Stealth Aircraft

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Stealth Aircraft


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Stealth aircraft

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AnF-117 Nighthawkstealth strike aircraft

Stealth aircraft areaircraftthat usestealth technology[1]

to interfere withradardetection as

well as means other than conventional aircraft by employing a combination of features to

reduce visibility in theinfrared,[2]

visual, audio, andradio frequency (RF)spectrum.

Development of stealth technology likely began in Germany during WWII.[3]Well-known

modern examples of stealth aircraft include the United States'F-117 Nighthawk(1981

2008), theB-2 Spirit "Stealth Bomber", theF-22 Raptor,[4]and theF-35 Lightning II.[5]and

the Indian/RussianSukhoi PAK FA.[6]

While no aircraft is totally invisible to radar, stealth aircraft prevent conventional radar from

detecting or tracking the aircraft effectively, reducing the odds of an attack. Stealth isaccomplished by using a complex design philosophy to reduce the ability of an opponent's

sensors to detect, track, or attack the stealth aircraft.[7]This philosophy also takes into

account the heat, sound, and other emissions of the aircraft as these can also be used to

locate it.

Stealth is the combination of passive low observable (LO) features and active emitters such

asLow Probability of Intercept Radars, radios and laser designators. These are usually

combined with active defenses such asChaff,Flares, andECM.[8]

Contents

[hide]

1 Background 2 Limitations

o 2.1 Instability of designo 2.2 Dogfighting abilityo 2.3 Electromagnetic emissionso 2.4 Vulnerable modes of flighto 2.5 Reduced payloado 2.6 Cost of maintenance
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.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircraft#Electromagnetic_emissionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircraft#Dogfighting_abilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircraft#Instability_of_designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircraft#Limitationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircraft#Backgroundhttp://toggletoc%28%29/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircraft#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_countermeasureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flare_(countermeasure)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaff_(radar_countermeasure)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Probability_of_Intercept_Radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircraft#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircraft#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_PAK_FAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircraft#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-35_Lightning_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircraft#cite_note-globalF22-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-22_Raptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-2_Spirithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-117_Nighthawkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircraft#cite_note-Myhra_11-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircraft#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-117_Nighthawkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircraft#searchInputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircraft#column-one


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o 2.7 Sensitive skino 2.8 Cost of operations

3 Detectiono 3.1 Reflected waveso 3.2 Infrared (heat)o 3.3 Wavelength matcho 3.4 OTH Radar (Over the Horizon Radar)

4 Use of stealth aircraft 5 Stealth aircraft lost 6 List of stealth aircraft

o 6.1 Manned 6.1.1 Fully stealth designs 6.1.2 Reduced cross section designs

o 6.2 Unmanned RCS designs 7 See also 8 References

[edit] Background

The first true "stealth" aircraft may have been theHorten Ho 229flying wingfighter-

bomber, developed in Germany during the last years of WWII. In addition to the aircraft's

shape, which may not have been a deliberate attempt to affect radar deflection, the

majority of the Ho 229's wooden skin was bonded together using carbon-impregnated

plywood resins designed with the purported intention of absorbing radar waves. Testingperformed in early 2009 by theNorthrop-GrummanCorporation established that this

compound, along with the aircraft's shape, would have rendered the Ho 229 virtually

invisible to Britain'sChain Homeearly warning radar, provided the aircraft was traveling at

high speed (~550 mph) at extremely low altitude (50100 feet).[3]

In the closing weeks of WWII the US military initiated "Operation Paperclip", an effort by the

US Armyto capture as much advanced German weapons research as possible, and also to

deny that research to advancing Soviet troops. A Horton glider and the Ho 229 number V3

were secured and sent to Northrop Aviation in the United States for evaluation,[3]who much

later used a flying wing design for the B-2 stealth bomber. During WWII Northrop had been

commissioned to develop a large wing-only long-range bomber (XB-35) based on

photographs of the Horton's record-setting glider from the 1930s, but their initial designs

suffered controllability issues that were not resolved until after the war. Northrop's small

one-man prototype (N9M-B) and a Horton wing-only glider are located in theChino Air

Museumin Southern California.

