.

Clark's Appeal, 100 Mich. 448: 1361. Clark's437.

Estate, 195

Pa. St.

530:

Cleveland, etc. R. R. Co.Pa. St. 380: 1033.

Eire, 27

Clark's Run, etc. T. Co. v.

Common-

V.V.

People, 205

111.

583: 1010.

wealth, 96 Ky. 535: 889, 896.Clark's Succession, 11 La. Ann. 134:665.

Rowan, 66

Pa. St. 393: 1393.

V. V.

Speer, 56 Pa. St. 335: 1032.

Wells, 65 Ohio964.V.

St. 813: 555,

Clarkson645.

v.

R. R. Co., 13 N. Y. 304:

ClineV.

Greenwood, 10 Ore. 230:v.

Claw

927. Chapman, 135 Mo. 101: 1394. Clawson v, Eichbaum, 3 Grant's Clinton

Draper, 14 Ind.

395:

Cas. 180: 320.-V.

303.V.

Pimrose, 4 Del. Ch. 643: 39608.

Englebrecht, 13'895.

Wall

434:

V.

United1053.

States, 114 U. S. 477:

V.

Henry1311.

Co., 115

Mo. 557:

1004,

Clay

V.

Central R.

&

B. Co., 84 Ga.

V.Phillips, 7 T. B.1136.

Mon. 117:

845: 339, 757.V.

Iseminger, 187 Pa.1387.

St.

108:

V.

Walliker, 98 Iowa, 655: 1330,1332, 1287.

v.Mayr,144Mo.376: 1159,1101,1164, 1395.

Clinton Clinton

Ave., Matter of, 57 App.

Div. 166: 303.

Clay County v. Society for Savings, 104 U. S. 579: 463. Clay Co. Suprs. v. Chickasaw Co.Com'rs, 64 Miss. 534: 530.

Water Com'rs204

v.

Dwight,114:

101 N. Y. 9:

Cliquot's993.

Champagne, 3 Wall

e

IxThe references are

TABLE OF CASES CITED.to the pages: Vol.I,

pp. 1-603; Vol. n, pp. 605-1315.V.

Clossoa

V.

Trenton, 48 N.

J.

L. 438:

Coe

Caledonia, etc. R. R. Co., 27

37a Clough

V.

Curtis, 3 Idaho, 523: 81.

V.V.

Minn. 197: Lawrence, 1V.

327.

E.

&

B. 516: 969.

ClowV.

V.

Chapman,1295.

135

Mo. 101:

Schultz, 47 Barb. 64: 148.State, 44 Neb. 417: 784.

CofBeldCoffinV.

Harper, L. R. 3 Ex, Div. 198:893.V.

Rich, 45 Me. 507: 545, 561,695, 699, 729, 1071.

CluE

Insurance

Co., 18 Allen,

V.

State, 7 Ind. 157: 643.v.

308: 611.

Coflfman786.

Daveny, 2 How.

(Miss.)

Goad

V.

Cowhick, 9.Wyo. 816:

854: 1136.

Coalheavers' Case, 1 Leach 0. C.64: 933.

Coghill

V.

State, 87 Ind. Ill: 482.

Cohen649.

v.

Barrett, 5 Cal. 195: 648,

CoatesV.

V. Mackey, 56 Md. 416: 866. Muse, 1 Brook. 539: 614. Coats V. Barrett, 49 111. App. 275:

Cohens

v.

Virginia, 6

Wheat.

264:

39, 887.

957.V.

CohnArk. 149: 463, 483,V.

v.

Neeves, 40 Wis. 393: 646,979, 1019.

Hill, 41

511, 567.

People, 149V.

111.

486: 230, 651.

Coatsworth 754

v.

Barr, 11 Mich. 199:

Cohoes Co.1137.

Goss, 18 Barb. 137:

CobbV.

V.

Bred, 40 Minn. 479: 369,

Colbran

v.

Barnes, 11 C. B. (N.

S.)

886, 433.

244: 711.

CoburnV.

Vary, 130 Ala. 263: 455. v. Dodd, 14 Ind. 347:866.

605,

Colburn v. Swett, 1 Met. 233: Colby v. Dennis, 86 Me. 9: 549,V.

932.558.

Knapp,V.

13 N. H. 175: 110.

Harvey, 18 Wis. 147:

609.

Coociola T.Wood-Dickerson SupplyCo., 186 Ala. 533: 713, 738, 934,

Colcord Colden1057.

Conroy, 40 Fla. 97: 1397.Eldred, 15

v.

Joha

220:

1355, 1356.

Cole

V.

Anne, 40 Minn.Bentley, 26784.111.

80: 1050.

CochranV.

v.

Baker, 00 Miss. 282:88Co.,

V.

App. 260:

1333.

Harvey,1259.

Ga.- 852:

771,

V.

Chicago, etc. B. R. Co., 47 Mo. App. 624: 780, 1812.Circuit Judge, 106 Mich. 692:789, 790.

V.

Library649, 650.

6 Phila. 493:

V.

V.

State, 36 Tex. Crim. App. 115:973.

V.

Commonwealth,1310.

101 Ky. 151:695: 484.

V.

Taylor, 13 Ohio St. 883: 559.Co., 13

V. V.V.

Coulton, 3 E.

& E.

Cochrane v. King519, 564.

Wash.

518:

Groves, 134 Mass. 471: 986. Hall, 103 111, 30: 318.

Cock336.

V.

Bunn, 6 John.v.

836: 838, 331,

V. V.

Humphries, 781310.

Miss. 168: 909.

Muscatine, 14 Iowa, 296: 917,Perry, 6 Cow. 584: 1131.

Cockrell

Gailey, 26 Ala. 470: 33.Cal. 523: 408.V.

Cody

V.

Murphy, 89

TABLE OF CASES CITED.The references are to the pages:Vol.I,

Ixi

pp. 1-603; Vol. n, pp. 605-1315.V.

Cole

V.

Perry, 8 Cow. 214: 645.

CollinsV.

State, 97 Ga. 433: 737. 311: 561.C. P. D. 37:

V.

Skrainka, 105 Mo. 303: 717,733.

T.

Warren, 63 Tex. Welch, L. R. 5665, 750.

V.

Supervisors,494.

11

Iowa, 553:V.

Wilhot, 35 Mo. App. 585: 781.v.

Thayer, 8 Cow. 249: 639. White Ca, 32 Ark. 45: 931. Colehan v. Cook, Willes, 395: 653,V. V.

ColoradoColorado

Com'rs., 78 Me. 533:577.v.

Cemetery

Arapahoev,

Co., 30 Cola. 507: 899.

656.

Colorado Fuelv.

&

Iron Co.

LenMit-

ColemanV.

Ballandi, 22 Minn, 144:

hart, 6 Colo.

App. 511:

988.

1200.

Colorado Milling

&

ELS.

Co.

v.

Davidson Academy, Cooke,(Tenn.)358: 853.Davis, 13 Colo. 98: 1127.

chell, 36 Colo. 284: 230.

Colorado Springs L.

Co.

v.

GodQ.

V.V.

ding, 20 Colo. 71: 706.

V.v.

Dobbins, 8 Ind. 156: 609, 883. Holmes, 44 Ala. 124: 1016.

ColquhounColtV.

v.

Heddon,

L. R. 35

B. D. 129, 953.

Newby,

7

Kan.v.

88: 140, 148.

Eves. 13 Conn. 343: 1117.T. Co. v.

Cole Mfg.V. Falls,

Ca

Falls, 90

Tenn.

Columbia

Haywood,

10

466: 134, 333, 303, 937.

Wend.

433: 338, 330, 331.P.

Colgate645.

V.

93 Tenn. 607: 443. Penn. Co., 103 N. Y. 137:etc. Co., L. B.

Columbia W.749.

Co. v.

Columbia475:

Elec. St. Ry. Co., 173 U. S.

CoUey

V. London, Ex.Div. 377:639.

5

Columbia Wire

Co. v. Boyoe, 104

Fed. 173: 436, 440.

Collier v. Early, 54 Ind. 559: 1370,1371, 1373.V.

Columbus339: 938.

Ins. Co. v.

Walsh, 18 Mo.

Worth, L. R.956.

1

Exch. 464:Henderson,

Columbus

Collier

&V.

C, L. Co. v.

Southern Ry. Co. v. Wright, 89 Ga. 574: 300, 428. Colwell V. Chamberlin, 43 N. J. L.387: 431, 433, 581.v.