Modern stealth aircraft first became possible when Denys Overholser,a mathematician

working forLockheedAircraft during the 1970s adopted a mathematical model developed

byPetr Ufimtsev, a Russian scientist, to develop a computer program called Echo 1. Echo

made it possible to predict the radar signature an aircraft made with flat panels, called

facets. In 1975, engineers at LockheedSkunk Worksfound that an airplane made withfaceted surfaces could have a very low radar signature because the surfaces would radiate
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almost all of the radar energy away from the receiver. Lockheed built a model called "the

Hopeless Diamond". It was named that because it looked like a squat diamond and looked

too hopeless to ever fly. But because advanced computers were available to control the

flight of even a Hopeless Diamond, for the first time designers realized that it might be

possible to make an aircraft that was virtually invisible to radar.[9][10]

Reduced radar cross section is only one of five factors that designers addressed to create a

truly stealthy design such as the F-22. The F-22 has also been designed to disguise its

infrared emissions to make it harder to detect by infrared homing ("heat seeking") surface-

to-air or air-to-air missiles. Designers also addressed making the aircraft less visible to the

naked eye, controlling radio transmissions, and noise abatement.[4]

The first combat use of purpose-designed stealth aircraft was in December 1989 during

Operation Just CauseinPanama. On December 20, 1989, twoUSAFF-117s bombed a

Panamanian Defense Force barracks in Rio Hato, Panama. In 1991, F-117s were tasked with

attacking the most heavily fortified targets inIraqin the opening phase ofOperation DesertStormand were the only jets allowed to operate inside Baghdad's city limits.

[11]

[edit] Limitations

B-2 Spiritstealth bomber of theU.S Air Force

[edit] Instability of design

Early stealth aircraft were designed with a focus on minimalradar cross section(RCS) rather

than aerodynamic performance. Highly stealth aircraft like the F-117 Nighthawk and B-2

Spirit are aerodynamically unstable in all three axes and require constant flight corrections

from afly-by-wiresystem to maintain controlled flight.[12]

Most modern non-stealth fighter

aircraft (F-16,Su-27,Gripen,Rafale) are unstable on one or two axes only.[citation needed]

However, in the pursuit of increased maneuverability, most 4th and 5th-generation fighter

aircraft have been designed with some degree of inherent instability that must be controlled

by fly-by-wire computers.[citation needed]

[edit] Dogfighting ability
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Earlier stealth aircraft (such as the F-117 and B-2) lackafterburners, because the hot

exhaust would increase their infrared footprint, and breaking the sound barrier would

produce an obvious sonic boom, as well as surface heating of the aircraft skin which also

increased the infrared footprint. As a result their performance inair combat maneuvering

required in adogfightwould never match that of a dedicated fighter aircraft. This was

unimportant in the case of these two aircraft since both were designed to be bombers.More recent design techniques allow for stealthy designs such as the F-22 without

compromising aerodynamic performance. Newer stealth aircraft, like the F-22 and F-35,

have performance characteristics that meet or exceed those of current front-line jet fighters

due to advances in other technologies such as flight control systems, engines, airframe

construction and materials.[4][13]

[edit] Electromagnetic emissions

The high level of computerization and large amount of electronic equipment found inside

stealth aircraft are often claimed to make them vulnerable to passive detection. This ishighly unlikely and certainly systems such asTamaraandKolchuga, which are often

described as counter-stealth radars, are not designed to detect stray electromagnetic fields

of this type. Such systems are designed to detect intentional, higher power emissions such

as radar and communication signals. Stealth aircraft are deliberately operated to avoid or

reduce such emissions.[citation needed]

[edit] Vulnerable modes of flight

Stealth aircraft are still vulnerable to detection immediately during, and after using their

weaponry. Since stealth payload (reduced RCS bombs and cruise missiles) are not yetgenerally available, and ordnance mount points create a significant radar return, stealth

aircraft carry all armament internally. As soon as weapons bay doors are opened, the

plane's RCS will be multiplied and even older generation radar systems will be able to locate

the stealth aircraft. While the aircraft will reacquire its stealth as soon as the bay doors are

closed, a fast response defensive weapons system has a short opportunity to engage the

aircraft.