18 Colo. 359: 115.

Collin

Knoblock, 35 La. Ann.

May,

etc.

Co., 19

N.

J,

Eq.

363: 701.

345: 927.

Collins

V.

Bingham

Bros., 33

Ohio

C. C. 533: 458.V.

Combe v. Pitt, 3 Burn 1423: 319. Comer v. Folsom, 13 Minn. 319: 643.V.

Carman, 5 Md.1073.

503: 911, 915,

State, 103 Ga. 69: 230, 585,783, 857, 858.

V. V.

Chase, 71 Me. 434: 463, 466.

Comfort

V.

Kittle, 81

Iowa, 179:

East Tenn.Heisk. 841:

eto. R. R. Co., 91200,' 1317.

797, 803.

Commercial Bank305. 779,V.

v.

Chambers, 8Co.,

V. V.

Henderson, 11 Bush, 74: Mi Hen, 57 Ohio St. 389:780.

S.

&M.

9:464,473,513,668.51

Eastern Banking Neb. 766: 1159.Foster, 5 La.

V.

Russell, 107 Ga. 433: 378, 446,566.

V.

Ann.

516: 664,

710, 713, 733, 1103.

Ixii

TABLE OF OASES CITED.The references are to the pages:Vol.I,

pp. 1-603; Vol.

II,

pp. 605-1815,

Commeroial Bank355: 333.V.

v. Ives,

2 Hill,

Commonwealth588: 156.v. V.

v.

Addams, 95 Ky.

Markham,1327.

3 La.

Ann.

698:

Alger, 7 Cush. 58: 659, 709.

Allegheny

Co., 168

Pa. St.

V. V.

Sandford, 108 Fed. 98: 1010. Sparrow, 3 Denio. 97: 605,867.

303: 491, 880.V.

Allegheny Co. Com'rs, 40 Pa.St. 348: 488.

Commercial

B.

& L.

Ass'n

v.

Macv.

V.

Anderson, 178 Pa.404.

St. 171:

kenzie, 85 Md. 182: 694, 730, 885.

Commissioner of Sinking Fund Grainger, 98 Ky. 319: 505.Commissioners, In488: 350.re,

V.

Angle, 3 Pa. Dist.538.

Ct

637'

49 N. J. L.

V.

Ayers, 3 Pa. Supr. Ct. 353:583.

Commissioners v. Andrews, 18 OhioSt. 64: 1028.y.

V. Ayei-s,

17 Pa. Supr. Ct. 352,

257.V.

Ballard, 69 N. C. 18: 937.

Bailey, 13 Allen, 541: 545,910.

V.V.

Deboe, 43 IlL App. 35: 463. Harrison, L. R. 7; H. L. 9:892.

V. V.

Barnett, 199 Pa. St. 161: 111.

Barney, 34 Ky. L. R. 3353:230, 585, 651, 652, 694, 696,736, 846, 851.

V.

Higginbotham, 17 Kan.97.

75:

V, V. V.

Keith, 3 Pa. St. 318: 674.Mighels, 7 Ohio St. 109, 1083.

V.

Basham, 101 Ky.

170: 468.

V. V.

Baum,330.

28 Pa, Co. Ct. 333: 303.5:

Northern Bank,174: 547.

1

Met. (Ky.)

Beatty, 15 Pa. Supr. Ct. Beatty,

V.

Eosohe,50 Ohio1171.

St. 103: 407,

V. V.

1 Watts, 382: 551. Bennett, 108 Mass. 27: 171,

V. Silvers,

33 Ind. 491: 927.12

67a300:V.

V.

State,

Ohio

0.

C.

Blaokley, 198 Pa.394, 535.

St

372:

434V.

State, 50

Ohioof111.

St. 653: 424.

V.v. V.

Bradley, 16 Gray, 341: 643,1236.

CommissionersJackson, 165lums, In366: 788.re,

Highways17: 846.

Breed, 4

Piclr. 460: 637.

Commissioners of Lunatic

Asy-

V. V.

8 Irish Hep. Eq. series,

Brown, 167 Mass. 144: 1188. Brown, 91 Va. 763: 186, 191,305, 332, 338, 343, 348.

Commissioners of Public Schools v. County Com'rs., 30 Md. 449: 1150. Commissioners of Sedgwick Co. v. Bailey, 13 Kan. 607: 187. Common Council, Ex parte, 3 Cow.358: 1187.

V.

Cain, 14 Bush, 535: 527, 554.

V.

Cambridge, 30 Pick. 267:910.

659,

V.

Carey, 2 Pa. Co. Ct. 293: 407.

V.

Charity Hospital, 198 Pa.270: 233, 250.

St.

Common

Council

v.

Schmid, 138

V.

Churchill, 3 Met. 118: 493,663, 564, 610.

Mich. 379:

113, 31.5, 336.

TABLE OF CASES CITED.The references are to the pages;Vol.I,

IxiiiII,

pp. 1-603; Vol.

pp. 605-1315.

CommonwealthV.

v.

Clark,

8

Pa.

CommonwealthV. V.

v.

Farmers' Bank,

Supr. Ct. 141: 207.Clark, 14 Pa. Supr. Ct. 435:

97 Ky. 590: 1194.Fisher, 17 Mass. 46: 99, 962.

V,

4ia Commissioners,St. 237: 1053.

etc.,

37 Pa.

V. V.

Fowler, 18 Phila. 578: 45a Frantz, 135 Pa. St 889: 257.Gaines, 2 Va. Cas. 172: 649,

V.

Conyngham,

66 Pa,

St

99:V.

93aGardner, 11 Gray, 438:482, 485.V.

660, 712, 719, 942.T.V.

481,

Cooley, 10 Pick. 37: 481, 517.

Coombs, 2 Mass. 489:1044.

1040,

Getohell, 16 Pick. 452: 556. 195 Pa.

V. Gilligan,

StSt

504: 233,

V.

Cooper, 12 Pa. Dist Ct. 199:210.V.

410.

Giltinan, 64 Pa.

100: 755,

V. V. V.

Costley, 118 Mass. 1: 888.

96aV.

Cotton, 14 Phila. 667: 528.

Godshaw, 93 Ky.464.

435: 301,

Council of Montrose, 52 Pa.St. 391: 711.V.

Gouger, 21 Pa. Supr.965.

Ct 217:

V.

Crowley,

1

Ashm.

179:

5iaV.

V, V.

Cullen, 13 Pa. St. 133: 1193.

Grand Cent

K &

L. Ass'n,

Curry, 4 Pa. Supr. Ct. 356:293, 685, 1064, 1065.V.

97 Ky. 325: 783.

Graves, 155 Mass. 163: 1185.

V.

Darlington, 8 Pa. Dist237: 256.

Ct172:

V. V.

Green, 17 Mass. 515: 35. Green, 58 Pa. St 326: 204,207, 384.

V.

Davidson, 4 Pa. Dist1020.

Ct

V.

Grier, 153 Pa.

St

176: 539.

V.

DeCamp,

177 Pa.

St

112:

V. Griffin,8.50.

105 Mass. 185: 756,

466, 467, 469.V.

Denworth, 145 Pa. St360.

172:

V.V.

Grinstead, 108 Ky. 59; 523.

Guthrie, 203 Pa.1227.

St

209: 410.

V.

Depuy, 148 Pa. St 201:230, 288.

200,

V.

Hall, 97 Mass. 570: 1182, 1185,

V.

Dickert 195 Pa. St 234:Drain, 99 Ky. 162: 422.

272.

V. V.

Hall, 128 Mass. 410: 716, 1297.

V.

Dorsey, 103 Mass. 412: 1182.

Hanley, 15 Pa. Supr.303, 383, 390.

Ct

271:

V.

v.

Duane,709.

1

Binn. 601:

20, 660,

V.V.

Hardin

Co., 99

Ky.

188: 66.

Harris, 13 Allen, 534: 797.

V.

V. Duflf,

V.v.

Duff 87 Ky. 586: 557. 7 Pa. Dist Ct 370: 749. Edwards, 't Gray, 1: 67aEquitable LifeIns.

V.

Hartnett, 3 Gray, 450: 930.

V. V.

Hazen, 207 Pa, St 52: 265. Hazen, 20 Pa. Supr. Ct 487:265.

Soa, 100V.

Ky. 341:

645, 986.

Hewitt

2

H.

&

M. 181:

1159.

V. Erie, etc. R. R, Co., 27 Pa.

St

V.V.

Hitchens, 200 Pa. St 508: 410.Hitchings, 5 Gray, 482: 577,595, 927.