This vulnerability is addressed by operating in a manner that reduces the risk and

consequences of temporary acquisition. The B-2's operational altitude imposes a flight time

for defensive weapons that makes it virtually impossible to engage the aircraft during itsweapons deployment. All stealthy aircraft carry weapons in internal weapons bays. New

stealth aircraft designs such as the F-22 can open their bays, release munitions and return to

stealthy flight in less than a second.

Some weapons require that the weapon's guidance system acquire the target while the

weapon is still attached to the aircraft. This forces relatively extended operations with the

bay doors open.

Also, such aircraft as the F-22 Raptor and F-35 Lighting II Joint Strike Fighter can also carry

additional weapons and fuel on hardpoints below their wings. When operating in this modethe planes will not be stealthy, as the hardpoints and the weapons mounted on those
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hardpoints will show up on radar systems. This option therefore represents a trade off

between stealth or range and payload. External stores allow those aircraft to attack more

targets further away, but will not allow for stealth during that mission as compared to a

shorter range mission flying on just internal fuel and using only the more limited space of

the internal weapon bays for armaments.

[edit] Reduced payload

In a 1994live fire exercisenearPoint Mugu, California, aB-2 Spiritdropped forty-seven

500 lb (230 kg) classMark 82 bombs, which represents about half of a B-2's total ordnance

payload in Block 30 configuration

Fully stealth aircraft carry all fuel and armament internally, which limits the payload. By way

of comparison, the F-117 carries only two laser or GPS guided bombs, while a non-stealth

attack aircraft can carry several times more. This requires the deployment of additional

aircraft to engage targets that would normally require a single non-stealth attack aircraft.

This apparent disadvantage however is offset by the reduction in fewer supporting aircraft

that are required to provide air cover, air-defense suppression and electronic counter

measures, making stealth aircraft "force multipliers".

[edit] Cost of maintenance

Stealth aircraft are high-maintenance equipment, as their stealth capability requires detail-

oriented care. The most obvious aspect is the aircraft's skin, that has a specific shape to

reflect radar impulses away from the emission source, and a coating to absorb

electromagnetic waves using materials such as radar absorbing paint. All openings and

edges are electromagnetically shielded. The cockpit windows are shielded with metal

trimmings.[citation needed]

By way of example, until the relatively recent introduction of improved sealing products, on

the B-2 it would often take more hours of work to reseal access panels that were opened formaintenance, than the required maintenance itself. Stealth aircraft skin must also be
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protected from foreign object damage, as imperfections in the skin can dramatically

increase the radar cross section.[citation needed]

In short, stealth depends on maintaining a high

level of detail in every aspect of aircraft maintenance.

[edit] Sensitive skin

The B-2 Stealth Bomber has a skin made with highly specialized materials like

Polygraphite.[14]

[edit] Cost of operations

Stealth aircraft are typically more expensive to develop and manufacture. An example is the

B-2 Spiritthat is many times more expensive to manufacture and support than conventional

bomber aircraft. The B-2 program costs the U.S. Air Force almost $45 billion.[15]

[edit] Detection

Theoretically there are a number of methods to detect stealth aircraft at long range.