389: 1022.V.

Farley, 19 Phila. 561: 306.

:

Ixiv

TABLE OF CASES CITED.The references are to the pages: Vol,I,

pp. 1-603;

VoL

II,

pp. 605-1315.

CommonwealthV.

v.

Holliday, 98 Ky.Pa. Co. Ct. 335:

CommonwealthV. V.

v.

Lock wood, 109643.

616: 334, 914.

Mass. 333: 888.

Holstead,447.

1

Logan, 12 Gray, 136:981.

Loring, 8 Pick. 370: 664, 966,Louisville

V. V.

Homer,410.

153 Mass. 343: 1180.St. 519: 233,V.

Howell, 195 Pa.

&

N.

R

E. Co., 20

Ky.1053.V.V.

L. Rep. 491: 148.

V. V.

Hudson, 11 Gray, 64: Huffman, 6 Pa. Supr.470.

Lyter, 163 Pa. St. 50: 423.

Ct. 311

Macferron, 152 Pa.385, 539.

St. 344:

V. V.

Humphries, 7 Mass. 343:Huntley, 156 Mass. 836:366: 573.

634.

V.

Mann, 168 Pa.890.

St. 290: 491,

514.V,

V, 111.

Cent. R. E. Co., 194 Ky.Liquors,

Marshall,796.

69

Pa.

St.

332:

V.

Intoxicating

108

V.

Marshall, 11 Pick. 350: 481,553, 554, 556, 678.

Mass. 19: 733.V.V.

Johnson, 43 Pa. St; 448: 19. Jones, 4 Pa. Supr. Ct. 363:230, 418.

V.

Martin,

17 Mass. 359: 645,

853, 970,V.

984St. 185: 59,

Martin, 107 Pa.

'

V.

Junker, 7 Pa. Dist. Ct. 135:141.V.

201, 214, 251, 256.

Mason, 82 Ky. 256:531.

517, 520,

V.

Kelley, 177 Mass. 331:689, 690.

633,V.

McCarthy, 18Phila. 646:406.

404,

V.

Kelliher, 13 Allen, 480: 483,517.V.

McConnell, 35 Ky. L. E. 52:301.

V.

Keniston, 5 Pick. 420: 645,963, 970.V, V.

V.

V.

Kenneson, 143 Mass. 418: 436. Keystone Ben. Ass'n, 171 Pa.St. 465: 308.

McDonald, 25 Wash. 133: 331. McDonnell, 3 Pa. Dist. Ct767: 530.

V.

MoDonough,

13 Allen, 581:

V.

Kimball, 21 Pick. 873: 481,553, 556.V. V.

481, 556, 1187.

McKenney, 14 Gray,McWilliams,145.

1:

485.

V.

Kimball, 24 Pick. 366: 929,974.

H

Pa. St. 61:

V. V.

Knapp, 9 Pick. 496: Knowlton, 3 Mass.29, 31, 609, 610.

473, 863.

V. V.

Meeser, 44 Pa. St. 341: 1029.

534: 38,

Middletown, 3 Pa.639: 530.

Dist. Ct.

V.

V.V.

Leach, 1 Mass. 60: 28. Leech, 24 Pa. St. 55: 563. Leech, 44 Pa. St. 333: 1029.Lloyd, 178 Pa.470, 569.St. 308: 303,

V. Miller, 5 V.

Dana, 330:

893, 899.

Mintz, 19 Pa. Supr. Ct. 283:303, 383, 390.

V.

V.

Moir,

199 Pa. St.

534: 136,

137, 139, 233, 384, 388, 579.6:

V.

Lloyd, 3 Pa. Supr. Ct.569.

303,

V.

Monongahela Nav.Pa. St. 81: 807.

Co.,

66

TABLE OF OASES CITED.The references are to the pages:Vol.I,

IxvII,

pp. 1-603; Vol.

pp. 605-1815.

CommonwealthV.

v.

Montross, 8 Pa.

CommonwealthPa. Dist.V.

v.

Rothschild, 11683: 764.

Supr. Ct. 337: 257.

Ct

Moore, 3 Pa. Supr. Ct. 163:231.

Roxbury, 9 Gray, 451: 1031,1039, 1046.

Moorhead, 7 Pa. Co. Ct 513:253.V.V.