[edit] Reflected waves

Passive (multistatic) radar,bistatic radar[16]and especiallymultistaticsystems are believed

to detect some stealth aircraft better than conventionalmonostatic radars, since first-

generation stealth technology (such as the F117) reflects energy away from the

transmitter'sline of sight, effectively increasing theradar cross section(RCS) in other

directions, which the passive radars monitor. Such a system typically uses either low

frequency broadcast TV and FM radio signals (at which frequencies controlling the aircraft's

signature is more difficult). Later stealth approaches do not rely on controlling the specular

reflections of radar energy and so the geometrical benefits are unlikely to be significant.

Researchers at theUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaignwith support ofDARPA, have

shown that it is possible to build asynthetic aperture radarimage of an aircraft target using

passive multistatic radar, possibly detailed enough to enableautomatic target recognition

(ATR).

In December 2007,SAABresearchers also revealed details for a system called AssociativeAperture Synthesis Radar (AASR) that would employ a large array of inexpensive and

redundant transmitters and a few intelligent receivers to exploitforward scatterto detect

low observable targets.[17]

The system was originally designed to detect stealthy cruise

missiles and should be just as effective against aircraft. The large array of inexpensive

transmitters also provides a degree of protection against anti-radar (or anti-radiation)

missiles or attacks.

[edit] Infrared (heat)

Some analysts claimInfra-red search and tracksystems (IRSTs) can be deployed againststealth aircraft, because any aircraft surface heats up due to air friction and with a two
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h_aircraft&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircraft#cite_note-Gao-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-2_Spirithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircraft#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed


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channel IRST is a CO2 (4.3 m absorption maxima) detection possible, through difference

comparing between the low and high channel.[18][19]

These analysts also point to the

resurgence in such systems in several Russian designs in the 1980s, such as those fitted to

theMiG-29andSu-27. The latest version of the MiG-29, theMiG-35, is equipped with a new

Optical Locator System that includes even more advanced IRST capabilities.

In air combat, the optronic suite allows:

Detection of non-afterburning targets at 45 km range and more; Identification of those targets at 8 to 10 km range; and Estimates of aerial target range at up to 15 km.

For ground targets, the suite allows:

A tank-effective detection range up to 15 km, and aircraft carrier detection at 60 to80 km;

Identification of the tank type on the 8 to 10 km range, and of an aircraft carrier at40 to 60 km; and

Estimates of ground target range of up to 20 km.[edit] Wavelength match

The Dutch companyThales Nederland, formerly known asHolland Signaal, have developed

a naval phased-array radar calledSMART-L, which also is operated at L-Band and is claimed

to offer counter stealth benefits. However, as with most claims of counter-stealth capability,

these are unproven and untested. True resonant effects might be expected with HFskywave radarsystems, which have wavelengths of tens of metres. However, in this case, the

accuracy of the radar systems is such that the detection is of limited value for engagement.

Any radar which can successfully match the resonant frequency of a type of stealth aircraft

should be able to detect its direction. In practice this is difficult because the resonant

frequency changes depending on how the stealth aircraft is oriented with respect to the

radar system.

[edit] OTH Radar (Over the Horizon Radar)

Over-the-horizon radaris a design concept that increases radar's effective range overconventional radar. It is claimed that the Australian JORNJindalee Operational Radar

Networkcan overcome certain stealth characteristics.[20]

It is claimed that the HF frequency

used and the method of bouncing radar from ionosphere overcomes the stealth

characteristics of the F-117A. In other words, stealth aircraft are optimized for defeating

much higher-frequency radar from front-on rather than low-frequency radars from above.

[edit] Use of stealth aircraft
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USAFF-22 Raptorstealth fighter of the27th Fighter Squadron

TheF-35 Lightning IIis developed by United States, United Kingdom, Italy, Canada, Australia,

Netherlands, Norway, Denmark, and Turkey

To date, stealth aircraft have been used in several low- and moderate-intensity conflicts,

includingOperation Desert Storm,Operation Allied Forceand the2003 invasion of Iraq. Ineach case they were employed to strike high-value targets that were either out of range of

conventional aircraft in the theater or were too heavily defended for conventional aircraft

to strike without a high risk of loss. In addition, because the stealth aircraft do not have to

evadesurface-to-air missilesandanti-aircraft artilleryover the target they can aim more

carefully and thus are more likely to hit the target and cause lesscollateral damage. In many

cases they were used to hit the high value targets early in the campaign, before other

aircraft had the opportunity to degrade the opposing air defense to the point where other

aircraft had a good chance of reaching those critical targets.[citation needed]

Stealth aircraft in future low- and moderate-intensity conflicts are likely to have similar

roles. However, given the increasing prevalence ofRussian-builtsurface-to-air missile

systems on the open market (such as theSA-10,SA-12andSA-20(S-300P/V/PMU) andSA-

15(9K331/332)), stealth aircraft are likely to be very important in a high-intensity conflict in

order to gain and maintain air supremacy, especially to theUnited Stateswho is likely to

face these types of systems.[citation needed] It is possible to cover one's airspace with so many

air defences with such long range and capability that conventional aircraft would find it very

difficult "clearing the way" for deeper strikes.[citation needed]

For example,Chinalicense-builds

all of the previously mentionedSAMsystems in large quantities and would be able to

heavily defend important strategic and tactical targets in the event of a conflict.[citation needed]

Even ifanti-radiationweapons are used in an attempt to destroy the SAM radars of such

systems, or stand-off weapons are launched against them, these modern surface-to-air

missile batteries are capable of shooting down weapons fired against them.[citation needed]

[edit] Stealth aircraft lost

Main article:F-117 Nighthawk#Combat losses

The first (and to date only) case of a stealth aircraft being shot down happened on 27 March

1999, duringOperation Allied Force. AnIsayev S-125'Neva-M' missile was fired at an

American F-117 Nighthawk and successfully brought it down.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-22_Raptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-22_Raptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-22_Raptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27th_Fighter_Squadronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27th_Fighter_Squadronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27th_Fighter_Squadronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-35_Lightning_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-35_Lightning_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-35_Lightning_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Desert_Stormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Desert_Stormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Desert_Stormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Allied_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Allied_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Allied_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_artilleryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_artilleryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_artilleryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collateral_damagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collateral_damagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collateral_damagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-radiation_missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-radiation_missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-radiation_missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit&section=17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-117_Nighthawk#Combat_losseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-117_Nighthawk#Combat_losseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-117_Nighthawk#Combat_losseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Allied_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Allied_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Allied_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isayev_S-125http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isayev_S-125http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isayev_S-125http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F-35_at_Edwards_(Cropped).jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lockheed_Martin_F-22.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F-35_at_Edwards_(Cropped).jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lockheed_Martin_F-22.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isayev_S-125http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Allied_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-117_Nighthawk#Combat_losseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit&section=17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-radiation_missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collateral_damagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_artilleryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-air_missilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Allied_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Desert_Stormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-35_Lightning_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27th_Fighter_Squadronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-22_Raptor


10/13

[edit] List of stealth aircraft

[edit] Manned

[edit] Fully stealth designs

In service

B-2 Spirit-Northrop Grumman F-22 Raptor-Lockheed Martin/Boeing

Formerly in service

F-117 Nighthawk-Lockheed MartinUnder development

F-35 Lightning II(JSF) -Lockheed Martin/BAE Systems/Northrop Grumman FGFA-Sukhoi/Hindustan Aeronautics Limited J-XX-Shenyang Aircraft Corporation MCA-Hindustan Aeronautics Limited PAK DA-Tupolev PAK FA-Sukhoi

Cancelled

A-12 Avenger II-McDonnell-Douglas/General Dynamics Boeing X-32- Boeing - lost to Lockheedfor JSF YF-23 Black Widow II- Northrop / McDonnell Douglas -prototype built, but lost

competition to YF-22

MBB Lampyridae- West German stealth fighter prototype[21] RAH-66 Comanche- Boeing Sikorsky