V.

Samuels, 163 Pa. St278,

283:

Morgan, 178 Pa.303.

St. 198: 303.

V.

Schneipp, 166 Pa.

St

401:

Morningstar, 144 Pa. St. 103:V.

464Selby, 87 Ky. 594: 557.V. Sellers,

V. V.

Mott, 31 Pick. 493: 556.

130 Pa.

St

33: 303,

Muier, 180 Pa,

St. 47: 303.

430.V.

V.V.

Munson, 137 Mass. 459: Newcomb, 109 Ky. 18:1331.

913. 547,

Severn, 164 Pa. St 463: 186,378.

V. V.V.

Shelton, 99 Ky. 120: 66.

V.

Norton, 16 Pa. Supr. Ct. 433:436.

Sherman, 85 Ky.Shires, 195 Pa.410.

686: 555.

St

515: 332,

V.

Paine, 307 Pa. St. 45: 890.Painter, 1 Pa. Dist. Ct. 393:1117, 1123.V.

V.

Shopp,

1

Woodw.

Dec. 133:

688, 689.V.

V.

Painter, 10 Pa. St. 314: 171.

Slack, 19 Pick. 304: 66453 Pa.

V.

Parker, 2 Pick. 550: 886.Pattee, 12 Cush. 501: 554.

V. Sllfer,

St

71: 648, 650,

V.V.

651.V,

Patten, 88 Pa. St. 358: 397,398, 401, 408, 403.

Snelling, 4 Binn, 379: 963.

V.

Snowden,

1

Brewst

318: 869.

V.V.

V.V.V.

Peokham, 3 Gray, 514: 876. Pegram, 1 Leigh, 569: 484. Perryman, 3 Leigh, 717: 983.Petranich, 183 Mass. 217: 597.Phillips, 11 Pick. 28: 1181.

V. Springfield, 7V.

Mass, 13: 634Co., 101 Pa, St.

Standard Oil

119: 551, 683.V.

Stevens, 10 Pick. 347: 1044Sullivan, 150 Mass. 315: 557.

V. V.

V. Plaisted,V, V.

148 Mass. 375: 150.

Summer ville, 304534, 673.

Pa.

St

300:

Pointer, 5 Bush, 301: 679.

Pulaski

Co., 92

Ky.

197: 468.

V.

Sylvester, 13 Allen, 347: 1019.

V.

Railroad Companies, 95 Ky.60: 510, 543, 893.

V. Taylor, 101V.

Ky. 335:

438.

Taylor, 159 Pa.525.

St

451: 500,

V.

Railway

Co., 162 Pa. St. 614:V.

303, 464.V.

Tewksbury, 11 MetTurner,1

55:

1014

Rainey, 4

W.

&

S. 186:

778.

V.

Cush. 493: 1033,

V. Reiter, V.

78 Pa. St. 161: 932. Reynolds, 89 Ky. L. R. 147:718.St.

V.

Vetterlein, 21 Pa, Supr,587: 470.

Ct601:

V.

Warwick, 4 Pa. Dist Ct1065.

V.

Reynolds, 137 Pa.360, 361, 385.

389:V.

Warwick, 173 Pa. St9,

140:

6,

V.

Roberts, 155 Mass, 281: 749,776.V.

684, 1065. 460, 517.

Watts, 84 Ky. 537:

IxviThe references are

TABLE OF OASES OITED.to the pages: Vol.I,

pp. 1-603; Vol. n, pp. 605-1315.v.

CommonwealthV.V.

v.

Weir, 15 Pa. Co.St. 284: 464.

ConleyV.V.

Sims, 71 Ga. 161: 939.

Ct. 425: 387.

State, 85 Ga. 348: 653.

Weir, 165 Pa.1819.

"Supervisors, 8529.

W.

Va. 416:

Welch, 3 Dana, 330:

554, 555,

ConlinSt.

v.

Supervisors, 99 Cal. 17:

V. V.

Weller, 14 Bush, 318: 171.

180.V.

Wilkinson, 139 Pa.1297.

298:

Supervisors,488.

114 Cal, 404:

V.V.V.

Woolbert, 6 Binn. 292: llSt Worcester, 8 Pick. 478: 636.

Conn

V.

Board of Com'rs, 151 Ind.

517: 730, 846, 848.