Technology demonstrators

BAE Replica- BAE Systems Boeing Bird of Prey- Boeing Have Blue-Lockheed Mitsubishi ATD-X-Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Northrop Tacit Blue-Northrop Northrop YB-49

[edit] Reduced cross section designs

SR-71 Blackbird- Skunkworks Blackbirds were first production RCS aircraft; 1962with CIA A-12, then later with SR-71, YF-12 and M-21 Blackbird series of aircraft
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit&section=18http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit&section=19http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit&section=19http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit&section=19http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit&section=20http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit&section=20http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit&section=20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-2_Spirithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-2_Spirithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grummanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grummanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grummanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-22_Raptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-22_Raptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-117_Nighthawkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-117_Nighthawkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-35_Lightning_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-35_Lightning_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAE_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAE_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAE_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grummanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grummanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grummanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FGFAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FGFAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Aeronautics_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Aeronautics_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Aeronautics_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-XXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-XXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenyang_Aircraft_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenyang_Aircraft_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenyang_Aircraft_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_Combat_Aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_Combat_Aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Aeronautics_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Aeronautics_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Aeronautics_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAK_DAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAK_DAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolevhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolevhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolevhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAK_FAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAK_FAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-12_Avenger_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-12_Avenger_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell-Douglashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell-Douglashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell-Douglashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YF-23_Black_Widow_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YF-23_Black_Widow_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBB_Lampyridaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBB_Lampyridaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircraft#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircraft#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAH-66_Comanchehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAH-66_Comanchehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAE_Replicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAE_Replicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Bird_of_Preyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Bird_of_Preyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Have_Bluehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Have_Bluehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_ATD-Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_ATD-Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Heavy_Industrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Heavy_Industrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Heavy_Industrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Tacit_Bluehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Tacit_Bluehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_YB-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_YB-49http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit&section=21http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit&section=21http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit&section=21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR-71_Blackbirdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR-71_Blackbirdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR-71_Blackbirdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit&section=21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_YB-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Tacit_Bluehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Heavy_Industrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_ATD-Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Have_Bluehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Bird_of_Preyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAE_Replicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAH-66_Comanchehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircraft#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBB_Lampyridaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YF-23_Black_Widow_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell-Douglashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-12_Avenger_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAK_FAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolevhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAK_DAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Aeronautics_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_Combat_Aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenyang_Aircraft_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-XXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Aeronautics_Limitedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FGFAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grummanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAE_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-35_Lightning_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-117_Nighthawkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-22_Raptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grummanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-2_Spirithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit&section=20http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit&section=19http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit&section=18


11/13

Avro Vulcan- British strategic bomber with delta wing and buried engines that gavean unplanned low radar cross-section

B-1B Lancer Dassault Rafale- French Air Force De Havilland Mosquito- British light bomber and ground attack plane of wooden

construction, low RCS against early radars. Eurofighter Typhoon F-16 Fighting FalconC/D and E/F- from Block 30 has got reduced RCS to about 1 m2 F/A-18 HornetC/D - reduced RCS, believed be to similar to F-16C's F/A-18E/F Super Hornet- reduced RCS, believed to have advanced technology MiG 1.44- Russian 5th generation fighter prototype Mikoyan MiG-29K- Due to special coatings Mig-29K radar reflecting surface is 4-5

times smaller than of basic MiG-29.