Wunch,

167 Pa.

St

186: 538.484.485.

Connecticutt, etc. Ins.bert, 39

Ca

v.

Al-

V.V. V.

Wyatt, 6 Rand. 694;

Wyman, 12 Wyman, 137

Cusb. 237:v.

Pa. St. 508: 303.Buslin,

Mo. 181: 651. Connecticut Mut. L. Ins. Co. Wood, 115 Mich. 444: 891.

v.

CompanyCompton

of Cutlers Skinner, 363: 556.V.

Connecting Ey. Co.Co., 108III.

v.

Union Ey.(Miss.) 351,

265: 1043.

Plerson, 28 N. J. Eq.

ConnellV,

v.

Lewis, Walk.

229: 1062, 1294.

1049.

ComstockV.

V.

Beohtel, 63 Wis. 656:

Western UnionMo. 459:

Tel. Co., 108

1098, 1359.

31, 958. 965.

Judge, 39 Mich. 195: 432.Tracy, 46 Fed. 163:70.v.

Conner,

Ex parte, 51v.

Ga. 571: 861.

V.

ConnerAllen,v.

Mayor,

etc. 5 N.

Y. 285:

Comstock Mill

& Min.

Co.

205, 345.

21 Nev. 325: 176.

Paris, 87 Tex. 38: 1012.v.

CondonConeV. V.

v,

Maloney, 108 Tenn. 82:

ConnollyV.

People, 43

111.

App.

36:

134, 248, 400, 404, 405, 406, 424.

1377.

Bowles, 1 Salk. 205: 1306.

Union Sewer PipeU.S.

Co., 184

Nimooks, 78 Minn. 849: 703. Conery v. New Orleans W. W. Ca 41 La. Ann. 910: 301. Congdon v. Butte Consol. Ey. Co., 17 Mont. 481: 499. V. Cook, 55 Minn. 1: 918. Conger v. Barker, 11 Ohio St. 1: 778. V. Weaver, 6 Cal. 548: 871. Conkey v. Hart, 14 N. Y. 23: 1210. Conklin v. Hutchinson, 65 Kan.582: 595.

540: 426, 577, 580, 597,

599.

Connor,

Ex parte,v.

51 Ga. 571: 245.etc.

ConnorConnorsV.

Green Pond,Carp Eiv.

R.

E

Co., 83 S. C. 427: 258.v.

Iron. Co., 54

Mich. 168:

463, 511.

Grey, 33 Wis. 518: 1053.v. v.

ConoUyConover1888.

Riley, 35

Md. 403: 611. Wright, 6 N. J. Eq. 613:S. 110: 857.111.

Conkling1056.

v.

Parker, 10 Ohio

St. 28:

Conqueror, The, 166 U.

Conradv.

v.

Ciowdson, 75

App.

ConleyV.

Columbus,

etc. R. E. Co.,V.

614: 693,734,844,1076,1341.

44 Tex. 579: 627.

De Montcourt,31.

138 Mo. 311:

Commonwealth,185, 191, 511.

98 Ky. 125:

V. Nell,

34 Mich. 375: 444

TABLE OF CASES CITED.The references areto the pages: Vol.I,

Ixvii

pp. 1-603; Vol. n, pp. 605-1315.V.

-Conrad

v.

Smith, 6 N. D, 337: 1262.v.

CookV.

Oliver,

1

Woods,

437: 37.

Consequa

Willings, 1 Pet. C. C,

Port of Portland, 30 Ore. 580:134.

225:618,868.

Conservators of Elv. ThamesHall, L. R. 3 C. P. 415: 529.

v.

V.

Sexton, 79 N. C. 305: 642.110 Ala. 40: 689.Stats, 26 Ind.141.

V. State,V.

-Consolidated Coal Co. III. App. 15: 846.Consolidated, etc. Co.

v.

Gruber, 91

App. 378:

126,

v.

Cashow, 41

V. State, 90V. V.

Md.

59; 620, 623.

Consolidation of School Districts, In re, 23 Colo. 499: 276, 427.

Tenn. 407: 386, 388. Tower, 1 Taunt. 372: 1149. United States, 138 U. S. 157:1181.

ConstantineV.

v.

Constantino, 6 Ves.6 Hill, 177: 636,

V.

Winchester, 80 Mich. 581:1314.

100: 461.

Van Winkle,

Cook

Co.

V.

Chicago, 167 IlL 109:146111.

654, 1058, 1230, 1231.

463.V. Gilbert,

Constitution Pub. Co.ter,

v.

De Laughv.

268: 465, 467,

95 Ga. 17: 778, 857.

527.

Consumers' Gas Trust Co.less,

Ear-

Cook County Nat BankCooley1033.V.

v.

United

131 Ind. 440: 853. 356.v.

States, 107 U. S. 445: 516, 519.

-Continental Imp. Co. Mich. 299: 257, 889.

Phelps, 47

Granville, 10 Cush. 56:

Continental

Ins. Co. v.

Riggen, 31

CoolidgeV.

V.

Pierce Co., 28 Wash. 95:

Ore. 336: 518.

1230, 1233.

ConverseV.

v.

Burrows, 2 Minn. 229:

Williams, 4 Mass. 140: 1013,1055.v.

644, 1305.

United States, 31 How. 463:710, 844.V.

Coomber33: 649.

Berks, L. E. 9 Q. B. Div.Co.

Conwell"CookV. V.

Hagerstown Canal917.

Co.,

Coombs CommissionCooper, Matter1305.V. Curtis,V.

v.

Block,532:

2 Ind. 588: 638,

130 Mo. 668: 404, 406.of,

Clark, 10 Bing. 31: 1343.

15 John.

Cockins, 117 CaL 140: 1160,

V.

1161 Commissioners, 6 McLean,113: 927.

V.

30 Me. 488: 313, 313. Holmes. 71 Md. 20: 527. Reaney, 5 Minn. 528; 611.

V. Fisher, 100V.

Iowa, 27: 1290.

V.

Springer, 65 N. J. L. 594: 303,585.

V.

Gray, 6 Ind. 335: 330. Marshall Co., 119 Iowa, 384j191, 198, 396.

V. V.

Wait, 106 Ky. 628:

535.

Yoakum,781.S.

91 Tex. 391: 759,

V.

Meyer, 73 Ala. 580: 465, 1062,1394.

Co-Operative

& L

Ass'n

v.

Fa-

^. Moflfat, 5V.-V.

How.

395: 631.1: 327.

wick, 11511, 525.

S.

D. 589: 466, 468, 493,State, 46 Neb. 84: 186,

Moore, 95 N. C.

Mutual640.

Ins. Co., 53 Ala. 37:

Cooperrider225,

v.

44&

. .

IxviiiThe references are

TABLE OF OASES CITED.to the pages: Vol.I,

pp. 1-603;

VoL

II,

pp, 605-1315.

Ooosa R. R. Co.

v.

Barclay, 30 Ala.

130: 18, 1217, 1220, 1337.

Corporation Commission v. Seaboard Air Line System, 137 N. C.283: 624.

Coosaw Mininglina,

Co.

v.

South Caro682: 43, 137,

144 U.

S. 550:

1031.S.

Corscadden v. Haswell, 88 App. Div.158: 239.

Cope

V.

Cope, 137 U.

466, 569, 1059, 1060.V.

CortesyJ. 614:

v.

Territory, 7 N. M. 89:

Doherty, 2663, 709.

De

G.

&

779.

Cortis

V.

Kent Water Works,v.

Co.,

T

v.

Rowlands, 2 M.938.

&

W.

149:

B.

&

C. 314: 666, 1097.

Corwinetc.

Merritt, 3

Barh

841:.

V.

Thames Haven,Ex. 841: 1140.

Co., 8

1059, 1137.

Copeland,

Ex parte,v.

2

De G. M.

& G,432.

914: 853.

CopelandV. V.

Pirie, 26

Wash. 481:

Cory V. Carter, 48 Ind. 827: 343. Cosh-Murray Co. v. Futtich, 1ft Wash. 449: 493, 523. Costa Rica v. Erlanger, L. R. 3 Ch.Div. 69: 1225.

Sheridan, 153 Ind. 107: 437. St. Joseph, 136 Mo. 417: 155,375, 390, 596.v.

Costello

V.

Palmer, 20 App. Cas.49 Ohio St. 202:r

(D. C.) 310: 461.

Copeman314: 655.

Gallant, 1 P.

Wms.

V.

Wyoming,354, 396.

Copland

v.