Sukhoi Su-47- Russian technology demonstrator Shenyang J-11B 'Flanker'-RCS reduced to F-16, from original Su-27. Messerschmitt Me 163B rocket-powered fighter aircraft.[22] PZL-230 Skorpion Horten Ho 229[citation needed] Flying wing turbojet fighter only 10% detected on radar,

prototype test in 1944. Project cancelled in 1945 due to the worsening war

situation.[23]

[edit] Unmanned RCS designs

Boeing X-45- Boeing - based on the manned Boeing Bird of Prey demonstrator(technology demonstrator)

[citation needed]

BAE Taranis-BAE Systems(UCAV Technology Demonstrator)[citation needed] Dassault nEUROn- technology demonstrator[citation needed] EADS Barracuda-EADSof Germany (technology demonstrator)[24] Rheinmetall KZO-Rheinmetall(tactical UAV)[25] RQ-3 Dark Star-Lockheed/Skunk Works(cancelled)[citation needed] Armstechno NITI-Armstechno,Bulgaria(tactical UAV) RQ-170 Sentinel MiG Skat-Mikoyan,Russia[26] X-47B-Northrop Grumman,USA(technology demonstrator)[27]

[edit] See also

Metamaterials

[edit] References

Notes

1. ^Rao, G.A., & Mahulikar, S.P.: (2002) "Integrated review of stealth technology and its role inairpower",Aeronautical Journal, v. 106(1066): 629-641.

2. ^Mahulikar, S.P., Sonawane, H.R., & Rao, G.A.: (2007) "Infrared signature studies ofaerospace vehicles", Progress in Aerospace Sciences, v. 43(7-8): 218-245.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_Vulcanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_Vulcanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-1B_Lancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-1B_Lancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault_Rafalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault_Rafalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquitohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquitohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-16_Fighting_Falconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-16_Fighting_Falconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F/A-18_Hornethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F/A-18_Hornethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F/A-18E/F_Super_Hornethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F/A-18E/F_Super_Hornethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikoyan_Project_1.44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikoyan_Project_1.44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikoyan_MiG-29Khttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikoyan_MiG-29Khttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenyang_J-11#J-11Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenyang_J-11#J-11Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_163http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircraft#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircraft#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircraft#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PZL-230_Skorpionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PZL-230_Skorpionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horten_Ho_229http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircraft#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircraft#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircraft#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit&section=22http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit&section=22http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit&section=22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAE_Taranishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAE_Taranishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAE_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAE_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAE_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault_Neuronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault_Neuronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EADS_Barracudahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EADS_Barracudahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EADShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EADShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EADShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircraft#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircraft#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircraft#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinmetall_KZOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinmetall_KZOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinmetallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinmetallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinmetallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircraft#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircraft#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircraft#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RQ-3_Dark_Starhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RQ-3_Dark_Starhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skunk_Works#As_used_by_Lockheedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skunk_Works#As_used_by_Lockheedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skunk_Works#As_used_by_Lockheedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstechno_NITIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstechno_NITIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armstechno&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armstechno&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armstechno&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RQ-170_Sentinelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RQ-170_Sentinelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiG_Skathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiG_Skathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikoyanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikoyanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikoyanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org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3. âbcMyhra, David (July 2009). "Northrop Tests Hitler's 'Stealth' Fighter".Aviation History19(6): 11.

4. âbcGlobal Security.org F-225. ^Global Security.org F-356. ^Global Security.org PAK FA7. ^FAS.org8. ^Radar versus Stealth: Passive Radar and the Future of U.S. Military Power9. ^Centennial of Flight10.^See Rich and Janos, Skunk Works; Little Brown & Co., 1994 passim chapters 1 and 2.11.^Global Security.org F-11712.^Rich and Janos, Skunk Works, pgs 30-31, 46.13.^Global Security.org F-3514.^Weiner, Tim (1997-08-23)."The $2 Billion Stealth Bomber Can't Go Out in the Rain". The

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20.^[1]21.^Lampyridae22.^Stwe, Botho., p. 258 Das Ortungsignal der Me 163 B war relativ schwach ... difficult Radar

target, absence of dihedral reflector (tailless). Peenemnde West (in German). Augsburg,Germany: Bechtermnz Verlag, 1999.ISBN 3-8289-0294-4.

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Stealth Aircraft

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